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Bauvois B, Nguyen-Khac F, Merle-Béral H, Susin SA. CD38/NAD + glycohydrolase and associated antigens in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: From interconnected signalling pathways to therapeutic strategies. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00165-2. [PMID: 39009062 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is a heterogenous disease characterized by the accumulation of neoplastic CD5+/CD19+ B lymphocytes. The spreading of the leukaemia relies on the CLL cell's ability to survive in the blood and migrate to and proliferate within the bone marrow and lymphoid tissues. Some patients with CLL are either refractory to the currently available therapies or relapse after treatment; this emphasizes the need for novel therapeutic strategies that improving clinical responses and overcome drug resistance. CD38 is a marker of a poor prognosis and governs a set of survival, proliferation and migration signals that contribute to the pathophysiology of CLL. The literature data evidence a spatiotemporal association between the cell surface expression of CD38 and that of other CLL antigens, such as the B-cell receptor (BCR), CD19, CD26, CD44, the integrin very late antigen 4 (VLA4), the chemokine receptor CXCR4, the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGF-R2), and the neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin receptor (NGAL-R). Most of these proteins contribute to CLL cell survival, proliferation and trafficking, and cooperate with CD38 in multilayered signal transduction processes. In general, these antigens have already been validated as therapeutic targets in cancer, and a broad repertoire of specific monoclonal antibodies and derivatives are available. Here, we review the state of the art in this field and examine the therapeutic opportunities for cotargeting CD38 and its partners in CLL, e.g. by designing novel bi-/trispecific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Bauvois
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMRS1138, Drug Resistance in Hematological Malignancies Team, F-75006, Paris, France.
| | - Florence Nguyen-Khac
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMRS1138, Drug Resistance in Hematological Malignancies Team, F-75006, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Hélène Merle-Béral
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMRS1138, Drug Resistance in Hematological Malignancies Team, F-75006, Paris, France.
| | - Santos A Susin
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMRS1138, Drug Resistance in Hematological Malignancies Team, F-75006, Paris, France.
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Giannoni P, Marini C, Cutrona G, Sambuceti GM, Fais F, de Totero D. Unraveling the Bone Tissue Microenvironment in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5058. [PMID: 37894425 PMCID: PMC10605026 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15205058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most frequent leukemia in Western countries. Although characterized by the progressive expansion and accumulation of leukemic B cells in peripheral blood, CLL cells develop in protective niches mainly located within lymph nodes and bone marrow. Multiple interactions between CLL and microenvironmental cells may favor the expansion of a B cell clone, further driving immune cells toward an immunosuppressive phenotype. Here, we summarize the current understanding of bone tissue alterations in CLL patients, further addressing and suggesting how the multiple interactions between CLL cells and osteoblasts/osteoclasts can be involved in these processes. Recent findings proposing the disruption of the endosteal niche by the expansion of a leukemic B cell clone appear to be a novel field of research to be deeply investigated and potentially relevant to provide new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Giannoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Biology Section, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Cecilia Marini
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.M.); (G.M.S.)
- CNR Institute of Bioimages and Molecular Physiology, 20054 Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cutrona
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (G.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Gian Mario Sambuceti
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.M.); (G.M.S.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Franco Fais
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (G.C.); (F.F.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Anatomy Section, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela de Totero
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
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3
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Hu YZ, Li Q, Wang PF, Li XP, Hu ZL. Multiple functions and regulatory network of miR-150 in B lymphocyte-related diseases. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1140813. [PMID: 37182123 PMCID: PMC10172652 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1140813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play vital roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Previous studies have shown that miR-150 is a crucial regulator of B cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis. miR-150 regulates the immune homeostasis during the development of obesity and is aberrantly expressed in multiple B-cell-related malignant tumors. Additionally, the altered expression of MIR-150 is a diagnostic biomarker of various autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, exosome-derived miR-150 is considered as prognostic tool in B cell lymphoma, autoimmune diseases and immune-mediated disorders, suggesting miR-150 plays a vital role in disease onset and progression. In this review, we summarized the miR-150-dependent regulation of B cell function in B cell-related immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Zi Hu
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peng-Fei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xue-Ping Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Zhao-Lan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zhao-Lan Hu,
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Burley TA, Hesketh A, Bucca G, Kennedy E, Ladikou EE, Towler BP, Mitchell S, Smith CP, Fegan C, Johnston R, Pepper A, Pepper C. Elucidation of Focal Adhesion Kinase as a Modulator of Migration and Invasion and as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071600. [PMID: 35406371 PMCID: PMC8996841 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The retention and re-migration of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia cells into cytoprotective and proliferative lymphoid niches is thought to contribute to the development of resistance, leading to subsequent disease relapse. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular processes that govern CLL cell migration to elicit a more complete inhibition of tumor cell migration. We compared the phenotypic and transcriptional changes induced in CLL cells using two distinct models designed to recapitulate the peripheral circulation, CLL cell migration across an endothelial barrier, and the lymph node interaction between CLL cells and activated T cells. Initially, CLL cells were co-cultured with CD40L-expressing fibroblasts and exhibited an activated B-cell phenotype, and their transcriptional signatures demonstrated the upregulation of pro-survival and anti-apoptotic genes and overrepresentation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Using our dynamic circulating model, we were able to study the transcriptomics and miRNomics associated with CLL migration. More than 3000 genes were altered when CLL cells underwent transendothelial migration, with an overrepresentation of adhesion and cell migration gene sets. From this analysis, an upregulation of the FAK signaling pathway was observed. Importantly, PTK2 (FAK) gene expression was significantly upregulated in migrating CLL cells (PTK2 Fold-change = 4.9). Here we demonstrate that TLR9 agonism increased levels of p-FAK (p ≤ 0.05), which could be prevented by pharmacological inhibition of FAK with defactinib (p ≤ 0.01). Furthermore, a reduction in CLL cell migration and invasion was observed when FAK was inhibited (p ≤ 0.0001), supporting a role for FAK in both CLL migration and tissue invasion. When taken together, our data highlights the potential for combining FAK inhibition with current targeted therapies as a more effective treatment regime for CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Burley
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK; (T.A.B.); (E.K.); (E.E.L.); (B.P.T.); (S.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Andrew Hesketh
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK; (A.H.); (G.B.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Giselda Bucca
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK; (A.H.); (G.B.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Emma Kennedy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK; (T.A.B.); (E.K.); (E.E.L.); (B.P.T.); (S.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Eleni E. Ladikou
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK; (T.A.B.); (E.K.); (E.E.L.); (B.P.T.); (S.M.); (C.P.)
- Department of Haematology, Brighton and Sussex University Hospital Trust, Brighton BN2 5BE, UK;
| | - Benjamin P. Towler
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK; (T.A.B.); (E.K.); (E.E.L.); (B.P.T.); (S.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Simon Mitchell
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK; (T.A.B.); (E.K.); (E.E.L.); (B.P.T.); (S.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Colin P. Smith
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK; (A.H.); (G.B.); (C.P.S.)
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7YH, UK
| | - Christopher Fegan
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
| | - Rosalynd Johnston
- Department of Haematology, Brighton and Sussex University Hospital Trust, Brighton BN2 5BE, UK;
| | - Andrea Pepper
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK; (T.A.B.); (E.K.); (E.E.L.); (B.P.T.); (S.M.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-01273-678644
| | - Chris Pepper
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK; (T.A.B.); (E.K.); (E.E.L.); (B.P.T.); (S.M.); (C.P.)
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5
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Extrinsic interactions in the microenvironment in vivo activate an antiapoptotic multidrug-resistant phenotype in CLL. Blood Adv 2021; 5:3497-3510. [PMID: 34432864 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bcl-2 inhibitor venetoclax has yielded exceptional clinical responses in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, de novo resistance can result in failure to achieve negative minimal residual disease and predicts poor treatment outcomes. Consequently, additional proapoptotic drugs, such as inhibitors of Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL, are in development. By profiling antiapoptotic proteins using flow cytometry, we find that leukemic B cells that recently emigrated from the lymph node (CD69+/CXCR4Low) in vivo are enriched for cell clusters simultaneously overexpressing multiple antiapoptotic proteins (Mcl-1High/Bcl-xLHigh/Bcl-2High) in both treated and treatment-naive CLL patients. These cells exhibited antiapoptotic resistance to multiple BH-domain antagonists, including inhibitors of Bcl-2, Mcl-1, and Bcl-xL, when tested as single agents in a flow cytometry-based functional assay. Antiapoptotic multidrug resistance declines ex vivo, consistent with resistance being generated in vivo by extrinsic microenvironmental interactions. Surviving "persister" cells in patients undergoing venetoclax treatment are enriched for CLL cells displaying the functional and molecular properties of microenvironmentally induced multidrug resistance. Overcoming this resistance required simultaneous inhibition of multiple antiapoptotic proteins, with potential for unwanted toxicities. Using a drug screen performed using patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured in an ex vivo microenvironment model, we identify novel venetoclax drug combinations that induce selective cytotoxicity in multidrug-resistant CLL cells. Thus, we demonstrate that antiapoptotic multidrug-resistant CLL cells exist in patients de novo and show that these cells persist during proapoptotic treatment, such as venetoclax. We validate clinically actionable approaches to selectively deplete this reservoir in patients.
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BCR activated CLL B cells use both CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (CD11c/CD18) for adhesion while CR4 has a dominant role in migration towards SDF-1. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254853. [PMID: 34283878 PMCID: PMC8291664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most common leukaemia in the western world. In previous studies, various proportion of patients was found to carry CD11b+ or CD11c+ B cells whose presence was an unfavourable prognostic factor. The exact mechanism however, how these receptors contribute to the pathogenesis of CLL has not been revealed so far. Here we analysed the role of CD11b and CD11c on B cells of CLL patients in the adhesion to fibrinogen and in the migration towards stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and studied the role of CR4 in the adherence of the CD11c+ B cell line BJAB. We observed that both CR3 and CR4 mediate adhesion of the malignant B cells. Moreover, we found, that CR4 was strongly involved in the migration of the leukemic cells towards the chemoattractant SDF-1. Our data suggest that CR3 and CR4 are not only passive markers on CLL B cells, but they might contribute to the progression of the disease. Since the role of SDF-1 is prominent in the migration of CLL cells into the bone marrow where their survival is supported, our findings help to understand how the presence of CD11c on leukemic B cells can worsen the prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
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7
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Erdei A, Kovács KG, Nagy-Baló Z, Lukácsi S, Mácsik-Valent B, Kurucz I, Bajtay Z. New aspects in the regulation of human B cell functions by complement receptors CR1, CR2, CR3 and CR4. Immunol Lett 2021; 237:42-57. [PMID: 34186155 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of complement in the regulation of antibody responses has been known for long. By now several additional B cell functions - including cytokine production and antigen presentation - have also been shown to be regulated by complement proteins. Most of these important activities are mediated by receptors interacting with activation fragments of the central component of the complement system C3, such as C3b, iC3b and C3d, which are covalently attached to antigens and immune complexes. This review summarizes the role of complement receptors interacting with these ligands, namely CR1 (CD35), CR2 (CD21), CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (CD11c/CD18) expressed by B cells in health and disease. Although we focus on human B lymphocytes, we also aim to call the attention to important differences between human and mouse systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Erdei
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Kristóf G Kovács
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Nagy-Baló
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Lukácsi
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - István Kurucz
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Bajtay
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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8
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Tomaipitinca L, Russo E, Bernardini G. NK cell surveillance of hematological malignancies. Therapeutic implications and regulation by chemokine receptors. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 80:100968. [PMID: 34045078 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are circulating innate lymphoid cells that constantly move from bloodstream into tissues, exerting several functions including tumor surveillance. For this reason, NK cells are considered attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. Several strategies are employed to harness NK cell efficacy especially in hematological tumors, including adoptive transfer, genetic manipulation to overexpress chimeric antigen receptors and cytokine or immunomodulatory drug treatments of ex-vivo cultivated and expanded NK cells. Several chemokine receptors support NK cell tissue homing and are required for efficient tumor infiltration. Nevertheless, chemokine receptor expression is often insufficient, or their respective ligands may not be expressed in the tumor microenvironment, thus limiting NK cell localization at the tumor site. Therefore, strategies to implement expression or promote the function of the correct chemokine receptor/ligand axes have been employed in the last years with promising results in preclinical models. In this review, we discuss how chemokine receptors and their ligands regulate the trafficking and localization of NK cells in hematological tumors and how the chemokine function can be manipulated to improve current therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Tomaipitinca
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Pasteur Institute Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Russo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Pasteur Institute Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bernardini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Pasteur Institute Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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9
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Cui XY, Tjønnfjord GE, Kanse SM, Dahm AEA, Iversen N, Myklebust CF, Sun L, Jiang ZX, Ueland T, Campbell JJ, Ho M, Sandset PM. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor upregulates CXCR7 expression and enhances CXCL12-mediated migration in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5127. [PMID: 33664415 PMCID: PMC7933411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The infiltration of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells into lymphoid organs correlates with disease severity. CXCL12 is a key chemotactic factor for the trafficking of CLL. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is a serine protease inhibitor and plays a role in CXCL12-mediated hematopoietic stem cell homing. We aim to explore the role of TFPI in CXCL12-mediated migration of CLL cells. In this study, plasma TFPI concentrations were measured by ELISA. CLL cells were isolated from patients and used for trans-endothelial migration (TEM) assays. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of CXCR7, CXCR4 and β-catenin. Immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation was used to detect the binding of TFPI and glypican-3 (GPC3). We found that plasma TFPI levels in CLL patients were higher than in healthy controls, particularly in the patients with advanced disease. TFPI enhanced CXCL12-mediated TEM of CLL cells by increasing the expression of the CXCL12 receptor CXCR7, but not of the CXCL12 receptor CXCR4. The effect of TFPI on TEM was abolished by the CXCR7 inhibitor, CCX771, while the CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100 strongly increased TEM. TFPI co-localized with GPC3 on the cell surface. An antibody to GPC3, HS20, decreased CXCR7 expression and abolished the effect of TFPI on TEM. TFPI activated β-catenin and the Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor IWP4 repressed the effect of TFPI on CXCR7 expression and TEM. We conclude that TFPI may contribute to organ infiltration in CLL patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL12/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/genetics
- Glypicans/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lipoproteins/blood
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, CXCR/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- beta Catenin/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yan Cui
- Department of Haematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Nydalen, Box 4950, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Geir Erland Tjønnfjord
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Nydalen, Box 4950, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for B-Cell Malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sandip M Kanse
- Institute of Basal Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Erik Astrup Dahm
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Haematology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Nina Iversen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christiane Filion Myklebust
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Nydalen, Box 4950, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ling Sun
- Department of Haematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Zhong Xing Jiang
- Department of Haematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Per Morten Sandset
- Department of Haematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Nydalen, Box 4950, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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10
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Jalalpour S, Mirzaee V, Taheri M, Fathollahi MS, Khorramdelazadeh H, Jafarzadeh A. THE H. PYLORI-RELATED VIRULENCE FACTOR CAGA INFLUENCES THE EXPRESSION OF CHEMOKINES CXCL10, CCL17, CCL20, CCL22, AND THEIR RECEPTORS BY PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM PEPTIC ULCER PATIENTS. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2021; 57:366-374. [PMID: 33331471 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.202000000-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection, the infiltration of the leukocytes into stomach mucosa is directed by locally produced chemokines that play a decisive role in infection outcome. The CagA is the most potent virulence factor of HP, so that the infection with CagA + strains is associated with more severe complications than infection with CagA - HP. OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine the expression of chemokines CXCL10, CCL17, CCL20 and CCL22, and their receptors by CagA + HP- and CagA - HP-derived crude extract (HP-CE)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from peptic ulcer (PU) patients. METHODS The serum and the PBMCs were collected from 20 HP-infected PU patients, 20 HP-infected asymptomatic subjects (HIA) and 20 non-infected healthy subjects (NHS). The PBMCs were cultured in absence of stimulator or with 10 µg CagA + HP crude extract (CagA + CE), 10 µg CagA - HP crude extract (CagA - CE). Chemokines and receptors were measured by ELISA and real time-PCR respectively. RESULTS In PU patients, the production of chemokines CXCL10, CCL17, CCL20 and CCL22, and the expression of chemokine receptors CXCR3, CCR4 and CCR6 by CagA + CE-induced PBMCs were significantly higher than non-stimulated and CagA - CE stimulated cultures. The CXCL10 production by CagA + CE stimulated PBMCs from HIA subjects was significantly higher than the equal cultures from PU and NHS groups. The CCL17 and the CCL20 production by non-stimulated, CagA + CE stimulated, and CagA - CE stimulated PBMCs from PU subjects were significantly higher than the equal cultures from NHS and HIA groups. The CCL22 production by non-stimulated, CagA + CE stimulated and CagA - CE stimulated PBMCs from NHS group were significantly higher than the equal cultures from HIA and PU groups. The CagA + CE stimulated PBMCs from HIA subjects expressed lower amounts of CCR6 in comparison with CagA + CE stimulated PBMCs from NHS and PU groups. The serum levels CXCL10 and CCL20 in PU and HIA groups were significantly higher than NHS subjects. NHS and HIA groups displayed higher serum levels of CCL22 in comparison with PU patients. CONCLUSION Results indicated that the CagA status of bacterium influence the expression of chemokines and receptors by HP-CE stimulated PBMCs from PU patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shila Jalalpour
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Vahid Mirzaee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahmood Sheikh Fathollahi
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossain Khorramdelazadeh
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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11
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Constitutively Activated DAP12 Induces Functional Anti-Tumor Activation and Maturation of Human Monocyte-Derived DC. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031241. [PMID: 33513928 PMCID: PMC7865632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells with a great capacity for cross-presentation of exogenous antigens from which robust anti-tumor immune responses ensue. However, this function is not always available and requires DCs to first be primed to induce their maturation. In particular, in the field of DC vaccine design, currently available methodologies have been limited in eliciting a sustained anti-tumor immune response. Mechanistically, part of the maturation response is influenced by the presence of stimulatory receptors relying on ITAM-containing activating adaptor molecules like DAP12, that modulates their function. We hypothesize that activating DAP12 in DC could force their maturation and enhance their potential anti-tumor activity for therapeutic intervention. For this purpose, we developed constitutively active DAP12 mutants that can promote activation of monocyte-derived DC. Here we demonstrate its ability to induce the maturation and activation of monocyte-derived DCs which enhances migration, and T cell stimulation in vitro using primary human cells. Moreover, constitutively active DAP12 stimulates a strong immune response in a murine melanoma model leading to a reduction of tumor burden. This provides proof-of-concept for investigating the pre-activation of antigen presenting cells to enhance the effectiveness of anti-tumor immunotherapies.
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12
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Aydin E, Faehling S, Saleh M, Llaó Cid L, Seiffert M, Roessner PM. Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment: What Do We Need to Consider When Treating Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia With PI3K Inhibitors? Front Immunol 2021; 11:595818. [PMID: 33552053 PMCID: PMC7857022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and their downstream proteins constitute a signaling pathway that is involved in both normal cell growth and malignant transformation of cells. Under physiological conditions, PI3K signaling regulates various cellular functions such as apoptosis, survival, proliferation, and growth, depending on the extracellular signals. A deterioration of these extracellular signals caused by mutational damage in oncogenes or growth factor receptors may result in hyperactivation of this signaling cascade, which is recognized as a hallmark of cancer. Although higher activation of PI3K pathway is common in many types of cancer, it has been therapeutically targeted for the first time in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), demonstrating its significance in B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and malignant B-cell expansion. The biological activity of the PI3K pathway is not only limited to cancer cells but is also crucial for many components of the tumor microenvironment, as PI3K signaling regulates cytokine responses, and ensures the development and function of immune cells. Therefore, the success or failure of the PI3K inhibition is strongly related to microenvironmental stimuli. In this review, we outline the impacts of PI3K inhibition on the tumor microenvironment with a specific focus on CLL. Acknowledging the effects of PI3K inhibitor-based therapies on the tumor microenvironment in CLL can serve as a rationale for improved drug development, explain treatment-associated adverse events, and suggest novel combinatory treatment strategies in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Aydin
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Faehling
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mariam Saleh
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Llaó Cid
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Bioscience, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Seiffert
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp M Roessner
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Russo E, Santoni A, Bernardini G. Tumor inhibition or tumor promotion? The duplicity of CXCR3 in cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:673-685. [PMID: 32745326 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mr0320-205r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor tissue includes cancer cells and normal stromal cells such as vascular endothelial cells, connective tissue cells (cancer associated fibroblast, mesenchymal stem cell), and immune cells (tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes or TIL, dendritic cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, tumor-associated macrophages or TAM, myeloid-derived suppressor cells or MDSC). Anti-tumor activity is mainly mediated by infiltration of NK cells, Th1 and CD8+ T cells, and correlates with expression of NK cell and T cell attracting chemokines. Nevertheless, cancer cells hijack tissue homeostasis through secretion of cytokines and chemokines that mediate not only the induction of an inflamed status that supports cancer cell survival and growth, but also the recruitment and/or activation of immune suppressive cells. CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 are known for their tumor-inhibiting properties, but their overexpression in several hematologic and solid tumors correlates with disease severity, suggesting a role in tumor promotion. The dichotomous nature of CXCR3 ligands activity mainly depends on several molecular mechanisms induced by cancer cells themselves able to divert immune responses and to alter the whole local environment. A deep understanding of the nature of such phenomenon may provide a rationale to build up a CXCR3/ligand axis targeting strategy. In this review, we will discuss the role of CXCR3 in cancer progression and in regulation of anti-tumor immune response and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Russo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Institute Pasteur-Italia, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Institute Pasteur-Italia, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS, Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bernardini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Institute Pasteur-Italia, Rome, Italy
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14
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Relation of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Overexpression to the Resistance to Apoptosis of Tumor B Cells in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082124. [PMID: 32751884 PMCID: PMC7465759 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The resistance to apoptosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells partly results from the deregulated production of survival signals from leukemic cells. Despite the development of new therapies in CLL, drug resistance and disease relapse still occur. Recently, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a secreted glycoprotein, has been suggested to have a critical role in the biology of tumors. Thus, we investigated the relevance of NGAL in CLL pathogenesis, analyzed the expression of its cellular receptor (NGAL-R) on malignant B cells and tested whether CLL cells are resistant to apoptosis through an autocrine process involving NGAL and NGAL-R. We observed that NGAL concentrations were elevated in the serum of CLL patients at diagnosis. After treatment (and regardless of the therapeutic regimen), serum NGAL levels normalized in CLL patients in remission but not in relapsed patients. In parallel, NGAL and NGAL-R were upregulated in leukemic cells from untreated CLL patients when compared to normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and returned to basal levels in PBMCs from patients in remission. Cultured CLL cells released endogenous NGAL. Anti-NGAL-R antibodies enhanced NGAL-R+ leukemia cell death. Conversely, recombinant NGAL protected NGAL-R+ CLL cells against apoptosis by activating a STAT3/Mcl-1 signaling pathway. Our results suggest that NGAL and NGAL-R, overexpressed in untreated CLL, participate in the deregulation of the apoptotic machinery in CLL cells, and may be potential therapeutic clues for CLL treatment.
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15
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Rodriguez CM, Gilardoni MB, Remedi MM, Sastre D, Heller V, Pellizas CG, Donadio AC. Tumor-stroma interaction increases CD147 expression in neoplastic B lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2020; 82:102405. [PMID: 32007924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2020.102405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) microenvironment plays a critical role in disease pathogenesis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in CLL-B cell migration and survival. CD147 is associated with MMPs production by tumor and stromal cells. AIM To analyze CD147, MMP2 and MMP9 expression in CLL-B cells and its modulation by fibroblasts (Fb)-CLL-B cell interaction. METHODS CLL-B cells were co-cultured with Fb, as a simulation of CLL microenvironment. CD147 was evaluated in healthy donor (HD)-B cells and CLL-B cells by flow cytometry. MMP2 and MMP9 activity in CLL-plasma samples and conditioned media (CMs) was studied by zymography. RESULTS MMP9/MMP2 plasma levels were significantly higher in CLL patients than in HD. CD147 expression (median fluorescence intensity) in CLL patients characterized 3 groups: low- (19.1 ± 3.2; n=3), middle- (42.7 ± 12.8; n=18) and high- (76.5 ± 9.6; n=5) related to CD147 expression in HD-B cells. CD147 expression significantly increased in CLL-B cells after Fb-CLL-B cell co-culture. A significant increase in proMMP2 activity was observed in CMs obtained from Fb-CLL-B cell co-cultures in comparison with isolated CLL-B cells. CONCLUSIONS CD147 expression in CLL-B cells and MMPs secretion was induced by Fb-CLL-B cell contact, suggesting CD147 participation in the CLL pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia M Rodriguez
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Laboratorio de Oncohematología, Argentina
| | - Mónica B Gilardoni
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - María M Remedi
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Darío Sastre
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Laboratorio de Oncohematología, Argentina
| | - Viviana Heller
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Laboratorio de Oncohematología, Argentina
| | - Claudia G Pellizas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana C Donadio
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
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16
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Targeting IRAK4 disrupts inflammatory pathways and delays tumor development in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2019; 34:100-114. [PMID: 31197259 PMCID: PMC8075947 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) plays a critical role in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signal transduction and innate immune responses. Recruitment and subsequent activation of IRAK4 upon TLR stimulation is mediated by the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) adaptor protein. Around 3% of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients have activating mutations of MYD88, a driver mutation in this disease. Here, we studied the effects of TLR activation and the pharmacological inhibition of IRAK4 with ND2158, an IRAK4 competitive inhibitor, as a therapeutic approach in CLL. Our in vitro studies demonstrated that ND2158 preferentially killed CLL cells in a dose-dependent manner. We further observed a decrease in NF-κB and STAT3 signaling, cytokine secretion, proliferation and migration of primary CLL cells from MYD88-mutated and -unmutated cases. In the Eµ-TCL1 adoptive transfer mouse model of CLL, ND2158 delayed tumor progression and modulated the activity of myeloid and T cells. Our findings show the importance of TLR signaling in CLL development and suggest IRAK4 as a therapeutic target for this disease.
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17
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Hussain M, Adah D, Tariq M, Lu Y, Zhang J, Liu J. CXCL13/CXCR5 signaling axis in cancer. Life Sci 2019; 227:175-186. [PMID: 31026453 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment comprises stromal and tumor cells which interact with each other through complex cross-talks that are mediated by a variety of growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. The chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) and its chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5) are among the key chemotactic factors which play crucial roles in deriving cancer cell biology. CXCL13/CXCR5 signaling axis makes pivotal contributions to the development and progression of several human cancers. In this review, we discuss how CXCL13/CXCR5 signaling modulates cancer cell ability to grow, proliferate, invade, and metastasize. Furthermore, we also discuss the preliminary evidence on context-dependent functioning of this axis within the tumor-immune microenvironment, thus, highlighting its potential dichotomy with respect to anticancer immunity and cancer immune-evasion mechanisms. At the end, we briefly shed light on the therapeutic potential or implications of targeting CXCL13/CXCR5 axis within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzammal Hussain
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Dickson Adah
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Heath, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, PR China
| | - Muqddas Tariq
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yongzhi Lu
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, PR China
| | - Jiancun Zhang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, PR China.
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, PR China.
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18
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Hadadi L, Hafezi M, Amirzargar AA, Sharifian RA, Abediankenari S, Asgarian-Omran H. Dysregulated Expression of Tim-3 and NKp30 Receptors on NK Cells of Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Oncol Res Treat 2019; 42:202-208. [PMID: 30870839 DOI: 10.1159/000497208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, the expression pattern of NKp30 and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3), as candidates for activating and inhibitory receptors of NK cells, were evaluated in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). PATIENTS AND METHODS 24 CLL patients and 19 healthy controls were enrolled. Fresh peripheral blood was collected from all subjects and stained with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies. The frequency of CD56+/CD3-/NKp30+ and CD56+/CD3-/Tim-3+ cells was determined by multicolor flow cytometry. RESULTS Our results revealed that Tim-3 is significantly upregulated on natural killer (NK) cells of CLL patients in comparison to healthy controls. NK cells of CLL patients showed lower expression of NKp30-activating receptor compared to controls. Tim-3 expression pattern on NK cells of CLL patients was correlated with poor prognostic factors including low hemoglobin level, high absolute lymphocyte count, and high serum C-reactive protein level. CONCLUSION Dysregulated expression of Tim-3 and NKp30 receptors confirms the exhaustion state of NK cells in CLL. Our data introduce Tim-3 as a promising biomarker and potential target for immunotherapy of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Hadadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Morteza Hafezi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Amirzargar
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramazan Ali Sharifian
- Clinic of Hematology and Oncology, Vali-Asr Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Abediankenari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Immunogenetics Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hossein Asgarian-Omran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran, .,Immunogenetics Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran,
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19
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Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are responsible for the degradation of extracellular matrix components and hence play a crucial role in physiological and pathologic processes. The imbalance between the expression of MMPs and their inhibitors can be effective in leukemic cell processes such as migration, angiogenesis, survival, and apoptosis, playing a key role in the progression and prognosis of leukemia. In this review, we discuss the potential involvement of MMPs and their inhibitors in the pathogenesis and progression of leukemia by examining their role in the prognosis of leukemia. Inducing leukemic cell growth, migration, invasiveness, and angiogenesis are the main roles of MMPs in leukemia progression mediated by their degradative activity. Given the important role of MMPs in leukemia progression, further clinical trials are needed to confirm the link between MMPs' expressions and leukemia prognosis. It is hoped to use MMPs as therapeutic targets to improve patients' health by recognizing the prognostic value of MMPs in leukemia and their effect on the progression of these malignancies and their response to treatment.
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20
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Aguilera-Montilla N, Bailón E, Uceda-Castro R, Ugarte-Berzal E, Santos A, Gutiérrez-González A, Pérez-Sánchez C, Van den Steen PE, Opdenakker G, García-Marco JA, García-Pardo A. MMP-9 affects gene expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia revealing CD99 as an MMP-9 target and a novel partner in malignant cell migration/arrest. Oncogene 2019; 38:4605-4619. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Redondo-Muñoz J, García-Pardo A, Teixidó J. Molecular Players in Hematologic Tumor Cell Trafficking. Front Immunol 2019; 10:156. [PMID: 30787933 PMCID: PMC6372527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The trafficking of neoplastic cells represents a key process that contributes to progression of hematologic malignancies. Diapedesis of neoplastic cells across endothelium and perivascular cells is facilitated by adhesion molecules and chemokines, which act in concert to tightly regulate directional motility. Intravital microscopy provides spatio-temporal views of neoplastic cell trafficking, and is crucial for testing and developing therapies against hematologic cancers. Multiple myeloma (MM), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are hematologic malignancies characterized by continuous neoplastic cell trafficking during disease progression. A common feature of these neoplasias is the homing and infiltration of blood cancer cells into the bone marrow (BM), which favors growth and survival of the malignant cells. MM cells traffic between different BM niches and egress from BM at late disease stages. Besides the BM, CLL cells commonly home to lymph nodes (LNs) and spleen. Likewise, ALL cells also infiltrate extramedullary organs, such as the central nervous system, spleen, liver, and testicles. The α4β1 integrin and the chemokine receptor CXCR4 are key molecules for MM, ALL, and CLL cell trafficking into and out of the BM. In addition, the chemokine receptor CCR7 controls CLL cell homing to LNs, and CXCR4, CCR7, and CXCR3 contribute to ALL cell migration across endothelia and the blood brain barrier. Some of these receptors are used as diagnostic markers for relapse and survival in ALL patients, and their level of expression allows clinicians to choose the appropriate treatments. In CLL, elevated α4β1 expression is an established adverse prognostic marker, reinforcing its role in the disease expansion. Combining current chemotherapies with inhibitors of malignant cell trafficking could represent a useful therapy against these neoplasias. Moreover, immunotherapy using humanized antibodies, CAR-T cells, or immune check-point inhibitors together with agents targeting the migration of tumor cells could also restrict their survival. In this review, we provide a view of the molecular players that regulate the trafficking of neoplastic cells during development and progression of MM, CLL, and ALL, together with current therapies that target the malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Redondo-Muñoz
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ERL, Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Angeles García-Pardo
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquin Teixidó
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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22
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Maity PC, Datta M, Nicolò A, Jumaa H. Isotype Specific Assembly of B Cell Antigen Receptors and Synergism With Chemokine Receptor CXCR4. Front Immunol 2019. [PMID: 30619343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02988.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the membrane-bound form of the immunoglobulin (Ig) as part of the antigen receptor is indispensable for both the development and the effector function of B cells. Among five known isotypes, IgM and IgD are the common B cell antigen receptors (BCRs) that are co-expressed in naïve B cells. Despite having identical antigen specificity and being associated with the same signaling heterodimer Igα/Igβ (CD79a/CD79b), IgM and IgD-BCR isotypes functionally differ from each other in the manner of antigen binding, the formation of isolated nanoclusters and in their interaction with co-receptors such as CD19 and CXCR4 on the plasma membrane. With recent developments in experimental techniques, it is now possible to investigate the nanoscale organization of the BCR and better understand early events of BCR engagement. Interestingly, the cytoskeleton network beneath the membrane controls the BCR isotype-specific organization and its interaction with co-receptors. BCR triggering results in reorganization of the cytoskeleton network, which is further modulated by isotype-specific signals from co-receptors. For instance, IgD-BCR is closely associated with CXCR4 on mature B cells and this close proximity allows CXCR4 to employ the BCR machinery as signaling hub. In this review, we discuss the functional specificity and nanocluster assembly of BCR isotypes and the consequences of cross-talk between CXCR4 and IgD-BCR. Furthermore, given the role of BCR and CXCR4 signaling in the development and survival of leukemic B cells, we discuss the consequences of the cross-talk between CXCR4 and the BCR for controlling the growth of transformed B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moumita Datta
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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23
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Maity PC, Datta M, Nicolò A, Jumaa H. Isotype Specific Assembly of B Cell Antigen Receptors and Synergism With Chemokine Receptor CXCR4. Front Immunol 2019; 9:2988. [PMID: 30619343 PMCID: PMC6305424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the membrane-bound form of the immunoglobulin (Ig) as part of the antigen receptor is indispensable for both the development and the effector function of B cells. Among five known isotypes, IgM and IgD are the common B cell antigen receptors (BCRs) that are co-expressed in naïve B cells. Despite having identical antigen specificity and being associated with the same signaling heterodimer Igα/Igβ (CD79a/CD79b), IgM and IgD-BCR isotypes functionally differ from each other in the manner of antigen binding, the formation of isolated nanoclusters and in their interaction with co-receptors such as CD19 and CXCR4 on the plasma membrane. With recent developments in experimental techniques, it is now possible to investigate the nanoscale organization of the BCR and better understand early events of BCR engagement. Interestingly, the cytoskeleton network beneath the membrane controls the BCR isotype-specific organization and its interaction with co-receptors. BCR triggering results in reorganization of the cytoskeleton network, which is further modulated by isotype-specific signals from co-receptors. For instance, IgD-BCR is closely associated with CXCR4 on mature B cells and this close proximity allows CXCR4 to employ the BCR machinery as signaling hub. In this review, we discuss the functional specificity and nanocluster assembly of BCR isotypes and the consequences of cross-talk between CXCR4 and IgD-BCR. Furthermore, given the role of BCR and CXCR4 signaling in the development and survival of leukemic B cells, we discuss the consequences of the cross-talk between CXCR4 and the BCR for controlling the growth of transformed B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moumita Datta
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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24
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Palma M, Krstic A, Peña Perez L, Berglöf A, Meinke S, Wang Q, Blomberg KEM, Kamali-Moghaddam M, Shen Q, Jaremko G, Lundin J, De Paepe A, Höglund P, Kimby E, Österborg A, Månsson R, Smith CIE. Ibrutinib induces rapid down-regulation of inflammatory markers and altered transcription of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia-related genes in blood and lymph nodes. Br J Haematol 2018; 183:212-224. [PMID: 30125946 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) patients, treatment with the Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib induces a rapid shift of tumour cells from lymph nodes (LN) to peripheral blood (PB). Here, we characterized in depth the dynamics of ibrutinib-induced inflammatory, transcriptional and cellular changes in different compartments immediately after treatment initiation in seven relapsed/refractory CLL patients. Serial PB and LN samples were taken before start and during the first 29 days of treatment. Changes in plasma inflammation-related biomarkers, CLL cell RNA expression, B-cell activation and migration markers expression, and PB mononuclear cell populations were assessed. A significant reduction of 10 plasma inflammation markers, the majority of which were chemokines and not CLL-derived, was observed within hours, and was paralleled by very early increase of CD19+ circulating cells. At the RNA level, significant and continuous changes in transcription factors and signalling molecules linked to B-cell receptor signalling and CLL biology was observed in both PB and LN CLL cells already after 2 days of treatment. In conclusion, ibrutinib seems to instantly shut off an ongoing inflammatory response and interfere with diverse sensitive pathways in the LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Palma
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Haematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aleksandra Krstic
- Centre for Haematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucia Peña Perez
- Centre for Haematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Berglöf
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan Meinke
- Centre for Haematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Masood Kamali-Moghaddam
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Qiujin Shen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Georg Jaremko
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeanette Lundin
- Department of Haematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ayla De Paepe
- Centre for Haematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Höglund
- Centre for Haematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Kimby
- Department of Haematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Haematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Österborg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Haematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Månsson
- Department of Haematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C I Edvard Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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In contrast to high CD49d, low CXCR4 expression indicates the dependency of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells on the microenvironment. Ann Hematol 2018; 97:2145-2152. [PMID: 29955944 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-018-3410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CD49d and CXCR4 are key determinants of interactions between chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) tumor cells and their microenvironment. In this study, we investigated the effect of CD49d and CXCR4 expressions on survival of CLL cells. Primary CLL cells were cultured with CD49d ligand, VCAM-1, or bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs); then, apoptosis and immunophenotype analyses were performed. VCAM-1 treatment could not induce direct apoptosis protection or immunophenotype change on the CD49d-expressing CLL cells, but resulted in actin reorganization. The BMSC-induced apoptosis protection was independent from the presence of CD49d expression of CLL cells, but showed an inverse correlation with their CXCR4 expression level. We suppose that CD49d contributes to enhanced survival of leukemic cells by mediating migration to the protective microenvironment, not by direct prevention of apoptosis. Moreover, CLL cells with low CXCR4 expression represent a subpopulation that is more dependent on the microenvironmental stimuli for survival, and show increased "death by neglect" when separated from the supportive niche.
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26
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Wang M, Rule S, Zinzani PL, Goy A, Casasnovas O, Smith SD, Damaj G, Doorduijn J, Lamy T, Morschhauser F, Panizo C, Shah B, Davies A, Eek R, Dupuis J, Jacobsen E, Kater AP, Le Gouill S, Oberic L, Robak T, Covey T, Dua R, Hamdy A, Huang X, Izumi R, Patel P, Rothbaum W, Slatter JG, Jurczak W. Acalabrutinib in relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma (ACE-LY-004): a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet 2018; 391:659-667. [PMID: 29241979 PMCID: PMC7864374 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)33108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bruton tyrosine kinase is a clinically validated target in mantle cell lymphoma. Acalabrutinib (ACP-196) is a highly selective, potent Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor developed to minimise off-target activity. METHODS In this open-label, phase 2 study, oral acalabrutinib (100 mg twice per day) was given to patients with relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma, until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint was overall response assessed according to the Lugano classification, and safety analyses were done in all participants. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02213926. FINDINGS From March 12, 2015, to Jan 5, 2016, 124 patients with relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma were enrolled and all patients received treatment; median age 68 years. Patients received a median of two (IQR 1-2) previous therapies. At a median follow-up of 15·2 months, 100 (81%) patients achieved an overall response and 49 (40%) patients achieved a complete response. The Kaplan-Meier estimated medians for duration of response, progression-free survival, and overall survival were not reached; the 12-month rates were 72% (95% CI 62-80), 67% (58-75), and 87% (79-92%), respectively. The most common adverse events were primarily grade 1 or 2 and were headache (47 [38%]), diarrhoea (38 [31%]), fatigue (34 [27%]), and myalgia (26 [21%]). The most common grade 3 or worse adverse events were neutropenia (13 [10%]), anaemia (11 [9%]), and pneumonia (six [5%]). There were no cases of atrial fibrillation and one case of grade 3 or worse haemorrhage. The median duration of treatment was 13·8 months. Treatment was discontinued in 54 (44%) patients, primarily due to progressive disease (39 [31%]) and adverse events (seven [6%]). INTERPRETATION Acalabrutinib treatment provided a high rate of durable responses and a favourable safety profile in patients with relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma. These findings suggest an important role for acalabrutinib in the treatment of this disease population. FUNDING Acerta Pharma, a member of the AstraZeneca Group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wang
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Simon Rule
- Plymouth University Medical School, Plymouth, UK
| | - Pier Luigi Zinzani
- Institute of Hematology Seràgnoli, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andre Goy
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Olivier Casasnovas
- Department of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Dijon, INSERM UMR 1231, Dijon, France
| | - Stephen D Smith
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gandhi Damaj
- Institut d'Hématologie de Basse-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Jeanette Doorduijn
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; HOVON Lunenburg Lymphoma Phase I/II Consortium, Netherlands
| | | | - Franck Morschhauser
- Univeristé Lille, CHU Lille, EA 7365, Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, Lille, France
| | | | - Bijal Shah
- H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Andrew Davies
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Richard Eek
- Border Medical Oncology, Wodonga, VIC, Australia
| | - Jehan Dupuis
- Unité Hémopathies Lymphoïdes, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Eric Jacobsen
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arnon P Kater
- HOVON Lunenburg Lymphoma Phase I/II Consortium, Netherlands; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Steven Le Gouill
- CHU de Nantes, Hotel Dieu, Nantes, France; INSERM UMR 892 Team 10, Nantes, France
| | - Lucie Oberic
- Institut Universitaire du Cancer, Oncopole Toulouse (IUCT-O), Toulouse, France
| | - Taduesz Robak
- Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Richa Dua
- Acerta Pharma, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | | | - Xin Huang
- Acerta Pharma, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Wojciech Jurczak
- Department of Hematology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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27
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Yigit B, Halibozek PJ, Chen SS, O'Keeffe MS, Arnason J, Avigan D, Gattei V, Bhan A, Cen O, Longnecker R, Chiorazzi N, Wang N, Engel P, Terhorst C. A combination of an anti-SLAMF6 antibody and ibrutinib efficiently abrogates expansion of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:26346-60. [PMID: 27029059 PMCID: PMC5041984 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling lymphocyte activation molecule family [SLAMF] of cell surface receptors partakes in both the development of several immunocyte lineages and innate and adaptive immune responses in humans and mice. For instance, the homophilic molecule SLAMF6 (CD352) is in part involved in natural killer T cell development, but also modulates T follicular helper cell and germinal B cell interactions. Here we report that upon transplantation of a well-defined aggressive murine B220+CD5+ Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) cell clone, TCL1-192, into SCID mice one injection of a monoclonal antibody directed against SLAMF6 (αSlamf6) abrogates tumor progression in the spleen, bone marrow and blood. Similarly, progression of a murine B cell lymphoma, LMP2A/λMyc, was also eliminated by αSlamf6. But, surprisingly, αSLAMF6 neither eliminated TCL1-192 nor LMP2A/λMyc cells, which resided in the peritoneal cavity or omentum. This appeared to be dependent upon the tumor environment, which affected the frequency of sub-populations of the TCL1-192 clone or the inability of peritoneal macrophages to induce Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC). However, co-administering αSlamf6 with the Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) inhibitor, ibrutinib, synergized to efficiently eliminate the tumor cells in the spleen, bone marrow, liver and the peritoneal cavity. Because an anti-human SLAMF6 mAb efficiently killed human CLL cells in vitro and in vivo, we propose that a combination of αSlamf6 with ibrutinib should be considered as a novel therapeutic approach for CLL and other B cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Yigit
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter J Halibozek
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shih-Shih Chen
- Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Michael S O'Keeffe
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jon Arnason
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Avigan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Valter Gattei
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, I.R.C.C.S., Aviano, Italy
| | - Atul Bhan
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Osman Cen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard Longnecker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Ninghai Wang
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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28
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Flores MA, Fortea P, Trinidad EM, García D, Soler G, Ortuño FJ, Zapata AG, Alonso-Colmenar LM. EphrinA4 plays a critical role in α4 and αL mediated survival of human CLL cells during extravasation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48481-48500. [PMID: 27374180 PMCID: PMC5217033 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A role of endothelial cells in the survival of CLL cells during extravasation is presently unknown. Herein we show that CLL cells but not normal B cells can receive apoptotic signals through physical contact with TNF-α activated endothelium impairing survival in transendothelial migration (TEM) assays. In addition, the CLL cells of patients having lymphadenopathy (LApos) show a survival advantage during TEM that can be linked to increased expression of α4 and αL integrin chains. Within this context, ephrinA4 expressed on the surface of CLL cells sequestrates integrins and inactivates them resulting in reduced adhesion and inhibition of apoptotic/survival signals through them. In agreement, ephrinA4 silencing resulted in increased survival of CLL cells of LApos patients but not LA neg patients. Similarly was observed when a soluble ephrinA4 isoform was added to TEM assays strongly suggesting that accumulation of this isoform in the serum of LApos patients could contribute to CLL cells dissemination and survival in vivo. In supporting, CLL lymphadenopathies showed a preferential accumulation of apoptotic CLL cells around high endothelial venules lacking ephrinA4. Moreover, soluble ephrinA4 isolated from sera of patients increased the number and viability of CLL cells recovered from the lymph nodes of adoptively transferred mice. Finally, we present evidence suggesting that soluble ephrinA4 mediated survival during TEM could enhance a transcellular TEM route of the CLL cells. Together these findings point to an important role of ephrinA4 in the nodal dissemination of CLL cells governing extravasation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Flores
- Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy Research Center, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Fortea
- Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy Research Center, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva M Trinidad
- Transformation and Metastasis Group, Cancer Epigenetic and Molecular Biology Program (PEBC), IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores García
- Hematology and Medical Oncology Department, HGU Morales Meseguer, Marqués de los Velez, 30008 Murcia, Spain
| | - Gloria Soler
- Hematology and Medical Oncology Department, HGU Morales Meseguer, Marqués de los Velez, 30008 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Ortuño
- Hematology and Medical Oncology Department, HGU Morales Meseguer, Marqués de los Velez, 30008 Murcia, Spain
| | - Agustín G Zapata
- Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy Research Center, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Alonso-Colmenar
- Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy Research Center, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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29
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Dürr C, Hanna BS, Schulz A, Lucas F, Zucknick M, Benner A, Clear A, Ohl S, Öztürk S, Zenz T, Stilgenbauer S, Li-Weber M, Krammer PH, Gribben JG, Lichter P, Seiffert M. Tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling is a driver of chronic lymphocytic leukemia that can be therapeutically targeted by the flavonoid wogonin. Haematologica 2018; 103:688-697. [PMID: 29326123 PMCID: PMC5865430 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.177808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a malignancy of mature B cells that strongly depend on microenvironmental factors, and their deprivation has been identified as a promising treatment approach for this incurable disease. Cytokine array screening of 247 chronic lymphocytic leukemia serum samples revealed elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-1 which were associated with poor clinical outcome. We detected a microenvironment-induced expression of TNF receptor-1 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro, and an aberrantly high expression of this receptor in the proliferation centers of patients’ lymph nodes. Stimulation of TNF receptor-1 with TNF-α enhanced nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) activity and viability of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, which was inhibited by wogonin. The therapeutic effects of wogonin were analyzed in mice after adoptive transfer of Eμ-T-cell leukemia 1 (TCL1) leukemic cells. Wogonin treatment prevented leukemia development when given early after transplantation. The treatment of full-blown leukemia resulted in the loss of the TNF receptor-1 on chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and their mobilization to blood. Targeting TNF receptor-1 signaling is therefore proposed for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Dürr
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bola S Hanna
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angela Schulz
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabienne Lucas
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Manuela Zucknick
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Oslo Center for Biostatistics and Epidemiology; Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Axel Benner
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrew Clear
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Sibylle Ohl
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Selcen Öztürk
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Zenz
- Molecular Therapy in Haematology and Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), and Department of Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Min Li-Weber
- Division of Immunogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter H Krammer
- Division of Immunogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John G Gribben
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Seiffert
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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30
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Bailón E, Aguilera-Montilla N, Gutiérrez-González A, Ugarte-Berzal E, Van den Steen PE, Opdenakker G, García-Marco JA, García-Pardo A. A catalytically inactive gelatinase B/MMP-9 mutant impairs homing of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells by altering migration regulatory pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:124-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Vangapandu HV, Ayres ML, Bristow CA, Wierda WG, Keating MJ, Balakrishnan K, Stellrecht CM, Gandhi V. The Stromal Microenvironment Modulates Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells. Neoplasia 2017; 19:762-771. [PMID: 28863345 PMCID: PMC5577399 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells are replicationally quiescent mature B-cells. In short-term cultures, supporting stromal cells provide a survival advantage to CLL cells by inducing transcription and translation without promoting proliferation. We hypothesized that the stromal microenvironment augments malignant B cells' metabolism to enable the cells to cope with their energy demands for transcription and translation. We used extracellular flux analysis to assess the two major energy-generating pathways, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and glycolysis, in primary CLL cells in the presence of three different stromal cell lines. OxPhos, measured as the basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and maximum respiration capacity, was significantly higher in 28 patients' CLL cells cocultured with bone marrow-derived NK.Tert stromal cells than in CLL cells cultured alone (P = .004 and <.0001, respectively). Similar OCR induction was observed in CLL cells cocultured with M2-10B4 and HS-5 stromal lines. In contrast, heterogeneous changes in the extracellular acidification rate (a measure of glycolysis) were observed in CLL cells cocultured with stromal cells. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of CLL cells' metabolomics profile indicated stroma-mediated stimulation of nucleotide synthesis. Quantitation of ribonucleotide pools showed a significant two-fold increase in CLL cells cocultured with stromal cells, indicating that the stroma may induce CLL cellular bioenergy and the RNA building blocks necessary for the transcriptional requirement of a prosurvival phenotype. The stroma did not impact the proliferation index (Ki-67 staining) of CLL cells. Collectively, these data suggest that short-term interaction (≤24 hours) with stroma increases OxPhos and bioenergy in replicationally quiescent CLL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hima V Vangapandu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary L Ayres
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christopher A Bristow
- Applied Cancer Science Institute, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - William G Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael J Keating
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kumudha Balakrishnan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christine M Stellrecht
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Varsha Gandhi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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32
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Vadillo E, Dorantes-Acosta E, Pelayo R, Schnoor M. T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL): New insights into the cellular origins and infiltration mechanisms common and unique among hematologic malignancies. Blood Rev 2017; 32:36-51. [PMID: 28830639 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) accounts for 15% and 25% of total childhood and adult ALL cases, respectively. During T-ALL, patients are at risk of organ infiltration by leukemic T-cells. Infiltration is a major consequence of disease relapse and correlates with poor prognosis. Transendothelial migration of leukemic cells is required to exit the blood stream into target organs. While mechanisms of normal T-cell transmigration are well known, the mechanisms of leukemic T-cell extravasation remain elusive; but involvement of chemokines, integrins and Notch signaling play critical roles. Here, we summarize current knowledge about molecular mechanisms of leukemic T-cell infiltration with special emphasis on the newly identified subtype early T-cell-progenitor (ETP)-ALL. Furthermore, we compare the extravasation potential of T-ALL cells with that of other hematologic malignancies such as B-ALL and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Vadillo
- Department for Molecular Biomedicine, Centre for Investigation and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav-IPN), 07360 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Elisa Dorantes-Acosta
- Leukemia Clinic, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosana Pelayo
- Oncology Research Unit, National Medical Center, Mexican Institute for Social Security, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Michael Schnoor
- Department for Molecular Biomedicine, Centre for Investigation and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav-IPN), 07360 Mexico City, Mexico.
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33
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Smith CIE. From identification of the BTK kinase to effective management of leukemia. Oncogene 2017; 36:2045-2053. [PMID: 27669440 PMCID: PMC5395699 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BTK is a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase, whose corresponding gene was isolated in the early 1990s. BTK was initially identified by positional cloning of the gene causing X-linked agammaglobulinemia and independently in a search for new kinases. Given the phenotype of affected patients, namely lack of B-lymphocytes and plasma cells with the ensuing inability to mount humoral immune responses, BTK inhibitors were anticipated to have beneficial effects on antibody-mediated pathologies, such as autoimmunity. In contrast to, for example, the SRC-family of cytoplasmic kinases, there was no obvious way in which structural alterations would yield constitutively active forms of BTK, and such mutations were also not found in leukemias or lymphomas. In 2007, the first efficient inhibitor, ibrutinib, was reported and soon became approved both in the United States and in Europe for the treatment of three B-cell malignancies, mantle cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Over the past few years, additional inhibitors have been developed, with acalabrutinib being more selective, and recently demonstrating fewer clinical adverse effects. The antitumor mechanism is also not related to mutations in BTK. Instead tumor residency in lymphoid organs is inhibited, making these drugs highly versatile. BTK is one of the only 10 human kinases that carry a cysteine in the adenosine triphosphate-binding cleft. As this allows for covalent, irreversible inhibitor binding, it provides these compounds with a highly advantageous character. This quality may be crucial and bodes well for the future of BTK-modifying medicines, which have been estimated to reach annual multi-billion dollar sales in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I E Smith
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
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34
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Gusella M, Bolzonella C, Paolini R, Rodella E, Bertolaso L, Scipioni C, Bellini S, Cuneo A, Pasini F, Ramazzina E. Plasma matrix metalloprotease 9 correlates with blood lymphocytosis, leukemic cell invasiveness, and prognosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317694325. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317694325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex biology underlying chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell migration and tissue invasiveness is not yet completely understood and might provide novel predictive markers and therapeutic targets. A total of 36 patients out of treatment from at least 3 months were enrolled and followed up for a median period of 44.2 months (range: 4.4–99.2). Matrix metalloprotease 9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases 1 plasma levels and production/release from lymphoid cells were measured by zymography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis. Malignant and normal lymphocyte mobility and matrix-degradation capability were studied using a Boyden chamber system, with and without autologous plasma. Free matrix metalloprotease 9 plasma levels were related with blood lymphocytosis, especially in more advanced stages (p = 0.003), and higher concentrations were associated with an increased disease progression risk (hazard ratio = 9.0, 95% confidence interval = 1.5–13.8). Leukemic cells expressed and secreted very little matrix metalloprotease 9. On the contrary, normal lymphocytes derived from the same leukemic patients showed matrix metalloprotease 9 intracellular levels that were lower in subjects with higher blood lymphocytosis (p = 0.024) and more advanced stages (p = 0.03); the released quantities were inversely associated with matrix metalloprotease 9 plasma concentrations (p = 0.035). Leukemic cells had a reduced spontaneous mobility and matrix-degradation capability that were stimulated by autologous plasma (p = 0.001) and normal lymphocytes (p = 0.005), respectively. Matrix metalloprotease 9 affected cell invasiveness depending on concentration and disease stage. In conclusion, chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells have a reduced mobility, matrix-degradation capability, and matrix metalloprotease 9 production compared to their own autologous normal lymphocytes. They are exposed to matrix metalloprotease 9 of prevalently systemic origin whose higher levels are associated with both leukemic and normal lymphocyte accumulation in the peripheral blood and have a negative prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Gusella
- Department of Oncology, Azienda ULSS 18 Rovigo, Rovigo, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Laura Bertolaso
- Department of Oncology, Azienda ULSS 18 Rovigo, Rovigo, Italy
| | - Cinzia Scipioni
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Azienda ULSS 18 Rovigo, Rovigo, Italy
| | - Silvia Bellini
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Azienda ULSS 18 Rovigo, Rovigo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cuneo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Felice Pasini
- Department of Oncology, Azienda ULSS 18 Rovigo, Rovigo, Italy
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35
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Thurgood LA, Chataway TK, Lower KM, Kuss BJ. From genome to proteome: Looking beyond DNA and RNA in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Proteomics 2017; 155:73-84. [PMID: 28069558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains the most common leukemia in the Western world. Whilst its disease course is extremely heterogeneous (ranging from indolent to aggressive), current methods are unable to accurately predict the clinical journey of each patient. There is clearly a pressing need for both improved prognostication and treatment options for patients with this disease. Whilst molecular studies have analyzed both genetic mutations and gene expression profiles of these malignant B-cells, and as a result have shed light on the pathogenesis of CLL, proteomic studies have been largely overlooked to date. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the proteomics of CLL, and discusses some of the issues in CLL proteomic research, such as reproducibility and data interpretation. In addition, we look ahead to how proteomics may significantly help in the development of a successful treatment for this currently incurable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Thurgood
- Department of Haematology and Genetic Pathology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Tim K Chataway
- Department of Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Karen M Lower
- Department of Haematology and Genetic Pathology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bryone J Kuss
- Department of Haematology and Genetic Pathology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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36
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Abstract
Activation of the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) pathway plays an important role in the pathophysiology of a number of B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs). A number of preclinical studies support inhibiting BTK as a mechanism to treat LPDs. Clinically, BTK inhibitors, specifically ibrutinib, have shown to be safe and effective on treating patients with indolent B-cell lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Ibrutinib has recently gained approval for the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, and CLL. Ongoing clinical trials are investigating ibrutinib and other BTK inhibitors alone or in combination for the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, CLL, activated B-cell-type diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and follicular lymphoma, among others. The objective of this review is to succinctly summarize the current body of evidence on BTK inhibition in patients with B-cell LPDs.
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37
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Choi MY, Kashyap MK, Kumar D. The chronic lymphocytic leukemia microenvironment: Beyond the B-cell receptor. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2016; 29:40-53. [PMID: 27742071 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant B cells accumulate in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid organs of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In the tissue compartments, CLL shape a protective microenvironment by coopting normal elements. The efficacy of drugs that target these interactions further underscores their importance in the pathogenesis of CLL. While the B cell receptor (BCR) pathway clearly plays a central role in the CLL microenvironment, there is also rationale to evaluate agents that inhibit other aspects or modulate the immune cells in the microenvironment. Here we review the main cellular components, soluble factors, and signaling pathways of the CLL microenvironment, and highlight recent clinical advances. As the BCR pathway is reviewed elsewhere, we focus on other aspects of the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y Choi
- Moores Cancer Center, UCSD-Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, 92093-0820, CA, USA.
| | - Manoj Kumar Kashyap
- Moores Cancer Center, UCSD-Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, 92093-0820, CA, USA.
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Moores Cancer Center, UCSD-Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, 92093-0820, CA, USA.
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38
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HIF-1α regulates the interaction of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells with the tumor microenvironment. Blood 2016; 127:1987-97. [PMID: 26825709 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-07-657056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) regulate a wide array of adaptive responses to hypoxia and are often activated in solid tumors and hematologic malignancies due to intratumoral hypoxia and emerging new layers of regulation. We found that in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), HIF-1α is a novel regulator of the interaction of CLL cells with protective leukemia microenvironments and, in turn, is regulated by this interaction in a positive feedback loop that promotes leukemia survival and propagation. Through unbiased microarray analysis, we found that in CLL cells, HIF-1α regulates the expression of important chemokine receptors and cell adhesion molecules that control the interaction of leukemic cells with bone marrow and spleen microenvironments. Inactivation of HIF-1α impairs chemotaxis and cell adhesion to stroma, reduces bone marrow and spleen colonization in xenograft and allograft CLL mouse models, and prolongs survival in mice. Of interest, we found that in CLL cells, HIF-1α is transcriptionally regulated after coculture with stromal cells. Furthermore, HIF-1α messenger RNA levels vary significantly within CLL patients and correlate with the expression of HIF-1α target genes, including CXCR4, thus further emphasizing the relevance of HIF-1α expression to CLL pathogenesis.
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39
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Hussein K, Stucki-Koch A, Alchalby H, Triviai I, Kröger N, Kreipe H. Cytokine Expression Pattern in Bone Marrow Microenvironment after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in Primary Myelofibrosis. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2015; 22:644-650. [PMID: 26708839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The only curative therapy for primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT). However, although we know that patients can benefit from ASCT, we do not know the extent of the changes of the expression profile of cytokines and matrix modulation factors. In this first systematic analysis, we evaluated the expression profile of 103 factors before and after transplantation to identify potential biomarkers. The expression of fibrosis-, inflammation-, and angiogenesis-associated genes was analyzed in a total of 52 bone marrow biopsies: PMF patients (n = 14) before and after ASCT and, for control purposes, post-ASCT multiple myeloma patients (n = 14) and non-neoplastic hematopoiesis (n = 10). In post-ASCT PMF cases, decreased expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) and platelet-derived growth factor alpha (PDGFA) correlated with bone marrow remodeling and hematological remission. Expression of several other matrix factors remained at high levels and may contribute to post-ASCT remodeling. This is the first systematic analysis of cytokine expression in post-ASCT PMF bone marrow that shows that normalization of bone marrow microenvironment is paralleled by decreased expression of TIMP and PDGFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kais Hussein
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Haefaa Alchalby
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ioanna Triviai
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicolaus Kröger
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans Kreipe
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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40
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Martínez-Moreno M, Leiva M, Aguilera-Montilla N, Sevilla-Movilla S, Isern de Val S, Arellano-Sánchez N, Gutiérrez NC, Maldonado R, Martínez-López J, Buño I, García-Marco JA, Sánchez-Mateos P, Hidalgo A, García-Pardo A, Teixidó J. In vivo adhesion of malignant B cells to bone marrow microvasculature is regulated by α4β1 cytoplasmic-binding proteins. Leukemia 2015; 30:861-72. [PMID: 26658839 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells must attach to the bone marrow (BM) microvasculature before lodging in the BM microenvironment. Using intravital microscopy (IVM) of the BM calvariae we demonstrate that the α4β1 integrin is required for MM and CLL cell firm arrest onto the BM microvasculature, while endothelial P-selectin and E-selectin mediate cell rolling. Talin, kindlin-3 and ICAP-1 are β1-integrin-binding partners that regulate β1-mediated cell adhesion. We show that talin and kindlin-3 cooperatively stimulate high affinity and strength of α4β1-dependent MM and CLL cell attachment, whereas ICAP-1 negatively regulates this adhesion. A functional connection between talin/kindlin-3 and Rac1 was found to be required for MM cell attachment mediated by α4β1. Importantly, IVM analyses with talin- and kindlin-3-silenced MM cells indicate that these proteins are needed for cell arrest on the BM microvasculature. Instead, MM cell arrest is repressed by ICAP-1. Moreover, MM cells silenced for talin and kindlin-3, and cultured on α4β1 ligands showed higher susceptibility to bortezomib-mediated cell apoptosis. Our results highlight the requirement of α4β1 and selectins for the in vivo attachment of MM and CLL cells to the BM microvasculature, and indicate that talin, kindlin-3 and ICAP-1 differentially control physiological adhesion by regulating α4β1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martínez-Moreno
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Leiva
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Aguilera-Montilla
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - S Sevilla-Movilla
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - S Isern de Val
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - N Arellano-Sánchez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - N C Gutiérrez
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - R Maldonado
- Section of Hematology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Martínez-López
- Section of Hematology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Buño
- Section of Hematology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A García-Marco
- Hematology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Sánchez-Mateos
- Section of Immuno-Oncology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Hidalgo
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - A García-Pardo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Teixidó
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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41
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Trimarco V, Ave E, Facco M, Chiodin G, Frezzato F, Martini V, Gattazzo C, Lessi F, Giorgi CA, Visentin A, Castelli M, Severin F, Zambello R, Piazza F, Semenzato G, Trentin L. Cross-talk between chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) tumor B cells and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs): implications for neoplastic cell survival. Oncotarget 2015; 6:42130-49. [PMID: 26517523 PMCID: PMC4747215 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemic cells from Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) patients interact with stromal cells of the surrounding microenvironment. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) represent the main population in CLL marrow stroma, which may play a key role for disease support and progression. In this study we evaluated whether MSCs influence in vitro CLL cell survival. MSCs were isolated from the bone marrow of 46 CLL patients and were characterized by flow cytometry analysis. Following co-culture of MSCs and leukemic B cells, we demonstrated that MSCs were able to improve leukemic B cell viability, this latter being differently dependent from the signals coming from MSCs. In addition, we found that the co-culture of MSCs with leukemic B cells induced an increased production of IL-8, CCL4, CCL11, and CXCL10 chemokines.As far as drug resistance is concerned, MSCs counteract the cytotoxic effect of Fludarabine/Cyclophosphamide administration in vivo, whereas they do not protect CLL cells from the apoptosis induced by the kinase inhibitors Bafetinib and Ibrutinib. The evidence that leukemic clones are conditioned by environmental stimuli suggest new putative targets for therapy in CLL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Trimarco
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Ave
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Monica Facco
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Giorgia Chiodin
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Frezzato
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Veronica Martini
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Cristina Gattazzo
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Lessi
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
| | - Carlo Alberto Giorgi
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Visentin
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
| | - Monica Castelli
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
| | - Filippo Severin
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Renato Zambello
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Francesco Piazza
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Gianpietro Semenzato
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Livio Trentin
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
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42
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Ganghammer S, Gutjahr J, Hutterer E, Krenn PW, Pucher S, Zelle-Rieser C, Jöhrer K, Wijtmans M, Leurs R, Smit MJ, Gattei V, Greil R, Hartmann TN. Combined CXCR3/CXCR4 measurements are of high prognostic value in chronic lymphocytic leukemia due to negative co-operativity of the receptors. Haematologica 2015; 101:e99-102. [PMID: 26589908 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.133470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Ganghammer
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, 3rd Medical Department with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Austria
| | - Julia Gutjahr
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, 3rd Medical Department with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Austria
| | - Evelyn Hutterer
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, 3rd Medical Department with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Austria
| | - Peter W Krenn
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, 3rd Medical Department with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Austria
| | - Susanne Pucher
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, 3rd Medical Department with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Austria
| | | | - Karin Jöhrer
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maikel Wijtmans
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Valter Gattei
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy
| | - Richard Greil
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, 3rd Medical Department with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Austria
| | - Tanja N Hartmann
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, 3rd Medical Department with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Austria
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43
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Patrussi L, Capitani N, Martini V, Pizzi M, Trimarco V, Frezzato F, Marino F, Semenzato G, Trentin L, Baldari CT. Enhanced Chemokine Receptor Recycling and Impaired S1P1 Expression Promote Leukemic Cell Infiltration of Lymph Nodes in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4153-63. [PMID: 26282174 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte trafficking is orchestrated by chemokine and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors that enable homing and egress from secondary lymphoid organs (SLO). These receptors undergo rapid internalization and plasma membrane recycling to calibrate cellular responses to local chemoattractants. Circulating chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells display an abnormal increase in the surface levels of the homing receptors CCR7 and CXCR4 concomitant with low S1P receptor 1 (S1P1) expression. In this study, we investigated the role of receptor recycling on CXCR4/CCR7 surface levels in CLL cells and addressed the impact of quantitative alterations of these receptors and S1P1 on the ability of leukemic cells to accumulate in SLOs. We show that recycling accounts, to a major extent, for the high levels of surface CXCR4/CCR7 on CLL cells. In addition, increased expression of these receptors, together with S1P1 deficiency, is detectable not only in circulating leukemic cells, but also in SLOs of CLL patients with lymphoadenopathy. We further provide evidence that ibrutinib, a Btk inhibitor that promotes mobilization of leukemic cells from SLOs, normalizes the imbalance between CXCR4/CCR7 and S1P1. Taken together, our results highlight the relevance of chemokine and S1P receptor recycling in CLL pathogenesis and clinical outcome.
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MESH Headings
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Chemotaxis/physiology
- Endosomes/metabolism
- Germinal Center/metabolism
- Germinal Center/pathology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemic Infiltration/physiopathology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism
- Lymphoid Tissue/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/deficiency
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Receptors, CCR7/genetics
- Receptors, CCR7/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/metabolism
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/deficiency
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/genetics
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/metabolism
- Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Patrussi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy. Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy
| | - Nagaja Capitani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy. Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy
| | - Veronica Martini
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy. Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Pizzi
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Trimarco
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy. Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Frezzato
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy. Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Filippo Marino
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Gianpietro Semenzato
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy. Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Livio Trentin
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy. Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Cosima T Baldari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy. Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy.
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44
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Godbersen JC, Humphries LA, Danilova OV, Kebbekus PE, Brown JR, Eastman A, Danilov AV. The Nedd8-activating enzyme inhibitor MLN4924 thwarts microenvironment-driven NF-κB activation and induces apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:1576-89. [PMID: 24634471 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stromal-mediated signaling enhances NF-κB pathway activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells, leading to cell survival and chemoresistance. Ubiquitination of IκBα may partially account for constitutive activation of NF-κB. MLN4924 is an investigational agent that inhibits the Nedd8-activating enzyme, thereby neutralizing Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases and preventing degradation of their substrates. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We conducted a preclinical assessment of MLN4924 in CLL. Primary CLL cells were cocultured in vitro with CD40L-expressing stroma to mimic the prosurvival conditions present in lymphoid tissue. The effect of MLN4924 on CLL cell apoptosis, NF-κB pathway activity, Bcl-2 family members, and cell cycle was assessed by flow cytometry, Western blotting, PCR, and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS CD40L-expressing stroma protected CLL cells from spontaneous apoptosis and induced resistance to multiple drugs, accompanied by NF-κB activation and Bim repression. Treatment with MLN4924 induced CLL cell apoptosis and circumvented stroma-mediated resistance. This was accompanied by accumulation of phospho-IκBα, decreased nuclear translocation of p65 and p52 leading to inhibition of both the canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathways, and reduced transcription of their target genes, notably chemokines. MLN4924 promoted induction of Bim and Noxa in the CLL cells leading to rebalancing of Bcl-2 family members toward the proapoptotic BH3-only proteins. siRNA-mediated knockdown of Bim or Noxa decreased sensitivity to MLN4924. MLN4924 enhanced the antitumor activity of the inhibitors of B-cell receptor (BCR)-associated kinases. CONCLUSIONS MLN4924 disrupts NF-κB activation and induces Bim expression in CLL cells, thereby preventing stroma-mediated resistance. Our data provide rationale for further evaluation of MLN4924 in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Claire Godbersen
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire; and Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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45
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Rasul E, Salamon D, Nagy N, Leveau B, Banati F, Szenthe K, Koroknai A, Minarovits J, Klein G, Klein E. The MEC1 and MEC2 lines represent two CLL subclones in different stages of progression towards prolymphocytic leukemia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106008. [PMID: 25162594 PMCID: PMC4146575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The EBV carrying lines MEC1 and MEC2 were established earlier from explants of blood derived cells of a chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patient at different stages of progression to prolymphocytoid transformation (PLL). This pair of lines is unique in several respects. Their common clonal origin was proven by the rearrangement of the immunoglobulin genes. The cells were driven to proliferation in vitro by the same indigenous EBV strain. They are phenotypically different and represent subsequent subclones emerging in the CLL population. Furthermore they reflect the clinical progression of the disease. We emphasize that the support for the expression of the EBV encoded growth program is an important differentiation marker of the CLL cells of origin that was shared by the two subclones. It can be surmised that proliferation of EBV carrying cells in vitro, but not in vivo, reflects the efficient surveillance that functions even in the severe leukemic condition. The MEC1 line arose before the aggressive clinical stage from an EBV carrying cell within the subclone that was in the early prolymphocytic transformation stage while the MEC2 line originated one year later, from the subsequent subclone with overt PLL characteristics. At this time the disease was disseminated and the blood lymphocyte count was considerably elevated. The EBV induced proliferation of the MEC cells belonging to the subclones with markers of PLL agrees with earlier reports in which cells of PLL disease were infected in vitro and immortalized to LCL. They prove also that the expression of EBV encoded set of proteins can be determined at the event of infection. This pair of lines is particularly important as they provide in vitro cells that represent the subclonal evolution of the CLL disease. Furthermore, the phenotype of the MEC1 cells shares several characteristics of ex vivo CLL cells.
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MESH Headings
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Clonal Evolution/immunology
- Clone Cells/immunology
- Clone Cells/pathology
- Clone Cells/virology
- Disease Progression
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/virology
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic/immunology
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic/pathology
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic/virology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Time Factors
- Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Viral Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Eahsan Rasul
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Instititet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Salamon
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Instititet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noemi Nagy
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Instititet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Leveau
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Instititet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ferenc Banati
- RT-Europe Nonprofit Research Ltd, Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
| | - Kalman Szenthe
- RT-Europe Nonprofit Research Ltd, Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
| | - Anita Koroknai
- Microbiological Research Group, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janos Minarovits
- Microbiological Research Group, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Szeged, Hungary
| | - George Klein
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Instititet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Klein
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Instititet, Stockholm, Sweden
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46
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Stevenson FK, Forconi F, Packham G. The Meaning and Relevance of B-Cell Receptor Structure and Function in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Semin Hematol 2014; 51:158-67. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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47
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Hagn M, Blackwell SE, Beyer T, Ebel V, Fabricius D, Lindner S, Stilgenbauer S, Simmet T, Tam C, Neeson P, Trapani JA, Schrezenmeier H, Weiner GJ, Jahrsdörfer B. B-CLL cells acquire APC- and CTL-like phenotypic characteristics after stimulation with CpG ODN and IL-21. Int Immunol 2014; 26:383-95. [PMID: 24497611 PMCID: PMC4133571 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG) and IL-21 are two promising agents for the treatment of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Recently, we reported that the combination of CpG and IL-21 (CpG/IL-21) can induce granzyme B (GrB)-dependent apoptosis in B-CLL cells. Here, we demonstrate that treatment of B-CLL cells with CpG and IL-21 results in the development of antigen-presenting cell (APC)-like cells with cytotoxic features. These properties eventually give rise to B-CLL cell apoptosis, independently of their cytogenetic phenotype, whereas normal B-cell survival is not negatively affected by CpG/IL-21. APC- and CTL-typical molecules found to be up-regulated in CpG/IL-21-stimulated B-CLL cells include GrB, perforin, T-bet, monokine-induced by IFN-γ and IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), as well as molecules important for cell adhesion, antigen cross-presentation and costimulation. Also induced are molecules involved in GrB induction, trafficking and processing, whereas the GrB inhibitor Serpin B9 [formerly proteinase inhibitor-9 (PI-9)] is down-modulated by CpG/IL-21. In conclusion, CpG/IL-21-stimulated B-CLL cells acquire features that are reminiscent of killer dendritic cells, and which result in enhanced immunogenicity, cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Our results provide novel insights into the aberrant immune state of B-CLL cells and may establish a basis for the development of an innovative cellular vaccination approach in B-CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/drug effects
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/pathology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Chemokine CXCL10/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL10/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Granzymes/genetics
- Granzymes/immunology
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Interleukins/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/pharmacology
- Perforin/genetics
- Perforin/immunology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Box Domain Proteins/genetics
- T-Box Domain Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hagn
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3002, Australia
| | - Sue E Blackwell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Thamara Beyer
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen and Institute of Transfusion Medicine
| | - Verena Ebel
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology
| | | | - Stefanie Lindner
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen and Institute of Transfusion Medicine
| | | | - Thomas Simmet
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology
| | - Constantine Tam
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3002, Australia
| | - Paul Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3002, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3002, Australia
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen and Institute of Transfusion Medicine
| | - George J Weiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Bernd Jahrsdörfer
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen and Institute of Transfusion Medicine,
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48
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Megaptche AP, Erb U, Büchler MW, Zöller M. CD44v10, osteopontin and lymphoma growth retardation by a CD44v10-specific antibody. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:709-20. [PMID: 24935458 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Blockade of CD44 is considered a therapeutic option for the elimination of leukemia-initiating cells. However, the application of anti-panCD44 can be burdened by severe side effects. We determined whether these side effects could be avoided by replacing anti-panCD44 with CD44 variant isoform (CD44v)-specific antibodies in CD44v-positive hematological malignancies using the EL4 thymoma and CD44v10-transfected EL4 (EL4-v10) as models. Subcutaneous growth of EL4 and EL4-v10 was equally well inhibited by the anti-panCD44 and anti-CD44v10 antibodies, respectively. Ex vivo analysis indicated that natural killer cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity were the main effector mechanisms. Under local inflammation, the efficacy of anti-CD44v10 prolonged the survival time twofold compared with untreated, EL4-v10 tumor-bearing mice, and this was due to inflammation-induced expression of osteopontin (OPN). A high level of OPN in EL4-v10 tumors supported leukocyte recruitment and tumor-infiltrating T-cell activation. Taken together, in hematological malignancies expressing CD44v, anti-panCD44 can be replaced by CD44v-specific antibodies without a loss in efficacy. Furthermore, CD44v10-specific antibodies appear particularly advantageous in cutaneous leukemia therapy, as CD44v10 binding of OPN drives leukocyte recruitment and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrike Erb
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Wolfgang Büchler
- Allgemeine, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Margot Zöller
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany
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49
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Ugarte-Berzal E, Bailón E, Amigo-Jiménez I, Albar JP, García-Marco JA, García-Pardo A. A novel CD44-binding peptide from the pro-matrix metalloproteinase-9 hemopexin domain impairs adhesion and migration of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15340-9. [PMID: 24739387 PMCID: PMC4140891 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.559187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
(pro)MMP-9 binds to CLL cells through the PEX9 domain and contributes to CLL progression. To biochemically characterize this interaction and identify potential therapeutic targets, we prepared GST-PEX9 forms containing structural blades B1B2 or B3B4. We recently described a sequence in blade B4 (P3 sequence) that bound α4β1 integrin and partially impaired cell adhesion and migration. We have now studied the possible contribution of the B1B2 region to cell interaction with PEX9. CLL cells bound to GST-B1B2 and CD44 was the primary receptor. GST-B1B2 inhibited CLL cell migration as effectively as GST-B3B4. Overlapping synthetic peptides spanning the B1B2 region identified the sequence FDAIAEIGNQLYLFKDGKYW, present in B1 and contained in peptide P6, as the most effective site. P6 inhibited cell adhesion to PEX9 in a dose-dependent manner and with an IC50 value of 90 μM. P6 also inhibited cell adhesion to hyaluronan but had no effect on adhesion to VCAM-1 (α4β1 integrin ligand), confirming its specific interaction with CD44. Spatial localization analyses mapped P6 to the central cavity of PEX9, in close proximity to the previously identified P3 sequence. Both P6 and P3 equally impaired cell adhesion to (pro)MMP-9. Moreover, P6 synergistically cooperated with P3, resulting in complete inhibition of CLL cell binding to PEX9, chemotaxis, and transendothelial migration. Thus, P6 is a novel sequence in PEX9 involved in cell-PEX9/(pro)MMP-9 binding by interacting with CD44. Targeting both sites, P6 and P3, should efficiently prevent (pro)MMP-9 binding to CLL cells and its pathological consequences.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Cell Adhesion/physiology
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Disease Progression
- Drug Design
- Enzyme Precursors/chemistry
- Enzyme Precursors/metabolism
- Female
- Hemopexin/chemistry
- Hemopexin/metabolism
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/chemistry
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptides/chemical synthesis
- Peptides/metabolism
- Protein Binding/physiology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Ugarte-Berzal
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Bailón
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Amigo-Jiménez
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Albar
- the Proteomics Facility, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain, and
| | - José A García-Marco
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, 28222 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angeles García-Pardo
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain,
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50
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Burke RT, Meadows S, Loriaux MM, Currie KS, Mitchell SA, Maciejewski P, Clarke AS, Dipaolo JA, Druker BJ, Lannutti BJ, Spurgeon SE. A potential therapeutic strategy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia by combining Idelalisib and GS-9973, a novel spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor. Oncotarget 2014; 5:908-15. [PMID: 24659719 PMCID: PMC4011593 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Agents that target B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling in lymphoid malignancies including idelalisib (GS-1101) and fostamatinib which inhibit the delta isoform of PI3 kinase (PI3Kd) and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) respectively have shown significant clinical activity. By disrupting B-cell signaling pathways, idelalisib treatment has been associated with a dramatic lymph node response, but eradication of disease and relapse in high risk disease remain challenges. Targeting the BCR signaling pathway with simultaneous inhibition of PI3Kd and Syk has not yet been reported. We evaluated the pre-clinical activity of idelalisib combined with the novel and selective Syk inhibitor GS-9973 in primary peripheral blood and bone marrow Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) samples. Both PI3Kd and Syk inhibition reduced CLL survival and in combination induced synergistic growth inhibition and further disrupted chemokine signaling at nanomolar concentrations including in bone marrow derived and poor risk samples. Simultaneous targeting of these kinases may significantly increase clinical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell T Burke
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | | | - Marc M Loriaux
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Division of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Brian J. Druker
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Stephen E. Spurgeon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University
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