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Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli from Poultry and Wild Birds (Sparrow) in Djelfa (Algeria), with Frequent Detection of CTX-M-14 in Sparrow. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121814. [PMID: 36551471 PMCID: PMC9774291 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat that is spreading more and more in both human and animal niches. This study investigates the antimicrobial resistance and virulence threats of Escherichia coli isolates recovered from intestinal and fecal samples of 100 chickens, 60 turkeys, and 30 sparrows. Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli isolates were recovered in 12 of the animals tested, selecting one isolate per positive animal: sparrow (eight isolates, 26.7%), turkey (three isolates, 5%), and chicken (one isolate, 1%). The E. coli isolates were ascribed to B1 and D phylogenetic groups. The blaCTX-M-14 gene was detected in all ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from sparrow. The blaCTX-M-15 (two isolates) and blaCTX-M-14 genes (one isolate) were detected in the isolates of turkey, and the blaCTX-M-1 gene in one isolate from broiler. Three lineages were revealed among the tested isolates (ST/phylogenetic group/type of ESBL/origin): ST117/D/CTX-M-1/broiler, ST4492 (CC405)/D/CTX-M-15/turkey, and ST602/B1/CTX-M-14/sparrow. All isolates were negative for stx1, sxt2, and eae virulence genes. Our findings provide evidence that the sparrow could be a vector in the dissemination of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates to other environments. This study also reports, to our knowledge, the first detection of blaCTX-M-14 from sparrow at a global level and in turkey in Algeria.
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Duc VM, Kakiuchi R, Obi T, Asakura H, Chuma T. The incidence of Campylobacter contamination levels through chicken-sashimi processing steps in a small-scale poultry processing plant applying the external stripping method. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:414-419. [PMID: 35082194 PMCID: PMC8983290 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the incidence of Campylobacter in a small-scale chicken meat processing plant producing "chicken-sashimi", and determine the effectiveness of surface burning as a treatmentduring processing. The most probable number (MPN) method was used to analyze the load of Campylobacter in 48 samples from four different processing steps (de-feathering, chilling, surface burning, and final-products; 12 samples each). We found the highest load of isolated bacteria in chicken skin after de-feathering. Campylobacter wasn't detectedafter the surface burning step despite a large load of bacteria present in the cecum content. Campylobacter was absent in the final products. Adequate surface burning can avoid Campylobacter contamination of chicken sashimi in the processing plant by applying the external stripping method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Minh Duc
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University.,College of Economic and Technology, Thai Nguyen University
| | - Rina Kakiuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University
| | - Takeshi Obi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University
| | | | - Takehisa Chuma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University
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Antilles N, García-Bocanegra I, Alba-Casals A, López-Soria S, Pérez-Méndez N, Saco M, González-Solís J, Cerdà-Cuéllar M. Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of zoonotic enteropathogens in gulls from southern Europe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:143018. [PMID: 33158539 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. are the two most frequent zoonotic bacteria involved in human enteric infections in the European Union. Both enteropathogens have been isolated from a diversity of wild birds in Northern Europe, but there is limited information about gulls as potential reservoirs in Southern Europe. A broad sampling of fledglings from nine colonies of yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis, N = 1222) and Audouin's gull (Larus audouinii, N = 563) has been conducted in Spain and Tunisia during the late chick-rearing period. Overall, the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. was 5.2% (93/1785, CI95%: 4.2-6.2%) and 20.8% (371/1785, CI95%: 18.9-22.7%), respectively. The most predominant Campylobacter species was C. jejuni (94.6%). A high diversity of Salmonella serovars was isolated and the most frequent were those also reported in human outbreaks, such as Salmonella Typhimurium. A high proportion of Campylobacter and Salmonella isolates showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent (20.2% and 51.5%, respectively), while 19.2% of Salmonella isolates were multidrug-resistant. These results show the relevance of gulls as reservoirs of Campylobacter and Salmonella by maintaining and spreading these bacteria, including resistant and multidrug resistant strains, in the environment. Our results suggest that gulls can serve as sentinel species for antibiotic pressure in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Antilles
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba-Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana Alba-Casals
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sergio López-Soria
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Néstor Pérez-Méndez
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) and Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Saco
- Departament de Microbiologia, Laboratori Agroalimentari de Cabrils, Departament d'Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca i Alimentació, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacob González-Solís
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) and Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Cerdà-Cuéllar
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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Tryjanowski P, Nowakowski JJ, Indykiewicz P, Andrzejewska M, Śpica D, Sandecki R, Mitrus C, Goławski A, Dulisz B, Dziarska J, Janiszewski T, Minias P, Świtek S, Tobolka M, Włodarczyk R, Szczepańska B, Klawe JJ. Campylobacter in wintering great tits Parus major in Poland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:7570-7577. [PMID: 31885068 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Domestic and wild mammals, domestic birds and particularly wild birds are considered to be reservoirs of many species of Enterobacteriaceae, and also important human enteric pathogens, e.g., the bacteria of the genus Campylobacter that occur in their digestive tracts. These species may be vectors of antimicrobial resistance dissemination in the environment, because they may have contact with an environment contaminated with antibiotics. Bird feeders have been suggested as potential dispersal centres between wild wintering birds whose feeding is supported by humans. Therefore, we checked for the presence of Campylobacter bacteria among great tits Parus major, the most common bird species on bird feeders in Poland. Samples (n = 787 cloacal swabs) were collected in urban and rural areas of Poland. Bacterial species were identified using multiplex PCR, and 23 (2.9%) positive tests for Campylobacter spp. were found; in ten samples, C. jejuni was detected. The odds ratio of Campylobacter infection in rural birds was over 2.5 times higher than urban birds. Ten samples with C. jejuni were tested for antibiotic resistance, and all were sensitive to azithromycin, erythromycin and gentamycin, while six isolates were resistant to tetracycline, and five were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Four Campylobacter isolates were resistant to both these antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Tryjanowski
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Jacek J Nowakowski
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-727, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Piotr Indykiewicz
- Department of Biology and Animal Environment, University of Technology and Life Sciences, Ks. A. Kordeckiego 20, 85-225, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Andrzejewska
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dorota Śpica
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | - Cezary Mitrus
- Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Paleontology, Institute of Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38c, 51-631, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Artur Goławski
- Department of Zoology, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 12, 08-110, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Beata Dulisz
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-727, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Dziarska
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Janiszewski
- Department of Teacher Training and Biodiversity Studies, University of Łódź, Banacha 1/3, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Minias
- Department of Teacher Training and Biodiversity Studies, University of Łódź, Banacha 1/3, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Stanisław Świtek
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Tobolka
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Radosław Włodarczyk
- Department of Teacher Training and Biodiversity Studies, University of Łódź, Banacha 1/3, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Szczepańska
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jacek J Klawe
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Sensale M, Cuomo A, Dipineto L, Santaniello A, Calabria M, Menna LF, Fioretti A. Survey ofCampylobacter jejuniand Campylobactercoliin different taxa and ecological guilds of migratory birds. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2006.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hald B, Skov MN, Nielsen EM, Rahbek C, Madsen JJ, Wainø M, Chriél M, Nordentoft S, Baggesen DL, Madsen M. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in wild birds on Danish livestock farms. Acta Vet Scand 2016; 58:11. [PMID: 26842400 PMCID: PMC4739333 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-016-0192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing the occurrence of campylobacteriosis is a food safety issue of high priority, as in recent years it has been the most commonly reported zoonosis in the EU. Livestock farms are of particular interest, since cattle, swine and poultry are common reservoirs of Campylobacter spp. The farm environment provides attractive foraging and breeding habitats for some bird species reported to carry thermophilic Campylobacter spp. We investigated the Campylobacter spp. carriage rates in 52 wild bird species present on 12 Danish farms, sampled during a winter and a summer season, in order to study the factors influencing the prevalence in wild birds according to their ecological guild. In total, 1607 individual wild bird cloacal swab samples and 386 livestock manure samples were cultured for Campylobacter spp. according to the Nordic Committee on Food Analysis method NMKL 119. RESULTS The highest Campylobacter spp. prevalence was seen in 110 out of 178 thrushes (61.8 %), of which the majority were Common Blackbird (Turdus merula), and in 131 out of 616 sparrows (21.3 %), a guild made up of House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus). In general, birds feeding on a diet of animal or mixed animal and vegetable origin, foraging on the ground and vegetation in close proximity to livestock stables were more likely to carry Campylobacter spp. in both summer (P < 0.001) and winter (P < 0.001) than birds foraging further away from the farm or in the air. Age, fat score, gender, and migration range were not found to be associated with Campylobacter spp. carriage. A correlation was found between the prevalence (%) of C. jejuni in wild birds and the proportions (%) of C. jejuni in both manure on cattle farms (R(2) = 0.92) and poultry farms (R(2) = 0.54), and between the prevalence (%) of C. coli in wild birds and the proportions (%) of C. coli in manure on pig farms (R(2) = 0.62). CONCLUSIONS The ecological guild of wild birds influences the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. through the behavioural patterns of the birds. More specifically, wild birds eating food of animal or mixed animal and vegetable origin and foraging on the ground close to livestock were more likely to carry Campylobacter spp. than those foraging further away or hunting in the air. These findings suggest that wild birds may play a role in sustaining the epidemiology of Campylobacter spp. on farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Hald
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2860, Søborg, Denmark.
| | - Marianne Nielsine Skov
- Department of Microbiology, Danish Veterinary Laboratory, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
- Research Unit for Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Eva Møller Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology, Danish Veterinary Laboratory, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
- Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK.
| | - Jesper Johannes Madsen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Michael Wainø
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
- Chr. Hansen, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark.
| | - Mariann Chriél
- The Danish Meatboard, 1609, Copenhagen V, Denmark.
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Steen Nordentoft
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk, 4400, Kalundborg, Denmark.
| | - Dorte Lau Baggesen
- Department of Microbiology, Danish Veterinary Laboratory, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2860, Søborg, Denmark.
| | - Mogens Madsen
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
- Dianova Ltd., 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
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Saiyudthong S, Phusri K, Buates S. Rapid Detection of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter lari in Fresh Chicken Meat and By-Products in Bangkok, Thailand, Using Modified Multiplex PCR. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1363-9. [PMID: 26197289 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter lari was developed and validated to assess the occurrence of these bacteria in fresh chicken meat and by-products in Bangkok, Thailand, by using a new combination of four previously published PCR primers for C. jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, and a universal 16S rDNA gene as an internal control. The specificity was determined by using 13 strains of other bacteria. With pure culture DNA, the detection limit was 0.017 ng/PCR for C. jejuni and C. coli and was 0.016 ng/PCR for C. lari. It can detect 10 CFU of C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. lari in 2 g of chicken meat within a 16-h enrichment time. Our multiplex PCR assay was applied for identification of Campylobacter spp. in 122 supermarket samples and 108 fresh market samples. Of the 230 samples evaluated by multiplex PCR, 54.0, 3.3, and 10.7% of supermarket samples were positive for C. jejuni, C. coli, and mixed C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively, and 56.5 and 33.3% of fresh market samples were positive for C. jejuni and mixed C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively. No sample was positive for C. lari. Fresh market samples had significantly higher C. jejuni and C. coli contamination than those from supermarkets (relative risk: 1.3; P = 0.0001). Compared with the culture method (a gold standard), the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy of multiplex PCR were 97.7, 86.8, 96.1, 92.0, and 95.2%, respectively. No significant difference was observed between results from two methods (P = 0.55). Therefore, the established multiplex PCR was not only rapid and easy to perform but had a high sensitivity and specificity to distinguish between C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. lari, even in samples containing mixed contamination. Our study indicated that fresh chicken meat and by-products from fresh markets were significantly less hygienic than those from supermarkets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saiyudthong
- Institute of Food Research and Product Development, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - K Phusri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - S Buates
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Shyaka A, Kusumoto A, Chaisowwong W, Okouchi Y, Fukumoto S, Yoshimura A, Kawamoto K. Virulence characterization of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from resident wild birds in Tokachi area, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:967-72. [PMID: 25843040 PMCID: PMC4565820 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in wild birds is a potential hazard for human and animal health. The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of C. jejuni in wild birds in Tokachi area, Hokkaido, Japan and investigate their virulence in vitro. In total, 173 cloacal swabs from individual wild birds were collected for the detection of Campylobacter spp. Thirty four samples (19.7%) were positive for Campylobacter of which 94.1% (32/34 samples) were C. jejuni. Additionally, one C. coli and one C. fetus were isolated. Seven C. jejuni isolates (one from crows and the other from pigeons) had important virulence genes including all three CDT genes (cdtA, cdtB and cdtC) and flaA, flaB, ciaB and cadF,
and the other isolates were lacking cdtA gene. Further studies on in vitro virulence-associated phenotypes, such as motility assay on soft agar and invasion assay in Caco-2 cells, were performed. The wild bird C. jejuni isolates adhered and invaded human cells. Although the numbers of viable intracellular bacteria of wild bird isolates were lower than a type strain NCTC11168, they persisted at 48-hr and underwent replication in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselme Shyaka
- Section of Food Microbiology and Immunology, Diagnostic Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Abdollahpour N, Zendehbad B, Alipour A, Khayatzadeh J. Wild-bird feces as a source of Campylobacter jejuni infection in children's playgrounds in Iran. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Sousa M, Gonçalves A, Silva N, Serra R, Alcaide E, Zorrilla I, Torres C, Caniça M, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Acquired antibiotic resistance among wild animals: the case of Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus). Vet Q 2014; 34:105-12. [PMID: 25220796 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2014.949391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective pressure generated by the clinical misuse of antibiotics has been the major driving force leading to the emergence of antibiotic resistance among bacteria. Antibiotics or even resistant bacteria are released into the environment and contaminate the surrounding areas. Human and animal populations in contact with these sources are able to become reservoirs of these resistant organisms. Then, due to the convergence between habitats, the contact of wild animals with other animals, humans, or human sources is now more common and this leads to an increase in the exchange of resistance determinants between their microbiota. Indeed, it seems that wildlife populations living in closer proximity to humans have higher levels of antibiotic resistance. Now, the Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus) is a part of this issue, being suggested as natural reservoir of acquired resistant bacteria. The emerging public health concern regarding microbial resistance to antibiotics is becoming true: the bacteria are evolving and are now affecting unintentional hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Sousa
- a Veterinary and Animal Science Research Center (CECAV) , University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD) , Vila Real , Portugal
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11
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Marin C, Palomeque MD, Marco-Jiménez F, Vega S. Wild griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) as a source of Salmonella and Campylobacter in Eastern Spain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94191. [PMID: 24710464 PMCID: PMC3978023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of Campylobacter and Salmonella reservoirs in wildlife is a potential hazard to animal and human health; however, the prevalence of these species is largely unknown. Until now, only a few studies have evaluated the presence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in wild griffon vultures and based on a small number of birds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in wild griffon vultures (n = 97) during the normal ringing programme at the Cinctorres Observatory in Eastern Spain. In addition, the effect of ages of individuals (juveniles, subadult and adult) on the presence were compared. Campylobacter was isolated from 1 of 97 (1.0%) griffon vultures and identified as C. jejuni. Salmonella was isolated from 51 of 97 (52.6%) griffon vultures. No significant differences were found between the ages of individuals for the presence of Salmonella. Serotyping revealed 6 different serovars among two Salmonella enterica subspecies; S. enterica subsp. enterica (n = 49, 96.1%) and S. enterica subsp. salamae (n = 2, 3.9%). No more than one serovar was isolated per individual. The serovars isolated were S. Typhimurium (n = 42, 82.3%), S. Rissen (n = 4, 7.8%), S. Senftenberg (n = 3, 5.9%) and S. 4,12:b[-] (n = 2, 3.9%). Our results imply that wild griffon vultures are a risk factor for Salmonella transmission, but do not seem to be a reservoir for Campylobacter. We therefore rule out vultures as a risk factor for human campylobacteriosis. Nevertheless, further studies should be undertaken in other countries to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Marin
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria-Dolores Palomeque
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Marco-Jiménez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Vega
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
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12
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Antilles N, Sanglas A, Cerdà-Cuéllar M. Free-living Waterfowl as a Source of Zoonotic Bacteria in a Dense Wild Bird Population Area in Northeastern Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:516-21. [PMID: 24112278 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. are zoonotic bacteria that represent an economic and public health concern worldwide. Due to the difficulty to collect samples from free-living waterfowl, little is known on their importance as a reservoir of zoonotic agents. Thus, a study was conducted to determine the prevalence, genotypic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella and Campylobacter from waterfowl in Ebro Delta (northeastern Spain), a geographical area with a dense wild bird population. Samples were collected from 318 adult waterfowl belonging to nine fowl species. All the samples were taken during the hunting season from 2008 to 2010. None of the birds were positive for Salmonella, while the overall Campylobacter prevalence was 12.58% (40/318). A much higher Campylobacter coli prevalence than Campylobacter jejuni was found (11.64% versus 0.94%). The species Fulica atra showed the highest Campylobacter prevalence (78.05%). ERIC-PCR of the isolates showed a high diversity of strains. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Campylobacter isolates showed that all the isolates were susceptible to the seven antibiotics tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Antilles
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Sanglas
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Cerdà-Cuéllar
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Cox NA, Richardson LJ, Maurer JJ, Berrang ME, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Buhr RJ, Byrd JA, Lee MD, Hofacre CL, O'Kane PM, Lammerding AM, Clark AG, Thayer SG, Doyle MP. Evidence for horizontal and vertical transmission in Campylobacter passage from hen to her progeny. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1896-902. [PMID: 23043845 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028.jfp-11-322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter is an important human pathogen, and consumption of undercooked poultry has been linked to significant human illnesses. To reduce human illness, intervention strategies targeting Campylobacter reduction in poultry are in development. For more than a decade, there has been an ongoing national and international controversy about whether Campylobacter can pass from one generation of poultry to the next via the fertile egg. We recognize that there are numerous sources of Campylobacter entry into flocks of commercial poultry (including egg transmission), yet the environment is often cited as the only source. There has been an abundance of published research globally that refutes this contention, and this article lists and discusses many of them, along with other studies that support environment as the sole or primary source. One must remember that egg passage can mean more than vertical, transovarian transmission. Fecal bacteria, including Campylobacter, can contaminate the shell, shell membranes, and albumen of freshly laid fertile eggs. This contamination is drawn through the shell by temperature differential, aided by the presence of moisture (the "sweating" of the egg); then, when the chick emerges from the egg, it can ingest bacteria such as Campylobacter, become colonized, and spread this contamination to flock mates in the grow house. Improvements in cultural laboratory methods continue to advance our knowledge of the ecology of Campylobacter, and in the not-so-distant future, egg passage will not be a subject continuously debated but will be embraced, thus allowing the development and implementation of more effective intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Cox
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Russell Research Center, 950 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA.
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14
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Eberle KN, Kiess AS. Phenotypic and genotypic methods for typing Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in poultry. Poult Sci 2012; 91:255-64. [PMID: 22184452 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human campylobacteriosis, an infection caused by the bacterium Campylobacter, is a major issue in the United States food system, especially for poultry products. According to the Center for Disease Control, campylobacterosis is estimated to affect over 2.4 million people annually. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are 2 species responsible for the majority of campylobacterosis infections. Phenotypic and genotypic typing methods are often used to discriminate between bacteria at the species and subspecies level and are often used to identify pathogenic organisms, such as C. jejuni and C. coli. This review describes the design as well as advantages and disadvantages for 3 current phenotypic techniques (biotyping, serotyping, and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis) and 6 genotypic techniques (multilocus sequence typing, PCR, pulse-field gel electrophoresis, ribotyping, flagellin typing, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms) for typing pathogenic Campylobacter spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Eberle
- Mississippi State University Poultry Science Department, Mississippi State 39762, USA
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15
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Persistent environmental reservoirs on farms as risk factors for Campylobacter in commercial poultry. Epidemiol Infect 2011; 140:916-24. [PMID: 21781366 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881100118x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is the most common known source of human bacterial enteritis in the developed world and poultry is considered the main source. Broilers often become colonized with Campylobacter during rearing, and then contaminate the farm environment. The objective of this study was to identify Campylobacter-positive environmental reservoirs on farms, as these pose a risk to broiler flocks becoming colonized with Campylobacter. We considered the temporal aspects of exposure and colonization. A longitudinal study monitored six conventional rearing farms over 2 years. The broiler flocks, catchers' equipment, vehicles, shed surrounds, shed entrance, other equipment, farm entrance, other animals, puddles, dead birds, mains water and drinkers were systematically sampled 2-4 times per flock. A multivariable generalized estimating equation model was used to assess associations between contaminated environmental sites and colonized broiler flocks. The associations were adjusted for confounders and other known risk factors. To further assess temporality of contamination, the sequence of contamination of the different environmental sites and the flocks was established. Contaminated shed entrances and anterooms, contaminated drinkers and shedding of Campylobacter by other animals such as cattle, dogs, wildlife and rodents were significantly associated with positive flocks. The reservoir of 'other animals' was also the reservoir most commonly positive before the flock became colonized. The other sites usually became contaminated after the flock was colonized.
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16
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Molina-Lopez RA, Valverdú N, Martin M, Mateu E, Obon E, Cerdà-Cuéllar M, Darwich L. Wild raptors as carriers of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella and Campylobacter strains. Vet Rec 2011; 168:565. [PMID: 21565882 DOI: 10.1136/vr.c7123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Molina-Lopez
- Centre de Fauna Salvatge de Torreferrussa, Catalan Wildlife Service, Forestal Catalana, Spain
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Andrade RD, Gemelli T, Dall Onder L, Cristina K, Brito TD, Barboza A, Brito BD. MÉTODOS DIAGNÓSTICOS PARA OS PATÓGENOS ALIMENTARES: CAMPYLOBACTER SP., SALMONELLA SP. E LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657v77p7412010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Os métodos moleculares de detecção rápida e eficaz de lotes de aves infectados por bactérias como Salmonella sp. Campylobacter sp. e Listeria monocytogenes são importantes para reduzir a frequência da transmissão destes patógenos entre os lotes de aves e aos consumidores de produtos de origem animal. Recentemente, as técnicas de biologia molecular, em especial a reação em cadeia polimerase, que permite a amplificação específica de segmentos de DNA, têm possibilitado novos rumos na identificação de bactérias supracitadas, reduzindo o tempo de cultivo e ampliando a confiabilidade das provas diagnósticas. A utilização da biologia molecular por laboratórios de diagnóstico humano e animal, assim como em programas de controle de qualidade de alimentos e produtos de origem animal, já é realidade e tende a se expandir rapidamente. O objetivo deste artigo é fazer uma breve revisão dos testes diagnósticos convencionais e moleculares para identificar Campylobacter sp., Salmonella sp. e Listeria monocytogenes. Concluindo, o diagnóstico molecular é um campo em avanço científico e tecnológico, no qual novas técnicas moleculares estão em desenvolvimento para o diagnóstico de bactérias em alimentos.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.B. de Andrade
- Instituto de Pesquisa Veterinária “Desidério Finamor”, Brasil
| | - T. Gemelli
- Instituto de Pesquisa Veterinária “Desidério Finamor”, Brasil
| | | | - K. Cristina
- Instituto de Pesquisa Veterinária “Desidério Finamor”, Brasil
| | - T. de Brito
- Instituto de Pesquisa Veterinária “Desidério Finamor”, Brasil
| | - A.A.L. Barboza
- Instituto de Pesquisa Veterinária “Desidério Finamor”, Brasil
| | - B.G. de Brito
- Instituto de Pesquisa Veterinária “Desidério Finamor”, Brasil
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18
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Ramos R, Cerdà-Cuéllar M, Ramírez F, Jover L, Ruiz X. Influence of refuse sites on the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella serovars in seagulls. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:3052-6. [PMID: 20208027 PMCID: PMC2863452 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02524-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild animals are well-known reservoirs of Campylobacter and Salmonella. We investigated the influence of insalubrious diets on the prevalence of both enterobacteria in seagulls. Campylobacter occurrence in gull chicks sampled along the northeastern Iberian coast was directly related to the degree of refuse consumption. High Salmonella values from the sampling sites did not reflect any dietary relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raül Ramos
- Departament de Biologia Animal (Vertebrats), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, Barcelona, Spain.
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19
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Molecular epidemiology and characterization of Campylobacter spp. isolated from wild bird populations in northern England. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:3007-15. [PMID: 19286781 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02458-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter infections have been reported at prevalences ranging from 2 to 50% in a range of wild bird species, although there have been few studies that have investigated the molecular epidemiology of Campylobacter spp. Consequently, whether wild birds are a source of infection in humans or domestic livestock or are mainly recipients of domestic animal strains and whether separate cycles of infection occur remain unknown. To address these questions, serial cross-sectional surveys of wild bird populations in northern England were carried out over a 2-year period. Fecal samples were collected from 2,084 wild bird individuals and screened for the presence of Campylobacter spp. A total of 56 isolates were recovered from 29 birds sampled at 15 of 167 diverse locales. Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, and Campylobacter coli were detected by PCR, and the prevalences of different Campylobacter spp. in different avian families ranged from 0% to 33%. Characterization of 36 C. jejuni isolates by multilocus sequence typing revealed that wild birds carry both livestock-associated and unique strains of C. jejuni. However, the apparent absence of unique wild bird strains of C. jejuni in livestock suggests that the direction of infection is predominantly from livestock to wild birds. C. lari was detected mainly in wild birds sampled in an estuarine or coastal habitat. Fifteen C. lari isolates were analyzed by macrorestriction pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, which revealed genetically diverse populations of C. lari in Eurasian oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus) and clonal populations in magpies (Pica pica).
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20
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Messens W, Herman L, De Zutter L, Heyndrickx M. Multiple typing for the epidemiological study of contamination of broilers with thermotolerant Campylobacter. Vet Microbiol 2009; 138:120-31. [PMID: 19303724 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the genetic diversity of thermotolerant Campylobacter in commercial broiler flocks and in the environment of broiler farms in Belgium. Seven out of 18 investigated flocks became colonized during rearing. Fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (FAFLP), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), restriction fragment length polymorphism of the flagellin A gene (flaA-RFLP) and antimicrobial resistance profile (ARP) were used for typing of the isolates. By the combination of FAFLP and PFGE, 22 Campylobacter genotypes could be distinguished. Colonization was almost exclusively with Campylobacter jejuni and unique genotypes were found in each flock. Multiple genotypes were detected in the broilers of 3 flocks, either simultaneously or successively. In 5 flocks, strains that were resistant to at least one antibiotic (mostly tetracycline) were found. The presence of other broiler houses on the farm did not result in a higher probability of colonization. The nipple water was contaminated with the same genotype as the broilers, illustrating its importance for transmission of Campylobacter. The same genotype was detected in a water puddle and in the broiler flock during rearing in 3 flocks. Once, the same genotype was isolated from the ditch water shortly before it was detected in the broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winy Messens
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Sciences, Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090 Melle, Belgium.
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21
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Mudenda N, Sainsbury AW, Macgregor SK, Flach EJ, Owen RJ. Prevalence of Campylobacter species in corncrakes (Crex crex) in a reintroduction programme in the UK. Vet Rec 2008; 163:274-5. [PMID: 18757906 DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.9.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Mudenda
- Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU
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22
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Al Amri A, Senok AC, Ismaeel AY, Al-Mahmeed AE, Botta GA. Multiplex PCR for direct identification of Campylobacter spp. in human and chicken stools. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:1350-1355. [PMID: 17893173 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation between Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli is problematic in clinical specimens due to fastidious growth requirements and limited biochemical tests. This study describes a rapid, multiplex PCR protocol for the direct detection and differentiation of C. jejuni and C. coli in stools. An evaluation was carried out of this multiplex protocol based on the detection of cadF (genus specific), and hipO (C. jejuni) and asp (C. coli) genes, using stool from patients with Campylobacter enteritis and chicken. Protocol sensitivity was assessed and specificity determined using a panel of enteric bacteria, and evaluation of 30 diarrhoeic stool specimens culture negative for Campylobacter. Of the 114 specimens (54 human and 60 chicken) evaluated by the protocol, 70 (61.4 %) were identified as C. jejuni, 35 (30.7 %) as C. coli and 9 (7.9 %) as a mixed infection/colonization with both species. All mixed infections were identified as C. jejuni by culture. Among the stool specimens that were culture negative for Campylobacter, two (6.7 %) were C. jejuni positive by multiplex PCR. The protocol sensitivity limit was 0.015-0.016 ng C. jejuni and C. coli DNA mul(-1) in the specimen. There was no cross-reaction with the reference strains assessed. Comparison of hippurate test and multiplex PCR demonstrated 17 isolates with false-positive hippurate enzymic activity and 7 with false-negative activity. This rapid protocol (turnaround time 6 h) is highly sensitive and specific for direct evaluation of stool for these pathogens. It has significant application for routine clinical diagnostic and epidemiological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Al Amri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, PO Box 22979, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Abiola C Senok
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdulrahman Yusuf Ismaeel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, PO Box 22979, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Ali E Al-Mahmeed
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, PO Box 22979, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Giuseppe A Botta
- Department of Medical and Morphological Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Udine Medical School, Udine, Italy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, PO Box 22979, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
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23
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Khan I, Edge T. Development of a novel triplex PCR assay for the detection and differentiation of thermophilic species of Campylobacter using 16S-23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 103:2561-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Price LB, Lackey LG, Vailes R, Silbergeld E. The persistence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter in poultry production. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:1035-9. [PMID: 17637919 PMCID: PMC1913601 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of antibiotics in food animal production has been associated with antibiotic-resistant infections in humans. In 2005, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned fluoroquinolone use in U.S. poultry production in order to reduce the prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter. Little is known about the potential efficacy of this policy. OBJECTIVES Our primary objective was to follow temporal changes in the prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter among poultry products from two conventional producers who announced their cessation of fluoroquinolone use in 2002 (3 years before the FDA's ban). Our secondary objective was to compare, over time, the prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter in conventional poultry products to those from producers who claim to use no antibiotics. METHODS We collected poultry samples from two conventional producers and three antibiotic-free producers over the course of 20 weeks in 2004 (n = 198) and 15 weeks in 2006 (n = 210). We compared the rates of fluoroquinolone resistance among Campylobacter isolates from the different producers. RESULTS We found no significant change in the proportion of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter isolates from the two conventional producers over the study period. In addition, Campylobacter strains from the two conventional producers were significantly more likely to be fluoroquinolone resistant than those from the antibiotic-free producers. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study indicate that fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter may be persistent contaminants of poultry products even after on-farm fluoroquinolone use has ceased. The FDA's ban on fluoroquinolones in poultry production may be insufficient to reduce resistant Campylobacter in poultry products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance B Price
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21224-2780, USA.
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25
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Quiñones B, Parker CT, Janda JM, Miller WG, Mandrell RE. Detection and genotyping of Arcobacter and Campylobacter isolates from retail chicken samples by use of DNA oligonucleotide arrays. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:3645-55. [PMID: 17416693 PMCID: PMC1932690 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02984-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the use of DNA microarrays for pathogen detection in food, we produced DNA oligonucleotide arrays to simultaneously determine the presence of Arcobacter and the presence of Campylobacter in retail chicken samples. Probes were selected that target housekeeping and virulence-associated genes in both Arcobacter butzleri and thermotolerant Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. These microarrays showed a high level of probe specificity; the signal intensities detected for A. butzleri, C. coli, or C. jejuni probes were at least 10-fold higher than the background levels. Specific identification of A. butzleri, C. coli, and C. jejuni was achieved without the need for a PCR amplification step. By adapting an isolation method that employed membrane filtration and selective media, C. jejuni isolates were recovered from package liquid from whole chicken carcasses prior to enrichment. Increasing the time of enrichment resulted in the isolation of A. butzleri and increased the recovery of C. jejuni. C. jejuni isolates were further classified by using an additional subset of probes targeting the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) biosynthesis locus. Our results demonstrated that most of the C. jejuni isolates likely possess class B, C, or H LOS. Validation experiments demonstrated that the DNA microarray had a detection sensitivity threshold of approximately 10,000 C. jejuni cells. Interestingly, the use of C. jejuni sequence-specific primers to label genomic DNA improved the sensitivity of this DNA microarray for detection of C. jejuni in whole chicken carcass samples. C. jejuni was efficiently detected directly both in package liquid from whole chicken carcasses and in enrichment broths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Quiñones
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Albany, CA 94710, USA
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26
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Niwa H, Asai Y, Yamai S, Itoh K. Discrimination between <i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> and <i>C. coli</i> Using a Macrolide and Quinolone Line Probe Assay (MQ-LiPA). Biosci Microflora 2007. [DOI: 10.12938/bifidus.26.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Niwa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yoshio Asai
- Kanagawa Prefectural Public Health Laboratory
| | - Shiro Yamai
- Kanagawa Prefectural Public Health Laboratory
| | - Kikuji Itoh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related with animal health and welfare risks associated with the import of wild birds other than poultry into the European Union. EFSA J 2006; 4:410. [PMID: 32313576 PMCID: PMC7163484 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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28
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Barrios PR, Reiersen J, Lowman R, Bisaillon JR, Michel P, Fridriksdóttir V, Gunnarsson E, Stern N, Berke O, McEwen S, Martin W. Risk factors for Campylobacter spp. colonization in broiler flocks in Iceland. Prev Vet Med 2006; 74:264-78. [PMID: 16430979 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Revised: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We sampled 1,091 Icelandic broiler flocks at slaughter from May 2001 to December 2003 to determine the prevalence of, and investigate risk factors for the presence of, Campylobacter spp. at the flock level. Approximately 15% of the flocks were positive for Campylobacter spp.; most (95%) of the infected flocks being raised during the months of April-September. Based on the data from the latter months, and using multivariable logistic regression with random effects for herd, we found that the odds of a flock being positive for Campylobacter spp. increased with age and flock size. Additionally, vertical ventilation systems were strongly associated with positive flocks (OR=5.3). After controlling for these variables, we found no evidence of an effect of: year; company; Campylobacter being carried over from one flock to the next; time interval between flocks; using (at the hatcheries) eggs laid on the floor; density of bird housing, or the number of catch lots a flock was divided into for slaughtering purposes on the risk of a Campylobacter-positive flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Romero Barrios
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1
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29
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Harvey RB, Hume ME, Droleskey RE, Edrington TS, Sheffield CL, Callaway TR, Ziprin RL, Scott HM, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Further Characterization ofCampylobacterIsolated from U.S. Dairy Cows. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2005; 2:182-7. [PMID: 15992313 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2005.2.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to compare polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identification with ribotype results and to use pulsed field electrophoresis (PFGE) to correlate genotypic patterns with antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter isolated from lactating dairy cows in the United States. Thirty isolates were studied. Twenty-seven of the isolates were identified by PCR as Campylobacter jejuni and three were identified as Campylobacter coli. Genotypic patterns of 15 isolates were determined by PFGE, and although isolates originated from geographically separated regions of the United States, some were genotypically identical. In contrast to their genetic similarity, antibiotic sensitivity patterns differed within some genotypes. Under the conditions of our study, we concluded that ribotyping is not as discriminatory as PCR for speciation, and that a phenotypic trait such as antimicrobial resistance cannot always be predicted within the same genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger B Harvey
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Area Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845-4988, USA.
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Klena JD, Parker CT, Knibb K, Ibbitt JC, Devane PML, Horn ST, Miller WG, Konkel ME. Differentiation of Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, and Campylobacter upsaliensis by a multiplex PCR developed from the nucleotide sequence of the lipid A gene lpxA. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 42:5549-57. [PMID: 15583280 PMCID: PMC535264 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.12.5549-5557.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a multiplex PCR assay to identify and discriminate between isolates of Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, and Campylobacter upsaliensis. The C. jejuni isolate F38011 lpxA gene, encoding a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase, was identified by sequence analysis of an expression plasmid that restored wild-type lipopolysaccharide levels in Escherichia coli strain SM105 [lpxA(Ts)]. With oligonucleotide primers developed to the C. jejuni lpxA gene, nearly full-length lpxA amplicons were amplified from an additional 11 isolates of C. jejuni, 20 isolates of C. coli, 16 isolates of C. lari, and five isolates of C. upsaliensis. The nucleotide sequence of each amplicon was determined, and sequence alignment revealed a high level of species discrimination. Oligonucleotide primers were constructed to exploit species differences, and a multiplex PCR assay was developed to positively identify isolates of C. coli, C. jejuni, C. lari, and C. upsaliensis. We characterized an additional set of 41 thermotolerant isolates by partial nucleotide sequence analysis to further demonstrate the uniqueness of each species-specific region. The multiplex PCR assay was validated with 105 genetically defined isolates of C. coli, C. jejuni, C. lari, and C. upsaliensis, 34 strains representing 12 additional Campylobacter species, and 24 strains representing 19 non-Campylobacter species. Application of the multiplex PCR method to whole-cell lysates obtained from 108 clinical and environmental thermotolerant Campylobacter isolates resulted in 100% correlation with biochemical typing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Klena
- Department of Plant and Microbial Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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31
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Vlahović K, Matica B, Bata I, Pavlak M, Pavičić Ž, Popović M, Nejedli S, Dovč A. Campylobacter, salmonella and chlamydia in free-living birds of Croatia. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-004-0052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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Leatherbarrow AJH, Hart CA, Kemp R, Williams NJ, Ridley A, Sharma M, Diggle PJ, Wright EJ, Sutherst J, French NP. Genotypic and antibiotic susceptibility characteristics of a Campylobacter coli population isolated from dairy farmland in the United Kingdom. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:822-30. [PMID: 14766560 PMCID: PMC348940 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.2.822-830.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter infections are the most common cause of bacterial enteritis in humans, and nearly 8% of such infections are caused by Campylobacter coli. Most studies have concentrated on Campylobacter jejuni, frequently isolated from intensively farmed poultry and livestock production units, and few studies have examined the spread and relatedness of Campylobacter across a range of geographical and host boundaries. Systematic sampling of a 100-km2 area of mixed farmland in northwest England yielded 88 isolates of C. coli from a range of sample types and locations, and water was heavily represented. Screening for antibiotic resistance revealed a very low prevalence of resistance, while genotyping performed by using three methods (flaA PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism [RFLP], pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE], and fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism [fAFLP]) provided insights into the genomic relatedness of isolates from different locations and hosts. Isolates were classified into 23 flaA groups, 34 PFGE groups, and five major fAFLP clusters. PFGE banding analysis revealed a high level of variability and no clustering by sample type. fAFLP and flaA analyses successfully grouped the isolates by sample type. We report preliminary findings suggesting that there is a strain of C. coli which may have become adapted to survival or persistence in water and that there is a group of mainly water-derived isolates from which unusual flaA PCR fragments were recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J H Leatherbarrow
- DEFRA Epidemiology Fellowship Unit, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral, United Kingdom.
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33
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Chuma T, Maeda T, Niwa H, Okamoto K. Acquisition of quinolone resistance and point mutation of the gyrA gene in Campylobacter jejuni isolated from broilers and in vitro-induced resistant strains. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 66:155-60. [PMID: 15031543 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.66.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A dramatic rise in the number of resistant Campylobacter to quinolones has been documented in human patients and domestic animals. In this study, the mechanism of acquisition of quinolone resistance was studied by detecting point mutations in the gyrA gene of Campylobacter strains obtained from broilers and strains with in vitro-induced resistance. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of norfloxacin (NFLX) and ofloxacin (OFLX) for the strains that had no point mutation were slightly increased from the source strain (Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 33560). The MICs of nalidixic acid (NA), NFLX, and OFLX for the strains that had the point mutation at Thr-86 were 100 or 200 microg/ml, 50 microg/ml, and 25 microg/ml, respectively. The MIC of NA for the strain that had a point mutation at Asp-90 higher than those for the strains that had the point mutation at Thr-86, but the MICs of NFLX and OFLX were relatively lower than those for the strains that had point mutation at Thr-86. These findings suggest that the degree of antimicrobial resistance against NA, NFLX, and OFLX in the in vitro-induced C. jejuni strains was associated with the location of the point mutation in gyrA. On the other hand, a point mutation in all seven resistant strains isolated from broilers was located only at Thr-86, while the MICs of the three quinolones varied in each wild strain. This suggests that another mechanism might also be involved in the acquisition of quinolone resistance in C. jejuni wild strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehisa Chuma
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Japan
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34
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Colles FM, Jones K, Harding RM, Maiden MCJ. Genetic diversity of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from farm animals and the farm environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:7409-13. [PMID: 14660392 PMCID: PMC309911 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.12.7409-7413.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2003] [Accepted: 09/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from farm animals and their environment was investigated by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). A total of 30 genotypes, defined by allelic profiles (assigned to sequence types [STs]), were found in 112 C. jejuni isolates originating in poultry, cattle, sheep, starlings, and slurry. All but two of these genotypes belonged to one of nine C. jejuni clonal complexes previously identified in isolates from human disease and retail food samples and one clonal complex previously associated with an environmental source. There was some evidence for the association of certain clonal complexes with particular farm animals: isolates belonging to the ST-45 complex predominated among poultry isolates but were absent among sheep isolates, while isolates belonging to the ST-61 and ST-42 complexes were predominant among sheep isolates but were absent from the poultry isolates. In contrast, ST-21 complex isolates were distributed among the different isolation sources. Comparison with MLST data from 91 human disease isolates showed small but significant genetic differentiation between the farm and human isolates; however, representatives of six clonal complexes were found in both samples. These data demonstrate that MLST and the clonal complex model can be used to identify and compare the genotypes of C. jejuni isolates from farm animals and the environment with those from retail food and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Colles
- Departments of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
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Volokhov D, Chizhikov V, Chumakov K, Rasooly A. Microarray-based identification of thermophilic Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, and C. upsaliensis. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:4071-80. [PMID: 12958228 PMCID: PMC193862 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.9.4071-4080.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA microarrays are an excellent potential tool for clinical microbiology, since this technology allows relatively rapid identification and characterization of microbial and viral pathogens. In the present study, an oligonucleotide microarray was developed and used for the analysis of thermophilic Campylobacter spp., the primary food-borne pathogen in the United States. We analyzed four Campylobacter species: Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, and C. upsaliensis. Our assay relies on the PCR amplification of specific regions in five target genes (fur, glyA, cdtABC, ceuB-C, and fliY) as a first step, followed by microarray-based analysis of amplified DNAs. Alleles of two genes, fur and glyA, which are found in all tested thermophilic Campylobacter spp., were used for identification and discrimination among four bacterial species, the ceuB-C gene was used for discrimination between C. jejuni and C. coli, and the fliY and cdt genes were used as additional genetic markers specific either for C. upsaliensis and C. lari or for C. jejuni. The array was developed and validated by using 51 previously characterized Campylobacter isolates. All isolates were unambiguously identified on the basis of hybridization patterns with 72 individual species-specific oligoprobes. Microarray identification of C. jejuni and C. coli was confirmed by PCR amplification of other genes used for identification (hipO and ask). Our results demonstrate that oligonucleotide microarrays are suitable for rapid and accurate simultaneous differentiation among C. jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, and C. upsaliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Volokhov
- FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
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Altekruse SF, Tollefson LK. Human campylobacteriosis: a challenge for the veterinary profession. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 223:445-52. [PMID: 12930081 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2003.223.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean F Altekruse
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd MSC 7234, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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37
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Padungton P, Kaneene JB. Campylobacter spp in human, chickens, pigs and their antimicrobial resistance. J Vet Med Sci 2003; 65:161-70. [PMID: 12655109 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.65.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. have been identified as etiologic agents in outbreaks and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis in developed countries. In developing countries, most reported Campylobacter infections are in children. Previously reported prevalences of Campylobacter spp. in children in Southeast Asia range from 2.9% to 15%. The frequency and pattern of occurrence of Campylobacter spp. differ between developed and developing countries, especially in the number of cases reported in adults and the presence of any seasonal patterns in occurrence. Although the severity of Campylobacter infection in adults was different between developed and developing countries, the clinical symptoms of infection in adults resulting from infection in developing countries was similar to those in developed countries. Many different animal species maintain Campylobacter spp. with no clinical signs. There do not appear to be significantly different colonization rates of Campylobacter in food animals between developed and developing countries. The role of C. jejuni as a primary pathogen in farm animals is uncertain. C. jejuni can be found in feces of diarrheic and healthy calves and piglets. Campylobacter with resistance to antimicrobial agents have been reported in both developed and developing countries, and the situation seems to deteriorate more rapidly in developing countries, where there is widespread and uncontrolled use of antibiotics resistance was observed at high levels in food animals in both developed and developing countries. Studies suggested an association between antimicrobial use in food animals and the development of resistance in human isolates in developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawin Padungton
- Population Medicine Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1314, USA
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Reed KD, Meece JK, Henkel JS, Shukla SK. Birds, migration and emerging zoonoses: west nile virus, lyme disease, influenza A and enteropathogens. Clin Med Res 2003; 1:5-12. [PMID: 15931279 PMCID: PMC1069015 DOI: 10.3121/cmr.1.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2002] [Accepted: 10/07/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Wild birds are important to public health because they carry emerging zoonotic pathogens, either as a reservoir host or by dispersing infected arthropod vectors. In addition, bird migration provides a mechanism for the establishment of new endemic foci of disease at great distances from where an infection was acquired. Birds are central to the epidemiology of West Nile virus (WNV) because they are the main amplifying host of the virus in nature. The initial spread of WNV in the U.S. along the eastern seaboard coincided with a major bird migration corridor. The subsequent rapid movement of the virus inland could have been facilitated by the elliptical migration routes used by many songbirds. A number of bird species can be infected with Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, but most are not competent to transmit the infection to Ixodes ticks. The major role birds play in the geographic expansion of Lyme disease is as dispersers of B. burgdorferi-infected ticks. Aquatic waterfowl are asymptomatic carriers of essentially all hemagglutinin and neuraminidase combinations of influenza A virus. Avian influenza strains do not usually replicate well in humans, but they can undergo genetic reassortment with human strains that co-infect pigs. This can result in new strains with a marked increase in virulence for humans. Wild birds can acquire enteropathogens, such as Salmonella and Campylobacter spp., by feeding on raw sewage and garbage, and can spread these agents to humans directly or by contaminating commercial poultry operations. Conversely, wild birds can acquire drug-resistant enteropathogens from farms and spread these strains along migration routes. Birds contribute to the global spread of emerging infectious diseases in a manner analogous to humans traveling on aircraft. A better understanding of avian migration patterns and infectious diseases of birds would be useful in helping to predict future outbreaks of infections due to emerging zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt D Reed
- Clinical Research Center, Marshfield Medical Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, USA.
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39
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Wang G, Clark CG, Taylor TM, Pucknell C, Barton C, Price L, Woodward DL, Rodgers FG. Colony multiplex PCR assay for identification and differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, C. upsaliensis, and C. fetus subsp. fetus. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:4744-7. [PMID: 12454184 PMCID: PMC154608 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.12.4744-4747.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A multiplex PCR assay was used to simultaneously detect genes from the five major clinically relevant Campylobacter spp. Those genes selected were hipO and 23S rRNA from Campylobacter jejuni; glyA from each of C. coli, C. lari, and C. upsaliensis; and sapB2 from C. fetus subsp. fetus. The assay was evaluated with 137 clinical and environmental isolates and was found to be rapid and easy to perform and had a high sensitivity and specificity for characterizing isolates, even in mixed cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehua Wang
- National Laboratory for Enteric Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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40
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Sahin O, Morishita TY, Zhang Q. Campylobacter colonization in poultry: sources of infection and modes of transmission. Anim Health Res Rev 2002; 3:95-105. [PMID: 12665109 DOI: 10.1079/ahrr200244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Since its recognition as a human pathogen in the early 1970s, Campylobacter jejuni has now emerged as the leading bacterial cause of food-borne gastroenteritis in developed countries. Poultry, particularly chickens, account for the majority of human infections caused by Campylobacter. Reduction or elimination of this pathogen in the poultry reservoir is an essential step in minimizing the public health problem; however, farm-based intervention measures are still not available because of the lack of understanding of the ecological aspects of C. jejuni on poultry farms. Although Campylobacter is highly prevalent in poultry production systems, how poultry flocks become infected with this organism is still unknown. Many investigations indicate that horizontal transmission from environmental sources is the primary route of flock infections by Campylobacter. However, some recent studies also suggest the possibility of vertical transmission from breeder to progeny flocks. The transmission of the organism is not well understood, but it is likely to be through both vertical and horizontal transmission and may be affected by the immune status of the poultry host and the environmental conditions in the production system. Intervention strategies for Campylobacter infection in poultry should consider the complex nature of its transmission and may require the use of multiple approaches that target different segments of the poultry production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Sahin
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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41
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Sørum H, L'Abée-Lund TM. Antibiotic resistance in food-related bacteria--a result of interfering with the global web of bacterial genetics. Int J Food Microbiol 2002; 78:43-56. [PMID: 12222637 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(02)00241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of antibiotic resistance genes have been sequenced and found to be identical or nearly identical in various ecological environments. Similarly, genetic vectors responsible for assembly and mobility of antibiotic resistance genes, such as transposons, integrons and R plasmids of similar or identical type are also widespread in various niches of the environment. Many zoonotic bacteria carry antibiotic resistance genes directly from different food-producing environments to the human being. These circumstances may have a major impact on the degree for success in treating infectious diseases in man. Several recent examples demonstrate that use of antibiotics in all parts of the food production chain contributes to the increasing level of antibiotic resistance among the food-borne pathogenic bacteria. Modern industrialized food production adds extra emphasis on lowering the use of antibiotics in all parts of agriculture, husbandry and fish farming because these food products are distributed to very large numbers of humans compared to more traditional smaller scale niche production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Sørum
- Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo.
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42
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Chuma T, Ikeda T, Maeda T, Niwa H, Okamoto K. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Campylobacter strains isolated from broilers in the southern part of Japan from 1995 to 1999. J Vet Med Sci 2001; 63:1027-9. [PMID: 11642273 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.63.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cecal contents (16 samples/each flock) of broilers derived from 212 flocks were investigated for colonization of Campylobacter from 1995 to 1999 in the southern part of Japan, and the isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibilities. C. jejuni-positive flocks numbered 42 (19.8%) and C. coli-positive ones 26 (12.3%); Campylobacter spp. were recovered from 68 flocks (32.1%) in total. MICs of ampicillin, erythromycin (EM), tetracycline, nalidixic acid (NA), norfloxacin (NFLX), and ofloxacin (OFLX) to these 68 Campylobacter isolates were determined. Quinolone-resistant Campylobacter isolates numbered 22 (32.4%). All the isolates except one were cross-resistant to NA, OFLX, and NFLX. A high frequency of quinolone-resistance was found in both C. jejuni and C. coli, whereas a high level of EM-resistance was found in only C. coli strains. All C. jejuni isolates were sensitive to EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Chuma
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Japan
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