1
|
Dunowska M, Lal R, Dissanayake SD, Bond SD, Burrows E, Moffat J, Howe L. Bovine viral diarrhoea viruses from New Zealand belong predominantly to the BVDV-1a genotype. N Z Vet J 2024; 72:66-78. [PMID: 38212951 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2291039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
AIM To determine which genotypes of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) circulate among cattle in New Zealand. METHODS Samples comprised BVDV-1-positive sera sourced from submissions to veterinary diagnostic laboratories in 2019 (n = 25), 2020 (n = 59) and 2022 (n = 74) from both beef and dairy herds, as well as archival BVDV-1 isolates (n = 5). Fragments of the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) and glycoprotein E2 coding sequence of the BVDV genome were amplified and sequenced. The sequences were aligned to each other and to international BVDV-1 sequences to determine their similarities and phylogenetic relationships. The 5' UTR sequences were also used to create genetic haplotype networks to determine if they were correlated with selected traits (location, type of farm, and year of collection). RESULTS The 5' UTR sequences from New Zealand BVDV were closely related to each other, with pairwise identities between 89% and 100%. All clustered together and were designated as BVDV-1a (n = 144) or BVDV-1c (n = 5). There was no evidence of a correlation between the 5' UTR sequence and the geographical origin within the country, year of collection or the type of farm. Partial E2 sequences from New Zealand BVDV (n = 76) showed 74-100% identity to each other and clustered in two main groups. The subtype assignment based on the E2 sequence was the same as based on the 5' UTR analysis. This is the first comprehensive analysis of genomic variability of contemporary New Zealand BVDV based on the analysis of the non-coding (5' UTR) and coding (E2) sequences. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Knowledge of the diversity of the viruses circulating in the country is a prerequisite for the development of effective control strategies, including a selection of suitable vaccines. The data presented suggest that New Zealand BVDV are relatively homogeneous, which should facilitate eradication efforts including selection or development of the most suitable vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Dunowska
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - R Lal
- College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - S D Dissanayake
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - S D Bond
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - E Burrows
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J Moffat
- Scipharma Ltd., Upper Moutere, New Zealand
| | - L Howe
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Karakida N, Murakami M, Takeda Y, Ogawa H, Imai K. Specificity and sensitivity of an indirect fluorescent antibody test to detect antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:222-228. [PMID: 38429686 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241229724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Since being reported in 1979 and 2006, indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) tests have not been reported to detect bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) antibodies to our knowledge. Thus, we re-evaluated the efficacy and usefulness of IFA tests for BVDV serology. We tested 4 combinations of 2 antibody conjugates (fluorescein isothiocyanate [FITC]-conjugated rabbit IgG anti-bovine IgG; rabbit IgG F(ab')2 fragment anti-bovine IgG [F(ab')2 FITC-IgG]) and 2 washing solutions (PBS; carbonate-bicarbonate-buffered saline [CBBS]) to evaluate the specificity of an IFA test for BVDV. We compared the sensitivity of the optimal combination with virus neutralization (VN) tests and an ELISA, and compared IFA with VN titers against different genotype (subgenotype) strains. For the F(ab')2 FITC-IgG/CBBS combination, only 1 of the 156 (0.6%) 4-fold diluted cattle sera resulted in a nonspecific reaction; other combinations led to a much higher incidence (22.9-37.2%). For the F(ab')2 FITC-IgG/CBBS combination, IFA detection rates were identical (36 of 59) for BVDV1 and BVDV2 genotypes, and IFA titers against them were strongly correlated (r = 0.99). The antibody-detection rates of the IFA tests were almost identical to those of VN tests and the ELISA (κ: 0.96 and 0.89, respectively). The IFA titers against 4 strains (BVDV1a, BVDV1j, BVDV2a, and an unidentified strain) were similar, 1,024 to ≥4,096, although the VN titers were different. Thus, our IFA tests were specific and sensitive, and more useful than VN tests given that the IFA tests could evaluate the immune status of cattle using a representative strain, regardless of genotype (subgenotype).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Karakida
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Momoko Murakami
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yohei Takeda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Haruko Ogawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Imai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mucellini CI, Silva Júnior JVJ, de Oliveira PSB, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Novel genomic targets for proper subtyping of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) and BVDV-2. Virus Genes 2023; 59:836-844. [PMID: 37589803 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-02022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Whole-genome phylogenetic analysis, the most suitable strategy for subtyping bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) and BVDV-2, is not feasible for many laboratories. Consequently, BVDV isolates/strains have been frequently subtyped based on analysis of single genomic regions, mainly the 5' untranslated region (UTR). This approach, however, may lead to inaccurate and/or poorly statistically supported viral classification. Herein, we describe novel primer sets whose amplicons may be easily sequenced and used for BVDV subtyping. Initially, genomic regions previously described as the most suitable targets for BVDV subtyping were analyzed for design of high-coverage primers. The putative amplicons were analyzed in silico for their suitability to reproduce the phylogenetic classification of 118 BVDV-1 and 88 BVDV-2 complete/near-complete genomes (CNCGs) (GenBank). This analysis was also performed considering the region amplifiable by primers HCV90-368, 324-326 and BP189-389 (5'UTR), which have been used for BVDV diagnosis and/or classification. After confirming the agreement between the analyses of our primers' amplicon versus the CNCGs, we optimized the RT-PCRs and evaluated their performance for amplification of BVDV isolates/strains (n = 35 for BVDV-1; n = 33 for BVDV-2). Among the potential targets for BVDV subtyping, we designed high-coverage primers for NS3-NS4A (BVDV-1) (526 bp amplicon) and NS5B (BVDV-2) (728 bp). The classification based on these regions fully reproduced the subtyping of all CNCGs. On the other hand, subtyping based on the putative amplicons from primers HCV90-368, 324-326 and BP189-389 showed disagreements in relation the CNCG analysis. The NS3-NS4A and NS5B primers also allowed the amplification of all BVDV isolates/strains tested. Finally, we suggest the use of these primers in future phylogenetic and epidemiological studies of BVDVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Isabela Mucellini
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Valter Joaquim Silva Júnior
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
- Setor de Virologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pablo Sebastian Britto de Oliveira
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hugues F, Cabezas I, Garigliany M, Rivas F, Casanova T, González EE, Sánchez O, Castillo R, Parra NC, Inostroza-Michael O, Moreno L, Hernández CE, Toledo JR. First report of bovine viral diarrhea virus subgenotypes 1d and 1e in southern Chile. Virol J 2023; 20:205. [PMID: 37679808 PMCID: PMC10486069 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) affects cattle worldwide causing severe productive and economic loss. In this study, we investigated the subgenotypes of BVDV circulating in cattle samples from the Aysén region, an active cattle breeding area located in southern Chile. Partial amplification of the 5' untranslated region (UTR) was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and twelve samples were analyzed by Sanger sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Eight samples were identified as belonging to Pestivirus bovis subgenotype 1e, three to 1-b, and one to 1-d. The phylogenetic analyses performed revealed a marked distance between these now-identified strains and those previously reported in the country. These findings support the need to continually expand the analysis of the variability of the viral phylogeny for the currently circulating BVDV strains and to update the vaccines recommended for this livestock area and surrounding areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Hugues
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Ignacio Cabezas
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Mutien Garigliany
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Felipe Rivas
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Tomás Casanova
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Eddy E González
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, 4070386, Concepción, Chile
| | - Oliberto Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, 4070386, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Natalie C Parra
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, 4070386, Concepción, Chile
| | - Oscar Inostroza-Michael
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Filoinformática, Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales, HOLON SpA., Concepción, Chile
| | - Lucila Moreno
- Laboratorio de Ecología Parasitaria, Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristián E Hernández
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Filoinformática, Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
- Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Perú.
| | - Jorge R Toledo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, 4070386, Concepción, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Primawidyawan A, Setiyaningsih S, Wulansari R, Subangkit M, Priosoeryanto BP. Detection and characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus in beef cattle imported from Australia to West Java, Indonesia. Vet World 2023; 16:1468-1476. [PMID: 37621541 PMCID: PMC10446715 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1468-1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim To meet domestic demand for meat, Indonesia imports live cattle from Australia, which have non-bovine viral diarrhea (BVD)-free status. The consequence of importing live cattle from Australia is potentially introducing a novel BVD variant to Indonesia. Therefore, detecting BVD early and determining the agent's characteristics and clinical symptoms are necessary. This study aimed to detect and characterize clinical symptoms of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) and highlight the importance of farm management as a risk factor for the spread of BVD. This study aimed to provide information about the effectiveness of preventive measures against BVD in Australian-imported cattle at the Tanjung Priok Seaport Agricultural Quarantine. Bovine viral diarrhea is among the most common diarrheal diseases found in feedlots and is a severe health and economic problem in cattle. Materials and Methods All cattle in a selected feedlot were examined for clinical symptoms on their first day of arrival. The sampling criteria included age, body weight, body temperature (BT), animal breath (AB), pulse (PL), conjunctivitis (CJ), hyperlacrimation (HL), hypersalivation (HS), DR, fever, limping leg (LL), emaciation, stomatitis (ST), weakness (WK), and coronitis (CR). In addition, 64 blood samples were taken from cattle that exhibited clinical symptoms of BVD. On the 3rd day of arrival, a blood sample showing positive clinical symptoms was examined using antigen (Ag)-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The data from these clinical symptoms were analyzed alongside the laboratory results using multidimensional scale analysis, heatmap distribution, and principal component analysis (PCA). Furthermore, the positive serum samples obtained from the Ag-capture ELISA underwent a nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction and molecular detection and genetic characterization of BVDV based on the 5' untranslated region of the viral genome, followed by sequence and phylogenetic tree analyses. Results Using PCA, 12 clinical symptom characteristics of BVD were determined from 13 clinical symptoms synergized with five cattle positive for Ag-capture ELISA. The clinical symptoms included internal factors such as physiological conditions of CJ, HL, HS, DR, BT, LL, loss of appetite, ST, WK, CR, AB, and PL. The screening test showed that five samples tested positive for the BVD Ag, while 59 tested negative. Phylogenetic tree analysis using a 360-nucleotide portion of the NS5B gene showed that Sample B23F5R had a distinct path compared to the other two samples in the phylogenetic diagram. The profile of sample B23F5R was closely related to BVDV reference subgenotype 1-a group (NCBI, access no. LC068605), with a homology percentage of 92.36%. Furthermore, this sample was similar to the BVDV reference 1-a, Strain 12, identified in Japan. The other two samples, B13F5R and A13F5R, showed close resemblance to the BVDV reference subgenotype 1-a that had been previously identified in Indonesia (NCBI, access no. MK411755), with homology percentages of 97.81% and 97.75%, respectively. Conclusion The BVDV-1a strain is the main subtype present in beef cattle imported from Australia to West Java, Indonesia. The characteristics of clinical symptoms associated with BVD infection comprised 12 symptoms synergized with the positive sample in the PCA. The present results can facilitate the development of preventive and control measures for BVD circulation in Indonesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Primawidyawan
- Doctoral Study Program in Animal Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Surachmi Setiyaningsih
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Retno Wulansari
- Division of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Mawar Subangkit
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Pontjo Priosoeryanto
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Al-Kubati AAG, Kandeel M, Hussen J, Hemida MG, Al-Mubarak AIA. Immunoinformatic prediction of the pathogenicity of bovine viral diarrhea virus genotypes: implications for viral virulence determinants, designing novel diagnostic assays and vaccines development. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1130147. [PMID: 37483297 PMCID: PMC10359904 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1130147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) significantly impacts the bovine industries, both dairy and beef sectors. BVDV can infect various domestic and wild animals, most notably cattle. The dynamic variations among BVDV serotypes due to the continuous genetic diversity, especially in BVDV1 (BVDV1), reduce the effectiveness of the currently available vaccines and reduce the specificity/sensitivity of the diagnostic assays. The development of novel, safe, and effective vaccines against BVDV requires deep knowledge of the antigenicity and virulence of the virus. Previous studies on the antigenicity and the virulence of BVDV serotypes have been mainly focused on one or a few BVDV proteins. While however, little is known about the orchestration of all BVDV in the context of viral virulence and immunogenicity. The main aim of the current study was to do a comparative computational evaluation of the immunogenicity, and virulence for all the encoded proteins of both BVDV1 and BVDV2 and their sub-genotypes. Methods To achieve this goal, 11,737 protein sequences were retrieved from Virus Pathogen Resource. The analysis involved a total of 4,583 sequences after the removal of short sequences and those with unknown collection time. We used the MP3 tool to map the pathogenic proteins across different BVDV strains. The potential protective and the epitope motifs were predicted using the VaxiJen and EMBOSS antigen tools, respectively. Results and discussion The virulence prediction revealed that the NS4B proteins of both BVDV1 and BVDV2 likely have essential roles in BVDV virulence. Similarly, both the capsid (C) and the NS4-A proteins of BVDV1 and the Npro and P7 proteins of BVDV2 are likely important virulent factors. There was a clear trend of increasing predicted virulence with the progression of time in the case of BVDV1 proteins, but that was not the case for the BVDV2 proteins. Most of the proteins of the two BVDV serotypes possess antigens predicted immunogens except Npro, P7, and NS4B. However, the predicted antigenicity of the BVDV1 was significantly higher than that of BVDV2. Meanwhile, the predicted immunogenicity of the immunodominant-E2 protein has been decreasing over time. Based on our predicted antigenicity and pathogenicity studies of the two BVDV serotypes, the sub-genotypes (1a, 1f, 1k, 2a, and 2b) may represent ideal candidates for the development of future vaccines against BVDV infection in cattle. In summary, we identified some common differences between the two BVDV genotypes (BVDV1 and BVDV2) and their sub-genotypes regarding their protein antigenicity and pathogenicity. The data presented here will increase our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of BVDV infection in cattle. It will also pave the way for developing some novel diagnostic assays and novel vaccines against BVDV in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A. G. Al-Kubati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, Thamar, Yemen
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah I. A. Al-Mubarak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Giangaspero M, Zhang S. Pestivirus A Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 species genotypes circulating in China and Turkey. Open Vet J 2023; 13:903-931. [PMID: 37614735 PMCID: PMC10443820 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i7.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pestivirus A Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV-1) is a heterogeneous species within the genus, affecting cattle and other ruminants, with economic impact on livestock production. Aim The study aimed to update the taxonomy of the Pestivirus A, BVDV-1 species and to verify the clustering of the strains reported as genotype 1v, originating from different countries. Methods Recently deposited strains from China, Turkey, and Iran have been evaluated by the palindromic nucleotide substitutions (PNS) genotyping method. Results Based on secondary structure analysis of the 5'-UTR sequences, strains reported as 1v from China were clustered as sub genotype 1.7.3 (1o). Genotype 1.19 (1w) was restricted to China and genotype 1.21 (1v) was present only in Turkey and Iran. Conclusion The application of the PNS method clarified the taxonomical status of strains, revealing the homonymy of genetically different clusters. Furthermore, these observations indicated geographic segregation in the Pestivirus A species, and confirmed the occurrence of new atypical genetic variants, with potential implications on control and prophylaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shuquin Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shah PT, Nawal Bahoussi A, Ahmad A, Sikandar M, Xing L. Bovine viral diarrhea virus in China: A comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis with complete genome sequences. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:992678. [PMID: 36118332 PMCID: PMC9478372 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.992678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), causing bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) in cattle, is one of the highly contagious and devastating diseases of cattle. Since 1980, BVDV has been identified all-over China in a variety of animal species including cattle, camels, yaks, sheep, water buffalo, goats, Sika deer and pigs. In this study, 31 BVDV complete genomes reported in China (from 2004 to 2020) with other 112 genomes reported around the world were comparatively analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis shows that BVDV genomes reported worldwide clustered in three major clades i.e., BVDV-1, BVDV-2, and BVDV-3. The BVDV-1 is genetically the most diverged genotype and phylogenetically classified into 7 sub-clades in our study based on full-length genomes. The China BVDV genomes fall into all three major clades, e.g., BVDV-1, BVDV-2 and BVDV-3. China BVDV-1 clustered into five sub-clades, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7, where sub-clade 7 clustered as a separate sub-clade. Full-length genome recombination analysis reveals that the BVDV-1 reported in China appears to be mainly involved in recombination events. In addition, comparative analysis of E2 proteins between BVDV-1, BVDV-2, and BVDV-3 reveals that the amino acid variations could affect 12 potential linear B cell epitopes, demonstrating a dramatic antigen drift in the E2 protein. These results provide a thorough view of the information about the genetic and antigenic diversity of BVDVs circulating in China and therefore could benefit the development of suitable strategies for disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pir Tariq Shah
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | | | - Aftab Ahmad
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Muhammad Sikandar
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Li Xing
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang K, Zhang J, Qiu Z, Zhang K, Liang F, Zhou Q, Wang L, Li J. Prevalence characteristic of BVDV in some large scale dairy farms in Western China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:961337. [PMID: 35968024 PMCID: PMC9366859 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.961337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence characteristic of Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in some large scale dairy farms in Western China. BVDV was detected in 30 samples of bulk tank milk (BTM) collected from 30 large dairy farms in 7 provinces of western China, 93.33% (28/30) of the farms were infected with BVDV, and S/P ratio was over 0.3 in 28 positive farms. The individual status was further estimated in the dairy farm (No. 10) with the highest positive rate (S/P ratio = 1.37) and the dairy farm (No. 17) with the lowest positive rate (S/P ratio = 0.39). Two hundred cows were, respectively, selected from calf, young cows and lactating cows in farm No. 10 and farm No. 17 and the serum sample of each enrolled cow was collected. The individual positive rate of serum antibody (Ab) was 87.17% (523/600) in farm No. 10 and 31.33% (188/600) in farm No. 17. The individual positive ratio of serum antibody in calves, young cows and lactating cows were 41.75 % (167/400), 58.75% (235/400) and 77.25% (309/400), respectively. BTM Ab of farm No. 10 has an S/P ratio more than 1.0, which indicated there were emergent or persistent infection (PI) cases, and further test showed that PI cases were 0.51% in farm No. 10. Pathogens were positive in 42.34% (163/385) of nasal mucus samples collected from cows with respiratory symptom, and BVDV cases were 57 in 163 positive samples. Three strains of NCP BVDV-1, one strain of CP BVDV-1, one strain of NCP BVDV-2 and one strain of CP BVDV-2 were successfully isolated. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the subtypes of BVDV currently prevalent in western China were BVDV-1a, BVDV-1m, BVDV-1q and BVDV-2. The findings suggested that the BVDV infection is serious in some Large Scale Dairy Farms in Western China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingyan Zhang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhengying Qiu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fenfen Liang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiaoni Zhou
- Shenzhen Bioeasy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Wang
| | - Jianxi Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Jianxi Li
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Retno N, Wuryastuty H, Wasito R, Irianingsih SH. First study on genetic variability of bovine viral diarrhea virus isolated from Sapera dairy goats with reproductive disorders in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Vet World 2022; 15:1015-1021. [PMID: 35698507 PMCID: PMC9178592 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1015-1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus (BVDV) is an important viral pathogen of cattle that can infect diverse artiodactyl species. The clinical manifestations caused by BVDV in heterologous hosts, as they do in cattle, vary, although respiratory and reproductive failures are commonly reported. BVDV infections commonly result in reproductive failure in goats, with abortion being the primary clinical sign. In central Java, Indonesia, BVDV infection has been reported in two clinically healthy local goat species, and the testing indicated infection by BVDV Type 1. However, the genetic diversity of viruses has not been described in healthy or ill goats. The objectives of the present study were as follows: (1) To investigate the genetic variation of BVDV isolated from Sapera dairy goats with naturally occurring reproductive disorders in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, using the 5’ untranslated region (5’ UTR) and (2) to study the possible correlation between reproductive disorders and the presence of BVDV in the flock. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected in October 2021 from 39 goats that had been individually reported to have reproductive disorders. The serum samples were subjected to molecular detection and genetic characterization of BVDV based on the 5’ UTR of the viral genome, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Viral isolation was performed on BVDV-positive samples to analyze the viral biotypes. Results: BVDV infection was detected in five out of 39 female goats. The clinical status of the BVDV-infected goats was abortion (n=2), metritis (n=1), and repeated breeding (n=2). All antigen-positive samples were confirmed as BVDV type 1a (BVDV-1a) and noncytopathic (NCP)-BVDV biotype. Conclusion: The BVDV-1a and NCP biotypes are the main subtypes and biotypes present in Sapera dairy goats exhibiting reproductive failure. This result is consistent with previous results in dairy cattle in Yogyakarta. The reported results can facilitate the design of methods for the prevention and control of BVD circulating in Indonesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. Retno
- Doctoral Study Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - H. Wuryastuty
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - R. Wasito
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nishimori A, Hirose S, Ogino S, Andoh K, Isoda N, Sakoda Y. Endemic infections of bovine viral diarrhea virus genotypes 1b and 2a isolated from cattle in Japan between 2014 and 2020. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 84:228-232. [PMID: 34911882 PMCID: PMC8920713 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a causative agent of bovine viral diarrhea. In
Japan, a previous study reported that subgenotype 1b viruses were predominant until 2014.
Because there is little information regarding the recent epidemiological status of BVDV
circulating in Japan, we performed genetic characterization of 909 BVDV isolates obtained
between 2014 and 2020. We found that 657 and 252 isolates were classified as BVDV-1 and
BVDV-2, respectively, and that they were further subdivided into 1a (35 isolates, 3.9%),
1b (588, 64.7%), 1c (34, 3.7%), and 2a (252, 27.7%). Phylogenetic analysis using entire E2
coding sequence revealed that a major domestic cluster in Japan among BVDV-1b and 2a
viruses were unchanged from a previous study conducted from 2006 to 2014. These results
provide updated information concerning the epidemic strain of BVDV in Japan, which would
be helpful for appropriate vaccine selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asami Nishimori
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Shizuka Hirose
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Saho Ogino
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Kiyohiko Andoh
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
An Importance of Long-Term Clinical Analysis to Accurately Diagnose Calves Persistently and Acutely Infected by Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122431. [PMID: 34960700 PMCID: PMC8705094 DOI: 10.3390/v13122431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection results in a wide variety of clinical manifestations and is a pathogen that is able to cause huge economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. It is important to identify cattle that are persistently infected (PI) by BVDV within the herd as early as possible because PI animals are the main reservoir of the virus. In contrast, cattle who are acutely infected (AI) with BVDV show various clinical signs, but most cattle show either mild symptoms or are asymptomatic. In general, AI and PI animals can be distinguished by repeat testing within an interval of at least 21 days. However, we found a rare case of a BVDV2-infected AI animal with long-term viral presence, making it indistinguishable from PI through two tests within an interval of 21 days. As a result, we diagnosed one infected animal as AI after 35 days from the initial sample collection via multiple analyses. Our findings recommend performing an additional test using samples that have been collected after 14-21 days from the second sample collection in cases where it is difficult to accurately differentiate an AI diagnosis from a PI diagnosis after only two tests. Additionally, our analysis exhibits that monitoring the number of copies of viruses with similar genomes in the sera by means of quantitative real-time RT-PCR through several sample collections periods might be useful to distinguish AI from PI. Furthermore, our data suggest that the AI animals with a long-term viral presence who show test results similar to those of PI animals might be the result of a coincidental combination of various factors that are present in cattle fields. These findings provide useful information that can be used to improve the diagnosis of BVDV in the field.
Collapse
|
13
|
Transmission Dynamics of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Hokkaido, Japan by Phylogenetic and Epidemiological Network Approaches. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080922. [PMID: 34451386 PMCID: PMC8400418 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) caused by BVD virus (BVDV) leads to economic loss worldwide. Cattle that are persistently infected (PI) with BVDV are known to play an important role in viral transmission in association with the animal movement, as they shed the virus during their lifetime. In this research, the "hot spot" for BVD transmission was estimated by combining phylogenetic and epidemiological analyses for PI cattle and cattle that lived together on BVDV affected farms in Tokachi district, Hokkaido prefecture, Japan. Viral isolates were genetically categorized into BVDV-1a, 1b, and 2a, based on the nucleotide sequence of the entire E2 region. In BVDV genotype 1, subgenotype b (BVDV-1b), cluster I was identified as the majority in Tokachi district. Network analysis indicated that 12 of the 15 affected farms had cattle movements from other facilities (PI-network) and farms affected with BVDV-1b cluster I consisted of a large network. It was implied that the number of cattle movements themselves would be a risk of BVD transmission, using the PageRank algorithm. Therefore, these results demonstrate that cattle movements would contribute to disease spread and the combination of virological and epidemiological analysis methods would be beneficial in determining possible virus transmission routes.
Collapse
|
14
|
Tajima M. Prevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection in Japan: 2000-2019. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:667933. [PMID: 33996986 PMCID: PMC8119655 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.667933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Motoshi Tajima
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Clinical Analysis for Long-Term Sporadic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Transmitted by Calves with an Acute Infection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040621. [PMID: 33916636 PMCID: PMC8065861 DOI: 10.3390/v13040621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a viral pathogen associated with serious problems in the cattle industry. Cattle persistently infected (PI) with BVDV are mild or asymptomatic; however, they become a source of BVDV transmission to other cattle. Hence, it is important to rapidly identify and remove the PI animals from cattle herds. Whereas cattle acutely infected (AI) with BVDV have various symptoms, yet they generally recover within 3 weeks. However, there is a paucity of information concerning clinical characteristics of AI cattle. Further accumulation of information would be required to accurately diagnose AI cattle with BVDV. Here, we attempted to obtain valuable information via various analyses using a case report of BVD outbreak that occurred for approximately four months in Iwate Prefecture in 2017. Using eight calves and multiple tests (real-time RT-PCR, virus isolation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and virus neutralization assay) over 6 weeks, we diagnosed the continuous BVD outbreak as an acute infection and not a persistent one. Additionally, we revealed that the sporadic case was caused by low pathogenic BVDV2 via BVDV genotyping and phylogenetic analysis. The data suggest that BVDV2 AI animals might also be a source of transmission to susceptible calves; hence, it might persist for a long period owing to multiple AI animals. These findings provide useful information to diagnose AI and PI cattle with BVDV in the field.
Collapse
|
16
|
de Oliveira Freitas C, de Oliveira PSB, Monteiro FL, Noll JCG, Silva Júnior JVJ, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Sequence analysis of the DA domain of glycoprotein E2 of pestiviruses isolated from beef cattle in Southern Brazil. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1163-1170. [PMID: 33554289 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein E2 of pestiviruses is a major target for neutralizing antibodies. In this study, we analyzed the E2 DA domain of 43 pestiviruses from Southern Brazil. The isolates were identified as Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) subtypes 1a and 1b or BVDV-2b. Compared to reference strains, the BVDV-1 and -2 isolates had four and two mutations in the DA domain, respectively. All BVDV-2 isolates had a deletion of residues 724 and 725. All mutated amino acids in the BVDV isolates had the same aa substitution, and all were in previously identified antibody binding sites. It is possible that an immunity-mediated selection is acting on the pestiviruses circulating in Southern Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina de Oliveira Freitas
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pablo Sebastian Britto de Oliveira
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Francielle Liz Monteiro
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Caroline Gomes Noll
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Diel Laboratory, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - José Valter Joaquim Silva Júnior
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chang L, Qi Y, Liu D, Du Q, Zhao X, Tong D. Molecular detection and genotyping of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Western China. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:66. [PMID: 33531007 PMCID: PMC7853163 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important global viral pathogen of cattle and other ruminants. To survey the infection rate and genetic diversity of BVDV in western China, a total of 1234 serum samples from 17 herds of dairy cattle, beef cattle and yak in 4 provinces were collected in 2019. RESULTS All the 1234 serum samples were screened individually for BVDV by RT-PCR. Our results demonstrated that the average positive rate of BVDV was 7.2% (89/1234) in animals and 82.4% (14/17) in herds. Thirteen BVDV strains were isolated from RT-PCR positive clinical samples and they were all NCP biotype. BVDV-1a and 1c subgenotypes were identified from 22 selected virus isolates in 14 BVDV-positive herds. These results confirmed that BVDV-1a and BVDV-1c were circulating in western China, similar to the BVDV epidemics in cattle in other regions of China. CONCLUSIONS This study provides data for monitoring and vaccination strategies of BVDV in western China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanping Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gao X, Niu C, Wang Z, Jia S, Han M, Ma Y, Guan X, Wang L, Qiao X, Xu Y. Comprehensive analysis of lncRNA expression profiles in cytopathic biotype BVDV-infected MDBK cells provides an insight into biological contexts of host-BVDV interactions. Virulence 2020; 12:20-34. [PMID: 33258421 PMCID: PMC7781660 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1857572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is the causative agent of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease, which significantly affects the production performance of cattle, causing serious economic losses to the cattle industries worldwide. Up to now, some mechanisms involved in host–BVDV interaction are still not fully understood. The discovery of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has provided a new perspective on gene regulation in diverse biological contexts, particularly in viral infection and host immune responses. However, little is known about the profiles and functions of lncRNAs in host cells in response to BVDV infection. Here, we utilized Illumina sequencing to explore lncRNAs profiles in cytopathic (CP) biotype BVDV-infected MDBK cells to further reveal the potential roles of lncRNAs in BVDV infection and host–BVDV interaction with integrated analysis of lncRNAs and mRNA expression profiles. A total of 1747 significantly differentially expressed genes, DEGs (156 lncRNAs and 1591 mRNAs) were obtained via RNA-seq in BVDV-infected MDBK cells compared to mock-infected cells. Next, these DE lncRNAs and mRNAs were subjected to construct lncRNAs-mRNAs co-expression network followed by the prediction of potential functions of the DE lncRNAs. Co-expression network analysis elucidated that DE lncRNAs were significant enrichment in NOD-like receptor, TNF, NF-ĸB, ErbB, Ras, apoptosis, and fatty acid biosynthesis pathways, indicating that DE lncRNAs play important roles in host–BVDV interactions. Our data give an overview of changes in transcriptome and potential roles of lncRNAs, providing molecular biology basis for further exploring the mechanisms of host–BVDV interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuwen Gao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, P.R. China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chao Niu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Jia
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Meijing Han
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Ma
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Xueting Guan
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Xinyuan Qiao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Yigang Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, P.R. China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University , Hangzhou, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
AKAGAMI M, TAKAYASU M, OOYA S, KASHIMA Y, TSUZUKU S, OOTANI Y, OUCHI Y, HAYAMA Y. Screening of persistently infected cattle with bovine viral diarrhea virus on dairy farms by using milk tanker and bulk tank milk samples for viral RNA and viral-specific antibody detection. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:607-614. [PMID: 32173670 PMCID: PMC7273604 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to provide a screening scheme of persistently infected (PI) cattle on dairy herds by combining reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in milk tanker samples and commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect BVDV antibodies in bulk tank milk. We conducted a pilot survey and regional survey targeting all dairy farms in Ibaraki Prefecture by using milk tanker and bulk tank milk samples to screen PI cattle. Farms with positive samples underwent a follow-up test to identify PI cattle. In the pilot study, all virus-positive samples in bulk tank milk were included in the positive milk tanker samples. The RT-PCR assay successfully detected BVDV at dilutions of 1:1,600 by using two PI cows' milk. In the regional survey, 5 of 79 milk tanker samples were virus-positive. The virus was detected in three PI lactating cows and one PI calf on three farms. Antibody screening using bulk tank milk samples revealed 15 of 363 samples were positive, and 12 of 348 farms were BVDV antibody-positive. Follow-up tests on one farm identified three PI calves. Thus, eight PI cattle on five farms were identified in this study. In conclusion, combining BVDV detection using milk tanker samples and antibody detection using bulk tank milk is a feasible and economical method to efficiently screen PI cattle and confirm the PI-free status among dairy herds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka AKAGAMI
- Kenhoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki Prefecture, 966-1 Nakagachi, Mito, Ibaraki 310-0002, Japan
| | - Mariko TAKAYASU
- Kenhoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki Prefecture, 966-1 Nakagachi, Mito, Ibaraki 310-0002, Japan
| | - Shoko OOYA
- Kenhoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki Prefecture, 966-1 Nakagachi, Mito, Ibaraki 310-0002, Japan
| | - Yuki KASHIMA
- Kenhoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki Prefecture, 966-1 Nakagachi, Mito, Ibaraki 310-0002, Japan
| | - Satoko TSUZUKU
- Kenhoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki Prefecture, 966-1 Nakagachi, Mito, Ibaraki 310-0002, Japan
| | - Yoshiko OOTANI
- Kenhoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki Prefecture, 966-1 Nakagachi, Mito, Ibaraki 310-0002, Japan
| | - Yoshinao OUCHI
- Kenhoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki Prefecture, 966-1 Nakagachi, Mito, Ibaraki 310-0002, Japan
| | - Yoko HAYAMA
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Risk factors associated with the within-farm transmission of bovine viral diarrhea virus and the incidence of persistently infected cattle on dairy farms from Ibaraki prefecture of Japan. Res Vet Sci 2020; 129:187-192. [PMID: 32078846 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For understanding the factors affecting bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) transmission, this study investigated the distribution of BVDV and the epidemiological features of persistently infected (PI) cattle in Ibaraki Prefecture of Japan, and identified farm-level risk factors associated with BVDV infection, with a focus on within-farm transmission and PI animal detection. Among all 377 dairy farms, forty-four PI cattle were identified on 22 farms. Thirty-eight and six PI cattle were born on their current farms or purchased, respectively. Twenty-six PI cattle were born from pregnancies on their current farms, seven from pregnancies in summer pastures, and eight from pregnancies on other farms. The within-farm seroprevalence on farms with PI animals was significantly higher than that on farms without PI cattle. Of 333 farms holding homebred cattle without movement records, antibody-positivity in homebred cattle was observed on 194 farms; these cattle were likely infected by within-farm transmission. Herd size, summer pasturing, and BVDV infection status of the nearest dairy farm were risk factors associated with within-farm transmission. Likewise, herd size, summer pasturing, and the proportion of purchased cattle were related to PI animal occurrence. This study shows the risk of within-farm transmission and occurrence of PI animals after the introduction of BVDV via purchasing and summer pasturing, and illustrates the significant role of PI cattle in circulating BVDV. More effective measures for screening BVDV infection and PI animals, including intensive tests targeting moved cattle and newborn calves, and bulk milk surveillance, are required to control the spread of BVDV in Japan.
Collapse
|
21
|
Deng M, Chen N, Guidarini C, Xu Z, Zhang J, Cai L, Yuan S, Sun Y, Metcalfe L. Prevalence and genetic diversity of bovine viral diarrhea virus in dairy herds of China. Vet Microbiol 2019; 242:108565. [PMID: 32122580 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To determine the nationwide prevalence and genetic diversity of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in China, 92 dairy farms with more than 500 animals in 19 provinces of China were surveyed in 2017. At each farm, ear notch samples from calves less than six months old and bulk tank milk (BTM) samples were collected. A total of 901 ear notch samples and 329 BTM samples from 183 tanks were sampled. A total of 20 (20/901, 2.22 %) ear notch samples from 10 (10/92, 10.86 %) farms tested positive for BVDV by IDEXX Antigen Point-of-Care (POC) Test kit and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In addition, 80 of 183 (80/183, 43.7 %) BTM samples from 43 (43/92, 46.7 %) farms were identified as positive by qRT-PCR. The RNA of positive and suspect samples identified by qRT-PCR was subjected to 5'- untranslated region (UTR) amplification by nested RT-PCR and then sequenced. A total of 119 sequences were obtained and phylogenetic analysis of these 5'-UTR sequences revealed the presence of eight different subgenotypes of BVDV-1 including 1a (n = 37, 31.09 %), 1b (n = 5, 4.20 %), 1c (n = 34, 28.57 %), 1d (n = 2, 1.68 %), 1m (n = 25, 21.01 %), 1q (n = 6, 5.04 %), and two unknown subgenotypes which were tentatively typed as "BVDV-1v" (n = 8, 6.72 %) and "BVDV-1w" (n = 2, 1.68 %), respectively. BVDV-1a, 1c, and 1m were the dominant strains, collectively accounting for 80.67 % (96/119) of all sequences. Phylogenetic analysis based on selected N-terminal autoprotease (Npro) sequences confirmed the classification of the 5'-UTR sequences. In conclusion, the prevalence of BVDV persistent infection in dairy cattle was high and genetic diversity was high and increasing, revealing a serious threat to the health of cattle in China and highlighting the need for BVDV control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Deng
- Asian Veterinary Research and Development Center, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co., Ltd., Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Ning Chen
- Asian Veterinary Research and Development Center, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co., Ltd., Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Christian Guidarini
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Binger Straße 173, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Zhihua Xu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Int'l Trading (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Boehringer Ingelheim Int'l Trading (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Lingjie Cai
- Boehringer Ingelheim Int'l Trading (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Shishan Yuan
- Asian Veterinary Research and Development Center, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co., Ltd., Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yanyong Sun
- Asian Veterinary Research and Development Center, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co., Ltd., Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lucy Metcalfe
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Binger Straße 173, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Agah MA, Notsu K, El-Khaiat HM, Arikawa G, Kubo M, Mitoma S, Okabayashi T, Mekata H, Elhanafy E, El Daous H, Mai TN, Nguyen TH, Isoda N, Sakoda Y, Norimine J, Sekiguchi S. Slaughterhouse survey for detection of bovine viral diarrhea infection among beef cattle in Kyushu, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1450-1454. [PMID: 31378773 PMCID: PMC6863731 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) footprint has spread across the globe and is
responsible for one of the most economically important diseases in cattle. In Japan, some
regional surveillance and preventive measures to control bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) have
been implemented. However, BVDV infection is poorly understood in cattle industries, and
there is no systematic BVD surveillance system and control program. Kyushu is the center
for raising beef cattle in Japan. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the BVDV
infection using a slaughterhouse survey among beef cattle in Kyushu, Japan. A total of
1,075 blood samples were collected at two regional slaughterhouses in Miyazaki prefecture
from December 2015 to June 2016. Antigen ELISA was used for detection of BVDV antigen in
blood samples. Two samples showed positive results (2/1,075; 0.18%). BVDV RNA was
extracted from positive blood samples; the sequence was determined and analyzed by the
neighbor-joining method for construction of the phylogenetic tree. Phylogenetic analysis
based on the 5’-UTR revealed that the two positive samples were grouped into the same
subtype BVDV-1b in the BVDV-1 genotype, but the infected cattle belonged to two different
farms. In conclusion, this is the first study to identify the presence of BVDV in a
slaughterhouse survey in Kyushu. These findings suggest that a slaughterhouse survey is a
useful tool for developing a surveillance system for monitoring infectious diseases in
cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aref Agah
- Faculty of Agriculture, Badghis Higher Education Institution, Shogofan Farm street, Qala-i-now city, Badghis province, Badghis, Afghanistan.,Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Kosuke Notsu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Heba M El-Khaiat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Qalyubia, 13736, Egypt
| | - Genki Arikawa
- Miyakonojo Meat Inspection Office, Miyazaki 885-0021, Japan
| | - Meiko Kubo
- Miyakonojo Meat Inspection Office, Miyazaki 885-0021, Japan
| | - Shuya Mitoma
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5600, Kihara, Kiyotake-cho, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Tamaki Okabayashi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Mekata
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Eslam Elhanafy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Qalyubia, 13736, Egypt.,Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Hala El Daous
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Qalyubia, 13736, Egypt.,Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5600, Kihara, Kiyotake-cho, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Thi Ngan Mai
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5600, Kihara, Kiyotake-cho, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Huyen Nguyen
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Junzo Norimine
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sekiguchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Timurkan MÖ, Aydın H. Increased genetic diversity of BVDV strains circulating in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey: first detection of BVDV-3 in Turkey. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:1953-1961. [PMID: 31055737 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pathogen associated with loss of meat, milk, and reproductive performance in cattle across the world. There have been two types of BVDV identified worldwide: BVDV-1 and BVDV-2. However, a new type of BVDV, named HoBi-like pestivirus (BVDV-3), has been identified recently. BVDV presence in Turkey has been reported since the 1990s, but a mandatory vaccination program has not been implemented in Turkey so far. In serological studies conducted in Turkey for BVDV, reported seropositivity has been 50% on average. The aim of this study is to determine the genetic diversity of BVDV in blood and abortion materials from bovine in eastern Turkey. The presence of the virus was determined by antigen ELISA test. As a result of the phylogenetic analysis of 5'UTR, Npro and E2 genomic regions of the BVDV (n = 28), BVDV-1 (n = 25) was identified as the dominant type. In addition, BVDV-2 (n = 2) and BVDV-3 (n = 1) were determined which is the first report of HoBi-like pestivirus in Turkey. Although BVDV-1l (n = 19) was detected as the predominant sub-type of BVDV-1, 1a (n = 2), 1b (n = 1), 1c (n = 1), and 1d (n = 2) were also identified. In 2 samples, the BVDV-2 type detected was the 2a sub-type. In this study, it is emphasized that BVDV can be present in the abort materials as an agent and that it should be examined in the herd screening. In addition, it is understood that molecular epidemiological studies should continue for determining the genetic diversity of the viruses and that such studies should be carried out on the country basis. Necessary diagnostic programs should be developed for animals, which are imported or buying from other barns, and protection and control measures should be taken. The increase of reports on BVDV heterogeneity in Turkey and worldwide gets up related to the occurrence and spread of new BVDV types or variants, with potential implications for animal health and disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Özkan Timurkan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Virology Department, Atatürk University, Yakutiye, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Hakan Aydın
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Virology Department, Atatürk University, Yakutiye, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
ISODA N, ASANO A, ICHIJO M, OHNO H, SATO K, OKAMOTO H, NAKAO S, KATO H, SAITO K, ITO N, USUI A, TAKAYAMA H, SAKODA Y. Assessment of the cost effectiveness of compulsory testing of introduced animals and bulk tank milk testing for bovine viral diarrhea in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:577-585. [PMID: 30828031 PMCID: PMC6483914 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a chronic disease of cattle caused by infection with BVD virus (BVDV) and can result in economic losses within the livestock industry. In Japan, the test and culling policy is a basic control measure, and implementation of an adequate vaccination program is recommended as a national policy. In addition, optional control measures, including compulsory testing of introduced animals and bulk tank milk (BTM) testing as a mass screening method, are used in several provinces, but their efficacy has not been completely assessed. We evaluated these control measures using the scenario tree model of BVD in Japan, developed in the previous study. The model outputs indicated that compulsory testing of all introduced cattle, rather than only heifers and/or non-vaccinated cattle, was cost effective and reduced the risk of BVDV introduction due to animal movement and that BTM testing could effectively monitor most part of the cattle population. Vaccination coverage and BVDV prevalence among introduced cattle could also affect the cost effectiveness of compulsory testing of targeted cattle, particularly under low vaccination coverage or high BVDV prevalence. However, even with the implementation of a highly effective monitoring scheme for many years, BVD risk could not be eliminated; it instead converged at a very low level (0.02%). Disease models with a cost-effective output could be a powerful tool in developing a control scheme for chronic animal diseases, including BVD, with the consent of relevant stakeholders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu ISODA
- Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Research Center for
Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido
001-0020, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for
Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido
001-0020, Japan
| | - Akihiro ASANO
- Hokkaido Nemuro Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 69,
Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0214, Japan
| | - Michiru ICHIJO
- Hokkaido Nemuro Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 69,
Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0214, Japan
| | - Hiroshi OHNO
- Hokkaido Veterinary Medical Association Nemuro Branch, 119,
Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0292, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko SATO
- Western Nemuro Operation Center, Hokkaido Higashi
Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 109, Nishi-Syunbetsu, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido
088-2576, Japan
| | - Hirokazu OKAMOTO
- Northern Nemuro Operation Center, Hokkaido Higashi
Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 37, Tawara-bashi 14, Naka-shibetsu, Sibetsu-gun,
Hokkaido 086-1137, Japan
| | - Shigeru NAKAO
- Southern Nemuro Operation Center, Hokkaido Higashi
Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 119, Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun,
Hokkaido 086-0292, Japan
| | - Hajime KATO
- Southern Nemuro Operation Center, Hokkaido Higashi
Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 119, Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun,
Hokkaido 086-0292, Japan
| | - Kazuma SAITO
- Betsukai Town Office, 280, Betsukai-Tokiwa, Betsukai,
Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0205, Japan
| | - Naoki ITO
- The Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives in Nemuro, 2,
Higashi 1, Minami 1, Naka-shibetsu, Sibetsu-gun, Hokkaido 086-1006, Japan
| | - Akira USUI
- Hokkaido Veterinary Medical Association Nemuro Branch, 119,
Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0292, Japan
| | - Hiroaki TAKAYAMA
- Hokkaido Nemuro Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 69,
Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0214, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro SAKODA
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for
Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido
001-0020, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo,
Hokkaido 060-0018, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hou P, Zhao G, Wang H, He H. Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus in dairy cattle herds in eastern China. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:791-798. [PMID: 30456692 PMCID: PMC7089171 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1751-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a worldwide spreading pestivirus affecting cattle and other ruminants; however, there have been few reports on epidemiologic investigation of BVDV in eastern China. In this study, bulk tank milk from 36 herds of dairy cattle in eastern China was submitted to serological investigations, 77.8% of herds was BVDV antibody positive. Individual animal status in two herds was further investigated collecting blood samples, the positive ratio was 49.74% and 24.64%, and the average positive ratio of calves, heifers, and lactating cows was 15.94%, 40.16%, and 41.7%, respectively. Moreover, clinical survey was carried out among 8170 dairy cattle from 36 herds, for diarrhea syndrome, respiratory problems and reproductive failure, and pathogens of all clinical cattle were further investigated. The results showed that BVDV was one of the main pathogen, which infected animals combining with various other viruses. Then, nine BVDV strains were isolated; phylogenetic analysis showed that BVDV subtypes currently circulating in eastern China were BVDV 1a and BVDV 1c. In addition, out of 377 cows tested, the 1.86% detected positive to the BVDV antigen. This study provided the foundation of further study on vaccination and control strategies of BVDV in eastern China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peili Hou
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guimin Zhao
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Hongbin He
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Genetic Diversity of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection in Goats in Southwestern China. J Vet Med 2018; 2018:8274397. [PMID: 30581873 PMCID: PMC6276411 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8274397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) affects cows, pigs, sheep, goats, and other ruminants, as well as some wild animals. BVDV causes considerable economic losses every year and many countries have developed programs aimed at the eradication of this disease. The genetic diversity of BVDV in diseased goats has never been described in southwestern China. Thus, in this study, we applied antigen-capture ELISA and RT-PCR to survey the infection rate of BVDV in diseased goats in this region. Our results demonstrated that the average BVDV infection rate in goats was 17.51%, with all positive samples indicating infection by BVDV-1 and not BVDV-2, BVDV-3, or Border disease virus. The molecular characteristics of the 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) of BVDV-1 were recognized as belonging predominantly to the BVDV-1a, 1b, 1c, 1m, and 1p subtypes. BVDV-1b and 1m were the most abundant subtypes identified in this region, similar to the BVDV epidemics in cattle in other regions of China. This is the first study that describes the genetic characterization of BVDV in sick goats from southwestern China and is important for future studies and control programs.
Collapse
|
27
|
Ambrose RK, Gravel JL, Commins MA, Fowler EV, Mahony TJ. In Vivo Characterisation of Five Strains of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus 1 (Subgenotype 1c). Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7010012. [PMID: 29351201 PMCID: PMC5874738 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 (BVDV-1) is strongly associated with several important diseases of cattle, such as bovine respiratory disease, diarrhoea and haemoragic lesions. To date many subgenotypes have been reported for BVDV-1, currently ranging from subgenotype 1a to subgenotype 1u. While BVDV-1 has a world-wide distribution, the subgenotypes have a more restricted geographical distribution. As an example, BVDV-1 subgenotypes 1a and 1b are frequently detected in North America and Europe, while the subgenotype 1c is rarely detected. In contrast, BVDV-1 subgenotype 1c is by far the most commonly reported in Australia. Despite this, uneven distribution of the biological importance of the subgenotypes remains unclear. The aim of this study was to characterise the in vivo properties of five strains of BVDV-1 subgenotype 1c in cattle infection studies. No overt respiratory signs were reported in any of the infected cattle regardless of strain. Consistent with other subgenotypes, transient pyrexia and leukopenia were commonly identified, while thrombocytopenia was not. The quantity of virus detected in the nasal secretions of transiently infected animals suggested the likelihood of horizontal transmission was very low. Further studies are required to fully understand the variability and importance of the BVDV-1 subgenotype 1c.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Ambrose
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Animal Science, Dutton Park 4102, Australia.
| | - Jennifer L Gravel
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Animal Science, Dutton Park 4102, Australia.
| | - Margaret A Commins
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Animal Science, Dutton Park 4102, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth V Fowler
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Animal Science, Dutton Park 4102, Australia.
| | - Timothy J Mahony
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Characterization of Recombinant Flaviviridae Viruses Possessing a Small Reporter Tag. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01582-17. [PMID: 29093094 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01582-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The family Flaviviridae consists of four genera, Flavivirus, Pestivirus, Pegivirus, and Hepacivirus, and comprises important pathogens of human and animals. Although the construction of recombinant viruses carrying reporter genes encoding fluorescent and bioluminescent proteins has been reported, the stable insertion of foreign genes into viral genomes retaining infectivity remains difficult. Here, we applied the 11-amino-acid subunit derived from NanoLuc luciferase to the engineering of the Flaviviridae viruses and then examined the biological characteristics of the viruses. We successfully generated recombinant viruses carrying the split-luciferase gene, including dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and bovine viral diarrhea virus. The stability of the viruses was confirmed by five rounds of serial passages in the respective susceptible cell lines. The propagation of the recombinant luciferase viruses in each cell line was comparable to that of the parental viruses. By using a purified counterpart luciferase protein, this split-luciferase assay can be applicable in various cell lines, even when it is difficult to transduce the counterpart gene. The efficacy of antiviral reagents against the recombinant viruses could be monitored by the reduction of luciferase expression, which was correlated with that of viral RNA, and the recombinant HCV was also useful to examine viral dynamics in vivo Taken together, our findings indicate that the recombinant Flaviviridae viruses possessing the split NanoLuc luciferase gene generated here provide powerful tools to understand viral life cycle and pathogenesis and a robust platform to develop novel antivirals against Flaviviridae viruses.IMPORTANCE The construction of reporter viruses possessing a stable transgene capable of expressing specific signals is crucial to investigations of viral life cycle and pathogenesis and the development of antivirals. However, it is difficult to maintain the stability of a large foreign gene, such as those for fluorescence and bioluminescence, after insertion into a viral genome. Here, we successfully generated recombinant Flaviviridae viruses carrying the 11-amino-acid subunit derived from NanoLuc luciferase and demonstrated that these viruses are applicable to in vitro and in vivo experiments, suggesting that these recombinant Flaviviridae viruses are powerful tools for increasing our understanding of viral life cycle and pathogenesis and that these recombinant viruses will provide a robust platform to develop antivirals against Flaviviridae viruses.
Collapse
|
29
|
Sekiguchi S, Presi P, Omori R, Staerk K, Schuppers M, Isoda N, Yoshikawa Y, Umemura T, Nakayama H, Fujii Y, Sakoda Y. Evaluation of bovine viral diarrhoea virus control strategies in dairy herds in Hokkaido, Japan, using stochastic modelling. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:e135-e144. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Sekiguchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; Faculty of Agriculture; University of Miyazaki; Miyazaki Japan
| | | | - R. Omori
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | | | | | - N. Isoda
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Y. Yoshikawa
- Department of Animal Risk Management; Faculty of Risk and Crisis Management; Chiba Institute of Science; Chiba Japan
| | - T. Umemura
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - H. Nakayama
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Y. Fujii
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; Faculty of Agriculture; University of Miyazaki; Miyazaki Japan
| | - Y. Sakoda
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Silveira S, Baumbach LF, Weber MN, Mósena ACS, da Silva MS, Cibulski SP, Borba MR, Maia RD, Coimbra VCS, de Moraes GM, Ridpath JF, Canal CW. HoBi-like is the most prevalent ruminant pestivirus in Northeastern Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:e113-e120. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Silveira
- Laboratório de Virologia; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - L. F. Baumbach
- Laboratório de Virologia; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - M. N. Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - A. C. S. Mósena
- Laboratório de Virologia; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - M. S. da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - S. P. Cibulski
- Laboratório de Virologia; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - M. R. Borba
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária (EPILAB); Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - R. D. Maia
- Instituto de Defesa e Inspeção Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte (IDIARN); Natal Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
| | - V. C. S. Coimbra
- Agência Estadual de Defesa Agropecuária do Maranhão (AGED-MA); São Luís Maranhão Brazil
| | - G. M. de Moraes
- Ministério da Agricultura; Pecuária e Abastecimento; Brasília Distrito Federal Brazil
| | - J. F. Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Unit; National Animal Disease Center/ARS/USDA; Ames IA USA
| | - C. W. Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
ISODA N, ASANO A, ICHIJO M, WAKAMORI S, OHNO H, SATO K, OKAMOTO H, NAKAO S, KATO H, SAITO K, ITO N, USUI A, TAKAYAMA H, SAKODA Y. Evaluation of control measures for bovine viral diarrhea implemented in Nemuro District, Hokkaido, Japan, using a scenario tree model. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1172-1181. [PMID: 28539533 PMCID: PMC5559360 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A scenario tree model was developed to propose efficient bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) control measures. The model used field data in eastern Hokkaido where the risk of BVDV infection in cattle has been reduced by an eradication program including mass vaccination, individual tests prior to communal pasture grazing, herd screening tests using bulk milk, and outbreak investigations of newly infected herds. These four activities were then used as hypothesized control measures in the simulation. In each simulation, the numbers of cattle infected persistently and transiently with BVDV detected by clinical manifestations and diagnosis tests and of missed by all of the diagnosis tests were calculated, and the numbers were used as indicators to be compared for the efficacy of the control measures. The model outputs indicated that the adoption of mass vaccination decreased the number of missed BVD cattle, although it did not increase the number of detected BVD cattle. Under implementation of mass vaccination, the efficacy of individual tests on selected 20% of the young and adult cattle was equal to that of the herd screening test performed in all the herds. When the virus prevalence or the number of sensitive animals becomes low, the efficacy of herd screening test was superior to one of individual tests. Considering the model outputs together, the scenario tree model developed in the present study was useful to compare the efficacy of the control measures for BVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu ISODA
- Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Akihiro ASANO
- Hokkaido Nemuro Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 69, Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0214, Japan
| | - Michiru ICHIJO
- Hokkaido Nemuro Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 69, Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0214, Japan
| | - Shiho WAKAMORI
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0018, Japan
| | - Hiroshi OHNO
- Hokkaido Veterinary Medical Association Nemuro Branch, 119, Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0292, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko SATO
- Western Nemuro Operation Center, Hokkaido Higashi Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 109, Nishi-Syunbetsu, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 088-2576, Japan
| | - Hirokazu OKAMOTO
- Northern Nemuro Operation Center, Hokkaido Higashi Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 37, Tawara-bashi 14, Naka-shibetsu, Sibetsu-gun, Hokkaido 086-1137, Japan
| | - Shigeru NAKAO
- Southern Nemuro Operation Center, Hokkaido Higashi Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 119, Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0292, Japan
| | - Hajime KATO
- Southern Nemuro Operation Center, Hokkaido Higashi Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 119, Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0292, Japan
| | - Kazuma SAITO
- Betsukai Town Office, 280, Betsukai-Tokiwa, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0205, Japan
| | - Naoki ITO
- Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Akira USUI
- Hokkaido Veterinary Medical Association Nemuro Branch, 119, Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0292, Japan
| | - Hiroaki TAKAYAMA
- Hokkaido Nemuro Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 69, Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0214, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro SAKODA
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0018, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yeşilbağ K, Alpay G, Becher P. Variability and Global Distribution of Subgenotypes of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Viruses 2017; 9:v9060128. [PMID: 28587150 PMCID: PMC5490805 DOI: 10.3390/v9060128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a globally-distributed agent responsible for numerous clinical syndromes that lead to major economic losses. Two species, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, discriminated on the basis of genetic and antigenic differences, are classified in the genus Pestivirus within the Flaviviridae family and distributed on all of the continents. BVDV-1 can be segregated into at least twenty-one subgenotypes (1a–1u), while four subgenotypes have been described for BVDV-2 (2a–2d). With respect to published sequences, the number of virus isolates described for BVDV-1 (88.2%) is considerably higher than for BVDV-2 (11.8%). The most frequently-reported BVDV-1 subgenotype are 1b, followed by 1a and 1c. The highest number of various BVDV subgenotypes has been documented in European countries, indicating greater genetic diversity of the virus on this continent. Current segregation of BVDV field isolates and the designation of subgenotypes are not harmonized. While the species BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 can be clearly differentiated independently from the portion of the genome being compared, analysis of different genomic regions can result in inconsistent assignment of some BVDV isolates to defined subgenotypes. To avoid non-conformities the authors recommend the development of a harmonized system for subdivision of BVDV isolates into defined subgenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kadir Yeşilbağ
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, TR-16059 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Gizem Alpay
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, TR-16059 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Paul Becher
- Institute for Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|