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Fukushima Y, Minamino T, Honkawa K, Taniguchi T, Horii Y, Sasaki Y. Theileria-free grazing of dairy heifers on grassland in Kyushu, Japan where T. orientalis was epidemic before a 7-year vacancy. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:628-633. [PMID: 35354695 PMCID: PMC9177405 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to produce a Theileria-free grazing system for Holstein heifers reared on a dairy farm in the Hita area, Kyushu, Japan. In the grazing area, spreading of
T. orientalis infection was confirmed in 2009. To eradicate the T. orientalis infection, four measures were conducted: 1) 7-year deferred grazing; 2)
grazing only T. orientalis-uninfected heifers; 3) anemia check by red blood cell parameters at least once per month; and 4) protecting heifers from blood-sucking T.
orientalis-infected ticks. Grazing was restarted in 2017 in the same area and continued to 2021. During last 2 years of pasturing (2020–2021) all of the 129 heifers were confirmed
to be T. orientalis-free. In summary, it is possible to establish a T. orientalis-free grazing system by conducting appropriate measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fukushima
- Course of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | | | | | | | - Yoichiro Horii
- Honkawa Ranch.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki
| | - Yosuke Sasaki
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki.,Department of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
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Fukushima Y, Minamino T, Mikurino Y, Honkawa K, Horii Y, Taniguchi T, Mekata H, Sasaki Y. Effects of Theileria orientalis Infection on Health Status and Productivity of Dairy Cows Reared inside Barns. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060650. [PMID: 34073926 PMCID: PMC8225029 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of Theileria orientalis on the severity of anemia, the prevalence of disease within 21 days after calving and productivity in cows raised inside barns. This longitudinal observational study, which was conducted on a commercial dairy farm in Japan, involved 627 Holstein cows subjected to PCR analysis for T. orientalis. In study 1, we collected blood samples from 156 sick cows within 21 days after calving, and we found the prevalence of T. orientalis infection to be 65.4%. In study 2, we randomly selected 471 cows during the dry period and collected blood samples to conduct PCR analysis for T. orientalis and determined the prevalence of T. orientalis infection to be 69.0%. Compared with the values for the T. orientalis-uninfected group, the T. orientalis-infected cows had significantly decreased hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit, but there were no differences in the other complete blood count indexes between the two groups. In addition, there were no differences in productivity and the prevalence of major diseases between the T. orientalis-infected and uninfected cows. In summary, T. orientalis had few effects on anemia, productivity and the health of cows raised inside a barn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fukushima
- Course of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan;
| | - Tomoya Minamino
- Honkawa Ranch, Oita 877-0056, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.M.); (K.H.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yoko Mikurino
- Honkawa Ranch, Oita 877-0056, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.M.); (K.H.); (Y.H.)
| | - Kazuyuki Honkawa
- Honkawa Ranch, Oita 877-0056, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.M.); (K.H.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yoichiro Horii
- Honkawa Ranch, Oita 877-0056, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.M.); (K.H.); (Y.H.)
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; (T.T.); (H.M.)
| | - Takako Taniguchi
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; (T.T.); (H.M.)
| | - Hirohisa Mekata
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; (T.T.); (H.M.)
| | - Yosuke Sasaki
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; (T.T.); (H.M.)
- Department of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-985-58-7864
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Fukushima Y, Horii Y, Honkawa K, Sasaki Y. A large-scale survey of Theileria orientalis infection in grazing dairy heifers in Kyushu, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 83:36-41. [PMID: 33177267 PMCID: PMC7870415 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of Theileria orientalis infection and the influence of this disease on dairy
grazing heifers in Kyushu by monitoring red blood cell (RBC) indexes, and to evaluate the efficacy of diminazene diaceturate treatment of T.
orientalis-infected animals. A monthly epidemiological survey was conducted for Holstein heifers, which were reared from 10 to 16 months of age on a large
commercial dairy farm and grazed on eight independent grasslands from April to November, 2009. During the survey, a total of 2,803 blood samples were collected from
the 891 grazing heifers, in which the prevalence of T. orientalis infection was 52.4%. Compared with the heifers before infection, heifers with high
parasitemia (more than 100 parasites per 104 RBC) had significantly decreased RBC indexes, such as RBC count, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit
(P<0.05), whereas heifers with low parasitemia (less than 100 parasites per 104 RBC) had similar RBC indexes as those before
infection. Treatment with diminazene diaceturate had lower efficacy in heifers with high parasitemia than those with low parasitemia (40.7% and 73.2% became
negative, respectively, P<0.05). In summary, T. orientalis infection is a potentially serious problem in Kyushu, and it is
important to routinely implement control programs for heifers that are grazed on grasslands in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fukushima
- Course of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Horii
- Honkawa Ranch, Oita 877-2259, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | | | - Yosuke Sasaki
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Department of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Tatsukawa F, Nohara R, Taniguchi T, Goto A, Misawa N, Katamoto H. Detection of Mycoplasma wenyonii and "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos" from Japanese Black breeding cows in Kyushu and Okinawa region, southern part of Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 83:9-16. [PMID: 33162434 PMCID: PMC7870408 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the epidemiological status of hemoplasma infection and investigate the interaction between Theileria orientalis
and hemoplasmas in Japanese Black breeding cows raised in the Kyushu and Okinawa regions. Blood samples were collected from 400 cows from 80 different farms in
eight prefectures (five samples per farm and 10 farms per prefecture). Mycoplasma wenyonii (Mw), “Candidatus Mycoplasma
haemobos” (CMh), and T. orientalis were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using whole blood samples. PCR results showed that
91.5% (366/400) of cows were positive for bovine hemoplasma: 40.3% were infected with Mw only, 9.5% with CMh only, and 41.8% with both species. T.
orientalis was detected in 36% (144/400) of cows. The infection rate of T. orientalis was higher in the grazing group
(P<0.001) than in the housed group, while the rate of CMh infection was higher (P<0.05) in the housed group than in
the grazing group, suggesting that not only the tick but also other arthropod vectors may contribute to hemoplasma transmission. Although the cows with
hemoplasma dual infection showed higher (P<0.05) white blood cell counts compared with hemoplasma-negative cows, there was no difference in
hematologic parameters related to the anemia between the hemoplasma-positive and -negative animals. This may indicate that Japanese Black cattle could have
resistance to the anemia caused by infection with hemoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Tatsukawa
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Rika Nohara
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Takako Taniguchi
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Akira Goto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Naoaki Misawa
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Hiromu Katamoto
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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Hayashida K, Umemiya-Shirafuji R, Sivakumar T, Yamagishi J, Suzuki Y, Sugimoto C, Yokoyama N. Establishment of a mouse-tick infection model for Theileria orientalis and analysis of its transcriptome. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:915-924. [PMID: 30176237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oriental theileriosis caused by Theileria orientalis is an economically significant disease in cattle farming. The lack of laboratory animal models and in vitro culture systems is a major obstacle in the drive to better understand the biology of this parasite. Notably, research on the sporozoite stage of T. orientalis has rarely been undertaken, although such investigations are of paramount importance for vaccine development based on blocking sporozoite invasion of its host animals. In the present study, we established a mouse-tick infection model for propagating T. orientalis in mice and for producing the sporozoite stage in tick salivary glands. Splenectomized severe combined immunodeficient mice transfused with bovine erythrocytes were infected with T. orientalis. The larval ticks of Haemaphysalis longicornis were then fed on the T. orientalis-infected mice. The piroplasm and sporozoite stages were microscopically observed in the mouse blood and nymphal salivary glands, respectively. The transcriptomics data generated from the piroplasm and sporozoite stages revealed a stage-specific expression pattern for the parasite genes. The mouse-tick infection model and the transcriptomics data it has provided will contribute to a better understanding of T. orientalis biology and will also provide much needed information for the design of effective control measures targeting oriental theileriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Hayashida
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Division of Collaboration and Education, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Thillaiampalam Sivakumar
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- Division of Collaboration and Education, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sugimoto
- Division of Collaboration and Education, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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Lawrence KE, Sanson RL, McFadden AMJ, Pulford DJ, Pomroy WE. The effect of month, farm type and latitude on the level of anaemia associated with Theileria orientalis Ikeda type infection in New Zealand cattle naturally infected at pasture. Res Vet Sci 2017; 117:233-238. [PMID: 29310034 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Commencing in 2012, an epidemic of infectious bovine anaemia associated with Theileria orientalis Ikeda type has been present in New Zealand. The aims of this study were to analyse the temporal and spatial effects of T. orientalis Ikeda type infection on the sample submission rates and haematocrits of infected cattle over the first two years of the New Zealand epidemic. The data were collected from 30/08/2012 to 28/11/2014 and included all samples that met the case definition for Theileria associated bovine anaemia (TABA) and tested positive for T. orientalis Ikeda type by PCR. The sample submission rates by month and farm type were highly seasonal with dairy farm submissions peaking in September a month before beef farm submissions peaked. A second lesser peak of dairy farm submissions in April was absent for beef farms. A mixed effects model was fitted to the data and showed a significant interaction between farm production type (dairy or beef) and month of sampling (p=0.006) and between latitude and month of sampling (p=0.024). The estimated haematocrit, adjusted for month and latitude, for dairy cattle=0.125 (95%CI 0.121-0.129) and for beef cattle=0.151 (95% CI 0.138-0.165), p<0.0001. This research shows that infected beef animals tend to be less severely affected than dairy animals and that the month of sampling and latitude of the sampled farm have significant and interacting effects on the level of anaemia associated with T. orientalis Ikeda type infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Lawrence
- Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand.
| | - R L Sanson
- AsureQuality, Tennent Drive, PO Box 609, Palmerston North 4440, New Zealand
| | - A M J McFadden
- Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand
| | - D J Pulford
- Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand
| | - W E Pomroy
- Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
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7
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Kim S, Yu DH, Kang SW, Chae JB, Choi KS, Kim HC, Park BK, Chae JS, Park J. Hematological Changes Associated with Theileria orientalis Infection in Korean Indigenous Cattle. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 55:481-489. [PMID: 29103263 PMCID: PMC5678470 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens can cause serious problems in grazing cattle. However, little information is available on tick-mediated diseases in cattle grazing on mountains. Thus, this study aimed to understand the potential problems related to tick-borne diseases in grazing cattle through the investigation of prevalent tick-transmitted infections, and their associated hematological changes, in terms of season and grazing type in Korean indigenous cattle (=Hanwoo). Hanwoo cattle from 3 regions of the Republic of Korea (=Korea) were either maintained indoors or placed on grassy mountains from spring to fall of 2014 and 2015. Cattle that grazed in mountainous areas showed a greater prevalence of tick-borne infections with an increased Theileria orientalis infection rate (54.7%) compared to that in non-grazing cattle (16.3%) (P<0.001). Accordingly, the red blood cell (RBC) count and hematocrit (HCT) values of grazing cattle were significantly lower than those of non-grazing cattle throughout the season (P<0.05). Moreover, RBC, hemoglobin (Hb), and HCT of T. orientalis-positive group were significantly lower than those of T. orientalis-negative group (P<0.05). T. orientalis is a widespread tick-borne pathogen in Korea. Grazing of cattle in mountainous areas is closely associated with an increase in T. orientalis infection (RR=3.4, P<0.001), and with consequent decreases in RBC count and HCT. Thus, these findings suggest that the Hanwoo cattle in mountainous areas of Korea are at a high risk of infection by T. orientalis, which can lead to hematological alterations. This study highlights the necessity of preventive strategies that target T. orientalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhee Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Do-Hyeon Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Jeong-Byoung Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Cheol Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Bae-Keun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Joon-Seok Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
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Lawrence KE, Forsyth SF, Vaatstra BL, McFadden AMJ, Pulford DJ, Govindaraju K, Pomroy WE. Cluster analysis of the clinical histories of cattle affected with bovine anaemia associated with Theileria orientalis Ikeda type infection. N Z Vet J 2017; 65:305-312. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2017.1364180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- KE Lawrence
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - SF Forsyth
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - BL Vaatstra
- Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, 840 Tremaine Ave, Palmerston North, 4412, New Zealand
| | - AMJ McFadden
- Ministry for Primary Industries, 66 Ward Street, Wallaceville, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - DJ Pulford
- Ministry for Primary Industries, 66 Ward Street, Wallaceville, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - K Govindaraju
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - WE Pomroy
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
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Majidiani H, Nabavi R, Ganjali M, Saadati D. Detection of Theileria annulata carriers in Holstein-Friesian ( Bos taurus taurus) and Sistani ( Bos taurus indicus) cattle breeds by polymerase chain reaction in Sistan region, Iran. J Parasit Dis 2016; 40:1184-1188. [PMID: 27876911 PMCID: PMC5118272 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-015-0646-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Theileria annulata is common in tropical and subtropical regions especially in Iran and causes great economic losses in cattle industry. In Iran the epidemiological aspects of bovine theileriosis in different breeds of cattle is poorly understood. The aim of present study is comparison of the number of T. annulata carriers in the two major cattle breeds (Holstein-Friesian and Sistani) in Sistan of Iran by giemsa and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. During winter 2013, 160 native cattle, from the two major breeds in Sistan, with the mean age of more than one year and without typical clinical symptoms of theileriosis were selected. At first, a thin layer smear was held from their ear sublime vein blood for Giemsa staining method. In order to do PCR assay, jugular vein blood sample of each cow was taken. The PCR employs primers specific for the 721-bp gene fragment encoding the 30-kDa major merozoite surface antigen of T. annulata. By PCR method, 38 (47.5 %) Holstein blood samples and 22 (27.5 %) Sistani blood samples had DNA of T. annulata and considered positive (The correlation was significant at values of P < 0.05). By checking 160 blood smears with light microscope and lens × 100, only 10 samples (6.25 %) were positive for T. annulata. Statistical comparison between PCR and smear method showed that the PCR method is more sensitive and accurate in comparison to Giemsa staining method to diagnose the asymptomatic carriers of T. annulata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Majidiani
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Reza Nabavi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Maryam Ganjali
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Dariush Saadati
- Department of Food Hygiene & Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
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Lawrence KE, Gedye K, McFadden AMJ, Pulford DJ, Pomroy WE. An observational study of the vertical transmission of Theileria orientalis (Ikeda) in a New Zealand pastoral dairy herd. Vet Parasitol 2016; 218:59-65. [PMID: 26872929 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although only recently recognised, Theileria orientalis (Ikeda) is now the most important infectious cause of anaemia in New Zealand cattle. The aim of this study was to test if vertical transmission of T. orientalis (Ikeda) from dam to calf across the placenta occurs in naturally infected New Zealand dairy cattle and to also test whether the infection status of the dam at calving affects the future susceptibility of its offspring to T. orientalis (Ikeda) infection. Dairy cows (n=97) and their calves were sampled at calving; and the calves again at 4 months of age. All samples were measured for haematocrit and screened for T. orientalis genotypes using a multiplex Buffeli, Chitose and Ikeda specific TaqMan assay. Ikeda positive samples were further tested by singleplex PCR in triplicate to calculate the Ikeda infection intensity as genomes/μl of blood from each infected animal. No T. orientalis (Ikeda) infected calves were born to either T. orientalis (Ikeda) infected or uninfected dams. There were 56/97 dams positive for T. orientalis (Ikeda) infection at calving and 79/90 calves positive for T. orientalis (Ikeda) infection at 4 months of age but no effect on calf susceptibility of dam infection status at calving. There was a significant negative effect of infection intensity on haematocrit after controlling for whether the infected animal was a dam or a 4 month old calf. Vertical trans-uterine transmission of T. orientalis (Ikeda) infection is unlikely in chronically infected dairy cows and thus not a factor in the epidemiology of T. orientalis (Ikeda) infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Lawrence
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - K Gedye
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - A M J McFadden
- Ministry for Primary Industries, P.O. Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand.
| | - D J Pulford
- Ministry for Primary Industries, P.O. Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand.
| | - W E Pomroy
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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11
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Temporal dynamics and subpopulation analysis of Theileria orientalis genotypes in cattle. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 32:199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Sivakumar T, Hayashida K, Sugimoto C, Yokoyama N. Evolution and genetic diversity of Theileria. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 27:250-63. [PMID: 25102031 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Theileria parasites infect a wide range of domestic and wild ruminants worldwide, causing diseases with varying degrees of severity. A broad classification, based on the parasite's ability to transform the leukocytes of host animals, divides Theileria into two groups, consisting of transforming and non-transforming species. The evolution of transforming Theileria has been accompanied by drastic changes in its genetic makeup, such as acquisition or expansion of gene families, which are thought to play critical roles in the transformation of host cells. Genetic variation among Theileria parasites is sometimes linked with host specificity and virulence in the parasites. Immunity against Theileria parasites primarily involves cell-mediated immune responses in the host. Immunodominance and major histocompatibility complex class I phenotype-specificity result in a host immunity that is tightly focused and strain-specific. Immune escape in Theileria is facilitated by genetic diversity in its antigenic determinants, which potentially results in a loss of T cell receptor recognition in its host. In the recent past, several reviews have focused on genetic diversity in the transforming species, Theileriaparva and Theileriaannulata. In contrast, genetic diversity in Theileriaorientalis, a benign non-transforming parasite, which occasionally causes disease outbreaks in cattle, has not been extensively examined. In this review, therefore, we provide an outline of the evolution of Theileria, which includes T. orientalis, and discuss the possible mechanisms generating genetic diversity among parasite populations. Additionally, we discuss the potential implications of a genetically diverse parasite population in the context of Theileria vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thillaiampalam Sivakumar
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Veterinary Research Institute, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Kyoko Hayashida
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sugimoto
- Division of Collaboration and Education, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Aparna M, Ravindran R, Vimalkumar MB, Lakshmanan B, Rameshkumar P, Kumar KGA, Promod K, Ajithkumar S, Ravishankar C, Devada K, Subramanian H, George AJ, Ghosh S. Molecular characterization of Theileria orientalis causing fatal infection in crossbred adult bovines of South India. Parasitol Int 2011; 60:524-9. [PMID: 21871972 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The disease condition attributed to have been caused by Theileria orientalis is generally benign. However, it is also thought that the parasite, at least some strains of it, can cause fatal disease. The present communication deals with the clinical signs, postmortem lesions and diagnosis of a fatal disease due to T. orientalis which caused mortality in crossbred adult bovines of South India. High body temperature, lacrimation, nasal discharge, swollen lymph nodes and haemoglobinuria were the symptoms observed. The postmortem lesions observed were punched out ulcers in abomasum, enlargement of spleen, massive pulmonary oedema, frothy exudates in trachea, epicardial and endocardial haemorrhage and haemorrhagic duodenitis. Peripheral blood smear examination revealed rod shaped Theileria sp. organisms. Polymerase chain reaction that amplify the T. orientalis specific P(32/33) gene, followed by cloning and sequencing, revealed maximum homology with Narathiwat (Thailand) and Jingole -1 (Indonesia) isolates which were positioned as isolate type 7 of T. orientalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aparna
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, India
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YOKOYAMA N, UENO A, MIZUNO D, KUBOKI N, KHUKHUU A, IGARASHI I, MIYAHARA T, SHIRAISHI T, KUDO R, OSHIRO M, ZAKIMI S, SUGIMOTO C, MATSUMOTO K, INOKUMA H. Genotypic Diversity of Theileria orientalis Detected from Cattle Grazing in Kumamoto and Okinawa Prefectures of Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:305-12. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki YOKOYAMA
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Akio UENO
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Daisuke MIZUNO
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Noritaka KUBOKI
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Altangerel KHUKHUU
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Ikuo IGARASHI
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | | | | | - Ryuta KUDO
- Jonan Animal Hygiene Service Center of Kumamoto Prefecture
| | | | | | | | - Kotaro MATSUMOTO
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Hisashi INOKUMA
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
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15
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Ota N, Mizuno D, Kuboki N, Igarashi I, Nakamura Y, Yamashina H, Hanzaike T, Fujii K, Onoe S, Hata H, Kondo S, Matsui S, Koga M, Matsumoto K, Inokuma H, Yokoyama N. Epidemiological survey of Theileria orientalis infection in grazing cattle in the eastern part of Hokkaido, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:937-44. [PMID: 19652482 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Theileria orientalis is one of the benign species of Theileria that is widely distributed in Japan and is sometimes responsible for serious economic losses in the livestock industry. In the present study, we surveyed the current status of T. orientalis infection in grazing cattle in the eastern areas of Hokkaido (Taiki, Otofuke, Shintoku, and Shin-Hidaka districts) using molecular methods, as well as traditional methods, of diagnosis. The genes encoding the major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) and p23 of T. orientalis were identified using highly detectable polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results of the MPSP-PCR assay indicated that grazing cattle in these districts, after about 1.5 months pasturage, showed high rates of infection, ranging from 10.0-64.8%. Although the main MPSP and p23 genotypes detected were the Ikeda- or Chitose-types, an MPSP gene closely relating to that found in Okinawa prefecture, and a p23 gene closely relating to the Australian (Warwick) Buffeli-type gene, were found in the cattle in Shintoku and Shin-Hidaka districts. The present survey indicated that there were at least five types of T. orientalis classified by their MPSP genes in Hokkaido, Japan, and that T. orientalis infection rates are still high in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Ota
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
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Glass EJ, Jensen K. Resistance and susceptibility to a protozoan parasite of cattle—Gene expression differences in macrophages from different breeds of cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 120:20-30. [PMID: 17727964 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cattle infected with the tick-borne protozoan, Theileria annulata, usually undergo severe morbidity, and mortality ensues in a high proportion of animals. However, we have shown that a Bos indicus breed, the Sahiwal, which originates in a T. annulata endemic area, is more resistant to the parasite. Although Sahiwals become infected, the breed exhibits fewer clinical signs and recovers from a dose of parasite which is fatal in the Holstein B. taurus breed. The Sahiwals have a significantly lower fever response, and lower levels of parasite than the Holsteins. One unusual feature of this disease is the production of acute phase proteins (APP), indicating that the parasite induces high systemic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the Holsteins there is prolonged production of the APP, alpha1-glycoprotein, which, in contrast, is only slightly elevated in the Sahiwals. As the parasite infects macrophages (mphi), our hypothesis is that the Sahiwals can control the excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to infection, and that this control is expressed at the level of the mphi. We thus reasoned that the genes underlying the observed difference in resistance to tropical theileriosis, might be identified by investigating gene expression differences in mphi from both breeds. It is possible that relevant polymorphisms might in themselves result in gene expression differences, so initially we targeted likely candidates. However, we detected no differences in expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) or IL-6, in infected mphi. As it is more likely that polymorphisms in candidate genes influence the expression of other genes involved in interrelated pathways, we undertook a more global approach. We designed a bovine mphi specific cDNA microarray, which contains representatives of 5000 different genes expressed in mphi, and investigated the transcriptional responses of mphi from both breeds in response to a variety of stimuli, including infection with T. annulata. Our results indicate that there are fundamental differences in gene expression in mphi from both breeds in the way they respond to infection, and even in their pre-infection resting state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Glass
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK.
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17
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Zakimi S, Kim JY, Oshiro M, Hayashida K, Fujisaki K, Sugimoto C. Genetic Diversity of Benign Theileria Parasites of Cattle in the Okinawa Prefecture. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:1335-8. [PMID: 17213704 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign Theileria parasites of cattle distributed in the Okinawa prefecture were characterized by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequence analysis of the major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) gene. Using universal or allele-specific primer sets, parasite DNA was amplified in 31 out of 48 blood samples obtained from beef cattle. Among the positive cases, mixed infections involving various combinations of I-, C-, and B-type parasites were detected in 24 (77.4%) samples. Phylogenetic analysis based on the MPSP gene sequences revealed that parasites with the MPSP types 1-5 and 7, exist within the Okinawa prefecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Zakimi
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Animal Health, Naha, Okinawa, Japan
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18
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Koiwai M, Hamaoka T, Haritani M, Shimizu S, Tsutsui T, Eto M, Yamane I. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dairy and beef cattle with reproductive disorders in Japan. Vet Parasitol 2005; 130:15-8. [PMID: 15893065 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Serum samples from 145 dairy and 65 beef cattle with reproductive disorders and 54 normally calving dairy cattle (controls) in Japan were tested for presence of Neospora caninum antibodies by use of an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT, titer 1:200). Overall, seroprevalence of N. caninum was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in dairy cattle (20.0%, 29/145) than in beef cattle (1.5%, 1/65). In cattle which aborted, seroprevalence of N. caninum was significantly higher (P = 0.041) in dairy cattle (26.1%, 23/88, compared with controls (3.7%, 2/54)) than in beef cattle (5.0%, 1/20), indicating that neosporosis might be a more common problem in dairy cattle than in beef cattle in Japan. Seropositive cattle were 9.2 times more likely to abort compared to seronegative cows. Abortions associated with N. caninum seropositivity in this study were most frequently observed in the second trimester, and the mean gestational age of the fetuses aborted from seropositive dams was 5.7 months. In conclusions, N. caninum seems to be causing serious economic losses in the dairy industry in Japan. This is the first report on an objective comparison of seroprevalence of dairy and beef cattle with reproductive disorders in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Koiwai
- Department of Diagnosis and Research, Animal Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Haramachi 11-1, Yokohama 235-0008, Japan.
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FUKASAWA M, KIKUCHI T, KONASHI S, NISHIDA A, YAMAGISHI T. Assessment of criteria for improvement in Theileria orientalis sergenti infection tolerance. Anim Sci J 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1344-3941.2003.00088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Boulter N, Hall R. Immunity and vaccine development in the bovine theilerioses. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 1999; 44:41-97. [PMID: 10563395 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There are three economically important bovine Theileria species: Theileria annulata, which causes tropical theileriosis and occurs across north Africa and most of central Asia; Theileria parva, which causes East Coast fever and is found in East and Central Africa; and Theileria sergenti, which is predominantly a problem in Japan and Korea. Theileria annulata preferentially infects macrophages in vivo. It is controlled largely by means of live, attenuated vaccines, which are produced by prolonged tissue culture of the schizont-infected cells. The immunity induced in animals, which have either recovered from an infection or have been vaccinated (with an attenuated vaccine), is broad, solid and cell mediated. It is considered that the main effector cells are cytostatic macrophages that produce nitric oxide. Subsidiary roles for bovine leucocyte antigen (BoLA)-restricted, transiently appearing, cytotoxic T cells, and possibly also natural killer (NK) cells, have been identified. Cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) may have important roles, particularly in the induction of pathology. Matrix metalloproteinases have been implicated in the metastatic behaviour of schizont-infected cells. The nature of the protective schizont target antigens remains unknown. Attempts to develop a subunit vaccine have focused upon a sporozoite antigen (SPAG-1) and a merozoite antigen (Tams1). Both SPAG-1 and Tams1 have given partial protection using different delivery systems and adjuvants, but further vaccine development will probably require identification of a range of other antigens, especially from the schizont stage. Theileria parva has a tropism for T cells. Vaccination is currently by the 'infection and treatment' method, which involves challenging with a controlled dose of sporozoite stabilate and the simultaneous administration of long-acting tetracyclines. The immunity thus induced is mediated by BoLA-restricted cytotoxic T cells, which recognize polymorphic schizont antigens. These antigens have not been characterized at the molecular level. However, the polymorphic nature of the target antigens underlies the fact that the immunity is very strain specific--a situation that distinguishes T. parva from T. annulata. Interestingly, it is not possible to produce an attenuated vaccine to T. parva, as T. parva requires up to two orders of magnitude more schizonts in order to achieve transfer to the new host. A suggested reason for this is that the macrophage targets of T. annulata are phagocytes and thus the schizont has a natural, efficient route of entry whilst the preferred host of T. parva is the non-phagocytic T cell. Analysis of the cytotoxic T-cell response has revealed evidence of BoLA haplotype dominance plus competition between parasite epitopes. Subunit vaccination using a recombinant sporozoite antigen (p67) has proved very promising, with levels of protection of the order of 70% being achieved. A proportion of the protected calves exhibits complete sterile immunity. Interestingly, the basis for this immunity is not clear, since there is no correlation between the titre of antibodies that inhibit sporozoite penetration of lymphocytes and protection. Similarly, there is no significant T-cell response that distinguishes the protected and susceptible animals. These data are very encouraging, but other components, particularly those derived from the schizont, need to be identified and characterized. The mild Theileria species of Japan and Korea (termed T. sergenti in the literature) cause fever and severe chronic anaemia. The schizont stage of the life cycle is very rare and the host cell type is not known. The pathology is associated with chronic piroplasm infection. Immunity can be induced by immunizing with crude piroplasm extracts. Serological analysis of immune sera reveals that the immunodominant antigen is a polypeptide of 30-33 kDa, which corresponds to the protective T. annulata polypeptide Tams1. (ABSTRACT T
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Affiliation(s)
- N Boulter
- Department of Biology, University of York, UK
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22
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Terada Y, Tsuji M, Nakamura Y, Hagiwara K, Takahashi K, Ishihara C. A method for analysis of cell to cell transmission of Theileria sergenti piroplasms. J Vet Med Sci 1998; 60:115-7. [PMID: 9492371 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.60.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We tried to develop an experimental system for quantifying piroplasm transmission in Theileria sergenti infection using a SCID mouse model, of which red blood cells (RBC) had been substituted with bovine (Bo). A mouse hybridoma cell producing antibody against Holstein RBC was established for distinguishing Holstein RBC from Japanese Black RBC by a immuno-staining method. T. sergenti piroplasms in RBC were stained by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. With the aid of these techniques the piroplasm transmission from one to another race of Bo-RBCs could successfully be quantified in SCID mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Terada
- Department of Grazing Animal Production, National Grassland Research Institute, Nishinasuno, Tochigi, Japan
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