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Hamzaid NA, Hamdan PNF, Teoh MXH, Abd Razak NA, Hasnan N, Davis GM. Mechanomyography reflects the changes in oxygenated hemoglobin during electrically evoked cycling in individuals with spinal cord injury. Artif Organs 2024. [PMID: 38884389 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling has been reported to enhance muscle strength and improve muscle fatigue resistance after spinal cord injury (SCI). Despite its proposed benefits, the quantification of muscle fatigue during FES cycling remains poorly documented. This study sought to quantify the relationship between the vibrational performance of electrically-evoked muscles measured through mechanomyography (MMG) and its oxidative metabolism through near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) characteristics during FES cycling in fatiguing paralyzed muscles in individuals with SCI. METHODS Six individuals with SCI participated in the study. They performed 30 min of FES cycling with MMG and NIRS sensors on their quadriceps throughout the cycling, and the signals were analyzed. RESULTS A moderate negative correlation was found between MMG root mean square (RMS) and oxyhaemoglobin (O2Hb) [r = -0.38, p = 0.003], and between MMG RMS and total hemoglobin (tHb) saturation [r = -0.31, p = 0.017]. Statistically significant differences in MMG RMS, O2Hb, and tHb saturation occurred during pre- and post-fatigue of FES cycling (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS MMG RMS was negatively associated with O2Hb and muscle oxygen derived from NIRS. MMG and NIRS sensors showed good inter-correlations, suggesting a promising use of MMG for characterizing metabolic fatigue at the muscle oxygenation level during FES cycling in individuals with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Azah Hamzaid
- Biomechatronics and Neuroprosthetics Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Puteri Nur Farhana Hamdan
- Biomechatronics and Neuroprosthetics Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mira Xiao-Hui Teoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nasrul Anuar Abd Razak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nazirah Hasnan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Glen M Davis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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West CR. Enter Sandman: An eye opening opinion of cardiovascular disease prevention in cervical spinal cord injury. J Physiol 2024; 602:253-255. [PMID: 38041621 DOI: 10.1113/jp285946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R West
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, UBC, Kelowna, BC, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, UBC, Kelowna, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department Cell & Physiological Science, UBC, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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Pelletier C. Exercise prescription for persons with spinal cord injury: a review of physiological considerations and evidence-based guidelines. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:882-895. [PMID: 37816259 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) experience gains in fitness, physical and mental health from regular participation in exercise and physical activity. Due to changes in physiological function of the cardiovascular, nervous, and muscular systems, general population physical activity guidelines and traditional exercise prescription methods are not appropriate for the SCI population. Exercise guidelines specific to persons with SCI recommend progressive training beginning at 20 min of moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic exercise twice per week transitioning to 30 min three times per week, with strength training of the major muscle groups two times per week. These population-specific guidelines were designed considering the substantial barriers to physical activity for persons with SCI and can be used to frame an individual exercise prescription. Rating of perceived exertion (i.e., perceptually regulated exercise) is a practical way to indicate moderate to vigorous intensity exercise in community settings. Adapted exercise modes include arm cycle ergometry, hybrid arm-leg cycling, and recumbent elliptical equipment. Body weight-supported treadmill training and other rehabilitation modalities may improve some aspects of health and fitness for people with SCI if completed at sufficient intensity. Disability-specific community programs offer beneficial opportunities for persons with SCI to experience quality exercise opportunities but are not universally available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Pelletier
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human and Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Araneda OF, Rosales-Antequera C, Contreras-Briceño F, Tuesta M, Rossi-Serrano R, Magalhães J, Viscor G. Systemic and Pulmonary Inflammation/Oxidative Damage: Implications of General and Respiratory Muscle Training in Chronic Spinal-Cord-Injured Patients. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:828. [PMID: 37372113 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic spinal cord injury affects several respiratory-function-related parameters, such as a decrease in respiratory volumes associated with weakness and a tendency to fibrosis of the perithoracic muscles, a predominance of vagal over sympathetic action inducing airway obstructions, and a difficulty in mobilizing secretions. Altogether, these changes result in both restrictive and obstructive patterns. Moreover, low pulmonary ventilation and reduced cardiovascular system functionality (low venous return and right stroke volume) will hinder adequate alveolar recruitment and low O2 diffusion, leading to a drop in peak physical performance. In addition to the functional effects described above, systemic and localized effects on this organ chronically increase oxidative damage and tissue inflammation. This narrative review describes both the deleterious effects of chronic spinal cord injury on the functional effects of the respiratory system as well as the role of oxidative damage/inflammation in this clinical context. In addition, the evidence for the effect of general and respiratory muscular training on the skeletal muscle as a possible preventive and treatment strategy for both functional effects and underlying tissue mechanisms is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar F Araneda
- Integrative Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology of Effort (LIBFE), Kinesiology School, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo, Las Condes, Santiago 12455, Chile
| | - Cristián Rosales-Antequera
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Clínica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 8320000, Chile
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe Contreras-Briceño
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna #4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Intelligent Healthcare Engineering, Av. Vicuña Mackenna #4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Marcelo Tuesta
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile
| | - Rafael Rossi-Serrano
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Clínica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - José Magalhães
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ginés Viscor
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Yates BA, Brown R, Picard G, Taylor JA. Improved pulmonary function is associated with reduced inflammation after hybrid whole-body exercise training in persons with spinal cord injury. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:353-360. [PMID: 36622954 PMCID: PMC9991963 DOI: 10.1113/ep090785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does 12 weeks of functional electrical stimulation (FES) rowing exercise training lead to suppressed systemic inflammation and an improvement in pulmonary function in persons with sub-acute spinal cord injury (SCI)? What is the main finding and its importance? Twelve weeks of FES rowing exercise improves pulmonary function and the magnitude of improvement is associated with reductions in inflammatory biomarkers. Thus, interventions targeting inflammation may lead to better pulmonary outcomes for person with sub-acute SCI. ABSTRACT The current study was designed to test the hypotheses that (1) reducing systemic inflammation via a 12-week functional electrical stimulation rowing exercise training (FESRT) prescription results in augmented pulmonary function, and (2) the magnitude of improvement in pulmonary function is inversely associated with the magnitude of systemic inflammation suppression in persons with sub-acute (≤2 years) spinal cord injury (SCI). We conducted a retrospective analysis of a randomized controlled trial (NCT#02139436). Twenty-one participants were enrolled (standard of care (SOC; n = 9) or FESRT (n = 12)). The exercise prescription was three sessions/week at 70-85% of peak heart rate. A two-way analysis of covariance and regression analysis was used to assess group differences and associations between pulmonary function, log transformed high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRPlog ) and white blood cell count (WBC). Following FESRT, clinically significant improvements in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1 ; 0.25 (0.08-0.43) vs. -0.06 (-0.26 to 0.15) litres) and forced vital capacity (0.22 (0.04-0.39) vs. 0.08 (-0.29 to 0.12) litres) were noted and systemic WBC (-1.45 (-2.48 to -0.50) vs. 0.41 (-0.74 to 1.56) μl) levels were suppressed compared to SOC (mean change (95% confidence interval); P < 0.05). Additionally, both ΔhsCRPlog and ΔWBC were predictors of ΔFEV1 (r2 = 0.89 and 0.43, respectively; P < 0.05). Twelve weeks of FESRT improves pulmonary function and reduces WBC in persons with sub-acute SCI. The potency of FESRT to augment pulmonary function may depend on adequate suppression of systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A. Yates
- Cardiovascular Research LaboratorySpaulding Rehabilitation HospitalCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal HealthIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Robert Brown
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Unit and Department of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Glen Picard
- Cardiovascular Research LaboratorySpaulding Rehabilitation HospitalCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - J. Andrew Taylor
- Cardiovascular Research LaboratorySpaulding Rehabilitation HospitalCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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Morgan KA, Taylor KL, Walker CW, Tucker S, Dashner JL, Hollingsworth H. Mobility Disability and Exercise: Health Outcomes of an Accessible Community-Based Center. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2022; 3:836655. [PMID: 36188910 PMCID: PMC9397740 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.836655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine how support and guidance provided by trained professionals during a 12-week, community-based transition exercise program, impact health outcomes and continued engagement in physical activity for persons with a mobility disability (PwMD).DesignA single arm pre-post design was used.SettingAccessible community-based health and wellness center.ParticipantsThe study included 244 PwMD using a mobility device.InterventionsParticipants completed a 12-week transition exercise program provided through an accessible community facility that provided education and support to complete endurance and strength related exercises as well as programming to encourage transition to self-directed engagement in exercise.Main Outcome MeasuresBodyweight, BMI, pain, perceived exertion, speed, and distance during cardiovascular fitness testing, and strength were measured pre and post exercise program. The number of participants that signed up for a monthly membership after the program was also monitored.ResultsFor the total group, average pain reported over previous 30 days decreased significantly (p < 0.01), current daily pain decreased significantly (p < 0.05), perceived exertion at the end of the 9-min endurance test decreased significantly (p < 0.05), and the four upper extremity strength exercises showed large, significant strength gains (p < 0.01) after the program. There was no significant change in bodyweight, BMI, or speed and distance completed during endurance testing. At the completion of the program, 76% of participants enrolled in a monthly membership at the facility with the intentions to continue to exercise regularly.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence that an accessible community-based exercise program, with a transitional component supported by trained professionals, can support the exercise goals of PwMD and improve strength, decrease pain, and may promote regular exercise adoption for PwMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri A. Morgan
- Enabling Mobility in the Community Laboratory, Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Kerri A. Morgan
| | - Kelly L. Taylor
- Occupational Therapy Program, Murray State University, Paducah, KY, United States
| | - Carla Wilson Walker
- Enabling Mobility in the Community Laboratory, Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Susan Tucker
- Enabling Mobility in the Community Laboratory, Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jessica L. Dashner
- Enabling Mobility in the Community Laboratory, Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Holly Hollingsworth
- Enabling Mobility in the Community Laboratory, Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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van der Scheer JW, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Valentino SE, Davis GM, Ho CH. Functional electrical stimulation cycling exercise after spinal cord injury: a systematic review of health and fitness-related outcomes. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2021; 18:99. [PMID: 34118958 PMCID: PMC8196442 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-021-00882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to summarize and appraise evidence on functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling exercise after spinal cord injury (SCI), in order to inform the development of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. METHODS PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL were searched up to April 2021 to identify FES cycling exercise intervention studies including adults with SCI. In order to capture the widest array of evidence available, any outcome measure employed in such studies was considered eligible. Two independent reviewers conducted study eligibility screening, data extraction, and quality appraisal using Cochranes' Risk of Bias or Downs and Black tools. Each study was designated as a Level 1, 2, 3 or 4 study, dependent on study design and quality appraisal scores. The certainty of the evidence for each outcome was assessed using GRADE ratings ('High', 'Moderate', 'Low', or 'Very low'). RESULTS Ninety-two studies met the eligibility criteria, comprising 999 adults with SCI representing all age, sex, time since injury, lesion level and lesion completeness strata. For muscle health (e.g., muscle mass, fiber type composition), significant improvements were found in 3 out of 4 Level 1-2 studies, and 27 out of 32 Level 3-4 studies (GRADE rating: 'High'). Although lacking Level 1-2 studies, significant improvements were also found in nearly all of 35 Level 3-4 studies on power output and aerobic fitness (e.g., peak power and oxygen uptake during an FES cycling test) (GRADE ratings: 'Low'). CONCLUSION Current evidence indicates that FES cycling exercise improves lower-body muscle health of adults with SCI, and may increase power output and aerobic fitness. The evidence summarized and appraised in this review can inform the development of the first international, evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the use of FES cycling exercise in clinical and community settings of adults with SCI. Registration review protocol: CRD42018108940 (PROSPERO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan W van der Scheer
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School for Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
- The Healthcare Improvement Studies (THIS) Institute, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge, CB2 OAH, UK
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School for Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Sydney E Valentino
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Room IWC EG115, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Glen M Davis
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Chester H Ho
- Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
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Farrow M, Nightingale TE, Maher J, McKay CD, Thompson D, Bilzon JL. Effect of Exercise on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adults With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2020; 101:2177-2205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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van der Scheer JW, Martin Ginis KA, Ditor DS, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Hicks AL, West CR, Wolfe DL. Effects of exercise on fitness and health of adults with spinal cord injury: A systematic review. Neurology 2017; 89:736-745. [PMID: 28733344 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesize and appraise research testing the effects of exercise interventions on fitness, cardiometabolic health, and bone health among adults with spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Electronic databases were searched (1980-2016). Included studies employed exercise interventions for a period ≥2 weeks, involved adults with acute or chronic SCI, and measured fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness, power output, or muscle strength), cardiometabolic health (body composition or cardiovascular risk factors), or bone health outcomes. Evidence was synthesized and appraised using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). RESULTS A total of 211 studies met the inclusion criteria (22 acute, 189 chronic). For chronic SCI, GRADE confidence ratings were moderate to high for evidence showing exercise can improve all of the reviewed outcomes except bone health. For acute SCI, GRADE ratings were very low for all outcomes. For chronic SCI, there was low to moderate confidence in the evidence showing that 2-3 sessions/week of upper body aerobic exercise at a moderate to vigorous intensity for 20-40 minutes, plus upper body strength exercise (3 sets of 10 repetitions at 50%-80% 1-repetition maximum for all large muscle groups), can improve cardiorespiratory fitness, power output, and muscle strength. For chronic SCI, there was low to moderate confidence in the evidence showing that 3-5 sessions per week of upper body aerobic exercise at a moderate to vigorous intensity for 20-44 minutes can improve cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, body composition, and cardiovascular risk. CONCLUSIONS Exercise improves fitness and cardiometabolic health of adults with chronic SCI. The evidence on effective exercise types, frequencies, intensities, and durations should be used to formulate exercise guidelines for adults with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan W van der Scheer
- From the School for Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences (J.W.v.d.S., V.L.G.-T.), Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, UK; School of Health and Exercise Sciences (K.A.M.G.), University of British Columbia, Kelowna; ICORD (K.A.M.G., C.R.W.) and School of Kinesiology (C.R.W.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Department of Kinesiology (D.S.D.), Brock University, St. Catharines; Department of Kinesiology (A.L.H.), McMaster University, Hamilton; and Parkwood Institute (D.L.W.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
| | - Kathleen A Martin Ginis
- From the School for Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences (J.W.v.d.S., V.L.G.-T.), Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, UK; School of Health and Exercise Sciences (K.A.M.G.), University of British Columbia, Kelowna; ICORD (K.A.M.G., C.R.W.) and School of Kinesiology (C.R.W.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Department of Kinesiology (D.S.D.), Brock University, St. Catharines; Department of Kinesiology (A.L.H.), McMaster University, Hamilton; and Parkwood Institute (D.L.W.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada.
| | - David S Ditor
- From the School for Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences (J.W.v.d.S., V.L.G.-T.), Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, UK; School of Health and Exercise Sciences (K.A.M.G.), University of British Columbia, Kelowna; ICORD (K.A.M.G., C.R.W.) and School of Kinesiology (C.R.W.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Department of Kinesiology (D.S.D.), Brock University, St. Catharines; Department of Kinesiology (A.L.H.), McMaster University, Hamilton; and Parkwood Institute (D.L.W.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- From the School for Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences (J.W.v.d.S., V.L.G.-T.), Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, UK; School of Health and Exercise Sciences (K.A.M.G.), University of British Columbia, Kelowna; ICORD (K.A.M.G., C.R.W.) and School of Kinesiology (C.R.W.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Department of Kinesiology (D.S.D.), Brock University, St. Catharines; Department of Kinesiology (A.L.H.), McMaster University, Hamilton; and Parkwood Institute (D.L.W.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
| | - Audrey L Hicks
- From the School for Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences (J.W.v.d.S., V.L.G.-T.), Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, UK; School of Health and Exercise Sciences (K.A.M.G.), University of British Columbia, Kelowna; ICORD (K.A.M.G., C.R.W.) and School of Kinesiology (C.R.W.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Department of Kinesiology (D.S.D.), Brock University, St. Catharines; Department of Kinesiology (A.L.H.), McMaster University, Hamilton; and Parkwood Institute (D.L.W.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
| | - Christopher R West
- From the School for Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences (J.W.v.d.S., V.L.G.-T.), Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, UK; School of Health and Exercise Sciences (K.A.M.G.), University of British Columbia, Kelowna; ICORD (K.A.M.G., C.R.W.) and School of Kinesiology (C.R.W.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Department of Kinesiology (D.S.D.), Brock University, St. Catharines; Department of Kinesiology (A.L.H.), McMaster University, Hamilton; and Parkwood Institute (D.L.W.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
| | - Dalton L Wolfe
- From the School for Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences (J.W.v.d.S., V.L.G.-T.), Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, UK; School of Health and Exercise Sciences (K.A.M.G.), University of British Columbia, Kelowna; ICORD (K.A.M.G., C.R.W.) and School of Kinesiology (C.R.W.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Department of Kinesiology (D.S.D.), Brock University, St. Catharines; Department of Kinesiology (A.L.H.), McMaster University, Hamilton; and Parkwood Institute (D.L.W.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
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Boussetta N, Abedelmalek S, Aloui K, Souissi N, Souissi N. The effect of strength training by electrostimulation at a specific time of day on immune response and anaerobic performances during short-term maximal exercise. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2016.1245379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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