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Guo X, Zhang M, Feng Y, Liu X, Wang C, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhang D, Guo Y. Transcriptome analysis of salivary glands of rabies-virus-infected mice. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1354936. [PMID: 38380102 PMCID: PMC10877373 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1354936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease that poses a threat to public health. Rabies virus (RABV) is excreted in the saliva of infected animals, and is primarily transmitted by bite. The role of the salivary glands in virus propagation is significant, but has been less studied in the pathogenic mechanisms of RABV. To identify functionally important genes in the salivary glands, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to establish and analyze mRNA expression profiles in parotid tissue infected with two RABV strains, CVS-11 and PB4. The biological functions of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were determined by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, which revealed 3,764 DEGs (678 up-regulated and 3,086 down-regulated) in the CVS-11 infected group and 4,557 DEGs (874 up-regulated and 3,683 down-regulated) in the PB4 infected group. Various biological processes are involved, including the salivary secretion pathway and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathway. This study provides the first mapping of the transcriptome changes in response to RABV infection in parotid tissue, offering new insights into the study of RABV-affected salivary gland function and RABV pathogenic mechanisms in parotid tissue. The salivary gland-enriched transcripts may be potential targets of interest for rabies disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Maolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chongyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yannan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zichen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Danwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yidi Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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RABIES IN ARCTIC FOX (VULPES LAGOPUS) AND REINDEER (RANGIFER TARANDUS PLATYRHYNCHUS) DURING AN OUTBREAK ON SVALBARD, NORWAY, 2011-12. J Wildl Dis 2022; 58:550-561. [PMID: 35666850 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is an important zoonotic disease with high fatality rates in animals and humans. In the Arctic, the Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) is regarded as the principal reservoir, but there is considerable debate about how the disease persists at the low population densities that are typical for this species. We describe an outbreak of rabies among Arctic foxes and Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) during 2011-12 on the remote Arctic archipelago of Svalbard, an area with a very low and relatively stable Arctic fox density. The aim of the research was to increase knowledge of Arctic rabies in this ecosystem and in the presumed spillover host, the Svalbard reindeer. Phylogenetic analysis of rabies virus (RABV) RNA isolates from Arctic fox and reindeer was performed, and clinical observations and histologic and immunohistochemical findings in reindeer were described. An ongoing capture-mark-recapture project allowed collection of serum samples from clinically healthy reindeer from the affected population for detection of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies. The outbreak was caused by at least two different variants belonging to the RABV Arctic-2 and Arctic-3 clades, which suggests that rabies was introduced to Svalbard on at least two different occasions. The RABV variants found in Arctic fox and reindeer were similar within locations, suggesting that Arctic foxes and reindeer acquired the infection from the same source(s). The histopathologic and immunohistochemical findings in 10 reindeer were consistent with descriptions in other species infected with RABV of non-Arctic lineages. Evidence of RABV was detected in both brain and salivary gland samples. None of 158 examined serum samples from clinically healthy reindeer had virus-neutralizing antibodies against RABV.
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Park CH, Kuboniwa S, Murakami R, Shiwa N, Inoue S, Kimitsuki K, Gomez MRR, Espino MJM, Cabic AGB, Esposo SMC, Manalo DL. Immunohistochemical detection of virus antigen in the nasal planum of rabid dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1563-1569. [PMID: 34470975 PMCID: PMC8569877 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rabies virus is one of the most neurotropic of all viruses infecting mammals. During the terminal phases of infection, the virus spreads to peripheral tissues, including the skin. The external skin of the nose, called the nasal planum, is a sensory organ where numerous nerve bundles and terminal nerves are distributed. Therefore, the nasal planum is expected to serve as a postmortem diagnostic material. However, the distribution of rabies virus antigens in the nasal planum in rabid animals has not yet been studied. In this study, the nasal planum was obtained from 45 rabid dogs. In all rabid dogs, the viral antigen was detected in the peripheral nerve tissues, Merkel cells, and squamous cells. The viral antigen in the epidermis exhibited three patterns: first, a diffuse positive pattern from the basal layer to the squamous layer; second, a reticular positive pattern along the cell membrane in the squamous layer; and third, a basal layer pattern of the epidermis. In the dermis, viral antigens were detected more often in lamellated corpuscles just beneath the rete pegs. These results suggest that the nasal planum could serve as a useful alternative source for postmortem diagnosis in rabies endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ho Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1 Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Sayaka Kuboniwa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1 Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Ryo Murakami
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1 Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Nozomi Shiwa
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1 Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.,National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640 Japan
| | - Kazunori Kimitsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593 Japan
| | - Ma Ricci R Gomez
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City1781, Philippines
| | | | | | | | - Daria L Manalo
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City1781, Philippines
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Shiwa N, Manalo DL, Boldbaatar B, Noguchi A, Inoue S, Park CH. Follicle-sinus complexes in muzzle skin of domestic and wild animals as diagnostic material for detection of rabies. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1204-1208. [PMID: 32595191 PMCID: PMC7468069 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported a novel diagnostic method using follicle-sinus complexes (FSCs) in
the muzzle skin for postmortem diagnosis of rabies in dogs. However, whether this method
works in other animal species remains unclear. Here, FSCs were collected from a wolf, a
red fox, 2 bats, and a cat, and examined for the presence of viral antigen, viral mRNA,
and viral particles. Viral antigen and viral mRNA were confirmed in Merkel cells (MCs) in
FSCs of all species. Electron microscopy performed using only samples from wolf and cat
confirmed viral particles in MCs of FSCs. These results suggested that this novel
diagnostic method using FSCs might be useful for detection of rabies not only in domestic
but also wild animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Shiwa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1, Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Daria Llenaresas Manalo
- Veterinary Research Department, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, 9002 Research Drive, Filinvest Corporate City, Alabang, Muntinlupa City 1781, Philippines
| | - Bazartseren Boldbaatar
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-Uul District, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Akira Noguchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640 Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640 Japan
| | - Chun-Ho Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1, Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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Li Y, Li X, Han Z, Xu W, Li X, Chen Q. Comparative Tandem Mass Tag-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Tachaea chinensis Isopod During Parasitism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:350. [PMID: 31681627 PMCID: PMC6798089 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic isopods perforate and attach to the host integument via the mandibles and then feed on hemolymph and exudate from the wounds. Such isopods attack a variety of commercially important fish and crustacean hosts. Similar to other hematophagous parasites, isopods may also employ biomolecules that affect host blood conglutination and defense systems. In the present study, a tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomic approach was used to identify differentially expressed proteins in Tachaea chinensis parasites of shrimp, by comparing parasitic (fed) and pre-parasitic (unfed) individuals. We identified 888 proteins from a total of 1,510 peptides, with a significant difference in 129 between the fed and unfed groups. Among these, 37 were upregulated and 92 were downregulated in unfed T. chinensis. This indicates that T. chinensis may require more energy before parasitism during its search for a host. In addition, as is the case for other blood-sucking parasites, it might secrete antihemostatic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory molecules to facilitate blood meal acquisition. To our knowledge, this study is the first to use a TMT-based proteomic approach to analyze the proteome of isopod parasites, and the results will facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of isopod parasitism on crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdong Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhibin Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weibin Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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SHIWA N, YAMASHITA H, TOMIOKA K, KIMITSUKI K, MANALO DL, INOUE S, PARK CH. Statistical analysis of the usefulness of follicle-sinus complexes as a novel diagnostic material for canine rabies. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:182-185. [PMID: 30531131 PMCID: PMC6395215 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, follicle-sinus complexes (FSCs) were harvested from the muzzle skin of 123 dogs with suspected canine rabies, and the sensitivity and specificity of FSC analysis were compared with those of brain tissue immunohistochemistry analysis. In the FSCs, viral antigen was detected from Merkel cells. Sensitivity was 97.3%, specificity was 100%, and the coefficient κ was 0.88. These results reconfirm that FSCs are very useful for the postmortem diagnosis of canine rabies, and suggest that 5 FSCs can yield results that are almost equivalent to those derived from brain tissue analysis in rabid dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi SHIWA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1, Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Hiroko YAMASHITA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1, Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Koki TOMIOKA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1, Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Kazunori KIMITSUKI
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita
University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Daria Llenaresas MANALO
- Veterinary Research Department, Research Institute for
Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, 9002 Research Drive, Filinvest Corporate City,
Alabang, Muntinlupa City 1781, Philippines
| | - Satoshi INOUE
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of
Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Chun-Ho PARK
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1, Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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SHIWA N, NAKAJIMA C, KIMITSUKI K, MANALO DL, NOGUCHI A, INOUE S, PARK CH. Follicle sinus complexes (FSCs) in muzzle skin as postmortem diagnostic material of rabid dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1818-1821. [PMID: 30333382 PMCID: PMC6305517 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported that follicle-sinus complexes (FSCs) in the muzzle skin are useful for postmortem diagnosis of rabid dogs. Here, we compared the sensitivity and specificity of detecting the viral antigen in the brain and FSCs of 226 suspected rabid dogs, and assessed whether the FSC harbored the virus genome and particles. The viral antigen was detected in 211 of 226 samples with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Viral RNA and particles were observed in the cytoplasm of Merkel cells (MCs). These results suggest that MCs are targets of virus infection and FSCs are useful material for diagnosing rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi SHIWA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1, Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Chikage NAKAJIMA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1, Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Kazunori KIMITSUKI
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1, Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Daria Llenaresas MANALO
- Veterinary Research Department, Research Institute for
Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, 9002 Research Drive, Filinvest Corporate City,
Alabang, Muntinlupa City 1781, Philippines
| | - Akira NOGUCHI
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of
Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Satoshi INOUE
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of
Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Chun-Ho PARK
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1, Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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A pathological study of the tongues of rabid dogs in the Philippines. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1615-1621. [PMID: 29500569 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3785-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
During rabies virus infections, the minor salivary glands are one of the important organs for virus replication and excretion into the oral cavity. However, details of pathological findings and viral antigen distribution in the minor salivary glands remain poorly understood. In this study, we conducted pathological tests on the tongues of 71 rabid dogs in the Philippines; the minor salivary glands (von Ebner's glands, lingual glands), circumvallate papilla, autonomic ganglia, and skeletal muscles were evaluated. Inflammatory changes were observed in the von Ebner's glands of 20/71 dogs, in the circumvallate papilla of 10/71, and in the tongue muscle of 1/71. Conversely, no morphological changes were observed in the lingual glands and autonomic ganglia. Viral antigens were detected via immunohistochemistry-based methods in the cytoplasm of the acinar epithelium in the von Ebner's glands of all 71 dogs. Virus particles were confirmed in the intercellular canaliculi and acinar lumen via electron microscopy. In the autonomic ganglia, viral antigens were detected in 67/71 rabid dogs. Viral antigens were detected in the taste buds of all 71 dogs, and were distributed mainly in type II and III taste bud cells. In tongue muscle fibers, viral antigens were detected in 11/71 dogs. No virus antigens were detected in lingual glands. These findings suggest that rabies virus descends in the tongue along the glossopharyngeal nerve after proliferation in the brain, and von Ebner's glands and taste buds are one of the portals of virus excretion into the saliva in rabid dogs.
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Kimitsuki K, Yamada K, Shiwa N, Inoue S, Nishizono A, Park CH. Pathological lesions in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues of ddY mice with street rabies virus (1088 strain). J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:970-978. [PMID: 28428485 PMCID: PMC5487800 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies on rabies virus pathogenesis in animal models have employed fixed rabies
viruses, and the results of those employing street rabies viruses have been inconsistent.
Therefore, to clarify the pathogenesis of street rabies virus (1088 strain) in mice,
106 focus forming units were inoculated into the right hindlimb of
ddY mice (6 weeks, female). At 3 days postinoculation (DPI), mild
inflammation was observed in the hindlimb muscle. At 5 DPI, ganglion cells in the right
lumbosacral spinal dorsal root ganglia showed chromatolysis. Axonal degeneration and
inflammatory cells increased with infection progress in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal
root ganglia. Right hindlimb paralysis was observed from 7 DPI, which progressed to
quadriparalysis. However, no pathological changes were observed in the ventral horn and
root fibers of the spinal cord. Viral antigen was first detected in the right hindlimb
muscle at 3 DPI, followed by the right lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia, dorsal horn of
spinal cord, left red nuclei, medulla oblongata and cerebral cortex (M1 area) at 5 DPI.
These results suggested that the 1088 virus ascended the lumbosacral spinal cord via
mainly afferent fibers at early stage of infection and moved to cerebral cortex (M1 area)
using descending spinal tract. Additionally, we concluded that significant pathological
changes in mice infected with 1088 strain occur in the sensory tract of the spinal cord;
this selective susceptibility results in clinical features of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Kimitsuki
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1, Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamada
- Research Promotion Project, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Nozomi Shiwa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1, Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640 Japan
| | - Akira Nishizono
- Research Promotion Project, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Chun-Ho Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1, Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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Li XF, Dong HL, Huang XY, Qiu YF, Wang HJ, Deng YQ, Zhang NN, Ye Q, Zhao H, Liu ZY, Fan H, An XP, Sun SH, Gao B, Fa YZ, Tong YG, Zhang FC, Gao GF, Cao WC, Shi PY, Qin CF. Characterization of a 2016 Clinical Isolate of Zika Virus in Non-human Primates. EBioMedicine 2016; 12:170-177. [PMID: 27693104 PMCID: PMC5078627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are critical to understand disease and to develop countermeasures for the ongoing epidemics of Zika virus (ZIKV). Here we report a non-human primate model using a 2016 contemporary clinical isolate of ZIKV. Upon subcutaneous inoculation, rhesus macaques developed fever and viremia, with robust excretion of ZIKV RNA in urine, saliva, and lacrimal fluid. Necropsy of two infected animals revealed that systematic infections involving central nervous system and visceral organs were established at the acute phrase. ZIKV initially targeted the intestinal tracts, spleen, and parotid glands, and retained in spleen and lymph nodes till 10days post infection. ZIKV-specific immune responses were readily induced in all inoculated animals. The non-human primate model described here provides a valuable platform to study ZIKV pathogenesis and to evaluate vaccine and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hao-Long Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xing-Yao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ye-Feng Qiu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hong-Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Na-Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; Guangxi Medical University, Xining 530021, China
| | - Qing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhong-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiao-Ping An
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shi-Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Bo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yun-Zhi Fa
- Laboratory Animal Center, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yi-Gang Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Fu-Chun Zhang
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; Guangxi Medical University, Xining 530021, China.
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Localization of the rabies virus antigen in Merkel cells in the follicle-sinus complexes of muzzle skins of rabid dogs. J Virol Methods 2016; 237:40-46. [PMID: 27587291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT) on fresh brain tissues is the gold standard for rabies virus antigen detection in dogs. However, this method is laborious and holds a high risk of virus exposure for the experimenter. Skin biopsies are useful for the diagnosis of humans and animals. In mammals, the tactile hair, known as the follicle-sinus complex (FSC), is a specialized touch organ that is abundant in the muzzle skin. Each tactile hair is equipped with more than 2,000 sensory nerve endings. Therefore, this organ is expected to serve as an alternative postmortem diagnostic material. However, the target cells and localization of rabies virus antigen in the FSCs remain to be defined. In the present study, muzzle skins were obtained from 60 rabid dogs diagnosed with rabies by dFAT at the Research Institute of Tropical Medicine in the Philippines. In all dogs, virus antigen was clearly detected in a part of the outer root sheath at the level of the ring sinus of the FSCs, and the majority of cells were positive for the Merkel cell (MC) markers cytokeratin 20 and CAM5.2. Our results suggest that MCs in the FSCs of the muzzle skin are a target for virus replication and could serve as a useful alternative specimen source for diagnosis of rabies.
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Szczepaniak K, Łojszczyk-Szczepaniak A, Tomczuk K, Skrzypek T, Lisiak B, Abd-Al-Hammza Abbass Z. Canine Trichomonas tenax mandibular gland infestation. Acta Vet Scand 2016; 58:15. [PMID: 26887317 PMCID: PMC4758000 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-016-0197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several species of trichomonads are intestinal or urogenital parasites of humans and animals, with only a few species typically being located in the oral cavity. The prevalence of oral trichomoniasis in dogs is approximately 15–25 %, although the prevalence varies among different populations and depends on age, sex and the health of the oral cavity. Case presentation A case of mandibular gland infestation by trichomonads in a 13-year-old female Dachshund with advanced periodontal disease and oral trichomoniasis is reported. The dog was referred due to a history of a painless swelling over the left submandibular region that increased in size over time. Based on physical and ultrasound examinations, a final diagnosis of mandibular gland cyst was established and transcutaneous needle aspiration was carried out. Numerous mobile trophozoites of trichomonads were found by microscopy and culturing for trichomonas was performed. The species was finally characterized as Trichomonas tenax by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Conclusions Studies have shown that T. tenax can be found in humans in atypical locations such as the salivary glands and upper and lower respiratory tracts. According to our knowledge this is the first report of T. tenax being present in the salivary glands of a dog. Because of the relatively high prevalence of trichomoniasis in dogs with periodontal diseases, these parasites should be considered together with bacterial and viral agents in salivary gland infections, especially in individuals with compromised oral health.
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