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May Salivary Chromogranin A Act as a Physiological Index of Stress in Transported Donkeys? A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10060972. [PMID: 32503233 PMCID: PMC7341495 DOI: 10.3390/ani10060972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Road transport is known to be a stressful animal husbandry procedure as it induces the activation of two main physiological stress-related pathways: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis and the sympathetic-adrenal medulla axis. This preliminary study aimed to investigate whether salivary chromogranin A (CgA) concentration, known as a biomarker of the sympathetic activity system during psychological stress, may represent a novel physiological index of transportation-induced stress in donkeys. Nineteen Romagnolo donkeys, raised in groups on paddocks, were subject to two transportations, following the farm's routine procedures, for a mean duration of 64 min each on two consecutive days. Salivary samples were gently collected 15 min before and 15 min after each transportation. Salivary CgA was measured by a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. Results showed that CgA salivary levels significantly decreased after both transportations. The physiological mechanisms underlying this result may be related to catestatin activity, a bioactive product of the proteolytic cleavage of CgA, that acts as an inhibitor of catecholamine release. This hypothesis requires further investigation, particularly considering the limited number of subjects involved in this preliminary study. The identification of a reliable and non-invasive stress-marker would represent a useful tool for improving farm animals' welfare in transport conditions.
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Bartolomucci A, Possenti R, Mahata SK, Fischer-Colbrie R, Loh YP, Salton SRJ. The extended granin family: structure, function, and biomedical implications. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:755-97. [PMID: 21862681 PMCID: PMC3591675 DOI: 10.1210/er.2010-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The chromogranins (chromogranin A and chromogranin B), secretogranins (secretogranin II and secretogranin III), and additional related proteins (7B2, NESP55, proSAAS, and VGF) that together comprise the granin family subserve essential roles in the regulated secretory pathway that is responsible for controlled delivery of peptides, hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors. Here we review the structure and function of granins and granin-derived peptides and expansive new genetic evidence, including recent single-nucleotide polymorphism mapping, genomic sequence comparisons, and analysis of transgenic and knockout mice, which together support an important and evolutionarily conserved role for these proteins in large dense-core vesicle biogenesis and regulated secretion. Recent data further indicate that their processed peptides function prominently in metabolic and glucose homeostasis, emotional behavior, pain pathways, and blood pressure modulation, suggesting future utility of granins and granin-derived peptides as novel disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Akaddar A, Doderer-Lang C, Marzahn MR, Delalande F, Mousli M, Helle K, Van Dorsselaer A, Aunis D, Dunn BM, Metz-Boutigue MH, Candolfi E. Catestatin, an endogenous chromogranin A-derived peptide, inhibits in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1005-15. [PMID: 20043183 PMCID: PMC2827800 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Catestatin, an endogenous peptide derived from bovine chromogranin A, and its active domain cateslytin display powerful antimicrobial activities. We have tested the activities of catestatin and other related peptides on the growth of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Catestatin inhibits growth of the chloroquine-sensitive strain of P. falciparum 3D7, exhibiting 88% inhibition at 20 microM. A similar partial inhibition of parasite growth was observed for the chloroquine-resistant strain, 7G8 (64%,) and the multidrug-resistant strain, W2 (62%). In the presence of parasite-specific lactate dehydrogenase, a specific protein-protein interaction between catestatin and plasmepsin II precursor was demonstrated. In addition, catestatin partially inhibited the parasite-specific proteases plasmepsin in vitro. A specific interaction between catestatin and plasmepsins II and IV from P. falciparum and plasmepsin IV from the three remaining species of Plasmodium known to infect man was observed, suggesting a catestatin-induced reduction in availability of nutrients for protein synthesis in the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza Akaddar
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, Université de Strasbourg, EA 4438, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Cécile Doderer-Lang
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, Université de Strasbourg, EA 4438, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Melissa R. Marzahn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 100245 Gainesville, FL USA
| | - François Delalande
- Développement et Physiopathologie de l’Intestin et du Pancréas, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U682, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marc Mousli
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, Université de Strasbourg, EA 4438, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Karen Helle
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse BioOrganique, IPHC-DSA, UDS, CNRS, UMR178, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Aunis
- Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U575, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ben M. Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 100245 Gainesville, FL USA
| | | | - Ermanno Candolfi
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, Université de Strasbourg, EA 4438, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Zhao E, Zhang D, Basak A, Trudeau VL. New insights into granin-derived peptides: evolution and endocrine roles. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009; 164:161-74. [PMID: 19523383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The granin protein family is composed of two chromogranin and five secretogranin members that are acidic, heat-stable proteins in secretory granules in cells of the nervous and endocrine systems. We report that there is little evidence for evolutionary relationships among the granins except for the chromogranin group. The main granin members, including chromogranin A and B, and secretogranin II are moderately conserved in the vertebrates. Several small bioactive peptides can be generated by proteolysis from those homologous domains existing within the granin precursors, reflecting the conservation of biological activities in different vertebrates. In this context, we focus on reviewing the distribution and function of the major granin-derived peptides, including vasostatin, bovine CgB(1-41) and secretoneurin in vertebrate endocrine systems, especially those associated with growth, glucose metabolism and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zhao
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Lee T, Shimizu T, Iijima M, Obinata K, Yamashiro Y, Nagasawa S. Evaluation of psychosomatic stress in children by measuring salivary chromogranin A. Acta Paediatr 2006; 95:935-9. [PMID: 16882565 DOI: 10.1080/08035250500538940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the usefulness of salivary chromogranin A (CgA) and cortisol as stress markers, and the effects of distraction on the suppression of stress in children. METHODS We examined salivary CgA and cortisol responses before and after venipuncture in hospitalized children with and without distraction using a kaleidoscope. RESULTS Salivary CgA levels immediately after venipuncture were significantly higher than those immediately before it, and at 60 min after venipuncture they were significantly lower than those immediately after it. However, salivary cortisol showed no significant differences at any of the three time points. In contrast, distracted by the kaleidoscope, there were no significant differences in salivary CgA and cortisol levels at all three time points. CONCLUSION In children, salivary CgA level is a useful marker of stress. As an index of the effect of distraction, the measurement of salivary CgA is useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Akiyoshi H, Aoki M, Shimada T, Noda K, Kumagai D, Saleh N, Sugii S, Ohashi F. Measurement of plasma chromogranin A concentrations for assessment of stress responses in dogs with insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:1830-5. [PMID: 16273918 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether cross-reactivity exists between canine chromogranin A (CgA) and anti-human CgA antibody and investigate the usefulness of plasma CgA concentration measurements as an index of acute stress responses in dogs. ANIMALS 12 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURE Canine CgA was extracted and purified from canine adrenal glands of cadaver dogs for studying cross-reactivity with anti-human CgA antibody. Western blotting with anti-human CgA antibody was performed. Blood samples were collected from dogs at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after IV administration of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution or insulin. Canine plasma CgA concentrations were determined by use of a CgA ELISA kit with rabbit antiserum against the carboxy-terminal fragment of human CgA. Plasma cortisol and catecholamine (ie, norepinephrine and epinephrine) concentrations were measured by use of an ELISA and a high-performance liquid chromatography method, respectively. RESULTS Purified canine CgA was specifically detected by use of western blot analysis and an ELISA with anti-human CgA antibody. An increase in plasma CgA concentrations was observed in insulin-induced hypoglycemic dogs. Changes in plasma CgA concentration were correlated with changes in plasma cortisol or catecholamine concentrations of hypoglycemic dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Use of the CgA ELISA kit for determination of human plasma CgA concentrations is applicable to the measurement of canine plasma CgA concentrations. Canine plasma CgA concentrations, along with measurements of plasma cortisol and catecholamine concentrations, correctly reflect insulin-induced hypoglycemic stressed conditions in dogs. Measurement of canine plasma CgA concentrations may provide a useful index for evaluation of an acute stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Akiyoshi
- Department of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai-shi, Osaka, Japan
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Saruta J, Tsukinoki K, Sasaguri K, Ishii H, Yasuda M, Osamura YR, Watanabe Y, Sato S. Expression and Localization of Chromogranin A Gene and Protein in Human Submandibular Gland. Cells Tissues Organs 2005; 180:237-44. [PMID: 16330879 DOI: 10.1159/000088939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human saliva chromogranin A (CgA) is clinically promising as a psychological stress marker. However, expression of CgA is poorly understood in humans, although salivary gland localization of CgA in other mammals, such as rodents and horses, has been demonstrated. In the present study, we investigated the expression and localization of CgA in the human submandibular gland (HSG) using various methods. CgA was consistently localized in serous and ductal cells in HSG, as detected by immunohistochemistry and in situhybridization. Reactivity was stronger in serous cells than in ductal cells. In addition, strong immunoreactivity for CgA was observed in the saliva matrix of ductal cavities. Western blotting gave one significant immunoreactive band of 68 kDa in the adrenal gland, HSG and saliva. Finally, CgA was detected in secretory granules of serous and ductal cells by immunoelectron microscopy. In conclusion, CgA in humans is produced by HSG and secreted into saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Saruta
- Department of Craniofacial Growth and Development Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental College, Japan
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Montuenga LM, Guembe L, Burrell MA, Bodegas ME, Calvo A, Sola JJ, Sesma P, Villaro AC. The diffuse endocrine system: from embryogenesis to carcinogenesis. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 2003; 38:155-272. [PMID: 12756892 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(03)80004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present review we will summarise the current knowledge about the cells comprising the Diffuse Endocrine System (DES) in mammalian organs. We will describe the morphological, histochemical and functional traits of these cells in three major systems gastrointestinal, respiratory and prostatic. We will also focus on some aspects of their ontogeny and differentiation, as well as to their relevance in carcinogenesis, especially in neuroendocrine tumors. The first chapter describes the characteristics of DES cells and some of their specific biological and biochemical traits. The second chapter deals with DES in the gastrointestinal organs, with special reference to the new data on the differentiation mechanisms that leads to the appearance of endocrine cells from an undifferentiated stem cell. The third chapter is devoted to DES of the respiratory system and some aspects of its biological role, both, during development and adulthood. Neuroendocrine hyperplasia and neuroendocrine lung tumors are also addressed. Finally, the last chapter deals with the prostatic DES, discussing its probable functional role and its relevance in hormone-resistant prostatic carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Montuenga
- Department of Histology and Pathology, Schools of Science and Medicine, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain.
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Sato F, Kanno T, Nagasawa S, Yanaihara N, Ishida N, Hasegawa T, Iwanaga T. Immunohistochemical localization of chromogranin a in the acinar cells of equine salivary glands contrasts with rodent glands. Cells Tissues Organs 2003; 172:29-36. [PMID: 12364826 DOI: 10.1159/000064389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the existence of chromogranin A (CgA) in salivary glands of the horse by Western blotting and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using an antiserum against a peptide sequence of equine CgA. We also compared its cellular distribution between the horse and rat salivary glands with a tyramide signal amplification immunofluorescence technique. Western blotting gave three significant immunoreactive bands (74, 56 and 48 kDa) in adrenal medulla and three major salivary glands of horses. Immunoreactivities for CgA measured by EIA in horses were 154.05 +/- 41.46, 20.32 +/- 5.59 and 4.43 +/- 2.23 pmol/g wet weight in the parotid gland, submandibular gland and sublingual gland, respectively, and 1.03 +/- 0.407 pmol/mg protein in the saliva. Immunohistochemically, the positive reactivity was mainly recognized at acinar cells in equine salivary glands. This exhibits a contrast to the finding in the rat salivary glands that the CgA immunoreactivity is localized at the duct cells of the submandibular gland. These results provide novel evidence that in the horse, CgA is stored in the acinar cells of salivary glands, and secreted into saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Utsunomiya, Japan.
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