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Mohamed H, Gurrola T, Berman R, Collins M, Sariyer IK, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B. Targeting CCR5 as a Component of an HIV-1 Therapeutic Strategy. Front Immunol 2022; 12:816515. [PMID: 35126374 PMCID: PMC8811197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.816515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is a major health burden for which successful therapeutic options are still being investigated. Challenges facing current drugs that are part of the established life-long antiretroviral therapy (ART) include toxicity, development of drug resistant HIV-1 strains, the cost of treatment, and the inability to eradicate the provirus from infected cells. For these reasons, novel anti-HIV-1 therapeutics that can prevent or eliminate disease progression including the onset of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are needed. While development of HIV-1 vaccination has also been challenging, recent advancements demonstrate that infection of HIV-1-susceptible cells can be prevented in individuals living with HIV-1, by targeting C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5). CCR5 serves many functions in the human immune response and is a co-receptor utilized by HIV-1 for entry into immune cells. Therapeutics targeting CCR5 generally involve gene editing techniques including CRISPR, CCR5 blockade using antibodies or antagonists, or combinations of both. Here we review the efficacy of these approaches and discuss the potential of their use in the clinic as novel ART-independent therapies for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hager Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Theodore Gurrola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rachel Berman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mackenzie Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ilker K. Sariyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael R. Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Brian Wigdahl,
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Mehlotra RK. Chemokine receptor gene polymorphisms and COVID-19: Could knowledge gained from HIV/AIDS be important? INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 85:104512. [PMID: 32858232 PMCID: PMC7448762 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging results indicate that an uncontrolled host immune response, leading to a life-threatening condition called cytokine release syndrome (also termed "cytokine storm"), is the major driver of pathology in severe COVID-19. In this pandemic, considerable effort is being focused on identifying host genomic factors that increase susceptibility or resistance to the complications of COVID-19 and translating these findings to improved patient care. In this regard, the chemokine receptor-ligand nexus has been reported as potentially important in severe COVID-19 disease pathogenesis and its treatment. Valuable genomic insights into the chemokine receptor-ligand nexus have been gained from HIV infection and disease progression studies. Applying that knowledge, together with newly discovered potential host genomic factors associated with COVID-19, may lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment outcomes in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K. Mehlotra
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, #409A, 2109 Adelbert Rd., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA,Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA,Corresponding author at: Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, #409A, 2109 Adelbert Rd., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Mehlotra RK. New Knowledge About CCR5, HIV Infection, and Disease Progression: Is "Old" Still Valuable? AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:795-799. [PMID: 32615790 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
C-C chemokine receptor (CCR) 5 (CCR5) is the main HIV-1 coreceptor involved in virus entry and cell-to-cell spread during acute and chronic infections: such CCR5 and T cell tropic viruses are adapted to and replicate in CD4+ memory T cells. Polymorphisms in CCR5 regulate CCR5 expression, which, in turn, influences HIV infection acquisition and subsequent disease progression. Among these polymorphisms, a 32-bp deletion in the CCR5 open reading frame (CCR5 Δ32) and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter (-2459G/A) are the most well-characterized polymorphisms. CCR5 Δ32 provides partial to full protection against HIV infection and, therefore, serves as a basis for gene deletion studies attempting to achieve a permanent HIV cure. Recent studies have discovered that certain SNPs in the CCR region, not within CCR5, also affect CCR5 expression, HIV infection, and disease progression. Although these studies provide further valuable information regarding the role of human genetic variation in HIV/AIDS, they did not incorporate -2459G/A. In this article, the author summarizes the knowledge gained through the discovery of these new SNPs and introduces the idea that by not incorporating -2459G/A, less comprehensive conclusions may have been reached. Until a strategy that delivers a cure to the millions is found, every piece of information that may help curtail the HIV/AIDS threat to public health should be considered useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K. Mehlotra
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Koor GW, Paximadis M, Picton ACP, Karatas F, Loubser SA, He W, Ahuja SK, Chaisson RE, Martinson N, Ebrahim O, Tiemessen CT. Cis-regulatory genetic variants in the CCR5 gene and natural HIV-1 control in black South Africans. Clin Immunol 2019; 205:16-24. [PMID: 31100442 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies have investigated CCR5 haplotypes (HHA, HHB, HHC, HHD, HHE, HHF*1, HHF*2, HHG*1, HHG*2), defined by seven 5'UTR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), CCR2-V64I and CCR5Δ32, in HIV-1 disease. CCR5 cis-regulatory regions were sequenced, CCR2-V64I and CCR5Δ32 genotyped, and compared in HIV-1-infected black South Africans: 71 HIV-1 controllers (23 elite controllers, 37 viraemic controllers (VCs), 11 high viral load long-term non-progressors) and 74 progressors. The HHE haplotype and 3'UTR +2919 T > G SNP heterozygosity were underrepresented in total controllers and VCs vs. progressors (p = .004; p = .007 and p = .002, pbonferroni = 0.032; p = .004, respectively). Possession of the +2919 T > G SNP (dominant mode) was associated with HIV-1 progression (controllers vs. progressors: p = .001, pbonferroni = 0.016). The +2919 T > G SNP is in linkage disequilibrium (LD; r2 = 0.73) with two 5'UTR SNPs (-2459G > A and -2135 T > C; r2 = 1: 5'UTR-2SNP-hap). The 5'UTR-2SNP-hap was lower in total controllers and VCs vs. progressors (p = .003, pbonferroni = 0.048; p = .01, respectively). Results suggest -2459G > A, -2135 T > C, and + 2919 T > G as key CCR5 variants in HIV-1 control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma W Koor
- Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maria Paximadis
- Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Anabela C P Picton
- Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fidan Karatas
- Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shayne A Loubser
- Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Weijing He
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, United States of America; Center for Personalized Medicine, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Sunil K Ahuja
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, United States of America; Center for Personalized Medicine, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States of America; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Richard E Chaisson
- Johns Hopkins University Center for AIDS Research, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Neil Martinson
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Medical Research Council Soweto Matlosana Centre for HIV/AIDS and TB Research, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Osman Ebrahim
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Caroline T Tiemessen
- Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Haplotypes in CCR5-CCR2, CCL3 and CCL5 are associated with natural resistance to HIV-1 infection in a Colombian cohort. BIOMEDICA 2017; 37:267-273. [PMID: 28527291 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v37i3.3237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Variants in genes encoding for HIV-1 co-receptors and their natural ligands have been individually associated to natural resistance to HIV-1 infection. However, the simultaneous presence of these variants has been poorly studied. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of single and multilocus haplotypes in genes coding for the viral co-receptors CCR5 and CCR2, and their ligands CCL3 and CCL5, with resistance or susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine variants in CCR5-CCR2, two SNPs in CCL3 and two in CCL5 were genotyped by PCR-RFLP in 35 seropositive (cases) and 49 HIV-1-exposed seronegative Colombian individuals (controls). Haplotypes were inferred using the Arlequin software, and their frequency in individual or combined loci was compared between cases and controls by the chi-square test. A p' value ;0.05 after Bonferroni correction was considered significant. RESULTS Homozygosis of the human haplogroup (HH) E was absent in controls and frequent in cases, showing a tendency to susceptibility. The haplotypes C-C and T-T in CCL3 were associated with susceptibility (p'=0.016) and resistance (p';0.0001) to HIV-1 infection, respectively. Finally, in multilocus analysis, the haplotype combinations formed by HHC in CCR5-CCR2, T-T in CCL3 and G-C in CCL5 were associated with resistance (p'=0.006). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that specific combinations of variants in genes from the same signaling pathway can define an HIV-1 resistant phenotype. Despite our small sample size, our statistically significant associations suggest strong effects; however, these results should be further validated in larger cohorts.
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