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Filigenzi MS. Mass spectrometry in animal health laboratories: recent history, current applications, and future directions. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024:10406387241270071. [PMID: 39175303 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241270071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has long been considered a cornerstone technique in analytical chemistry. However, the use of MS in animal health laboratories (AHLs) has been limited, however, largely because of the expense involved in purchasing and maintaining these systems. Nevertheless, since ~2020, the use of MS techniques has increased significantly in AHLs. As expected, developments in new instrumentation have shown significant benefits in veterinary analytical toxicology as well as bacteriology. Creative researchers continue to push the boundaries of MS analysis, and MS now promises to impact disciplines other than toxicology and bacteriology. I include a short discussion of MS instrumentation, more detailed discussions of the MS techniques introduced since ~2020, and a variety of new techniques that promise to bring the benefits of MS to disciplines such as virology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Filigenzi
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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2
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Liuu S, Damont A, Perret A, Firmesse O, Becher F, Lavison-Bompard G, Hueber A, Woods AS, Darii E, Fenaille F, Tabet JC. Origin and characterization of cyclodepsipeptides: Comprehensive structural approaches with focus on mass spectrometry analysis of alkali-cationized molecular species. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024. [PMID: 39166474 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Cyclodepsipeptides (CDPs) represent a huge family of chemically and structurally diverse molecules with a wide ability for molecular interactions. CDPs are cyclic peptide-related natural products made up of both proteinogenic and nonproteinogenic amino acids linked by amide and ester bonds. The combined use of different analytical methods is required to accurately determine their integral structures including stereochemistry, thus allowing deeper insights into their often-intriguing bioactivities and their possible usefulness. Our goal is to present the various methods developed to accurately characterize CDPs. Presently, Marfey's method and NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) are still considered the best for characterizing CDP configuration. Nevertheless, electrospray-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-HRMS/MS) is of great value for efficiently resolving CDP's composition and sequences. For instance, recent data shows that the fragmentation of cationized CDPs (e.g., [M + Li]+ and [M + Na]+) leads to selective cleavage of ester bonds and specific cationized product ions (b series) useful to get unprecedented sequence information. Thus, after a brief presentation of their structure, biological functions, and biosynthesis, we also provide a historic overview of these various analytical approaches as well as their advantages and limitations with a special emphasis on the emergence of methods based on HRMS/MS through recent fundamental works and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Liuu
- Staphylococcus, Bacillus & Clostridium (SBCL) unit, Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Annelaure Damont
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA-INRAE, Laboratoire Innovations en Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Santé (LI-MS), DRF/Institut Joliot/DMTS/SPI, MetaboHUB, CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Alain Perret
- Génomique métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Olivier Firmesse
- Staphylococcus, Bacillus & Clostridium (SBCL) unit, Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - François Becher
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA-INRAE, Laboratoire Innovations en Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Santé (LI-MS), DRF/Institut Joliot/DMTS/SPI, MetaboHUB, CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Gwenaëlle Lavison-Bompard
- Pesticides and Marine Biotoxins (PBM) unit, Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Amandine Hueber
- Staphylococcus, Bacillus & Clostridium (SBCL) unit, Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Amina S Woods
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program (NIDA IRP), National Institute of Health (NIH), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ekaterina Darii
- Génomique métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - François Fenaille
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA-INRAE, Laboratoire Innovations en Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Santé (LI-MS), DRF/Institut Joliot/DMTS/SPI, MetaboHUB, CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Claude Tabet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA-INRAE, Laboratoire Innovations en Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Santé (LI-MS), DRF/Institut Joliot/DMTS/SPI, MetaboHUB, CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Faculté des Sciences et de l'Ingénierie, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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3
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Kantnerová K, Kuhlbusch N, Juchelka D, Hilkert A, Kopf S, Neubauer C. A guide to precise measurements of isotope abundance by ESI-Orbitrap MS. Nat Protoc 2024; 19:2435-2466. [PMID: 38654136 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-024-00981-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Stable isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur are widespread in nature. Nevertheless, their relative abundance is not the same everywhere. This is due to kinetic isotope effects in enzymes and other physical principles such as equilibrium thermodynamics. Variations in isotope ratios offer unique insights into environmental pollution, trophic relationships in ecology, metabolic disorders and Earth history including climate history. Although classical isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) techniques still struggle to access intramolecular information like site-specific isotope abundance, electrospray ionization-Orbitrap mass spectrometry can be used to achieve precise and accurate intramolecular quantification of isotopically substituted molecules ('isotopocules'). This protocol describes two procedures. In the first one, we provide a step-by-step beginner's guide for performing multi-elemental, intramolecular and site-specific stable isotope analysis in unlabeled polar solutes by direct infusion. Using a widely available calibration solution, isotopocules of trifluoroacetic acid and immonium ions from the model peptide MRFA are quantified. In the second approach, nitrate is used as a simple model for a flow injection routine that enables access to a diverse range of naturally occurring isotopic signatures in inorganic oxyanions. Each procedure takes 2-3 h to complete and requires expertise only in general mass spectrometry. The workflows use optimized Orbitrap IRMS data-extraction and -processing software and are transferable to various analytes amenable to soft ionization, including metabolites, peptides, drugs and environmental pollutants. Optimized mass spectrometry systems will enable intramolecular isotope research in many areas of biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Kantnerová
- University of Colorado Boulder & Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Nils Kuhlbusch
- Thermo Fisher Scientific GmbH, Bremen, Germany
- University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Sebastian Kopf
- University of Colorado Boulder & Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Cajetan Neubauer
- University of Colorado Boulder & Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), Boulder, CO, USA.
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4
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Geue N. Modern Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Techniques for the Characterization of Supramolecules and Coordination Compounds. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7332-7341. [PMID: 38686955 PMCID: PMC11099892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is routinely used for myriad applications in clinical, industrial, and research laboratories worldwide. Developments in the areas of ionization sources, high-resolution mass analyzers, tandem mass spectrometry, and ion mobility have significantly extended the repertoire of mass spectrometrists; however, for coordination compounds and supramolecules, mass spectrometry remains underexplored and arguably underappreciated. Here, the reader is guided through different tools of modern electrospray ionization mass spectrometry that are suitable for larger inorganic complexes. All steps, from sample preparation and technical details to data analysis and interpretation are discussed. The main target audience of this tutorial is synthetic chemists as well as technicians/mass spectrometrists with little experience in characterizing labile inorganic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Geue
- Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative
Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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Fang D, Yang X, Li J, Zhang Z, Gao Y, Xiao C. Preorganization Effects on Eu(III) Ion Coordination by Dipyridyl-Phenanthroline Ligands: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Analysis. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8171-8179. [PMID: 38655575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Although 1,10-phenanthroline has been proven to hold a strong complexing capacity for f-block elements and their derivatives have been applied in many fields, research on more highly or completely rigid phenanthroline ligands is still rare due to the challenging syntheses. Here, we reported three tetradentate ligands 2,9-di(pyridin-2-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline (L1), 12-(pyridin-2-yl)-5,6-dihydroquinolino[8,7b][1,10]phenanthroline (L2), and 5,6,11,12-tetrahydrobenzo[2,1-b:3,4-b']bis([1,10]phenanthroline) (L3) with increasing preorganization on the side chain; among which, L3 is fully preorganized. Their complexation reactions with Eu(III) were systematically investigated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), UV-vis titrations, and single-crystal structures. It is found that all three ligands form only 1:1 M/L complexes with Eu(III). The single-crystal structures revealed that the three ligands hold similar coordination modes, while their stability constants determined by UV-vis titrations were L3 (4.80 ± 0.01) > L2 (4.38 ± 0.01) > L1 (3.88 ± 0.01). This trend is supported not only by the thermodynamic stability of rigid ligands compared to free ligands but also by the conclusion that rigid ligands exhibit faster reaction rates (lower energy barrier) than free ligands kinetically. This work is helpful in providing theoretical guidance for the subsequent development of highly preorganized chelating ligands with strong coordination ability and high selectivity for f-block elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Fang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengliang Xiao
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
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He X, Yu J, Yin R, Zhang P, Xiao C, Chen X. A Nanoscale Trans-Platinum(II)-Based Supramolecular Coordination Self-Assembly with a Distinct Anticancer Mechanism. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312488. [PMID: 38301714 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Drug resistance significantly hampers the clinical application of existing platinum-based anticancer drugs. New platinum medications that possess distinct mechanisms of action are highly desired for the treatment of Pt-resistant cancers. Herein, a nanoscale trans-platinum(II)-based supramolecular coordination self-assembly (Pt-TCPP-BA) is prepared via using trans-[PtCl2(pyridine)(NH3)] (transpyroplatin), tetracarboxylporphyrin (TCPP), and benzoic acid (BA) as building blocks to combat drug resistance in platinum-based chemotherapy. Mechanistic studies indicate that Pt-TCPP-BA shows a hydrogen-peroxide-responsive dissociation behavior along with the generation of bioactive trans-Pt(II) and TCPP-Pt species. Different from cisplatin, these degradation products interact with DNA via interstrand cross-links and small groove binding, and induce significant upregulation of cell-death-related proteins such as p53, cleaved caspase 3, p21, and phosphorylated H2A histone family member X in cisplatin-resistant cancer cells. As a result, Pt-TCPP-BA exhibits potent killing effects against Pt-resistant tumors both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, this work not only provides a new platinum drug for combating drug-resistant cancer but also offers a new paradigm for the development of platinum-based supramolecular anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xidong He
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Renyong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Chunsheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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Barros O, D'Agostino VG, Lara Santos L, Vitorino R, Ferreira R. Shaping the future of oral cancer diagnosis: advances in salivary proteomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2024; 21:149-168. [PMID: 38626289 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2024.2343585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Saliva has gained increasing attention in the quest for disease biomarkers. Because it is a biological fluid that can be collected is an easy, painless, and safe way, it has been increasingly studied for the identification of oral cancer biomarkers. This is particularly important because oral cancer is often diagnosed at late stages with a poor prognosis. AREAS COVERED The review addresses the evolution of the experimental approaches used in salivary proteomics studies of oral cancer over the years and outlines advantages and pitfalls related to each one. In addition, examines the current landscape of oral cancer biomarker discovery and translation focusing on salivary proteomic studies. This discussion is based on an extensive literature search (PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar). EXPERT OPINION The introduction of mass spectrometry has revolutionized the study of salivary proteomics. In the future, the focus will be on refining existing methods and introducing powerful experimental techniques such as mass spectrometry with selected reaction monitoring, which, despite their effectiveness, are still underutilized due to their high cost. In addition, conducting studies with larger cohorts and establishing standardized protocols for salivary proteomics are key challenges that need to be addressed in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Barros
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network) and Surgical Department of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Vito G D'Agostino
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Lucio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network) and Surgical Department of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network) and Surgical Department of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
- UnIC, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Meija J. Isotopic measurements of carbon dioxide: the role of measurement science and standards. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:2013-2021. [PMID: 37978068 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05000-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Isotopic measurements provide valuable information about the origin of greenhouse gases - as carbon dioxide levels increase, there is a corresponding shift towards lighter isotopic composition similar to that of fossil fuels. Detecting such isotopic shifts, however, requires extremely precise measurements, which must also be globally reproducible in order to make reliable policy decisions. This feature article outlines the collective search for the ideal standard for carbon isotope measurements since the 1950s. This tragicomedy of errors, if you wish, has strengthened the reliability of today's measurements and has taken us from fictional oceans, to toilet seat marbles, and complex mathematical conventions that separate data from reliable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juris Meija
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
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Zhu P, Dubbelman AC, Hunter C, Genangeli M, Karu N, Harms A, Hankemeier T. Development of an Untargeted LC-MS Metabolomics Method with Postcolumn Infusion for Matrix Effect Monitoring in Plasma and Feces. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:590-602. [PMID: 38379502 PMCID: PMC10921459 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Untargeted metabolomics based on reverse phase LC-MS (RPLC-MS) plays a crucial role in biomarker discovery across physiological and disease states. Standardizing the development process of untargeted methods requires paying attention to critical factors that are under discussed or easily overlooked, such as injection parameters, performance assessment, and matrix effect evaluation. In this study, we developed an untargeted metabolomics method for plasma and fecal samples with the optimization and evaluation of these factors. Our results showed that optimizing the reconstitution solvent and sample injection amount was critical for achieving the balance between metabolites coverage and signal linearity. Method validation with representative stable isotopically labeled standards (SILs) provided insights into the analytical performance evaluation of our method. To tackle the issue of the matrix effect, we implemented a postcolumn infusion (PCI) approach to monitor the overall absolute matrix effect (AME) and relative matrix effect (RME). The monitoring revealed distinct AME and RME profiles in plasma and feces. Comparing RME data obtained for SILs through postextraction spiking with those monitored using PCI compounds demonstrated the comparability of these two methods for RME assessment. Therefore, we applied the PCI approach to predict the RME of 305 target compounds covered in our in-house library and found that targets detected in the negative polarity were more vulnerable to the RME, regardless of the sample matrix. Given the value of this PCI approach in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of our method in terms of the matrix effect, we recommend implementing a PCI approach during method development and applying it routinely in untargeted metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Zhu
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, Netherlands
| | - Anne-Charlotte Dubbelman
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CM, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michele Genangeli
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, Netherlands
| | - Naama Karu
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, Netherlands
| | - Amy Harms
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, Netherlands
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Reis A, Augusti R, Eberlin MN. A general, most basic rule for ion dissociation: Protonated molecules. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e5003. [PMID: 38445745 DOI: 10.1002/jms.5003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Contrary to the common but potentially misleading belief that when a protonated molecule is excited, it is its most stable protomer that will mandatorily dissociate, we demonstrate herein that, when rationalizing or predicting the chemistry of such ions, we should always search for the most labile protomer. This "most labile protomer" rule, based on the mobile proton model, states therefore that when a protonated molecule is heated, during ionization or by collisions for instance, the loosely bonded proton (H+ ) can acquire enough energy to detach itself from the most basic site of the molecule and then freely "walk through" the molecular framework to eventually find, if available, another protonation site, forming other less stable but more labile protomers, that is, protomers that may display lower dissociation thresholds. To demonstrate the validity of the "most labile protomer" rule as well as the misleading nature of the "most stable protomer" rule, we have selected several illustrative molecules and have collected their ESI(+)-MS/MS. To compare energies of precursors and products, we have also performed PM7 calculations and elaborated potential energy surface diagrams for their possible protomers and dissociation thresholds. We have also applied the "most labile protomer" rule to reinterpret-exclusively via classical charge-induced dissociation cleavages-several dissociation processes proposed for protonated molecules. In an accompanying letter, we have also applied a similar "most labile electromer" rule to ionized molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Reis
- School of Engineering, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies (MackGraphe), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- School of Engineering, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies (MackGraphe), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Peniche-Pavía HA, González-Rodríguez T, Tiessen A, García-Lara S, Winkler R. Backcrossing Modulates the Metabolic Profiles of Anthocyanin-Pigmented 'Vitamaize' Lines Derived from Elite Maize Lines. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 79:202-208. [PMID: 38334939 PMCID: PMC10891256 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-024-01155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Vitamaize lines (VMLs) were created by backcrossing the pigmented aleurone trait into Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT) maize lines (CMLs). This study evaluates metabolic differences between the VMLs and their original CMLs. Direct infusion mass spectrometry (DIMS) analyses, carotenoid profiling, total anthocyanins content (TAC) determination, and biochemical evaluation of the quality protein maize (QPM) endosperm trait allowed a comprehensive chemical characterization of the maize lines. DIMS data indicate higher hexoses and trigonelline content for most VMLs; the carotenoid profile revealed a decrease in β-cryptoxanthin to less than half of the original parent content for two VMLs but an augmentation for one VML. The pigmented aleurone VMLs did not inherit the complex QPM endosperm trait of the QPM CMLs. Except for anthocyanin accumulation, no other metabolites were consistently modified across all the backcross-generated maize lines with a pigmented aleurone trait. These findings suggest using genetic or metabolic markers rather than morphological or visual traits for future breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Arturo Peniche-Pavía
- Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato and UGA-Langebio Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, 36824, Irapuato, Gto., Mexico
- Cinvestav Unidad Mérida, Department of Marine Resources, 97310, Mérida, Yuc., Mexico
| | - Tzitziki González-Rodríguez
- Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato and UGA-Langebio Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, 36824, Irapuato, Gto., Mexico
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, EIC, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Axel Tiessen
- Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato and UGA-Langebio Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, 36824, Irapuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Silvero García-Lara
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, EIC, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Robert Winkler
- Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato and UGA-Langebio Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, 36824, Irapuato, Gto., Mexico.
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Romanczyk M. Chemical compositional analysis of jet fuels: Contributions of mass spectrometry in the 21st century. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:345-368. [PMID: 36458483 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Jet fuels are complex mixtures composed of many individual compounds that influence crucial chemical and physical properties. Approximately over the last 20 years, mass spectrometry studies provided important and extensive qualitative and quantitative information of the compounds that make up jet fuels. This review presents these main findings, evaluates the analytical methods utilized, and summarizes the hydrocarbons, nitrogen-, oxygen- and sulfur-containing compounds characterized in the jet fuels. Potential areas where mass spectrometry may play important roles in the future will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Romanczyk
- Chemical Sensing and Fuel Technology Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Araújo TCDL, Menezes PMN, Ribeiro TF, Macêdo CAF, Souza NACD, Lima KSB, Figueredo HFD, Silva FS, Rolim LA. Cannabis sativa L. roots from Northeast Brazil reduce abdominal contortions in a mouse model of primary dysmenorrhea. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116891. [PMID: 37423518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Although the root of Cannabis sativa L. has been mentioned in some regions, such as the Vale do São Francisco, for its potential traditional medicinal use as an anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, and against gastrointestinal diseases, it has received little exploration and discussion. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to perform a chemical analysis of an aqueous extract of Cannabis sativa roots (AqECsR) and evaluate its pharmacological effects against uterine disorders, in vivo and ex vivo, in rodents. MATERIALS AND METHODS The roots were provided by the Brazilian Federal Police, and the freeze-dried extract was used for the chemical analysis of the AqECsR by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The sample was subsequently used in three doses for pharmacological assays (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg), which included the spasmolytic activity test and the primary dysmenorrhea test. The primary dysmenorrhea test aimed to verify the effect of AqECsR on induced abdominal contortions in female mice in vivo and to perform a morphometric analysis of the organs. Association tests at subtherapeutic doses of AqECsR with antidysmenorrheic drugs were also performed. RESULTS The data obtained by HPLC-MS suggested the presence of four substances: cannabisativine, anhydrocannabisativine, feruloyltyramine, and p-coumaroyltyramine. In the pharmacological assays, the AqECsR showed no spasmolytic effect. However, in the antidysmenorrheal activity test, AqECsR demonstrated a significant in vivo effect of reducing oxytocin-induced abdominal contortions. Morphometric analysis of the uterus showed no significant organ enlargement effect, and the association of AqECsR with subtherapeutic doses of three drugs used in antidysmenorrheal therapy (mefenamic acid, scopolamine, and nifedipine) showed an effect in reducing abdominal contortions. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, AqECsR contains four chemical compounds and exhibits an antidysmenorrheic effect both alone and in association with drugs, reducing abdominal contortions in female mice without generating organ enlargement in the animals. Further studies are needed to prove the mechanism of action by which AqECsR promotes its effect on primary dysmenorrhea and to explore its associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarcísio Cícero de Lima Araújo
- Central for Analysis of Drugs, Medicines and Food (CAFMA), Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Pernambuco, Brazil; Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | | | - Tiago Feitosa Ribeiro
- Central for Analysis of Drugs, Medicines and Food (CAFMA), Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Pernambuco, Brazil; Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | | | - Nathália Andrezza Carvalho de Souza
- Central for Analysis of Drugs, Medicines and Food (CAFMA), Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Pernambuco, Brazil; Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Kátia Simoni Bezerra Lima
- Central for Analysis of Drugs, Medicines and Food (CAFMA), Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Pernambuco, Brazil; Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Heberte Fernandes de Figueredo
- Graduation in Agronomic Engineering, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Fabrício Souza Silva
- Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Araújo Rolim
- Central for Analysis of Drugs, Medicines and Food (CAFMA), Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Pernambuco, Brazil; Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Marzoog B. Breathomics Detect the Cardiovascular Disease: Delusion or Dilution of the Metabolomic Signature. Curr Cardiol Rev 2024; 20:68-76. [PMID: 38318837 PMCID: PMC11327829 DOI: 10.2174/011573403x283768240124065853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be subdivided into exogenous and endogenous categories based on their origin. Analyzing the endogenous VOCs can provide insights into maintaining the internal organs' homeostasis. Despite the ongoing development and the current understanding, studies have suggested a link between cardiovascular metabolic alterations in patients with ischemic heart disease and elevated levels of ethane and isoprene detectable through exhaled breath analysis. Conversely, patients with chronic heart failure exhibit elevated acetone and pentane in their exhaled air. These substances originate from disturbances in the heart tissue, including cellular and subcellular modulations. Hypothetically, ethane levels in the exhaled breath analysis can demonstrate the severity of ischemic heart disease and, consequently, the risk of death in the next 10 years due to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Real-time direct mass spectrometry is the preferred method for assessing VOCs in exhaled breath analysis. The accuracy of this analysis depends on several factors, including the selection of the relevant breath fraction, the type of breath collection container (if used), and the pre-concentration technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer Marzoog
- World-Class Research Center, Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
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15
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Wiest LA, Hepner JR, Fisher JE, Risha KM, Lidgett JH, Ballarotto VN, Konschnik JD. Stability Study and Handling Recommendations for Multiresidue Pesticide Mixes under Diverse Storage Conditions for LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. J AOAC Int 2023; 106:1550-1563. [PMID: 37701991 PMCID: PMC10628962 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsad096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In response to the growing global need for pesticide residue testing, laboratories must develop versatile analytical methods and workflows to produce scientifically sound results. One of the many challenges faced by food chemists is acquiring suitable pesticide certified reference materials (CRMs) to calibrate analytical equipment, monitor method performance, and confirm the identity and concentration of hundreds of pesticide residues in food samples. CRM producers invest considerable resources to ensure the stability of their products. OBJECTIVE To present proper CRM handling and storage practices as guidance to ensure stability based on the results of several multiresidue pesticide stability studies. METHODS The open ampoule and combined multiresidue mix studies were conducted under controlled conditions. New ampoules containing multiresidue pesticide CRM mixtures were opened and compared to previously opened ampoules at multiple intervals while stored under freezing and refrigerated temperatures. Both LC- and GC-amenable pesticides (>200 residues) were combined and stored under typical laboratory conditions. Studies were performed with and without celery matrix. RESULTS The open ampoule study showed high levels of stability for all mixtures. All GC residues remained stable over the duration of the experiment. A week after opening LC multiresidue pesticide mixtures showed minor degradation. After combination of the multiresidue pesticide mixtures, degradation occurred rapidly for both the GC and LC mixtures. CONCLUSION Multiresidue pesticide mixtures are stable as ampullated until they are opened. Once the contents of a kit were opened and combined, decreasing stability was observed over time. This was true for both the LC and GC kits. Working mixtures of CRMs for instrument calibration should be made daily. HIGHLIGHTS This article shows a novel approach for measuring stability of CRM mixes. In-depth analysis of multiresidue pesticide mixtures and the stability that can be expected before and after mixing under typical storage conditions is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon A Wiest
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, PA 16823, United States
| | - Jana R Hepner
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, PA 16823, United States
| | - Jason E Fisher
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, PA 16823, United States
| | - Karen M Risha
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, PA 16823, United States
| | - John H Lidgett
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, PA 16823, United States
| | | | - Joseph D Konschnik
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, PA 16823, United States
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16
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Li Z, Wang Z, Wang C, Li W, Fan W, Zhao R, Feng H, Peng D, Huang W. Mechanoluminescent Materials Enable Mechanochemically Controlled Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and Polymer Mechanotransduction. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0243. [PMID: 37795336 PMCID: PMC10546606 DOI: 10.34133/research.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic mechanophores have been widely adopted for polymer mechanotransduction. However, most examples of polymer mechanotransduction inevitably experience macromolecular chain rupture, and few of them mimic mussel's mechanochemical regeneration, a mechanically mediated process from functional units to functional materials in a controlled manner. In this paper, inorganic mechanoluminescent (ML) materials composed of CaZnOS-ZnS-SrZnOS: Mn2+ were used as a mechanotransducer since it features both piezoelectricity and mechanolunimescence. The utilization of ML materials in polymerization enables both mechanochemically controlled radical polymerization and the synthesis of ML polymer composites. This procedure features a mechanochemically controlled manner for the design and synthesis of diverse mechanoresponsive polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexuan Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Wenxi Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Wenru Fan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Ruoqing Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Haoyang Feng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Dengfeng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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Kaczmarek M, Zhang N, Buzhansky L, Gilead S, Gazit E. Optimization Strategies for Mass Spectrometry-Based Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis of Small Polar Molecules in Human Plasma. Metabolites 2023; 13:923. [PMID: 37623867 PMCID: PMC10456887 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The untargeted approach to mass spectrometry-based metabolomics has a wide potential to investigate health and disease states, identify new biomarkers for diseases, and elucidate metabolic pathways. All this holds great promise for many applications in biological and chemical research. However, the complexity of instrumental parameters on advanced hybrid mass spectrometers can make the optimization of the analytical method immensely challenging. Here, we report a strategy to optimize the selected settings of a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for untargeted metabolomics studies of human plasma, as a sample matrix. Specifically, we evaluated the effects of the reconstitution solvent in the sample preparation procedure, the injection volume employed, and different mass spectrometry-related operating parameters including mass range, the number of data-dependent fragmentation scans, collision energy mode, duration of dynamic exclusion time, and mass resolution settings on the metabolomics data quality and output. This study highlights key instrumental variables influencing the detection of metabolites along with suggested settings for the IQ-X tribrid system and proposes a new methodological framework to ensure increased metabolome coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kaczmarek
- Division of Metabolite Medicine, Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (N.Z.); (L.B.); (S.G.); (E.G.)
| | - Nanyun Zhang
- Division of Metabolite Medicine, Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (N.Z.); (L.B.); (S.G.); (E.G.)
| | - Ludmila Buzhansky
- Division of Metabolite Medicine, Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (N.Z.); (L.B.); (S.G.); (E.G.)
| | - Sharon Gilead
- Division of Metabolite Medicine, Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (N.Z.); (L.B.); (S.G.); (E.G.)
| | - Ehud Gazit
- Division of Metabolite Medicine, Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (N.Z.); (L.B.); (S.G.); (E.G.)
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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18
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Karatt TK, Muhammed Ajeebsanu M, Karakka Kal AK, Subhahar MB, Sathiq MA, Laya S. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry adduct formation by mobile phase additives: A case study using nitrile functional groups containing selective androgen receptor modulators. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9530. [PMID: 37125537 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The formation of mass adducts is common during electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). However, the mechanism that leads to adduct formation is poorly understood and difficult to control. Multiplication of mass adducts at once will adversely impact the sensitivity of mass analysis and cause misinterpretation of the level of detection. Prior studies on selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) revealed an immense mass adduct formation in both positive and negative ESI modes. METHODS In this study, additives in the mobile phases are investigated as a potential means of controlling mass adduct formation in various SARMs. RESULTS The first evidence of chloride adduct formation when SARMs are detected via ESI-MS has been reported in this research. A series of mobile phase combinations were tested to achieve the optimal condition for HPLC-MS. A comparison was also made between adduct formation on various grades of water used for preparing the mobile phase. A validation study using equine urine and plasma was also conducted to assess the suitability of the developed method. CONCLUSION The results of this study will allow for a more accurate identification of SARMs, which will make it easier to investigate their illicit use in horse racing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajudheen Kunhamu Karatt
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli, India
| | | | | | | | - Mohamedkhani Anwar Sathiq
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Saraswathy Laya
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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19
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Hatvany JB, Gallagher ES. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange for the analysis of carbohydrates. Carbohydr Res 2023; 530:108859. [PMID: 37290371 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates and glycans are integral to many biological processes, including cell-cell recognition and energy storage. However, carbohydrates are often difficult to analyze due to the high degree of isomerism present. One method being developed to distinguish these isomeric species is hydrogen/deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). In HDX-MS, carbohydrates are exposed to a deuterated reagent and the functional groups with labile hydrogen atoms, including hydroxyls and amides, exchange with the 1 amu heavier isotope, deuterium. These labels can then be detected by MS, which monitors the mass increase with the addition of D-labels. The observed rate of exchange is dependent on the exchanging functional group, the accessibility of the exchanging functional group, and the presence of hydrogen bonds. Herein, we discuss how HDX has been applied in the solution-phase, gas-phase, and during MS ionization to label carbohydrates and glycans. Additionally, we compare differences in the conformations that are labeled, the labeling timeframes, and applications of each of these methods. Finally, we comment on future opportunities for development and use of HDX-MS to analyze glycans and glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Hatvany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Elyssia S Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
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Brožová K, Hantusch B, Kenner L, Kratochwill K. Spatial Proteomics for the Molecular Characterization of Breast Cancer. Proteomes 2023; 11:17. [PMID: 37218922 PMCID: PMC10204503 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes11020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a major global health issue, affecting a significant proportion of the female population and contributing to high rates of mortality. One of the primary challenges in the treatment of BC is the disease's heterogeneity, which can lead to ineffective therapies and poor patient outcomes. Spatial proteomics, which involves the study of protein localization within cells, offers a promising approach for understanding the biological processes that contribute to cellular heterogeneity within BC tissue. To fully leverage the potential of spatial proteomics, it is critical to identify early diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and to understand protein expression levels and modifications. The subcellular localization of proteins is a key factor in their physiological function, making the study of subcellular localization a major challenge in cell biology. Achieving high resolution at the cellular and subcellular level is essential for obtaining an accurate spatial distribution of proteins, which in turn can enable the application of proteomics in clinical research. In this review, we present a comparison of current methods of spatial proteomics in BC, including untargeted and targeted strategies. Untargeted strategies enable the detection and analysis of proteins and peptides without a predetermined molecular focus, whereas targeted strategies allow the investigation of a predefined set of proteins or peptides of interest, overcoming the limitations associated with the stochastic nature of untargeted proteomics. By directly comparing these methods, we aim to provide insights into their strengths and limitations and their potential applications in BC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Brožová
- Core Facility Proteomics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Division of Molecular and Structural Preclinical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Unit of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Hantusch
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Unit of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- CBmed GmbH—Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Applied Metabolomics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Kratochwill
- Core Facility Proteomics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Stress Research in Peritoneal Dialysis, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Saiki T, Ogata G, Sawamura S, Asai K, Razvina O, Watanabe K, Kato R, Zhang Q, Akiyama K, Madhurantakam S, Ahmad NB, Ino D, Nashimoto H, Matsumoto Y, Moriyama M, Horii A, Kondo C, Ochiai R, Kusuhara H, Saijo Y, Einaga Y, Hibino H. A strategy for low-cost portable monitoring of plasma drug concentrations using a sustainable boron-doped-diamond chip. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15963. [PMID: 37234605 PMCID: PMC10205593 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
On-site monitoring of plasma drug concentrations is required for effective therapies. Recently developed handy biosensors are not yet popular owing to insufficient evaluation of accuracy on clinical samples and the necessity of complicated costly fabrication processes. Here, we approached these bottlenecks via a strategy involving engineeringly unmodified boron-doped diamond (BDD), a sustainable electrochemical material. A sensing system based on a ∼1 cm2 BDD chip, when analysing rat plasma spiked with a molecular-targeting anticancer drug, pazopanib, detected clinically relevant concentrations. The response was stable in 60 sequential measurements on the same chip. In a clinical study, data obtained with a BDD chip were consistent with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry results. Finally, the portable system with a palm-sized sensor containing the chip analysed ∼40 μL of whole blood from dosed rats within ∼10 min. This approach with the 'reusable' sensor may improve point-of-monitoring systems and personalised medicine while reducing medical costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Saiki
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Genki Ogata
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Seishiro Sawamura
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kai Asai
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Olga Razvina
- G-MedEx Project, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kota Watanabe
- Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Rito Kato
- Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Qi Zhang
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Koei Akiyama
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Sasya Madhurantakam
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norzahirah Binti Ahmad
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ino
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruma Nashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Matsumoto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masato Moriyama
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Arata Horii
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Chie Kondo
- Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc., 1, Nishinokyo-shimoai-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 604-8436, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ochiai
- Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc., 1, Nishinokyo-shimoai-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 604-8436, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuo Saijo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hibino
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- AMED-CREST, AMED, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Neubauer C, Kantnerová K, Lamothe A, Savarino J, Hilkert A, Juchelka D, Hinrichs KU, Elvert M, Heuer V, Elsner M, Bakkour R, Julien M, Öztoprak M, Schouten S, Hattori S, Dittmar T. Discovering Nature's Fingerprints: Isotope Ratio Analysis on Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:525-537. [PMID: 36971362 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For a generation or more, the mass spectrometry that developed at the frontier of molecular biology was worlds apart from isotope ratio mass spectrometry, a label-free approach done on optimized gas-source magnetic sector instruments. Recent studies show that electrospray-ionization Orbitraps and other mass spectrometers widely used in the life sciences can be fine-tuned for high-precision isotope ratio analysis. Since isotope patterns form everywhere in nature based on well-understood principles, intramolecular isotope measurements allow unique insights into a fascinating range of research topics. This Perspective introduces a wider readership to current topics in stable isotope research with the aim of discussing how soft-ionization mass spectrometry coupled with ultrahigh mass resolution can enable long-envisioned progress. We highlight novel prospects of observing isotopes in intact polar compounds and speculate on future directions of this adventure into the overlapping realms of biology, chemistry, and geology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cajetan Neubauer
- University of Colorado Boulder & Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Kristýna Kantnerová
- University of Colorado Boulder & Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Alexis Lamothe
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Grenoble-INP, IGE, Grenoble 38400, France
| | - Joel Savarino
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Grenoble-INP, IGE, Grenoble 38400, France
| | | | | | - Kai-Uwe Hinrichs
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Marcus Elvert
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Verena Heuer
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Martin Elsner
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Rani Bakkour
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Maxime Julien
- GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Merve Öztoprak
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel 1797 SZ, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Schouten
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel 1797 SZ, Netherlands
| | - Shohei Hattori
- International Center for Isotope Effects Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Thorsten Dittmar
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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23
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Camunas-Alberca SM, Moran-Garrido M, Sáiz J, Gil-de-la-Fuente A, Barbas C, Gradillas A. Integrating the potential of ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry in the separation and structural characterisation of lipid isomers. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1112521. [PMID: 37006618 PMCID: PMC10060977 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1112521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that a more detailed molecular structure analysis of isomeric lipids is critical to better understand their roles in biological processes. The occurrence of isomeric interference complicates conventional tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based determination, necessitating the development of more specialised methodologies to separate lipid isomers. The present review examines and discusses recent lipidomic studies based on ion mobility spectrometry combined with mass spectrometry (IMS-MS). Selected examples of the separation and elucidation of structural and stereoisomers of lipids are described based on their ion mobility behaviour. These include fatty acyls, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and sterol lipids. Recent approaches for specific applications to improve isomeric lipid structural information using direct infusion, coupling imaging, or liquid chromatographic separation workflows prior to IMS-MS are also discussed, including: 1) strategies to improve ion mobility shifts; 2) advanced tandem MS methods based on activation of lipid ions with electrons or photons, or gas-phase ion-molecule reactions; and 3) the use of chemical derivatisation techniques for lipid characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Camunas-Alberca
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Maria Moran-Garrido
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Jorge Sáiz
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Alberto Gil-de-la-Fuente
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Ana Gradillas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
- *Correspondence: Ana Gradillas,
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24
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Jacob F. Computational and theoretical investigation of the geometrical structures, vibrational spectra and thermodynamic properties of the ionic and molecular clusters existing in vapours over strontium diiodide. Mol Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2023.2172972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fortunatus Jacob
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dar es salaam, Dar es salaam, Tanzania
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25
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Xi Y, Sohn AL, Joignant AN, Cologna SM, Prentice BM, Muddiman DC. SMART: A data reporting standard for mass spectrometry imaging. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2023; 58:e4904. [PMID: 36740651 PMCID: PMC10078510 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is an important analytical technique that simultaneously reports the spatial location and abundance of detected ions in biological, chemical, clinical, and pharmaceutical studies. As MSI grows in popularity, it has become evident that data reporting varies among different research groups and between techniques. The lack of consistency in data reporting inherently creates additional challenges in comparing intra- and inter-laboratory MSI data. In this tutorial, we propose a unified data reporting system, SMART, based on the common features shared between techniques. While there are limitations to any reporting system, SMART was decided upon after significant discussion to more easily understand and benchmark MSI data. SMART is not intended to be comprehensive but rather capture essential baseline information for a given MSI study; this could be within a study (e.g., effect of spot size on the measured ion signals) or between two studies (e.g., different MSI platform technologies applied to the same tissue type). This tutorial does not attempt to address the confidence with which annotations are made nor does it deny the importance of other parameters that are not included in the current SMART format. Ultimately, the goal of this tutorial is to discuss the necessity of establishing a uniform reporting system to communicate MSI data in publications and presentations in a simple format to readily interpret the parameters and baseline outcomes of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xi
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of ChemistryNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation CenterNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Alexandria L. Sohn
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of ChemistryNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Alena N. Joignant
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of ChemistryNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | | | - David C. Muddiman
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of ChemistryNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation CenterNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
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26
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Online coupling of matrix solid-phase dispersion to direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry for high-throughput analysis of regulated chemicals in consumer products. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1239:340677. [PMID: 36628757 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The current work is the first study on online coupling of matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) to direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) bridging with solid-phase analytical derivatization (SPAD) based on a graphene oxide nanosheets (GONs)-coated cotton swab. Proof-of-concept demonstrations were explored for high-throughput analysis of a diversity of regulated chemicals in consumer products such as textiles, toys, and cosmetics. On-demand sorbent combinations were blended with samples, packed into MSPD columns, and mounted on a homemade 3D-printed rack module for automated sample feeding. To achieve good synergy between MSPD and DART-MS, a cotton swab with a conical tip deposited with GONs was attached to the bottom of the MSPD column. The swabs serve as a solid-phase microextraction probe for convenient enrichment of the eluted analytes from MSPD, thermal desorption of the enriched analytes by DART, and sensitive detection by a hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Furthermore, the utility of an on-swab SPAD strategy was demonstrated for the detection of formaldehyde by use of the derivatizing reagent of dansyl hydrazine, contributing to improved ionization efficiency without compromising the overall coherence of the analytical workflow. The MSPD-DART-MS methodology was systematically optimized and validated, obtaining acceptable recovery (71.7-110.3%), repeatability (11.8-19.3%), and sensitivity (limits of detection and quantitation in the ranges of 6.2-19.5 and 23.7-75.9 μg/kg) for 32 target analytes. The developed protocol streamlined sample extraction, clean-up, desorption, ionization, and detection, highlighting the appealing potential for high-throughput analysis of samples with complex matrices.
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27
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Hueber A, Green M, Ujma J, Richardson K, Gimbert Y, Cenac N, Bertrand-Michel J, Tabet JC. Energy-Resolved Ion Mobility Spectrometry: Composite Breakdown Curves for Distinguishing Isomeric Product Ions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:36-47. [PMID: 36488200 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Identification of lipopeptides (LpAA) synthesized from bacteria involves the study of structural characterization. Twenty LpAA have been characterized using commercial tandem high-resolution mass spectrometers in negative electrospray, employing nonresonant excitation in "RF only" collision cells and generally behave identically. However, [LpAA-H]- (AA = Asp or Glu) shows surprising fragmentation pathways, yielding a complementary fatty acid carboxylate and dehydrated amino acid fragment anions. In this study, the dissociation mechanisms of [C12Glu-H]- were determinate using energy-resolved mass spectrometry (ERMS). Product ion breakdown profiles are, generally, unimodal with full width at half-maximum (fwhm) increasing as product ion m/z ratios decrease, except for the two product ions of interest (fatty acid carboxylate and dehydrated glutamate) characterized by broad and composite profiles. Such behavior was already shown for other ions using a custom-built guided ion beam mass spectrometer. In this study, we investigate the meaning of these particular profiles from an ERMS breakdown, using fragmentation mechanisms depending on the collision energy. ERMS on line with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), here called ER-IMS, provides a way to probe such questions. Broad or composite profiles imply that the corresponding product ions may be generated by two (or more) pathways, resulting in common or isomeric product ion structures. ER-IMS analysis indicates that the fatty acid carboxylate product ion is produced with a common structure through different pathways, while dehydrated glutamate has two isomeric forms depending on the mechanism involved. Drift time values correlate with the calculated collision cross section that confirms the product ion structures and fragmentation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Hueber
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, ToulouseF-31077, France
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, INP ENVT, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, ToulouseF-31024, France
- I2MC, INSERM, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, ToulouseF-31432, France
| | - Martin Green
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, WilmslowSK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Jakub Ujma
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, WilmslowSK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Richardson
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, WilmslowSK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Yves Gimbert
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté des Sciences et de l'Ingénierie, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), F-75005Paris, France
- Département de chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS, 5250, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38050Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Cenac
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, INP ENVT, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, ToulouseF-31024, France
| | - Justine Bertrand-Michel
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, ToulouseF-31077, France
- I2MC, INSERM, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, ToulouseF-31432, France
| | - Jean-Claude Tabet
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, ToulouseF-31077, France
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté des Sciences et de l'Ingénierie, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), F-75005Paris, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, F-91191Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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28
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Murray KK. Resolution and Resolving Power in Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:2342-2347. [PMID: 36373965 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The term resolution is one of the most important in mass spectrometry because it describes the ability to separate peaks in mass spectra. The term resolving power is often used to describe the ability of a mass spectrometer to resolve adjacent peaks in a mass spectrum and is often used interchangeably with resolution. The separation of peaks for singly charged ions can be expressed as a mass difference Δm and the ratio m/Δm is often given as a quantitative measure of the ability of a mass spectrometer to separate ions. Over the past 50 years, several definitions of mass resolution and mass resolving power have been recommended both by the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry and the American Society for Mass Spectrometry that define both resolution or resolving power as m/Δm which has led to confusion about the proper use of these terms. The goal of this work is to investigate the origins and use as well as prior and current definitions of resolution and resolving power and make recommendations for the definition of these terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kermit K Murray
- Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University Baton Rouge 70803, Louisiana, United States
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29
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Estrada P, Bañares-Hidalgo Á, Pérez-Gil J. Disulfide bonds in the SAPA domain of the pulmonary surfactant protein B precursor. J Proteomics 2022; 269:104722. [PMID: 36108905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The disulfide bonds formed in the SAPA domain of a recombinant version of the NH2-terminal propeptide (SP-BN) from the precursor of human pulmonary surfactant protein B (SP-B) were identified through sequential digestion of SP-BN with GluC/trypsin or thermolysin/GluC, followed by mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. MS spectra allowed identification of disulfide bonds between Cys32-Cys49 and Cys40-Cys55, and we propose a disulfide connectivity pattern of 1-3 and 2-4 within the SAPA domain, with the Cys residues numbered according to their position from the N-terminus of the propeptide sequence. The peaks with m/z ∼ 2136 and ∼ 1780 in the MS spectrum of the GluC/trypsin digest were assigned to peptides 24AWTTSSLACAQGPE37 and 45QALQCR50 linked by Cys32-Cys49 and 38FWCQSLE44 and 51ALGHCLQE58 linked by Cys40-Cys55 respectively. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis verified the position of the bonds. The results of the series ions, immonium ions and internal fragment ions were all compatible with the proposed 1-3/2-4 position of the disulfide bonds in the SAPA domain. This X-pattern differs from the kringle-type found in the SAPB domain of the SAPLIP proteins, where the first Cys in the sequence links to the last, the second to the penultimate and the third to the fourth one. Regarding the SAPB domain of the SP-BN propeptide, the MS analysis of both digests identified the bond Cys100-Cys112, numbered 7-8, which is coincident with the bond position in the kringle motif. SIGNIFICANCE: The SAPLIP (saposin-like proteins) family encompasses several proteins with homology to saposins (sphingolipids activator proteins). These are proteins with mainly alpha-helical folds, compact packing including well conserved disulfide bonds and ability to interact with phospholipids and membranes. There are two types of saposin-like domains termed as Saposin A (SAPA) and Saposin B (SAPB) domains. While disulfide connectivity has been well established in several SAPB domains, the position of disulfide bonds in SAPA domains is still unknown. The present study approaches a detailed proteomic study to determine disulfide connectivity in the SAPA domain of the precursor of human pulmonary surfactant-associated protein SP-B. This task has been a challenge requiring the combination of different sequential proteolytic treatments followed by MS analysis including MALDI-TOF and tandem mass MS/MS spectrometry. The determination for first time of the position of disulfide bonds in SAPA domains is an important step to understand the structural determinants defining its biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Estrada
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Bañares-Hidalgo
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Pérez-Gil
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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30
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Analytical Methods Committee, AMCTB No. 111. A periodic table for liquid chromatography separation modes. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3033-3037. [PMID: 35916192 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay90085h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The increasing trend for non-expert users to undertake analytical measurements using an expanding range of chromatographic approaches can lead to the use of unsuitable separation methods and the generation of poor-quality data. Technical Brief AMCTB No. 107 introduced liquid chromatography and guidance on selection of the appropriate separation modality. This publication aims to provide a quick and easy to use educational tool for optimizing the mode of liquid chromatographic separation. It will be of value to both expert and non-expert users across the natural, life and physical sciences.
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31
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Laser-induced electron transfer desorption/ionization on MoO 3 and WO 3 surfaces for the determination of dithiocarbamates. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6929-6937. [PMID: 35930007 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Surface layers of molybdenum oxide MoO3 and tungsten oxide WO3 produced by thermal oxidation of molybdenum and tungsten plates in the air were studied for the first time as a platform for laser-induced electron transfer desorption/ionization. High analytical performance of such layers for the determination of metal complexes with dithiocarbamates, such as tetramethylthiuram disulfide, tetraethylthiuram disulfide, and diethyldithiocarbamate, has been demonstrated. All studied complexes are detected as radical cations, with no fragment ions. The ion yields from MoO3 and WO3 surfaces were found to be more than two orders of magnitude higher than those from nanocrystalline silicon surfaces. A novel method has been developed for the determination of trace amounts of dithiocarbamates based on the complexation of analytes with gold ions, followed by laser-induced electron transfer desorption/ionization. The limits of detection of dithiocarbamates were estimated to be about 1 ng/mL. The proposed method was successfully applied to the rapid screening of tetramethylthiuram disulfide residues in juice.
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32
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Lacroix-Andrivet O, Moualdi S, Hubert-Roux M, Loutelier Bourhis C, Mendes Siqueira AL, Afonso C. Molecular Characterization of Formulated Lubricants and Additive Packages Using Kendrick Mass Defect Determined by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1194-1203. [PMID: 35709480 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Formulated lubricants correspond to high value products used for several applications in automotive, industrial, medicinal, and agro-food sectors. They correspond to complex matrices composed of approximately 80% of base oils (mineral or synthetic) and of about 20% of additives. Additives are generally low molecular weight polymeric molecules with a great diversity of elements. To characterize such complex compositions at the molecular level, ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometers are required. Two formulated lubricants and two additive packages were analyzed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry in direct infusion. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) sources were used to have an exhaustive characterization of the samples. The Kendrick mass defects (KMD) plot is a widespread representation to characterize polymeric molecules. Here, the terms apparent mass defect and apparent Kendrick mass defects (aKMD) values were introduced to consider the uncertainty on nominal mass determination. Several additive families including alkyldiphenylamines, trisalkylphenylthiophosphoric acid, zinc dithiophosphates, bisuccinimide dispersants, and their derivatives were observed by APCI(+). ESI(-) also presented a use for the selective ionization of acidic compounds including sulfonates, phenates, and sulfur phenate molecules. The specific aKMD values and polydispersity of many additive families have been reported to create a database of additives. Overall, this study demonstrated the great utility of the aKMD approach and the use of the ESI/APCI combination for a simple and fast characterization of formulated lubricant and additive package samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Lacroix-Andrivet
- TotalEnergies Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360 Solaize, France
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Samira Moualdi
- TotalEnergies Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Marie Hubert-Roux
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Corinne Loutelier Bourhis
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Anna Luiza Mendes Siqueira
- TotalEnergies Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360 Solaize, France
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
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33
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Chen M, Shang Y, Bai H, Ma Q. Electromembrane Extraction and Dual-Channel Nanoelectrospray Ionization Coupled with a Miniature Mass Spectrometer: Incorporation of a Dicationic Ionic Liquid-Induced Charge Inversion Strategy. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9472-9480. [PMID: 35737371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Green analytical chemistry aims at developing analytical methods with minimum use and generation of hazardous substances for the protection of human health and the environment. To address this need, a green analytical protocol has been developed for the analysis of anionic compounds integrating electromembrane extraction (EME), dual-channel nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI), and a miniature mass spectrometer. Haloacetic acids (HAAs) have attracted considerable public concern due to their adverse effects on human health and were selected as model analytes for method development. A flat membrane EME device was developed and assembled in-house. Optimization of fundamental operational parameters was performed using single-factor test and response surface methodology. Both the EME acceptor phase and an imidazolium-based dicationic ionic liquid (DIL), 1,1-bis(3-methylimidazolium-1-yl) butylene difluoride (C4(MIM)2F2), were subjected to dual-channel nanoESI and miniature mass spectrometry analysis based on a charge inversion strategy, where positively charged complexes were formed. Enhancement in signal intensity by as much as 2 magnitudes was achieved in the positive-ion mode compared to the negative-ion mode in the absence of the dicationic ion-pairing agent. The developed protocol was validated, obtaining good recoveries ranging from 82.7 to 109.9% and satisfactory sensitivity with limits of detection (LODs) and quantitation (LOQs) in the ranges of 1-5 and 2-10 μg/L, respectively. The greenness of the analytical procedure was assessed with a calculated score of 0.71, indicating a high degree of greenness. The developed method was applied to the analysis of real environmental or municipal water samples (n = 16), exhibiting appealing potential for outside-the-laboratory applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yuhan Shang
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
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Paulhe N, Canlet C, Damont A, Peyriga L, Durand S, Deborde C, Alves S, Bernillon S, Berton T, Bir R, Bouville A, Cahoreau E, Centeno D, Costantino R, Debrauwer L, Delabrière A, Duperier C, Emery S, Flandin A, Hohenester U, Jacob D, Joly C, Jousse C, Lagree M, Lamari N, Lefebvre M, Lopez-Piffet C, Lyan B, Maucourt M, Migne C, Olivier MF, Rathahao-Paris E, Petriacq P, Pinelli J, Roch L, Roger P, Roques S, Tabet JC, Tremblay-Franco M, Traïkia M, Warnet A, Zhendre V, Rolin D, Jourdan F, Thévenot E, Moing A, Jamin E, Fenaille F, Junot C, Pujos-Guillot E, Giacomoni F. PeakForest: a multi-platform digital infrastructure for interoperable metabolite spectral data and metadata management. Metabolomics 2022; 18:40. [PMID: 35699774 PMCID: PMC9197906 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01899-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accuracy of feature annotation and metabolite identification in biological samples is a key element in metabolomics research. However, the annotation process is often hampered by the lack of spectral reference data in experimental conditions, as well as logistical difficulties in the spectral data management and exchange of annotations between laboratories. OBJECTIVES To design an open-source infrastructure allowing hosting both nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectra (MS), with an ergonomic Web interface and Web services to support metabolite annotation and laboratory data management. METHODS We developed the PeakForest infrastructure, an open-source Java tool with automatic programming interfaces that can be deployed locally to organize spectral data for metabolome annotation in laboratories. Standardized operating procedures and formats were included to ensure data quality and interoperability, in line with international recommendations and FAIR principles. RESULTS PeakForest is able to capture and store experimental spectral MS and NMR metadata as well as collect and display signal annotations. This modular system provides a structured database with inbuilt tools to curate information, browse and reuse spectral information in data treatment. PeakForest offers data formalization and centralization at the laboratory level, facilitating shared spectral data across laboratories and integration into public databases. CONCLUSION PeakForest is a comprehensive resource which addresses a technical bottleneck, namely large-scale spectral data annotation and metabolite identification for metabolomics laboratories with multiple instruments. PeakForest databases can be used in conjunction with bespoke data analysis pipelines in the Galaxy environment, offering the opportunity to meet the evolving needs of metabolomics research. Developed and tested by the French metabolomics community, PeakForest is freely-available at https://github.com/peakforest .
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Paulhe
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, MetaboHUB Clermont, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cécile Canlet
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, MetaboHUB, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Annelaure Damont
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, MetaboHUB, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Lindsay Peyriga
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics & Fluxomics (ANR-11-INBS-0010), 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Durand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, MetaboHUB Clermont, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Catherine Deborde
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 71 av E. Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sandra Alves
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, MetaboHUB, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Stephane Bernillon
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 71 av E. Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Thierry Berton
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 71 av E. Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Raphael Bir
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, MetaboHUB Clermont, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alyssa Bouville
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, MetaboHUB, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Edern Cahoreau
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics & Fluxomics (ANR-11-INBS-0010), 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Centeno
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, MetaboHUB Clermont, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Robin Costantino
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, MetaboHUB, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Debrauwer
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, MetaboHUB, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexis Delabrière
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, MetaboHUB, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Duperier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, MetaboHUB Clermont, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvain Emery
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, MetaboHUB Clermont, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Amelie Flandin
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 71 av E. Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Ulli Hohenester
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, MetaboHUB, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Daniel Jacob
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 71 av E. Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Charlotte Joly
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, MetaboHUB Clermont, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cyril Jousse
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, MetaboHUB Clermont, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie Lagree
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, MetaboHUB Clermont, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nadia Lamari
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 71 av E. Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Marie Lefebvre
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 71 av E. Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Claire Lopez-Piffet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, MetaboHUB Clermont, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bernard Lyan
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, MetaboHUB Clermont, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mickael Maucourt
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 71 av E. Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Carole Migne
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, MetaboHUB Clermont, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie-Francoise Olivier
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, MetaboHUB, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Estelle Rathahao-Paris
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, MetaboHUB, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Petriacq
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 71 av E. Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Julie Pinelli
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 71 av E. Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Léa Roch
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 71 av E. Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Pierrick Roger
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, MetaboHUB, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Simon Roques
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 71 av E. Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jean-Claude Tabet
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, MetaboHUB, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marie Tremblay-Franco
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, MetaboHUB, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Mounir Traïkia
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, MetaboHUB Clermont, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anna Warnet
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, MetaboHUB, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Vanessa Zhendre
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 71 av E. Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Dominique Rolin
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 71 av E. Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Fabien Jourdan
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, MetaboHUB, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Etienne Thévenot
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, MetaboHUB, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Annick Moing
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 71 av E. Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Emilien Jamin
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, MetaboHUB, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - François Fenaille
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, MetaboHUB, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Junot
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, MetaboHUB, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Estelle Pujos-Guillot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, MetaboHUB Clermont, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Franck Giacomoni
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, MetaboHUB Clermont, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Arendowski A, Sagandykova G, Mametov R, Rafińska K, Pryshchepa O, Pomastowski P. Nanostructured Layer of Silver for Detection of Small Biomolecules in Surface-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:4076. [PMID: 35744134 PMCID: PMC9227941 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A facile approach for the synthesis of a silver nanostructured layer for application in surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of low-molecular-weight biomolecules was developed using electrochemical deposition. The deposition was carried out using the following silver salts: trifluoroacetate, acetate and nitrate, varying the voltage and time. The plate based on trifluoroacetate at 10 V for 15 min showed intense SALDI-MS responses for standards of various classes of compounds: fatty acids, cyclitols, saccharides and lipids at a concentration of 1 nmol/spot, with values of the signal-to-noise ratio ≥50. The values of the limit of detection were 0.71 µM for adonitol, 2.08 µM for glucose and 0.39 µM for palmitic acid per spot. SEM analysis of the plate showed anisotropic flower-like microstructures with nanostructures on their surface. The reduced chemical background in the low-mass region can probably be explained by the absence of stabilizers and reducing agents during the synthesis. The plate synthesized with the developed approach showed potential for future use in the analysis of low-molecular-weight compounds of biological relevance. The absence of the need for the utilization of sophisticated equipment and the synthesis time (10 min) may benefit large-scale applications of the layer for the detection of various types of small biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Arendowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (A.A.); (R.M.); (O.P.); (P.P.)
| | - Gulyaim Sagandykova
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (A.A.); (R.M.); (O.P.); (P.P.)
| | - Radik Mametov
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (A.A.); (R.M.); (O.P.); (P.P.)
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Rafińska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Oleksandra Pryshchepa
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (A.A.); (R.M.); (O.P.); (P.P.)
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (A.A.); (R.M.); (O.P.); (P.P.)
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Salionov D, Ludwig C, Bjelić S. Standard-Free Quantification of Dicarboxylic Acids: Case Studies with Salt-Rich Effluents and Serum. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:932-943. [PMID: 35511053 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the ionization efficiency (IE) of linear and branched C2-C14 dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) by electrospray ionization (ESI) under different conditions. The influence of the concentration of organic modifier (MeOH); mobile phase additive; and its concentration, pH, and DCA structure on IE values is studied using flow injection analysis. The IE values of DCAs increase with the increase of MeOH concentration but also decrease with an increase of pH. The former is due to the increase in solvent evaporation rates; the latter is caused by an ion-pairing between the diacid and the cation (ammonium), which is confirmed by the study with different amines. The investigation of DCA ionization in the presence of different acidic mobile phase additives showed that a significant improvement in the (-)ESI responses of analytes was achieved in the presence of weak hydrophobic carboxylic acids, such as butyric or propanoic acid. Conversely, the use of strong carboxylic acids, such as trichloroacetic acid, was found to cause signal suppression. The results of the IE studies were used to develop the liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method that provided instrumental limits of detection in the range from 6 to 180 pg. Furthermore, upon applying the nonparametric Gaussian process, a model for the prediction of IE values was developed, which contains the number of carbons in the molecule and MeOH concentration as model parameters. As a case study, dicarboxylic acids are quantified in salt-rich effluent and blood serum samples using the developed LC-HRMS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Salionov
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institut PSI, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Environmental Engineering Institute (IIE, GR-LUD), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Ludwig
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institut PSI, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Environmental Engineering Institute (IIE, GR-LUD), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Saša Bjelić
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institut PSI, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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Perrin CL, Agranat I, Bagno A, Braslavsky SE, Fernandes PA, Gal JF, Lloyd-Jones GC, Mayr H, Murdoch JR, Nudelman NS, Radom L, Rappoport Z, Ruasse MF, Siehl HU, Takeuchi Y, Tidwell TT, Uggerud E, Williams IH. Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 2021). PURE APPL CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2018-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This Glossary contains definitions, explanatory notes, and sources for terms used in physical organic chemistry. Its aim is to provide guidance on the terminology of physical organic chemistry, with a view to achieving a consensus on the meaning and applicability of useful terms and the abandonment of unsatisfactory ones. Owing to the substantial progress in the field, this 2021 revision of the Glossary is much expanded relative to the previous edition, and it includes terms from cognate fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L. Perrin
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | | | - Alessandro Bagno
- University of Padova Faculty of Mathematics Physics and Natural Sciences , Padova , Veneto , Italy
| | - Silvia E. Braslavsky
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion , Muelheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | | | | | | | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , München , Germany
| | | | | | - Leo Radom
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Zvi Rappoport
- Organic Chemistry, The Hebrew University , Jerusalem , Israel
| | | | | | | | - Thomas T. Tidwell
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
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Müller WH, Verdin A, De Pauw E, Malherbe C, Eppe G. Surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging: A review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:373-420. [PMID: 33174287 PMCID: PMC9292874 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS) has attracted increasing interest due to its unique capabilities, achievable through the nanostructured substrates used to promote the analyte desorption/ionization. While the most widely recognized asset of SALDI-MS is the untargeted analysis of small molecules, this technique also offers the possibility of targeted approaches. In particular, the implementation of SALDI-MS imaging (SALDI-MSI), which is the focus of this review, opens up new opportunities. After a brief discussion of the nomenclature and the fundamental mechanisms associated with this technique, which are still highly controversial, the analytical strategies to perform SALDI-MSI are extensively discussed. Emphasis is placed on the sample preparation but also on the selection of the nanosubstrate (in terms of chemical composition and morphology) as well as its functionalization possibilities for the selective analysis of specific compounds in targeted approaches. Subsequently, some selected applications of SALDI-MSI in various fields (i.e., biomedical, biological, environmental, and forensic) are presented. The strengths and the remaining limitations of SALDI-MSI are finally summarized in the conclusion and some perspectives of this technique, which has a bright future, are proposed in this section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy H. Müller
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Alexandre Verdin
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Cedric Malherbe
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
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Abstract
Native mass spectrometry (MS) involves the analysis and characterization of macromolecules, predominantly intact proteins and protein complexes, whereby as much as possible the native structural features of the analytes are retained. As such, native MS enables the study of secondary, tertiary, and even quaternary structure of proteins and other biomolecules. Native MS represents a relatively recent addition to the analytical toolbox of mass spectrometry and has over the past decade experienced immense growth, especially in enhancing sensitivity and resolving power but also in ease of use. With the advent of dedicated mass analyzers, sample preparation and separation approaches, targeted fragmentation techniques, and software solutions, the number of practitioners and novel applications has risen in both academia and industry. This review focuses on recent developments, particularly in high-resolution native MS, describing applications in the structural analysis of protein assemblies, proteoform profiling of─among others─biopharmaceuticals and plasma proteins, and quantitative and qualitative analysis of protein-ligand interactions, with the latter covering lipid, drug, and carbohydrate molecules, to name a few.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sem Tamara
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular
Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584
CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands
Proteomics Center, Padualaan
8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maurits A. den Boer
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular
Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584
CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands
Proteomics Center, Padualaan
8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular
Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584
CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands
Proteomics Center, Padualaan
8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Hueber A, Gimbert Y, Langevin G, Galano JM, Guy A, Durand T, Cenac N, Bertrand-Michel J, Tabet JC. Identification of bacterial lipo-amino acids: origin of regenerated fatty acid carboxylate from dissociation of lipo-glutamate anion. Amino Acids 2022; 54:241-250. [PMID: 35076780 PMCID: PMC8894203 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe identification of bacterial metabolites produced by the microbiota is a key point to understand its role in human health. Among them, lipo-amino acids (LpAA), which are able to cross the epithelial barrier and to act on the host, are poorly identified. Structural elucidation of few of them was performed by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry based on electrospray combined with selective ion dissociations reach by collision-induced dissociation (CID). The negative ions were used for their advantages of yielding only few fragment ions sufficient to specify each part of LpAA with sensitivity. To find specific processes that help structural assignment, the negative ion dissociations have been scrutinized for an LpAA: the N-palmitoyl acyl group linked to glutamic acid (C16Glu). The singular behavior of [C16Glu-H]¯ towards CID showed tenth product ions, eight were described by expected fragment ions. In contrast, instead of the expected product ions due to CONH-CH bond cleavage, an abundant complementary dehydrated glutamic acid and fatty acid anion pair were observed. Specific to glutamic moiety, they were formed by a stepwise dissociation via molecular isomerization through ion–dipole formation prior to dissociation. This complex dissociated by partner splitting either directly or after inter-partner proton transfer. By this pathway, surprising regeneration of deprotonated fatty acid takes place. Such regeneration is comparable to that occurred from dissociation to peptides containing acid amino-acid. Modeling allow to confirm the proposed mechanisms explaining the unexpected behavior of this glutamate conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Hueber
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, 31077, Toulouse, France
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, INPENVT, Université de Toulouse, 3 Paul Sabatier, 31024, Toulouse, France
- I2MC, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, 31432, Toulouse, France
| | - Yves Gimbert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR 8232), 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR 5250), CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38610, Gières, France
| | - Geoffrey Langevin
- Institut Des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier-ENSCM, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut Des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier-ENSCM, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Guy
- Institut Des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier-ENSCM, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut Des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier-ENSCM, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Cenac
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, INPENVT, Université de Toulouse, 3 Paul Sabatier, 31024, Toulouse, France
| | - Justine Bertrand-Michel
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, 31077, Toulouse, France.
- I2MC, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, 31432, Toulouse, France.
| | - Jean-Claude Tabet
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, 31077, Toulouse, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR 8232), 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments Et Technologies Pour La Santé, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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41
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Attygalle AB, Pavlov J, Ruzicka J. Monoisotopic Mass? JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:5-10. [PMID: 34870996 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The current IUPAC-recommended definition of the term "monoisotopic mass" of a chemical species is based on the most abundant isotopes of the constituent elements. It has even been proposed to constrain the definition to be based only on the atomic masses of the most abundant stable isotopes. Such an approach is flawed because in this way several elements and their compounds, in addition to isotopically enriched species, would not merit to be assigned a monoisotopic mass. Furthermore, for large molecules, such as proteins, the monoisotopic mass as currently defined loses its significance. Therefore, we propose to eliminate using the current definition altogether. Instead, the term isotopologue mass should be applied uniformly to every species denoted by a specific chemical formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athula B Attygalle
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Julius Pavlov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Josef Ruzicka
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Somerset New Jersey 08873, United States
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42
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Lin Y, Agarwal AM, Marshall AG, Anderson LC. Characterization of Structural Hemoglobin Variants by Top-Down Mass Spectrometry and R Programming Tools for Rapid Identification. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:123-130. [PMID: 34955023 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hemoglobinopathies are one of the most prevalent genetic disorders, affecting millions throughout the world. These are caused by pathogenic variants in genes that control the production of hemoglobin (Hb) subunits. As the number of known Hb variants has increased, it has become more challenging to obtain unambiguous results from routine chromatographic assays employed in the clinical laboratory. Top-down proteomic analysis of Hb by mass spectrometry is a definitive method to directly characterize the sequences of intact subunits. Here, we apply "chimeric ion loading" to characterize Hb β subunit variants. In this technique, product ions derived from complementary dissociation techniques are accumulated in a multipole storage device before delivery to a 21 T Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer for simultaneous detection. To further improve the efficiency of identification of Hb variants and localization of the mutation site(s), we developed an R programming script, "Variants Identifier", to search top-down data against a database containing accurate intact mass differences and diagnostic ions from investigated Hb variants. A second R script, "PredictDiag", was developed and employed to determine relevant diagnostic ions for additional Hb variants with known sequences. These two R scripts were successfully applied to the identification of a Hb δ-β fusion protein and other Hb variants. The combination of chimeric ion loading and the above R scripts enables rapid and reliable interpretation of top-down mass spectrometry data, regardless of activation type, for Hb variant identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32308, United States
| | - Archana M Agarwal
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, United States
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States
| | - Alan G Marshall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32308, United States
- Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Lissa C Anderson
- Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
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43
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Herniman JM, Worsley PR, Greenhill R, Bader DL, John Langley G. Development of ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry assays to analyze potential biomarkers in sweat. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:542-550. [PMID: 34796639 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods were required to afford the rapid separation and detection of purines and small organic acids. These compounds are found in sweat and sebum and are potential biomarkers for the early detection of pressures sores. Two ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry assays have been successfully developed for both classes of compounds. Separation for purines was achieved using a gradient of supercritical carbon dioxide and methanol with a 1-aminoanthracene sub 2 μm particle size column followed by positive ion electrospray ionization. Separation for organic acids was achieved using a gradient of supercritical carbon dioxide and methanol (50 mM ammonium acetate 2% water) with a Diol sub 2 μm particle size column followed by negative ion electrospray ionization. Calibration curves were created in the absence of internal standards and R2 values > 0.96 were achieved using single ion monitoring methods for the protonated purines and the deprotonated acids. The two new assays afford rapid analytical methods for the separation and detection of potential biomarkers in human sweat leading to the early detection and prevention of pressure sores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Herniman
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Peter R Worsley
- Faculty of Environmental and Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rachel Greenhill
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Dan L Bader
- Faculty of Environmental and Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - G John Langley
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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44
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Neto FC, Pascua V, Raftery D. Formation of sodium cluster ions complicates liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics analyses. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9175. [PMID: 34342915 PMCID: PMC8429085 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Carnevale Neto
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St., Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Vadim Pascua
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St., Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St., Seattle, WA 98109, United States
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Mulani F, Nandikol SS, Haldar S, Thulasiram HV. Accurate Identification of Bioactive Meliaceae Limonoids by UHPLC-MS/MS Based Structure-Fragment Relationships (SFRs). ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:26454-26476. [PMID: 34661002 PMCID: PMC8515590 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Limonoids are bioactive plant specialized metabolites found in the Meliaceae family. The basic limonoids, i.e., azadiradione, epoxyazadiradione, and gedunin have been exploited for various bioactivities and therefore are the potential drug leads for tomorrow. However, their low abundance, structural similarity, and lack of adequate mass fragmentation data have hampered their accurate identification and quantification from various sources. In the present study, basic limonoids such as azadirone, azadiradione, epoxyazadiradione, and gedunin isolated from Neem were utilized for the synthesis of their derivatives and isotopologs. A total of 30 one compounds were used in this study among which five were isolated, two were biotransformed, and 24 were synthesized. Among the synthesized compounds nine are novel compounds including six deuterated analogs/isotopologs which are (1,3-2H)-1,2-dihydro-3β-hydroxyazadiradione (9), (1,3,16-2H)-1,2-dihydro-3β-16β-dihydroxyazadiradione (10), 3β-hydroxyazadiradione (11), 3β-16β-dihydroxyazadiradione (12), (3-2H)-3β-hydroxyazadiradione (13), (3,16-2H)-3β-16β-dihydroxyazadiradione (14), (1,3,7-2H)-1,2-dihydro-3β-hydroxy-7-deacetylazadiradione (15), 1,2,20,21,22,23-hexahydroazadiradione (17), and (1,3-2H)-1,2-dihydro-3β-hydroxygedunin (29). These limonoids along with their semisynthesized derivatives were subjected to ultra high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) and the fragmentation pathway was established based on structure-fragment relationships (SFRs), utilizing high resolution MS/MS data. We have developed a most reliable and easily reproducible protocol describing in depth analysis of SFRs based on the structural modifications and synthesis of isotopologs. Also, the MS/MS fragment library of these basic limonoids generated in this study acts as a fingerprint for accurate identification and quantification of limonoids by MS/MS analysis in various plant tissue extracts, phytopharmaceutical formulations and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayaj
A. Mulani
- Chemical
Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sharvani S. Nandikol
- Chemical
Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Saikat Haldar
- Chemical
Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Hirekodathakallu V. Thulasiram
- Chemical
Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- CSIR-Institute
of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, New Delhi 110007, India
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46
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Sažinas R, Andersen SZ, Li K, Saccoccio M, Krempl K, Pedersen JB, Kibsgaard J, Vesborg PCK, Chakraborty D, Chorkendorff I. Towards understanding of electrolyte degradation in lithium-mediated non-aqueous electrochemical ammonia synthesis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31487-31498. [PMID: 35496884 PMCID: PMC9041547 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05963g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium-mediated electrochemical ammonia synthesis (LiMEAS) in non-aqueous media is a promising technique for efficient and green ammonia synthesis. Compared to the widely used Haber–Bosch process, the method reduces CO2 emissions to zero due to the application of green hydrogen. However, the non-aqueous medium encounters the alkali metal lithium and organic components at high negative potentials of electrolysis, which leads to formation of byproducts. To assess the environmental risk of this synthesis method, standardized analytical methods towards understanding of the degradation level and consequences are needed. Here we report on the implementation of an approach to analyze the liquid electrolytes after electrochemical ammonia synthesis via high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). To characterize the molecular species formed after electrolysis, electron ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (EI-MS) was applied. The fragmentation patterns enabled the elucidation of the mechanisms of byproduct formation. Several organic electrolytes were analyzed and compared both qualitatively and quantitatively to ascertain molecular composition and degradation products. It was found that the organic solvent in contact with metallic electrodeposited lithium induces solvent degradation, and the extent of this decomposition to different organic molecules depends on the organic solvent used. Our results show GCMS as a suitable technique for monitoring non-aqueous electrochemical ammonia synthesis in different organic electrolytes. Lithium-mediated non-aqueous electrochemical ammonia synthesis (LiMEAS) as an efficient and green ammonia production way was studied by GCMS in different organic electrolytes to evaluate the stability of electrochemical systems.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokas Sažinas
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | | | - Katja Li
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Mattia Saccoccio
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Kevin Krempl
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Jakob Bruun Pedersen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Jakob Kibsgaard
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | | | - Debasish Chakraborty
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
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47
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Connolly JRFB, Munoz-Muriedas J, Lapthorn C, Higton D, Vissers JPC, Webb A, Beaumont C, Dear GJ. Investigation into Small Molecule Isomeric Glucuronide Metabolite Differentiation Using In Silico and Experimental Collision Cross-Section Values. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1976-1986. [PMID: 34296869 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Identifying isomeric metabolites remains a challenging and time-consuming process with both sensitivity and unambiguous structural assignment typically only achieved through the combined use of LC-MS and NMR. Ion mobility mass spectrometry (IMMS) has the potential to produce timely and accurate data using a single technique to identify drug metabolites, including isomers, without the requirement for in-depth interpretation (cf. MS/MS data) using an automated computational pipeline by comparison of experimental collision cross-section (CCS) values with predicted CCS values. An ion mobility enabled Q-Tof mass spectrometer was used to determine the CCS values of 28 (14 isomeric pairs of) small molecule glucuronide metabolites, which were then compared to two different in silico models; a quantum mechanics (QM) and a machine learning (ML) approach to test these approaches. The difference between CCS values within isomer pairs was also assessed to evaluate if the difference was large enough for unambiguous structural identification through in silico prediction. A good correlation was found between both the QM- and ML-based models and experimentally determined CCS values. The predicted CCS values were found to be similar between ML and QM in silico methods, with the QM model more accurately describing the difference in CCS values between isomer pairs. Of the 14 isomeric pairs, only one (naringenin glucuronides) gave a sufficient difference in CCS values for the QM model to distinguish between the isomers with some level of confidence, with the ML model unable to confidently distinguish the studied isomer pairs. An evaluation of analyte structures was also undertaken to explore any trends or anomalies within the data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R F B Connolly
- RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | | | - Cris Lapthorn
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - David Higton
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Ave, Wilmslow SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alison Webb
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Beaumont
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon J Dear
- GlaxoSmithKline, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
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48
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Straatman PJ, van Sark WG. Indirect air CO 2 capture and refinement based on OTEC seawater outgassing. iScience 2021; 24:102754. [PMID: 34278262 PMCID: PMC8264153 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a low-cost method to capture and purify CO2 from ocean water indirectly from the atmosphere. Atmospheric CO2 dissolves in seawater following Henry's law. In open-cycle ocean thermal energy conversion (OC-OTEC), being a heat engine, large quantities of water are used to generate electricity from temperature differences in the ocean. CO2 and other gases dissolved in seawater are extracted from seawater by a vacuum compressor, being essential for heat transfer in OC-OTEC. Non-condensable gases containing CO2 from OC-OTEC are currently considered a waste gas stream. Based on literature, we calculate cold water non-condensables containing up to 14% CO2. These non-condensables can be refined further to 80–90% purity with a water absorption process, inspired by those as used in the biogas industry. Levelized CO2 capture and purification costs were estimated to be 15–35 euro per ton, as only refinement costs are allocated of a waste gas stream of OC-OTEC. Indirect atmospheric CO2 capture from main power generation process in OTEC CO2 from OTEC purified with energy optimized water scrubber OTEC CO2-associated production costs in the range of 15–35 euro per ton
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J.T. Straatman
- Indorama Ventures Europe B.V., Markweg 201, Harbour number 63473198, NB Europoort, the Netherlands
| | - Wilfried G.J.H.M. van Sark
- Utrecht University, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author
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49
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Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry variants for metabolomics research. Nat Methods 2021; 18:733-746. [PMID: 33972782 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) variants currently represent the best tools to tackle the challenges of complexity and lack of comprehensive coverage of the metabolome. UHPLC offers flexible and efficient separation coupled with high-sensitivity detection via HRMS, allowing for the detection and identification of a broad range of metabolites. Here we discuss current common strategies for UHPLC-HRMS-based metabolomics, with a focus on expanding metabolome coverage.
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50
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Brunzel M, Dirauf M, Sahn M, Czaplewska JA, Fritz N, Weber C, Nischang I, Schubert US. On the identification and quantification of proton-initiated species in the synthesis of poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s by high resolution liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1653:462364. [PMID: 34280792 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic poly(2-oxazoline)s represent a promising alternative to replace poly(ethylene glycol) in the biomedical field. For that purpose, reliable analytical protocols to confirm identity and quantity of impurities are required. In particular, side products deriving from chain transfer reactions occurring during the cationic ring-opening polymerization and incomplete end-capping processes may be present. The analytical approach must hence be capable of separating polymers according to minor changes regarding their end group. We demonstrate that liquid chromatography, relying on a monolithic C18-modified silica column and isocratic as well as gradient elution using water / acetonitrile mixtures and varying detectors, can accomplish such demanding high resolution separations. Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)s (PEtOx) with acetyl, hydroxyl, and phthalimide ω-end groups were investigated. Identification of side products was achieved through coupling with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. UV / Vis detection was applied to quantify chain transfer products in PEtOx comprising biphenyl moieties. In addition, gradient elution enabled the separation of PEtOx into macromolecules according to their specific degrees of polymerization in molar mass ranges around 2,000 g mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Brunzel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Dirauf
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Sahn
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Justyna A Czaplewska
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole Fritz
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Weber
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ivo Nischang
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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