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Humphreys JM, Pelzel-McCluskey AM, Shults PT, Velazquez-Salinas L, Bertram MR, McGregor BL, Cohnstaedt LW, Swanson DA, Scroggs SLP, Fautt C, Mooney A, Peters DPC, Rodriguez LL. Modeling the 2014-2015 Vesicular Stomatitis Outbreak in the United States Using an SEIR-SEI Approach. Viruses 2024; 16:1315. [PMID: 39205289 PMCID: PMC11359999 DOI: 10.3390/v16081315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is a vector-borne livestock disease caused by the vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV). This study presents the first application of an SEIR-SEI compartmental model to analyze VSNJV transmission dynamics. Focusing on the 2014-2015 outbreak in the United States, the model integrates vertebrate hosts and insect vector demographics while accounting for heterogeneous competency within the populations and observation bias in documented disease cases. Key epidemiological parameters were estimated using Bayesian inference and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, including the force of infection, effective reproduction number (Rt), and incubation periods. The model revealed significant underreporting, with only 10-24% of infections documented, 23% of which presented with clinical symptoms. These findings underscore the importance of including competence and imperfect detection in disease models to depict outbreak dynamics and inform effective control strategies accurately. As a baseline model, this SEIR-SEI implementation is intended to serve as a foundation for future refinements and expansions to improve our understanding of VS dynamics. Enhanced surveillance and targeted interventions are recommended to manage future VS outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Humphreys
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) and National Bio Agro Defense Facility (NBAF), Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (L.V.-S.); (M.R.B.); (C.F.); (A.M.); (L.L.R.)
| | - Angela M. Pelzel-McCluskey
- Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;
| | - Phillip T. Shults
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (P.T.S.); (B.L.M.); (S.L.P.S.)
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) and National Bio Agro Defense Facility (NBAF), Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (L.V.-S.); (M.R.B.); (C.F.); (A.M.); (L.L.R.)
| | - Miranda R. Bertram
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) and National Bio Agro Defense Facility (NBAF), Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (L.V.-S.); (M.R.B.); (C.F.); (A.M.); (L.L.R.)
| | - Bethany L. McGregor
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (P.T.S.); (B.L.M.); (S.L.P.S.)
| | - Lee W. Cohnstaedt
- Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
| | - Dustin A. Swanson
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
| | - Stacey L. P. Scroggs
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (P.T.S.); (B.L.M.); (S.L.P.S.)
| | - Chad Fautt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) and National Bio Agro Defense Facility (NBAF), Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (L.V.-S.); (M.R.B.); (C.F.); (A.M.); (L.L.R.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE)-NBAF, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Amber Mooney
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) and National Bio Agro Defense Facility (NBAF), Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (L.V.-S.); (M.R.B.); (C.F.); (A.M.); (L.L.R.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE)-NBAF, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Debra P. C. Peters
- Office of National Programs, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) and National Bio Agro Defense Facility (NBAF), Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (L.V.-S.); (M.R.B.); (C.F.); (A.M.); (L.L.R.)
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2
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Espeseth AS, Yuan M, Citron M, Reiserova L, Morrow G, Wilson A, Horton M, Rukhman M, Kinek K, Hou F, Li SL, Li F, Choi Y, Heidecker G, Luo B, Wu G, Zhang L, Strable E, DeStefano J, Secore S, Mukhopadhyay TK, Richardson DD, Sayeed E, Welch LS, Bett AJ, Feinberg MB, Gupta SB, Cooper CL, Parks CL. Preclinical immunogenicity and efficacy of a candidate COVID-19 vaccine based on a vesicular stomatitis virus-SARS-CoV-2 chimera. EBioMedicine 2022; 82:104203. [PMID: 35915046 PMCID: PMC9338221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate a vaccine technology with potential to protect against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and reduce transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with a single vaccine dose, we developed a SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccine using the live vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) chimeric virus approach previously used to develop a licensed Ebola virus vaccine. Methods We generated a replication-competent chimeric VSV-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate by replacing the VSV glycoprotein (G) gene with coding sequence for the SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein (S). Immunogenicity of the lead vaccine candidate (VSV∆G-SARS-CoV-2) was evaluated in cotton rats and golden Syrian hamsters, and protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection also was assessed in hamsters. Findings VSV∆G-SARS-CoV-2 delivered with a single intramuscular (IM) injection was immunogenic in cotton rats and hamsters and protected hamsters from weight loss following SARS-CoV-2 challenge. When mucosal vaccination was evaluated, cotton rats did not respond to the vaccine, whereas mucosal administration of VSV∆G-SARS-CoV-2 was found to be more immunogenic than IM injection in hamsters and induced immunity that significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 challenge virus loads in both lung and nasal tissues. Interpretation VSV∆G-SARS-CoV-2 delivered by IM injection or mucosal administration was immunogenic in golden Syrian hamsters, and both vaccination methods effectively protected the lung from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Hamsters vaccinated by mucosal application of VSV∆G-SARS-CoV-2 also developed immunity that controlled SARS-CoV-2 replication in nasal tissue. Funding The study was funded by Merck Sharp & Dohme, Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, and The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), New York, USA. Parts of this research was supported by the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) of the US Department of Defense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maoli Yuan
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | | | - Lucia Reiserova
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | - Gavin Morrow
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | - Aaron Wilson
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | | | - Mark Rukhman
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | | | - Fuxiang Hou
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | - Shui L Li
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | | | - Yesle Choi
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | | | - Bin Luo
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lan Zhang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Joanne DeStefano
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Eddy Sayeed
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), New York, USA
| | - Lisa S Welch
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), New York, USA; Currently at Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Mark B Feinberg
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), New York, USA
| | - Swati B Gupta
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), New York, USA
| | - Christopher L Cooper
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | - Christopher L Parks
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA.
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3
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Mashin VV, Sergeev AN, Martynova NN, Sergeev AA, Lys’ko KA, Raikov AO, Kataeva VV, Zagidullin NV. Viral Safety Issues in the Production and Manufacturing of Human Immunoglobulin Preparations from Equine Plasma/Serum. Pharm Chem J 2022; 56:532-537. [PMID: 35845147 PMCID: PMC9274627 DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The current Russian and foreign pharmacopoeias either do not provide any information about existing types of viral diseases in horses or do not present it in full. Data of modern domestic and foreign literature was used to prepare the most complete list of viruses that cause equine diseases including 36 infectious agents, 25 of which are pathogenic for humans, 13 of the 25 of which are widespread throughout Russia. Information is provided on the magnitudes of the disease incubation periods (which are most often within one month), the external clinical signs of these diseases (which can also be asymptomatic), and the maximum possible concentrations of viruses in the blood of horses with these diseases (which can reach 8 log conventional units/mL of blood). This information is offered for use in critical production stages of heterologous immunoglobulin drugs for medical use to assure viral safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. V. Mashin
- Joint Stock Company Microgen Scientific Industrial Company for Immunobiological Medicines, 10 2nd Volkonskii Per., Moscow, 127473 Russia
| | - A. N. Sergeev
- Joint Stock Company Microgen Scientific Industrial Company for Immunobiological Medicines, 10 2nd Volkonskii Per., Moscow, 127473 Russia
| | - N. N. Martynova
- Joint Stock Company Microgen Scientific Industrial Company for Immunobiological Medicines, 10 2nd Volkonskii Per., Moscow, 127473 Russia
| | - A. A. Sergeev
- Moscow Office of AVVA Pharmaceuticals Ltd., 4/3 Aviamotornaya St., Office 8, Moscow, 111116 Russia
| | - K. A. Lys’ko
- Joint Stock Company Microgen Scientific Industrial Company for Immunobiological Medicines, 10 2nd Volkonskii Per., Moscow, 127473 Russia
| | - A. O. Raikov
- Joint Stock Company Microgen Scientific Industrial Company for Immunobiological Medicines, 10 2nd Volkonskii Per., Moscow, 127473 Russia
| | - V. V. Kataeva
- Joint Stock Company Microgen Scientific Industrial Company for Immunobiological Medicines, 10 2nd Volkonskii Per., Moscow, 127473 Russia
| | - N. V. Zagidullin
- Joint Stock Company Microgen Scientific Industrial Company for Immunobiological Medicines, 10 2nd Volkonskii Per., Moscow, 127473 Russia
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4
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Rozo-Lopez P, Londono-Renteria B, Drolet BS. Impacts of Infectious Dose, Feeding Behavior, and Age of Culicoides sonorensis Biting Midges on Infection Dynamics of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070816. [PMID: 34209902 PMCID: PMC8308663 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Culicoides sonorensis biting midges are biological vectors of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in the U.S. Yet, little is known regarding the amount of ingested virus required to infect midges, nor how their feeding behavior or age affects viral replication and vector competence. We determined the minimum infectious dose of VSV-New Jersey for C. sonorensis midges and examined the effects of multiple blood-feeding cycles and age at the time of virus acquisition on infection dynamics. A minimum dose of 3.2 logs of virus/mL of blood resulted in midgut infections, and 5.2 logs/mL resulted in a disseminated infection to salivary glands. For blood-feeding behavior studies, ingestion of one or two non-infectious blood meals (BM) after a VSV infectious blood meal (VSV-BM) resulted in higher whole-body virus titers than midges receiving only the single infectious VSV-BM. Interestingly, this infection enhancement was not seen when a non-infectious BM preceded the infectious VSV-BM. Lastly, increased midge age at the time of infection correlated to increased whole-body virus titers. This research highlights the epidemiological implications of infectious doses, vector feeding behaviors, and vector age on VSV infection dynamics to estimate the risk of transmission by Culicoides midges more precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rozo-Lopez
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Vector Biology Laboratory, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Berlin Londono-Renteria
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Vector Biology Laboratory, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
- Correspondence: (B.L.-R.); (B.S.D.)
| | - Barbara S. Drolet
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
- Correspondence: (B.L.-R.); (B.S.D.)
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5
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Velazquez-Salinas L, Pauszek SJ, Holinka LG, Gladue DP, Rekant SI, Bishop EA, Stenfeldt C, Verdugo-Rodriguez A, Borca MV, Arzt J, Rodriguez LL. A Single Amino Acid Substitution in the Matrix Protein (M51R) of Vesicular Stomatitis New Jersey Virus Impairs Replication in Cultured Porcine Macrophages and Results in Significant Attenuation in Pigs. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1123. [PMID: 32587580 PMCID: PMC7299242 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explore the virulence of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) in pigs and its potential relationship with the virus’s ability to modulate innate responses. For this purpose, we developed a mutant of the highly virulent strain NJ0612NME6, containing a single amino acid substitution in the matrix protein (M51R). The M51R mutant of NJ0612NME6 was unable to suppress the transcription of genes associated with the innate immune response both in primary fetal porcine kidney cells and porcine primary macrophage cultures. Impaired viral growth was observed only in porcine macrophage cultures, indicating that the M51 residue is required for efficient replication of VSNJV in these cells. Furthermore, when inoculated in pigs by intradermal scarification of the snout, M51R infection was characterized by decreased clinical signs including reduced fever and development of less and smaller secondary vesicular lesions. Pigs infected with M51R had decreased levels of viral shedding and absence of RNAemia compared to the parental virus. The ability of the mutant virus to infect pigs by direct contact remained intact, indicating that the M51R mutation resulted in a partially attenuated phenotype capable of causing primary lesions and transmitting to sentinel pigs. Collectively, our results show a positive correlation between the ability of VSNJV to counteract the innate immune response in swine macrophage cultures and the level of virulence in pigs, a natural host of this virus. More studies are encouraged to evaluate the interaction of VSNJV with macrophages and other components of the immune response in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States.,College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.,PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Steven J Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Lauren G Holinka
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Douglas P Gladue
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Steven I Rekant
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States.,PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Bishop
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Antonio Verdugo-Rodriguez
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Manuel V Borca
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
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6
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Rozo-Lopez P, Drolet BS, Londoño-Renteria B. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Transmission: A Comparison of Incriminated Vectors. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9040190. [PMID: 30544935 PMCID: PMC6315612 DOI: 10.3390/insects9040190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is a viral disease of veterinary importance, enzootic in tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. In the U.S., VS produces devastating economic losses, particularly in the southwestern states where the outbreaks display an occurrence pattern of 10-year intervals. To date, the mechanisms of the geographic spread and maintenance cycles during epizootics remain unclear. This is due, in part, to the fact that VS epidemiology has a complex of variables to consider, including a broad range of vertebrate hosts, multiple routes of transmission, and an extensive diversity of suspected vector species acting as both mechanical and biological vectors. Infection and viral progression within vector species are highly influenced by virus serotype, as well as environmental factors, including temperature and seasonality; however, the mechanisms of viral transmission, including non-conventional pathways, are yet to be fully studied. Here, we review VS epidemiology and transmission mechanisms, with comparisons of transmission evidence for the four most incriminated hematophagous dipteran taxa: Aedes mosquitoes, Lutzomyia sand flies, Simulium black flies, and Culicoides biting midges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rozo-Lopez
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Barbara S Drolet
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| | - Berlin Londoño-Renteria
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
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7
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Velazquez-Salinas L, Pauszek SJ, Stenfeldt C, O'Hearn ES, Pacheco JM, Borca MV, Verdugo-Rodriguez A, Arzt J, Rodriguez LL. Increased Virulence of an Epidemic Strain of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Is Associated With Interference of the Innate Response in Pigs. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1891. [PMID: 30158915 PMCID: PMC6104175 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) causes sporadic outbreaks of vesicular disease in the southwestern United States. The intrinsic characteristics of epidemic strains associated with these outbreaks are poorly understood. In this study, we report the distinctive genomic and biological characteristics of an epidemic (NJ0612NME6) strain of VSV compared with an endemic (NJ0806VCB) strain. Genomic comparisons between the two strains revealed a total of 111 nucleotide differences (23 non-synonymous) with potentially relevant replacements located in the P, G, and L proteins. When tested in experimentally infected pigs, a natural host of VSV, the epidemic strain caused higher fever and an increased number of vesicular lesions compared to pigs infected with the endemic strain. Pigs infected with the epidemic strain showed decreased systemic antiviral activity (type I - IFN), lower antibody levels, higher levels of interleukin 6, and lower levels of tumor necrosis factor during the acute phase of disease compared to pigs infected with the endemic strain. Furthermore, we document the existence of an RNAemia phase in pigs experimentally infected with VSV and explored the cause for the lack of recovery of infectious virus from blood. Finally, the epidemic strain was shown to be more efficient in down-regulating transcription of IRF-7 in primary porcine macrophages. Collectively, the data shows that the epidemic strain of VSV we tested has an enhanced ability to modulate the innate immune response of the vertebrate host. Further studies are needed to examine other epidemic strains and what contributions a phenotype of increased virulence might have on the transmission of VSV during epizootics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY, United States.,College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.,Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Steven J Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY, United States.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Emily S O'Hearn
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island, NY, United States
| | - Juan M Pacheco
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Manuel V Borca
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Antonio Verdugo-Rodriguez
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY, United States
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8
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Presloid JB, Mohammad TF, Lauring AS, Novella IS. Antigenic diversification is correlated with increased thermostability in a mammalian virus. Virology 2016; 496:203-214. [PMID: 27344137 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The theory of plastogenetic congruence posits that ultimately, the pressure to maintain function in the face of biomolecular destabilization produces robustness. As temperature goes up so does destabilization. Thus, genetic robustness, defined as phenotypic constancy despite mutation, should correlate with survival during thermal challenge. We tested this hypothesis using vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). We produced two sets of evolved strains after selection for higher thermostability by either preincubation at 37°C or by incubation at 40°C during infection. These VSV populations became more thermostable and also more fit in the absence of thermal selection, demonstrating an absence of tradeoffs. Eleven out of 12 evolved populations had a fixed, nonsynonymous substitution in the nucleocapsid (N) open reading frame. There was a partial correlation between thermostability and mutational robustness that was observed when the former was measured at 42°C, but not at 37°C. These results are consistent with our earlier work and suggest that the relationship between robustness and thermostability is complex. Surprisingly, many of the thermostable strains also showed increased resistance to monoclonal antibody and polyclonal sera, including sera from natural hosts. These data suggest that evolved thermostability may lead to antigenic diversification and an increased ability to escape immune surveillance in febrile hosts, and potentially to an improved robustness. These relationships have important implications not only in terms of viral pathogenesis, but also for the development of vaccine vectors and oncolytic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Presloid
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, 3055 Arlington Avenue, Toledo OH 43614, USA
| | - Tasneem F Mohammad
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, 3055 Arlington Avenue, Toledo OH 43614, USA
| | - Adam S Lauring
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Microbiology & Immunology. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 41809, USA.
| | - Isabel S Novella
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, 3055 Arlington Avenue, Toledo OH 43614, USA.
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9
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Smith PF, Howerth EW, Carter D, Gray EW, Noblet R, Berghaus RD, Stallknecht DE, Mead DG. Host predilection and transmissibility of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus strains in domestic cattle (Bos taurus) and swine (Sus scrofa). BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:183. [PMID: 23034141 PMCID: PMC3514395 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic data collected during epidemics in the western United States combined with limited experimental studies involving swine and cattle suggest that host predilection of epidemic vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) strains results in variations in clinical response, extent and duration of virus shedding and transmissibility following infection in different hosts. Laboratory challenge of livestock with heterologous VSNJV strains to investigate potential viral predilections for these hosts has not been thoroughly investigated. In separate trials, homologous VSNJV strains (NJ82COB and NJ82AZB), and heterologous strains (NJ06WYE and NJOSF [Ossabaw Island, sand fly]) were inoculated into cattle via infected black fly bite. NJ82AZB and NJ06WYE were similarly inoculated into swine. RESULTS Clinical scores among viruses infecting cattle were significantly different and indicated that infection with a homologous virus resulted in more severe clinical presentation and greater extent and duration of viral shedding. No differences in clinical severity or extent and duration of viral shedding were detected in swine. CONCLUSIONS Differences in clinical presentation and extent and duration of viral shedding may have direct impacts on viral spread during epidemics. Viral transmission via animal-to-animal contact and insect vectored transmission are likely to occur at higher rates when affected animals are presenting severe clinical signs and shedding high concentrations of virus. More virulent viral strains resulting in more severe disease in livestock hosts are expected to spread more rapidly and greater distances during epidemics than those causing mild or inapparent signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Smith
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, 120 Cedar Street, 413 Biological Sciences Building, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Howerth
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Deborah Carter
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Elmer W Gray
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, 120 Cedar Street, 413 Biological Sciences Building, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Raymond Noblet
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, 120 Cedar Street, 413 Biological Sciences Building, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Roy D Berghaus
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - David E Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 589 D.W. Brooks Drive, Wildlife Health Building, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Daniel G Mead
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 589 D.W. Brooks Drive, Wildlife Health Building, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Ramirez-Carvajal L, Long CR. Down-regulation of viral replication by lentiviral-mediated expression of short-hairpin RNAs against vesicular stomatitis virus ribonuclear complex genes. Antiviral Res 2012; 95:150-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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12
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Smith PF, Howerth EW, Carter D, Gray EW, Noblet R, Smoliga G, Rodriguez LL, Mead DG. Domestic cattle as a non-conventional amplifying host of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 25:184-191. [PMID: 21133963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2010.00932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The role of vertebrates as amplifying and maintenance hosts for vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) remains unclear. Livestock have been considered dead-end hosts because detectable viraemia is absent in VSNJV-infected animals. This study demonstrated two situations in which cattle can represent a source of VSNJV to Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt (Diptera: Simuliidae) by serving: (a) as a substrate for horizontal transmission among co-feeding black flies, and (b) as a source of infection to uninfected black flies feeding on sites where VSNJV-infected black flies have previously fed. Observed co-feeding transmission rates ranged from 0% to 67%. Uninfected flies physically separated from infected flies by a distance of up to 11 cm were able to acquire virus during feeding although the rate of transmission decreased as the distance between infected and uninfected flies increased. Acquisition of VSNJV by uninfected flies feeding on initial inoculation sites at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h post-infection, in both the presence and absence of vesicular lesions, was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Smith
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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13
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Reis JL, Rodriguez LL, Mead DG, Smoliga G, Brown CC. Lesion development and replication kinetics during early infection in cattle inoculated with Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus via scarification and black fly (Simulium vittatum) bite. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:547-57. [PMID: 20858740 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810381247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis viruses are the causative agents of vesicular stomatitis, an economically important contagious disease of livestock that occurs in North, Central, and South America. Little is known regarding the early stages of infection in natural hosts. Twelve adult Holstein steers were inoculated with Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) on the coronary bands (CB) of the feet via scarification (SC) or by VSNJV-infected black fly (Simulium vittatum) bite (FB). Three additional animals were inoculated on the neck skin using FB. Clinical disease and lesion development were assessed daily, and animals were euthanatized from 12 hours post inoculation (HPI) through 120 HPI. The animals inoculated in the neck failed to develop any clinical signs or gross lesions, and VSNJV was detected neither by in situ hybridization (ISH) nor by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Lesions on the CB were more severe in the animals infected by FB than by SC. In both groups, peak VSNJV replication occurred between 24 and 48 HPI in keratinocytes of the CB, as evidenced by ISH and IHC. There was evidence of viral replication limited to the first 24 HPI in the local draining lymph nodes, as seen through ISH. Successful infection via FB required logarithmically less virus than with the SC technique, suggesting that components in black fly saliva may facilitate VSNJV transmission and infection in cattle. The lack of lesion development in the neck with the same method of inoculation used in the CB suggests that specific characteristics of the CB epithelium may facilitate VSNJV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Reis
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Smith PF, Howerth EW, Carter D, Gray EW, Noblet R, Mead DG. Mechanical transmission of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus by Simulium vittatum (Diptera: Simuliidae) to domestic swine (Sus scrofa). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 46:1537-1540. [PMID: 19960709 DOI: 10.1603/033.046.0643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biting flies have been suggested as mechanical vectors of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey Virus (family Rhabdoviridae, genus Vesiculovirus, VSNJV) in livestock populations during epidemic outbreaks in the western United States. We conducted a proof-of-concept study to determine whether biting flies could mechanically transmit VSNJV to livestock by using a black fly, Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt (Diptera: Simuliidae), domestic swine, Sus scrofa L., model. Black flies mechanically transmitted VSNJV to a naive host after interrupted feeding on a vesicular lesion on a previously infected host. Transmission resulted in clinical disease in the naïve host. This is the first demonstration of mechanical transmission of VSNJV to livestock by insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Smith
- Department of Entomology, 413 Biological Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Mead DG, Lovett KR, Murphy MD, Pauszek SJ, Smoliga G, Gray EW, Noblet R, Overmyer J, Rodriguez LL. Experimental transmission of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus from Simulium vittatum to cattle: clinical outcome is influenced by site of insect feeding. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 46:866-872. [PMID: 19645291 DOI: 10.1603/033.046.0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) is an insect-transmitted Rhabdovirus causing vesicular disease in domestic livestock including cattle, horses, and pigs. Natural transmission during epidemics remains poorly understood, particularly in cattle, one of the most affected species during outbreaks. This study reports the first successful transmission of VSNJV to cattle by insect bite resulting in clinical disease. When infected black flies (Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt) fed at sites where VS lesions are usually observed (mouth, nostrils, and foot coronary band), infection occurred, characterized by local viral replication, vesicular lesions, and high neutralizing antibody titers (> 1: 256). Viral RNA was detected up to 9 d postinfection in tissues collected during necropsy from lesion sites and lymph nodes draining those sites. Interestingly, when flies were allowed to feed on flank or neck skin, viral replication was poor, lesions were not observed, and low levels of neutralizing antibodies (range, 1:8-1:32) developed. Viremia was never observed in any of the animals and infectious virus was not recovered from tissues on necropsies performed between 8 and 27 d postinfection. Demonstration that VSNJV transmission to cattle by infected black flies can result in clinical disease contributes to a better understanding of the epidemiology and potential prevention and control methods for this important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Mead
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, CA 30602, USA
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