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Abstract
Understanding the properties of bone is of both fundamental and clinical relevance. The basis of bone’s quality and mechanical resilience lies in its nanoscale building blocks (i.e., mineral, collagen, non-collagenous proteins, and water) and their complex interactions across length scales. Although the structure–mechanical property relationship in healthy bone tissue is relatively well characterized, not much is known about the molecular-level origin of impaired mechanics and higher fracture risks in skeletal disorders such as osteoporosis or Paget’s disease. Alterations in the ultrastructure, chemistry, and nano-/micromechanics of bone tissue in such a diverse group of diseased states have only been briefly explored. Recent research is uncovering the effects of several non-collagenous bone matrix proteins, whose deficiencies or mutations are, to some extent, implicated in bone diseases, on bone matrix quality and mechanics. Herein, we review existing studies on ultrastructural imaging—with a focus on electron microscopy—and chemical, mechanical analysis of pathological bone tissues. The nanometric details offered by these reports, from studying knockout mice models to characterizing exact disease phenotypes, can provide key insights into various bone pathologies and facilitate the development of new treatments.
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Lelevic A, Souchon V, Geantet C, Lorentz C, Moreaud M. Advanced data preprocessing for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy detection. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:4141-4150. [PMID: 34510756 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with vacuum ultraviolet detection results in sizable data for which noise and baseline drift ought to be corrected. As the data is acquired from multiple channels, preprocessing steps have to be applied to the data from all channels while being robust and rather fast with respect to the significant size of the data. In this study, we have described advanced data preprocessing techniques for such data which were not available in the existing commercial software solutions and which were dedicated primarily to noise and baseline correction. Noise reduction was performed on both the spectral and the time dimension. For the baseline correction, a morphological approach based on iterated convolutions and rectifier operations was proposed. On the spectral dimension, much less noisy and reliable spectra were obtained. From a quantitative point of view, mentioned preprocessing steps significantly improved the signal-to-noise ratio for the analyte detection (circa six times in this study). These preprocessing methods were integrated into the plugim! platform (https://www.plugim.fr/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Lelevic
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP 3, Solaize, 69360, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vincent Souchon
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP 3, Solaize, 69360, France
| | - Christophe Geantet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Chantal Lorentz
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maxime Moreaud
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP 3, Solaize, 69360, France
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3
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Gaihre B, Bharadwaz A, Unagolla JM, Jayasuriya AC. Evaluation of the optimal dosage of BMP-9 through the comparison of bone regeneration induced by BMP-9 versus BMP-2 using an injectable microparticle embedded thermosensitive polymeric carrier in a rat cranial defect model. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 127:112252. [PMID: 34225891 PMCID: PMC8260961 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are well known as enhancers and facilitators of osteogenesis during bone regeneration. The use of recombinant BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) in bone defect healing has drawbacks, which has driven the scouting for alternatives, such as recombinant BMP-9 (rhBMP-9), to provide comparable new bone formation. However, the dosage of rhBMP-9 is quintessential for the facilitation of adequate bone defect healing. Therefore, this study has been designed to evaluate the optimal dosage of BMP-9 by comparing the bone defect healing induced by rhBMP-9 over rhBMP-2. The chitosan (CS) microparticles (MPs), coated with BMPs, were embedded in a thermoresponsive methylcellulose (MC) and calcium alginate (Alg) based injectable delivery system containing a dosage of either 0.5 μg or 1.5 μg of the respective rhBMP per bone defect. A 5 mm critical-sized cranial defect rat model has been used in this study, and bone tissues were harvested at eight weeks post-surgery. The standard tools for comparing the new bone regeneration included micro computerized tomography (micro-CT) and histological analysis. A novel perspective of analyzing the new bone quality and crystallinity was employed by using Raman spectroscopy, along with its elastic modulus quantified through Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Results showed that the rhBMP-9 administered at a dosage of 1.5 μg per bone defect, using this delivery system, can adequately facilitate the bone void filling with ample new bone mineralization and crystallinity as compared to rhBMP-2, thus approving the hypothesis for a viable rhBMP-2 alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipin Gaihre
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43607, USA
| | - Angshuman Bharadwaz
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43607, USA
| | - Janitha M Unagolla
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43607, USA
| | - Ambalangodage C Jayasuriya
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43607, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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Chiou AE, Liu C, Moreno-Jiménez I, Tang T, Wagermaier W, Dean MN, Fischbach C, Fratzl P. Breast cancer-secreted factors perturb murine bone growth in regions prone to metastasis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf2283. [PMID: 33731354 PMCID: PMC7968847 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf2283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer frequently metastasizes to bone, causing osteolytic lesions. However, how factors secreted by primary tumors affect the bone microenvironment before the osteolytic phase of metastatic tumor growth remains unclear. Understanding these changes is critical as they may regulate metastatic dissemination and progression. To mimic premetastatic bone adaptation, immunocompromised mice were injected with MDA-MB-231-conditioned medium [tumor-conditioned media (TCM)]. Subsequently, the bones of these mice were subjected to multiscale, correlative analysis including RNA sequencing, histology, micro-computed tomography, x-ray scattering analysis, and Raman imaging. In contrast to overt metastasis causing osteolysis, TCM treatment induced new bone formation that was characterized by increased mineral apposition rate relative to control bones, altered bone quality with less matrix and more carbonate substitution, and the deposition of disoriented mineral near the growth plate. Our study suggests that breast cancer-secreted factors may promote perturbed bone growth before metastasis, which could affect initial seeding of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron E Chiou
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Chuang Liu
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Inés Moreno-Jiménez
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tengteng Tang
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mason N Dean
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Claudia Fischbach
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.
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Unal M. Raman spectroscopic determination of bone matrix quantity and quality augments prediction of human cortical bone mechanical properties. J Biomech 2021; 119:110342. [PMID: 33706105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Being independent contributors to bone mechanical resistance at the apparent level, quality and quantity of bone primary constituents are essential factors in better fracture risk assessment. Raman spectroscopy (RS) holds great potential for being a clinical tool with providing quality and quantity measurements of the bone mineralized matrix. Beyond mineral quality and quantity, recent years have revealed newly developed RS-derived bone compositional measurements focusing on organic matrix and water though their associations with bone mechanics have not been fully established yet. Herein, the author reported first thorough characterization study investigating associations between twenty different RS-derived measurements and mechanical properties of human cortical bone (i.e., yield and ultimate strength, elastic modulus, toughness, post-yield toughness, and post-yield strain). Forty-five rectangular human cortical beams harvested from all four anatomical quadrants of two male donors were tested under three-point bending. Raman spectra of each specimen were collected at the spectral range of 800 to 4000 cm-1. While correlations were tested among RS-derived measurements via Spearman's rank correlations, multivariate linear regression using mixed effects were used to determine the best RS-derived measurement or the combination of RS-derived measurements in predicting various mechanical properties of human cortical bone. Most of the RS-derived measurements were associated with the mechanical properties (Rm2 ranges from 8.9 to 68.3%, p < 0.05). The various linear combinations of six RS-derived measurements focusing on different aspects of bone matrix (i.e., ν1PO4/Amide I, ν1PO4/Amide III, Carbonate/ν1PO4, ~I1670/I1640, ~I3453/I2949, ~I3584/I2949) improved the prediction (Rm2 = 43.5 to 70.2%, p < 0.05). While a causal relationship still needs to be investigated, RS has a great potential to establish a robust patient-specific fracture risk prediction with the latest advances in technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Unal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Ahuja N, Awad KR, Brotto M, Aswath PB, Varanasi V. A comparative study on silicon nitride, titanium and polyether ether ketone on mouse pre-osteoblast cells. MEDICAL DEVICES & SENSORS 2021; 4:e10139. [PMID: 35765350 PMCID: PMC9236125 DOI: 10.1002/mds3.10139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The current study provides more insights about the surface bioactivity of the silicon nitride (Si3N4) as a potential candidate for bone regeneration in craniofacial and orthopaedic applications compared with conventional implantation materials. Current skeletal reconstructive materials such as titanium and polyether ether ketone (PEEK) are limited by poor long-term stability, biocompatibility and prolonged healing. Si3N4 is an FDA-approved material for an intervertebral spacer in spinal fusion applications. It is biocompatible and has antimicrobial properties. Here, we hypothesize that Si3N4 was found to be an osteoconductive material and conducts the growth, differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells for extracellular matrix deposition, mineralization and eventual bone regeneration for craniofacial and orthopaedic applications. MC3T3-E1 cells were used to study the osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization on sterile samples of Si3N4, titanium alloy and PEEK. The samples were then analysed for extracellular matrix deposition and mineralization by FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, Alizarin Red, qRT-PCR and ELISA. The in vitro study indicates the formation of collagen fibres and mineral deposition on all three sample surfaces. There was more profound and faster ECM deposition and mineralization on Si3N4 surface as compared to titanium and PEEK. The FTIR and Raman spectroscopy show formation of collagen and mineral deposition at 30 days for Si3N4 and titanium and not PEEK. The peaks shown by Raman for Si3N4 resemble closely to natural bone. Results also indicate the upregulation of osteogenic transcription factors such as RUNX2, SP7, collagen type I and osteocalcin. The authors concluded that Si3N4 rapidly conducts mineralized tissue formation via extracellular matrix deposition and biomarker expression in mouse calvarial pre-osteoblast cells. Thus, this study confirms that the bioactive Si3N4 could be a potential material for craniofacial and orthopaedic applications leading to rapid bone regeneration that resemble the natural bone structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Ahuja
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Kamal R. Awad
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Marco Brotto
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Pranesh B Aswath
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Venu Varanasi
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
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Li S, Wang X, Li Z, Huang Z, Lin S, Hu J, Tu Y. Research progress of single molecule force spectroscopy technology based on atomic force microscopy in polymer materials: Structure, design strategy and probe modification. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 PR China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 PR China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 PR China
| | - Zhenzhu Huang
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Materials for Electronics Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- Incubator of Nanxiong CAS Co., Ltd. Nanxiong 512400 PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 PR China
| | - Shudong Lin
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Materials for Electronics Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- Incubator of Nanxiong CAS Co., Ltd. Nanxiong 512400 PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 PR China
| | - Jiwen Hu
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Materials for Electronics Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- Incubator of Nanxiong CAS Co., Ltd. Nanxiong 512400 PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Tu
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Materials for Electronics Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou 510650 PR China
- Incubator of Nanxiong CAS Co., Ltd. Nanxiong 512400 PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 PR China
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Vibrational Spectroscopy for In Vitro Monitoring Stem Cell Differentiation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235554. [PMID: 33256146 PMCID: PMC7729886 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell technology has attracted considerable attention over recent decades due to its enormous potential in regenerative medicine and disease therapeutics. Studying the underlying mechanisms of stem cell differentiation and tissue generation is critical, and robust methodologies and different technologies are required. Towards establishing improved understanding and optimised triggering and control of differentiation processes, analytical techniques such as flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, RNA in situ hybridisation analysis, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting have contributed much. However, progress in the field remains limited because such techniques provide only limited information, as they are only able to address specific, selected aspects of the process, and/or cannot visualise the process at the subcellular level. Additionally, many current analytical techniques involve the disruption of the investigation process (tissue sectioning, immunostaining) and cannot monitor the cellular differentiation process in situ, in real-time. Vibrational spectroscopy, as a label-free, non-invasive and non-destructive analytical technique, appears to be a promising candidate to potentially overcome many of these limitations as it can provide detailed biochemical fingerprint information for analysis of cells, tissues, and body fluids. The technique has been widely used in disease diagnosis and increasingly in stem cell technology. In this work, the efforts regarding the use of vibrational spectroscopy to identify mechanisms of stem cell differentiation at a single cell and tissue level are summarised. Both infrared absorption and Raman spectroscopic investigations are explored, and the relative merits, and future perspectives of the techniques are discussed.
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Bergholt MS, Serio A, Albro MB. Raman Spectroscopy: Guiding Light for the Extracellular Matrix. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:303. [PMID: 31737621 PMCID: PMC6839578 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of a complex mesh of proteins, glycoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans, and is essential for maintaining the integrity and function of biological tissues. Imaging and biomolecular characterization of the ECM is critical for understanding disease onset and for the development of novel, disease-modifying therapeutics. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize the ECM. Raman spectroscopy is a label-free vibrational technique that offers unique insights into the structure and composition of tissues and cells at the molecular level. This technique can be applied across a broad range of ECM imaging applications, which encompass in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo analysis. State-of-the-art confocal Raman microscopy imaging now enables label-free assessments of the ECM structure and composition in tissue sections with a remarkably high degree of biomolecular specificity. Further, novel fiber-optic instrumentation has opened up for clinical in vivo ECM diagnostic measurements across a range of tissue systems. A palette of advanced computational methods based on multivariate statistics, spectral unmixing, and machine learning can be applied to Raman data, allowing for the extraction of specific biochemical information of the ECM. Here, we review Raman spectroscopy techniques for ECM characterizations over a variety of exciting applications and tissue systems, including native tissue assessments (bone, cartilage, cardiovascular), regenerative medicine quality assessments, and diagnostics of disease states. We further discuss the challenges in the widespread adoption of Raman spectroscopy in biomedicine. The results of the latest discovery-driven Raman studies are summarized, illustrating the current and potential future applications of Raman spectroscopy in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads S. Bergholt
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Serio
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B. Albro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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Unal M, Uppuganti S, Timur S, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Akkus O, Nyman JS. Assessing matrix quality by Raman spectroscopy helps predict fracture toughness of human cortical bone. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7195. [PMID: 31076574 PMCID: PMC6510799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing clinical tools that assess bone matrix quality could improve the assessment of a person's fracture risk. To determine whether Raman spectroscopy (RS) has such potential, we acquired Raman spectra from human cortical bone using microscope- and fiber optic probe-based Raman systems and tested whether correlations between RS and fracture toughness properties were statistically significant. Calculated directly from intensities at wavenumbers identified by second derivative analysis, Amide I sub-peak ratio I1670/I1640, not I1670/I1690, was negatively correlated with Kinit (N = 58; R2 = 32.4%) and J-integral (R2 = 47.4%) when assessed by Raman micro-spectroscopy. Area ratios (A1670/A1690) determined from sub-band fitting did not correlate with fracture toughness. There were fewer correlations between RS and fracture toughness when spectra were acquired by probe RS. Nonetheless, the I1670/I1640 sub-peak ratio again negatively correlated with Kinit (N = 56; R2 = 25.6%) and J-integral (R2 = 39.0%). In best-fit general linear models, I1670/I1640, age, and volumetric bone mineral density explained 50.2% (microscope) and 49.4% (probe) of the variance in Kinit. I1670/I1640 and v1PO4/Amide I (microscope) or just I1670/I1640 (probe) were negative predictors of J-integral (adjusted-R2 = 54.9% or 37.9%, respectively). While Raman-derived matrix properties appear useful to the assessment of fracture resistance of bone, the acquisition strategy to resolve the Amide I band needs to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Unal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Sasidhar Uppuganti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Selin Timur
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Ozan Akkus
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jeffry S Nyman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.
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Chen H, Xu W, Broderick NGR. An Adaptive and Fully Automated Baseline Correction Method for Raman Spectroscopy Based on Morphological Operations and Mollification. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 73:284-293. [PMID: 30334459 DOI: 10.1177/0003702818811688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Baseline drift is a commonly identified and severe problem in Raman spectra, especially for biological samples. The main cause of baseline drift in Raman spectroscopy is fluorescence generated within the sample. If left untreated, it will affect the following qualitative or quantitative analysis. In this paper, an adaptive and fully automated baseline estimation algorithm based on iteratively averaging morphological opening and closing operations is presented. The proposed method is able to deal with different shapes and amplitudes of baselines. It is tested on both simulated and experimental Raman spectra. Comparison of the proposed method with other morphology-based methods and a well-developed penalized least squares-based method is made. The results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method and its advantages-in terms of accuracy, adaptivity, and computing speed-over other algorithms. In general, this method can also be applied to other spectroscopic data or other types of one-dimensional data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- 2 The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Weiliang Xu
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- 2 The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Neil G R Broderick
- 2 The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Dunedin, New Zealand
- 3 Department of Physics, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Biochemical assessment of nanostructures in human trabecular bone: Proposal of a Raman microspectroscopy based measurements protocol. Injury 2018; 49 Suppl 2:S11-S21. [PMID: 30077357 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improvements to the understating of the compositional contributions of bone mineral and organic components to the competence of trabecular bone are crucial. The purpose of this study was to propose a protocol to study biochemical composition of trabecular bone, based on two combined Raman analysis methodologies. MATERIAL AND METHODS Both cluster and single point Raman mappings were obtained, in order to assess bone degeneration associated with aging, disease, or injury, and to help in the evaluation and development of successful therapies. In this study, human trabecular bone has been analysed throughout a) Raman cluster analysis: bone mineral content, carbonate-to-phosphate ratio (both from the mineral components), the crosslinking and nature/secondary structure of collagen (both from the organic components); and b) Single point Raman spectra, where Raman points related to the minerals and organic components were also obtained, both techniques were employed in spectra attained at 400 to 1700 cm-1. RESULTS Multivariate analysis confirmed: 1) the different spectral composition, 2) the existence of centroids grouped by chemical affinity of the various components of the trabecular bone, and 3) the several traces of centroids and distribution of chemical compositional clusters. CONCLUSIONS This study is important, because it delivers a study protocol that provides molecular variations information in both mineral and collagen structure of trabecular bone tissue. This will enable clinicians to benefit knowing the microstructural differences in the bone subjected to degeneration of their patients.
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Garip Ustaoglu S, Evis Z, Ilbay G, Boskey AL, Severcan F. Side-Effects of Convulsive Seizures and Anti-Seizure Therapy on Bone in a Rat Model of Epilepsy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 72:689-705. [PMID: 28905646 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817734617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The severe sole effects of seizures on the cortical part of bone were reported in our previous study. However, the side effects of anti-epileptic drug therapy on bones has not been differentiated from the effects of the convulsive seizures, yet. This study provides the first report on differentiation of the effects of seizures and carbamazepine (a widely used antiepileptic drug) therapy on bones; 50 mg/kg/day drug was given to genetically induced absence epileptic rats for five weeks. Distinct bone regions including cortical, trabecular, and growth plate in each of tibia, femur, and spine tissues were studied using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) imaging and Vickers microhardness test. Blood levels of vitamin D and bone turnover biomarkers were also measured. According to the FT-IR imaging results, both seizure and carbamazepine-treated groups, more dominantly the drug-treated group, had lower mineral content with altered collagen crosslinks and higher crystallinity, implying reduced bone strength. Lower microhardness values also supported lower mechanical strength in bones. The most affected bone tissue and region from seizures and treatment was found as the spine and cortical, respectively. While there was a reduction in vitamin D and calcium levels in both seizure and carbamazepin-treated groups, significantly elevated PTH and bone turnover biomarkers were only seen in the drug-treated group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebnem Garip Ustaoglu
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, 187458 Middle East Technical University , Ankara, Turkey
- 2 Department of Medical Biochemistry, 187458 Faculty of Medicine, Altinbas University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zafer Evis
- 3 Department of Engineering Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gul Ilbay
- 4 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Adele Ludin Boskey
- 5 25062 Mineralized Tissue Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Feride Severcan
- 6 Department of Biological Sciences, 187458 Middle East Technical University , Ankara, Turkey
- 7 Department of Biophysics, 187458 Faculty of Medicine, Altinbas University, Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Caraher MC, Sophocleous A, Beattie JR, O'Driscoll O, Cummins NM, Brennan O, O'Brien FJ, Ralston SH, Bell SE, Towler M, Idris AI. Raman spectroscopy predicts the link between claw keratin and bone collagen structure in a rodent model of oestrogen deficiency. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:398-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Toledano M, Osorio R, Guerado E, Caso E, Osorio E. Nanostructure in the trabecular bone of postmenopausal women: Mechanical and chemical analysis. Injury 2017; 48 Suppl 6:S26-S33. [PMID: 29162238 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(17)30791-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of diagnosis and prediction of multiple disorders in trabecular bone through nano-biomechanics and chemical analysis are summarized. Improvements to the understating of the compositional contributors of bone mineral and organic components to mechanical competence are crucial. Viscoelastic properties and Raman characterization have been used to evaluate possible alterations of the trabecular bone associated with aging, disease, or injury. In this study, the trabecular bone of postmenopausal women has been analyzed throughout. (a) Nanomechanical characterization, by using nano-DMA: complex modulus, tan δ, loss modulus (E'), and storage modulus (E'); and (b) Raman analysis: relative presence of minerals, carbonate-to-phosphate ratio (both from the mineral components), the crosslinking and nature/secondary structure of collagen (both from the organic components). Complementary nano-morphological studies were done assessing roughness (SRa) and collagen fibrils width, on this trabecular bone. A general idea of the behavior of the viscoelastic performance can be obtained by the Tan δ (E″/E'), that achieved 0.98GPa of damping. 249nm and 0.898μm of SRa roughness and fibrils width were obtained, respectively. The relative presence of minerals, the carbonate-to-phosphate ratio, the crosslinking and the nature/secondary structure of collagen, between 700 and 1700cm-1, were also obtained, in order to propose a study protocol for trabecular bone characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Toledano
- Faculty of Dentistry, Dental Materials Section, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Raquel Osorio
- Faculty of Dentistry, Dental Materials Section, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Enrique Guerado
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hospital Universitario Costa del Sol, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Enrique Caso
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Costa del Sol, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Estrella Osorio
- Faculty of Dentistry, Dental Materials Section, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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16
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Paschalis EP, Gamsjaeger S, Klaushofer K. Vibrational spectroscopic techniques to assess bone quality. Osteoporos Int 2017; 28:2275-2291. [PMID: 28378291 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-4019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although musculoskeletal diseases such as osteoporosis are diagnosed and treatment outcome is evaluated based mainly on routine clinical outcomes of bone mineral density (BMD) by DXA and biochemical markers, it is recognized that these two indicators, as valuable as they have proven to be in the everyday clinical practice, do not fully account for manifested bone strength. Thus, the term bone quality was introduced, to complement considerations based on bone turnover rates and BMD. Bone quality is an "umbrella" term that incorporates the structural and material/compositional characteristics of bone tissue. Vibrational spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIRM) and imaging (FTIRI), and Raman spectroscopy, are suitable analytical tools for the determination of bone quality as they provide simultaneous, quantitative, and qualitative information on all main bone tissue components (mineral, organic matrix, tissue water), in a spatially resolved manner. Moreover, the results of such analyses may be readily combined with the outcomes of other techniques such as histology/histomorphometry, small angle X-ray scattering, quantitative backscattered electron imaging, and nanoindentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Paschalis
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Heinrich Collin Str. 30, 1140, Vienna, Austria.
| | - S Gamsjaeger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Heinrich Collin Str. 30, 1140, Vienna, Austria
| | - K Klaushofer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Heinrich Collin Str. 30, 1140, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Bi X, Grafe I, Ding H, Flores R, Munivez E, Jiang MM, Dawson B, Lee B, Ambrose CG. Correlations Between Bone Mechanical Properties and Bone Composition Parameters in Mouse Models of Dominant and Recessive Osteogenesis Imperfecta and the Response to Anti-TGF-β Treatment. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:347-359. [PMID: 27649409 PMCID: PMC7894383 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a group of genetic disorders characterized by brittle bones that are prone to fracture. Although previous studies in animal models investigated the mechanical properties and material composition of OI bone, little work has been conducted to statistically correlate these parameters to identify key compositional contributors to the impaired bone mechanical behaviors in OI. Further, although increased TGF-β signaling has been demonstrated as a contributing mechanism to the bone pathology in OI models, the relationship between mechanical properties and bone composition after anti-TGF-β treatment in OI has not been studied. Here, we performed follow-up analyses of femurs collected in an earlier study from OI mice with and without anti-TGF-β treatment from both recessive (Crtap-/- ) and dominant (Col1a2+/P.G610C ) OI mouse models and WT mice. Mechanical properties were determined using three-point bending tests and evaluated for statistical correlation with molecular composition in bone tissue assessed by Raman spectroscopy. Statistical regression analysis was conducted to determine significant compositional determinants of mechanical integrity. Interestingly, we found differences in the relationships between bone composition and mechanical properties and in the response to anti-TGF-β treatment. Femurs of both OI models exhibited increased brittleness, which was associated with reduced collagen content and carbonate substitution. In the Col1a2+/P.G610C femurs, reduced hydroxyapatite crystallinity was also found to be associated with increased brittleness, and increased mineral-to-collagen ratio was correlated with increased ultimate strength, elastic modulus, and bone brittleness. In both models of OI, regression analysis demonstrated that collagen content was an important predictor of the increased brittleness. In summary, this work provides new insights into the relationships between bone composition and material properties in models of OI, identifies key bone compositional parameters that correlate with the impaired mechanical integrity of OI bone, and explores the effects of anti-TGF-β treatment on bone-quality parameters in these models. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Bi
- Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ingo Grafe
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hao Ding
- Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rene Flores
- Academic and Research Affairs, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elda Munivez
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ming Ming Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brian Dawson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Catherine G Ambrose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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18
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Decreasing maternal myostatin programs adult offspring bone strength in a mouse model of osteogenesis imperfecta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:13522-13527. [PMID: 27821779 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1607644113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During fetal development, the uterine environment can have effects on offspring bone architecture and integrity that persist into adulthood; however, the biochemical and molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle mass. Parental myostatin deficiency (Mstntm1Sjl/+) increases muscle mass in wild-type offspring, suggesting an intrauterine programming effect. Here, we hypothesized that Mstntm1Sjl/+ dams would also confer increased bone strength. In wild-type offspring, maternal myostatin deficiency altered fetal growth and calvarial collagen content of newborn mice and conferred a lasting impact on bone geometry and biomechanical integrity of offspring at 4 mo of age, the age of peak bone mass. Second, we sought to apply maternal myostatin deficiency to a mouse model with osteogenesis imperfecta (Col1a2oim), a heritable connective tissue disorder caused by abnormalities in the structure and/or synthesis of type I collagen. Femora of male Col1a2oim/+ offspring from natural mating of Mstntm1Sjl/+ dams to Col1a2oim/+sires had a 15% increase in torsional ultimate strength, a 29% increase in tensile strength, and a 24% increase in energy to failure compared with age, sex, and genotype-matched offspring from natural mating of Col1a2oim/+ dams to Col1a2oim/+ sires. Finally, increased bone biomechanical strength of Col1a2oim/+ offspring that had been transferred into Mstntm1Sjl/+ dams as blastocysts demonstrated that the effects of maternal myostatin deficiency were conferred by the postimplantation environment. Thus, targeting the gestational environment, and specifically prenatal myostatin pathways, provides a potential therapeutic window and an approach for treating osteogenesis imperfecta.
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19
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Matousek P, Stone N. Development of deep subsurface Raman spectroscopy for medical diagnosis and disease monitoring. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:1794-802. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00466g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of non-invasive deep Raman techniques heralds the emergence of novel diagnostic and disease monitoring methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility
- Research Complex at Harwell
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Harwell Oxford
- UK
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20
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Estimating temperature exposure of burnt bone — A methodological review. Sci Justice 2015; 55:181-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Aruwajoye OO, Kim HKW, Aswath PB. Bone apatite composition of necrotic trabecular bone in the femoral head of immature piglets. Calcif Tissue Int 2015; 96:324-34. [PMID: 25660159 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-015-9959-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (IOFH) can lead to excessive resorption of the trabecular bone and collapse of the femoral head as a structure. A well-known mineral component to trabecular bone is hydroxyapatite, which can be present in many forms due to ionic substitution, thus altering chemical composition. Unfortunately, very little is known about the chemical changes to bone apatite following IOFH. We hypothesized that the apatite composition changes in necrotic bone possibly contribute to increased osteoclast resorption and structural collapse of the femoral head. The purpose of this study was to assess the macroscopic and local phosphate composition of actively resorbed necrotic trabecular bone to isolate differences between areas of increased osteoclast resorption and normal bone formation. A piglet model of IOFH was used. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), histology, X-ray absorbance near edge structure (XANES), and Raman spectroscopy were performed on femoral heads to characterize normal and necrotic trabecular bone. Backscattered SEM, micro-computed tomography and histology showed deformity and active resorption of necrotic bone compared to normal. XANES and Raman spectroscopy obtained from actively resorbed necrotic bone and normal bone showed increased carbonate-to-phosphate content in the necrotic bone. The changes in the apatite composition due to carbonate substitution may play a role in the increased resorption of necrotic bone due to its increase in solubility. Indeed, a better understanding of the apatite composition of necrotic bone could shed light on osteoclast activity and potentially improve therapeutic treatments that target excessive resorption of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olumide O Aruwajoye
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Texas at Arlington, 501 West First Street, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
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22
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Prediction of local ultimate strain and toughness of trabecular bone tissue by Raman material composition analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:457371. [PMID: 25695083 PMCID: PMC4324117 DOI: 10.1155/2015/457371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies indicate that bone mineral density correlates with fracture risk at the population level but does not correlate with individual fracture risk well. Current research aims to better understand the failure mechanism of bone and to identify key determinants of bone quality, thus improving fracture risk prediction. To get a better understanding of bone strength, it is important to analyze tissue-level properties not influenced by macro- or microarchitectural factors. The aim of this pilot study was to identify whether and to what extent material properties are correlated with mechanical properties at the tissue level. The influence of macro- or microarchitectural factors was excluded by testing individual trabeculae. Previously reported data of mechanical parameters measured in single trabeculae under tension and bending and its compositional properties measured by Raman spectroscopy was evaluated. Linear and multivariate regressions show that bone matrix quality but not quantity was significantly and independently correlated with the tissue-level ultimate strain and postyield work (r = 0.65–0.94). Principal component analysis extracted three independent components explaining 86% of the total variance, representing elastic, yield, and ultimate components according to the included mechanical parameters. Some matrix parameters were both included in the ultimate component, indicating that the variation in ultimate strain and postyield work could be largely explained by Raman-derived compositional parameters.
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23
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Mandair GS, Morris MD. Contributions of Raman spectroscopy to the understanding of bone strength. BONEKEY REPORTS 2015; 4:620. [PMID: 25628882 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2014.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is increasingly commonly used to understand how changes in bone composition and structure influence tissue-level bone mechanical properties. The spectroscopic technique provides information on bone mineral and matrix collagen components and on the effects of various matrix proteins on bone material properties as well. The Raman spectrum of bone not only contains information on bone mineral crystallinity that is related to bone hardness but also provides information on the orientation of mineral crystallites with respect to the collagen fibril axis. Indirect information on collagen cross-links is also available and will be discussed. After a short introduction to bone Raman spectroscopic parameters and collection methodologies, advances in in vivo Raman spectroscopic measurements for animal and human subject studies will be reviewed. A discussion on the effects of aging, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteoporosis and therapeutic agents on bone composition and mechanical properties will be highlighted, including genetic mouse models in which structure-function and exercise effects are explored. Similarly, extracellular matrix proteins, proteases and transcriptional proteins implicated in the regulation of bone material properties will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjit S Mandair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael D Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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24
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Relationships between tissue composition and viscoelastic properties in human trabecular bone. J Biomech 2015; 48:269-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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25
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Gamsjaeger S, Mendelsohn R, Boskey AL, Gourion-Arsiquaud S, Klaushofer K, Paschalis EP. Vibrational spectroscopic imaging for the evaluation of matrix and mineral chemistry. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2014; 12:454-64. [PMID: 25240579 PMCID: PMC4638121 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-014-0238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic bone diseases manifesting fragility fractures (such as osteoporosis) are routinely diagnosed based on bone mineral density (BMD) measurements, and the effect of various therapies also evaluated based on the same outcome. Although useful, it is well recognized that this metric does not fully account for either fracture incidence or the effect of various therapies on fracture incidence, thus, the emergence of bone quality as a contributing factor in the determination of bone strength. Infrared and Raman vibrational spectroscopic techniques are particularly well-suited for the determination of bone quality as they provide quantitative and qualitative information of the mineral and organic matrix bone components, simultaneously. Through the use of microspectroscopic techniques, this information is available in a spatially resolved manner, thus, the outcomes may be easily correlated with outcomes from techniques such as histology, histomorphometry, and nanoindentation, linking metabolic status with material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Gamsjaeger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital, of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical, Department, Hanusch Hospital, Heinrich Collin Str. 30, A-1140 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - K. Klaushofer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital, of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical, Department, Hanusch Hospital, Heinrich Collin Str. 30, A-1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - E. P. Paschalis
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital, of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical, Department, Hanusch Hospital, Heinrich Collin Str. 30, A-1140 Vienna, Austria,
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26
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Mussatto JC, Perez MC, de Souza RA, Pacheco MTT, Zângaro RA, Silveira L. Could the bone mineral density (T-score) be correlated with the Raman spectral features of keratin from women's nails and be used to predict osteoporosis? Lasers Med Sci 2014; 30:287-94. [PMID: 25240387 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a disease with great importance in current public health due to the associated risk of fracture; therefore, a rapid and accurate diagnosis becomes increasingly important. Recent literature has described a possible relationship between the changes in the organic phase of bone and the changes in nail keratin measured through Raman spectroscopy, aiming at the development of a standard for measuring bone quality and fracture risk both rapid and accurately. This work evaluated the correlation between the bone mineral density (BMD) scores of women with and without osteoporotic disease with the changes in the Raman spectra of the nail keratin, by assessing the intensity of the peak at 510 cm(-1) (S-S bridge) and the scores of principal component analysis (PCA), correlated with the values of BMD measured at the lumbar and hip. Raman spectra of ex vivo fingernails of 213 women were obtained by means of a dispersive Raman spectrometer (830 nm, 300 mW, in the spectral range between 400 and 1,800 cm(-1)). Peak intensities at ∼510 cm(-1) (assigned to the keratin S-S bridge) were measured, and the scores of first principal component loading vectors were calculated. Results showed no differences in the mean Raman spectra of nails of groups with and without osteoporosis. No correlation was found between the BMD scores and both the intensities of the 510 cm(-1) peak and the scores of the first four principal component vectors. Results suggest that BMD and fracture risk could not be assessed by the nail keratin features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Cesar Mussatto
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco-UNICASTELO, Parque Tecnológico de São José dos Campos, Estr. Dr. Altino Bondesan 500, Eugênio de Melo, São José dos Campos, SP, 12247-016, Brazil
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27
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Kerns JG, Gikas PD, Buckley K, Shepperd A, Birch HL, McCarthy I, Miles J, Briggs TWR, Keen R, Parker AW, Matousek P, Goodship AE. Evidence from Raman spectroscopy of a putative link between inherent bone matrix chemistry and degenerative joint disease. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:1237-46. [PMID: 24470432 PMCID: PMC4158861 DOI: 10.1002/art.38360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common debilitating disease that results in degeneration of cartilage and bone in the synovial joints. Subtle changes in the molecular structure of the subchondral bone matrix occur and may be associated with cartilage changes. The aim of this study was to explore whether the abnormal molecular changes observed in the matrix of OA subchondral bone can be identified with Raman spectroscopy. METHODS Tibial plateaus from patients undergoing total knee replacement for OA (n = 10) were compared with healthy joints from patients undergoing leg amputation (n = 5; sex- and laterality-matched) and with non-OA cadaveric knee specimens (n = 5; age-matched). The samples were analyzed with Raman spectroscopy, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, and chemical analysis to compare changes in defined load-bearing sites in both the medial and lateral compartments. RESULTS OA subchondral bone matrix changes were detected by Raman spectroscopy. Within each cohort, there was no spectral difference in bone matrix chemistry between the medial and lateral compartments, whereas a significant spectral difference (P < 0.001) was observed between the non-OA and OA specimens. Type I collagen chain ratios were normal in the non-OA specimens but were significantly elevated in the OA specimens. CONCLUSION In comparing the results of Raman spectroscopy with those obtained by other standard techniques, these findings show, for the first time, that subchondral bone changes, or inherent differences, exist in both the medial and lateral (beneath intact cartilage) compartments of OA knees. The development of Raman spectroscopy as a screening tool, based on molecular-specific modifications in bone, would facilitate the identification of clinical disease, including early molecular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma G Kerns
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, and Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
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28
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Kaiplavil S, Mandelis A, Wang X, Feng T. Photothermal tomography for the functional and structural evaluation, and early mineral loss monitoring in bones. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:2488-2502. [PMID: 25136480 PMCID: PMC4132983 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.002488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Salient features of a new non-ionizing bone diagnostics technique, truncated-correlation photothermal coherence tomography (TC-PCT), exhibiting optical-grade contrast and capable of resolving the trabecular network in three dimensions through the cortical region with and without a soft-tissue overlayer are presented. The absolute nature and early demineralization-detection capability of a marker called thermal wave occupation index, estimated using the proposed modality, have been established. Selective imaging of regions of a specific mineral density range has been demonstrated in a mouse femur. The method is maximum-permissible-exposure compatible. In a matrix of bone and soft-tissue a depth range of ~3.8 mm has been achieved, which can be increased through instrumental and modulation waveform optimization. Furthermore, photoacoustic microscopy, a comparable modality with TC-PCT, has been used to resolve the trabecular structure and for comparison with the photothermal tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekumar Kaiplavil
- Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave Technologies (CADIFT), Dept. of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Andreas Mandelis
- Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave Technologies (CADIFT), Dept. of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Xueding Wang
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5667, USA
| | - Ting Feng
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5667, USA
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29
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State of the art Raman techniques for biological applications. Methods 2014; 68:338-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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30
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Guda T, Labella C, Chan R, Hale R. Quality of bone healing: Perspectives and assessment techniques. Wound Repair Regen 2014; 22 Suppl 1:39-49. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teja Guda
- Dental Trauma Research Detachment; US Army Institute of Surgical Research; Fort Sam Houston
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Winston-Salem North Carolina
- Biomedical Engineering; University of Texas at San Antonio; San Antonio Texas
| | - Carl Labella
- Dental Trauma Research Detachment; US Army Institute of Surgical Research; Fort Sam Houston
| | - Rodney Chan
- Dental Trauma Research Detachment; US Army Institute of Surgical Research; Fort Sam Houston
| | - Robert Hale
- Dental Trauma Research Detachment; US Army Institute of Surgical Research; Fort Sam Houston
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31
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Joiner DM, Tayim RJ, McElderry JD, Morris MD, Goldstein SA. Aged male rats regenerate cortical bone with reduced osteocyte density and reduced secretion of nitric oxide after mechanical stimulation. Calcif Tissue Int 2014; 94:484-94. [PMID: 24370615 PMCID: PMC4791168 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-013-9832-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical loading is integral to the repair of bone damage. Osteocytes are mechanosensors in bone and participate in signaling through gap junction channels, which are primarily comprised of connexin 43 (Cx43). Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) have anabolic and catabolic effects on bone, and the secretion of these molecules occurs after mechanical stimulation. The effect of age on the repair of bone tissue after damage and on the ability of regenerated bone to transduce mechanical stimulation into a cellular response is unexplored. The goal of this study was to examine (1) osteocytes and their mineralized matrix within regenerated bone from aged and mature animals and (2) the ability of regenerated bone explants from aged and mature animals to transduce cyclic mechanical loading into a cellular response through NO and PGE2 secretion. Bilateral cortical defects were created in the diaphysis of aged (21-month-old) or mature (6-month-old) male rats, and new bone tissue was allowed to grow into a custom implant of controlled geometry. Mineralization and mineral-to-matrix ratio were significantly higher in regenerated bone from aged animals, while lacunar and osteocyte density and phosphorylated (pCx43) and total Cx43 protein were significantly lower, relative to mature animals. Regenerated bone from mature rats had increased pCx43 protein and PGE2 secretion with loading and greater NO secretion relative to aged animals. Reduced osteocyte density and Cx43 in regenerated bone in aged animals could limit the establishment of gap junctions as well as NO and PGE2 secretion after loading, thereby altering bone formation and resorption in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danese M Joiner
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, University of Michigan, Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place Bay 4888, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA,
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Lan SM, Wu YN, Wu PC, Sun CK, Shieh DB, Lin RM. Advances in noninvasive functional imaging of bone. Acad Radiol 2014; 21:281-301. [PMID: 24439341 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The demand for functional imaging in clinical medicine is comprehensive. Although the gold standard for the functional imaging of human bones in clinical settings is still radionuclide-based imaging modalities, nonionizing noninvasive imaging technology in small animals has greatly advanced in recent decades, especially the diffuse optical imaging to which Britton Chance made tremendous contributions. The evolution of imaging probes, instruments, and computation has facilitated exploration in the complicated biomedical research field by allowing longitudinal observation of molecular events in live cells and animals. These research-imaging tools are being used for clinical applications in various specialties, such as oncology, neuroscience, and dermatology. The Bone, a deeply located mineralized tissue, presents a challenge for noninvasive functional imaging in humans. Using nanoparticles (NP) with multiple favorable properties as bioimaging probes has provided orthopedics an opportunity to benefit from these noninvasive bone-imaging techniques. This review highlights the historical evolution of radionuclide-based imaging, computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, diffuse optics-enabled in vivo technologies, vibrational spectroscopic imaging, and a greater potential for using NPs for biomedical imaging.
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Carretta R, Stüssi E, Müller R, Lorenzetti S. Within subject heterogeneity in tissue-level post-yield mechanical and material properties in human trabecular bone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2013; 24:64-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Maher JR, Inzana JA, Awad HA, Berger AJ. Overconstrained library-based fitting method reveals age- and disease-related differences in transcutaneous Raman spectra of murine bones. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2013; 18:077001. [PMID: 23817761 PMCID: PMC3697032 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.18.7.077001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Clinical diagnoses of bone health and fracture risk typically rely on measurements of bone density or structure, but the strength of a bone is also dependent on its chemical composition. Raman spectroscopy has been used extensively in ex vivo studies to measure the chemical composition of bone. Recently, spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) has been utilized to measure bone transcutaneously. Although the results are promising, further advancements are necessary to make noninvasive, in vivo measurements of bone with SORS that are of sufficient quality to generate accurate predictions of fracture risk. In order to separate the signals from bone and soft tissue that contribute to a transcutaneous measurement, we developed an overconstrained extraction algorithm that is based on fitting with spectral libraries. This approach allows for accurate spectral unmixing despite the fact that similar chemical components (e.g., type I collagen) are present in both bone and soft tissue. The algorithm was utilized to transcutaneously detect biochemical differences in the tibiae of wild-type mice between 1 and 7 months of age and between the tibiae of wild-type mice and a mouse model of osteogenesis imperfecta. These results represent the first diagnostically sensitive, transcutaneous measurements of bone using SORS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Maher
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, 275 Hutchison Road, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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Makowski AJ, Patil CA, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Nyman JS. Polarization control of Raman spectroscopy optimizes the assessment of bone tissue. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2013; 18:55005. [PMID: 23708192 PMCID: PMC3662990 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.18.5.055005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There is potential for Raman spectroscopy (RS) to complement tools for bone diagnosis due to its ability to assess compositional and organizational characteristics of both collagen and mineral. To aid this potential, the present study assessed specificity of RS peaks to the composition of bone, a birefringent material, for different degrees of instrument polarization. Specifically, relative changes in peaks were quantified as the incident light rotated relative to the orientation of osteonal and interstitial tissue, acquired from cadaveric femurs. In a highly polarized instrument (10(6)∶1 extinction ratio), the most prominent mineral peak (ν1 Phosphate at 961 cm(-1)) displayed phase similarity with the Proline peak at 856 cm(-1). This sensitivity to relative orientation between bone and light observed in the highly polarized regime persisted for certain sensitive peaks (e.g., Amide I at 1666 cm(-1)) in unaltered instrumentation (200∶1 extinction ratio). Though Proline intensity changed with bone rotation, the phase of Proline matched that of ν1 Phosphate. Moreover, when mapping ν1 Phosphate/Proline across osteonal-interstitial borders, the mineralization difference between the tissue types was evident whether using a 20x or 50x objectives. Thus, the polarization bias inherent in commercial RS systems does not preclude the assessment of bone composition when using phase-matched peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Makowski
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee 27212
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Chetan A. Patil
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee 27212
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Jeffry S. Nyman
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee 27212
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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Tchanque-Fossuo CN, Gong B, Poushanchi B, Donneys A, Sarhaddi D, Gallagher KK, Deshpande SS, Goldstein SA, Morris MD, Buchman SR. Raman spectroscopy demonstrates Amifostine induced preservation of bone mineralization patterns in the irradiated murine mandible. Bone 2013; 52:712-717. [PMID: 22885239 PMCID: PMC3789510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adjuvant radiotherapy in the management of head and neck cancer remains severely debilitating. Fortunately, newly developed agents aimed at decreasing radiation-induced damage have shown great promise. Amifostine (AMF) is a compound, which confers radio-protection to the exposed normal tissues, such as bone. Our intent is to utilize Raman spectroscopy to demonstrate how AMF preserves the mineral composition of the murine mandible following human equivalent radiation. METHODS Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into 3 experimental groups: control (n=5), XRT (n=5), and AMF-XRT (n=5). Both XRT and AMF groups underwent bioequivalent radiation of 70Gy in 5 fractions to the left hemimandible. AMF-XRT received Amifostine prior to radiation. Fifty-six days post-radiation, the hemimandibles were harvested, and Raman spectra were taken in the region of interest spanning 2mm behind the last molar. Bone mineral and matrix-specific Raman bands were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, with statistical significance at p<0.05. RESULTS The full-width at half-maximum of the primary phosphate band (FWHM) and the ratio of carbonate/phosphate intensities demonstrated significant differences between AMF-XRT versus XRT (p<0.01) and XRT versus control (p<0.01). There was no difference between AMF-XRT and control (p>0.05) in both Raman metrics. Computer-aided spectral subtraction further confirmed these results where AMF-XRT was spectrally similar to the control. Interestingly, the collagen cross-link ratio did not differ between XRT and AMF-XRT (p<0.01) but was significantly different from the control (p<0.01). CONCLUSION Our novel findings demonstrate that AMF prophylaxis maintains and protects bone mineral quality in the setting of radiation. Raman spectroscopy is an emerging and exceptionally attractive clinical translational technology to investigate and monitor both the destructive effects of radiation and the therapeutic remediation of AMF on the structural, physical and chemical qualities of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine N. Tchanque-Fossuo
- University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, Pediatric Plastic Surgery Section, 1540 E. Hospital Drive, MI 48109, USA
| | - Bo Gong
- University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, Department of Chemistry, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Behdod Poushanchi
- University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, Pediatric Plastic Surgery Section, 1540 E. Hospital Drive, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alexis Donneys
- University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, Pediatric Plastic Surgery Section, 1540 E. Hospital Drive, MI 48109, USA
| | - Deniz Sarhaddi
- University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, Pediatric Plastic Surgery Section, 1540 E. Hospital Drive, MI 48109, USA
| | - K. Kelly Gallagher
- University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sagar S. Deshpande
- University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, Pediatric Plastic Surgery Section, 1540 E. Hospital Drive, MI 48109, USA
| | - Steven A. Goldstein
- University of Michigan, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, A. Alfred Taubman Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael D. Morris
- University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, Department of Chemistry, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Steven R. Buchman
- University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, Pediatric Plastic Surgery Section, 1540 E. Hospital Drive, MI 48109, USA
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Matousek P, Stone N. Recent advances in the development of Raman spectroscopy for deep non-invasive medical diagnosis. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:7-19. [PMID: 23129567 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has recently undergone major advances in the area of deep non-invasive characterisation of biological tissues. The progress stems from the development of spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) and renaissance of transmission Raman spectroscopy permitting the assessment of diffusely scattering samples at depths several orders of magnitude deeper than possible with conventional Raman spectroscopy. Examples of emerging applications include non-invasive diagnosis of bone disease, cancer and monitoring of glucose levels. This article reviews this fast moving field focusing on recent developments within the medical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, UK.
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Kim G, Boskey AL, Baker SP, van der Meulen MCH. Improved prediction of rat cortical bone mechanical behavior using composite beam theory to integrate tissue level properties. J Biomech 2012; 45:2784-90. [PMID: 23021607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tissue level characteristics of bone can be measured by nanoindentation and microspectroscopy, but are challenging to translate to whole bone mechanical behavior in this hierarchically structured material. The current study calculated weighted section moduli from microCT attenuation values based on tissue level relationships (Z(lin,a) and Z(lin,b)) between mineralization and material properties to predict whole bone mechanical behavior. Z(lin,a) was determined using the equation of the best fit linear regression between indentation modulus from nanoindentation and mineral:matrix ratio from Raman spectroscopy. To better represent the modulus of unmineralized tissue, a second linear regression with the intercept fixed at 0 was used to calculate Z(lin,b). The predictive capability of the weighted section moduli calculated using a tissue level relationship was compared with average tissue level properties and weighted section moduli calculated using an apparent level relationship (Z(exp)) between Young's Modulus and mineralization. A range of bone mineralization was created using vitamin D deficiency in growing rats. After 10 weeks, left femurs were scanned using microCT and tested to failure in 3 point bending. Contralateral limbs were used for co-localized tissue level mechanical properties by nanoindentation and compositional measurements by Raman microspectroscopy. Vitamin D deficiency reduced whole bone stiffness and strength by ∼35% and ∼30%, respectively, but only reduced tissue mineral density by ∼10% compared with Controls. Average tissue level properties did not correlate with whole bone mechanical behavior while Z(lin,a), Z(lin,b), and Z(exp) predicted 54%, 66%, and 80% of the failure moment respectively. This study demonstrated that in a model for varying mineralization, the composite beam model in this paper is an improved method to extrapolate tissue level data to macro-scale mechanical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Kim
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Demers JLH, Davis SC, Pogue BW, Morris MD. Multichannel diffuse optical Raman tomography for bone characterization in vivo: a phantom study. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:2299-305. [PMID: 23024921 PMCID: PMC3447569 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.002299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is used to gather information on the mineral and organic components of bone tissue to analyze their composition. By measuring the Raman signal of bone through spatially offset Raman spectroscopy the health of the bone can be determined. We've customized a system with 8 collection channels that consist of individual fibers, which are coupled to separate spectrometers and cooled CCDs. This parallel detection system was used to scan gelatin phantoms with Teflon inclusions of two sizes. Raman signals were decoupled from the autofluorescence background using channel specific polynomial fitting. Images with high contrast to background ratios of Raman yield and accurate spatial resolution were recovered using a model-based diffuse tomography approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer-Lynn H. Demers
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Scott C. Davis
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Michael D. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Abstract
The likelihood of suffering a bone fracture is not solely predicated on areal bone mineral density. As people age, there are numerous changes to the skeleton occurring at multiple length scales (from millimeters to submicron scales) that reduce the ability of bone to resist fracture. Herein is a review of the current knowledge about the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in this resistance, with emphasis on engineering principles that characterize fracture resistance beyond bone strength to include bone toughness and fracture toughness. These measurements of the capacity to dissipate energy and to resist crack propagation during failure precipitously decline with age. An age-related loss in collagen integrity is strongly associated with decreases in these mechanical properties. One potential cause for this deleterious change in the ECM is an increase in advanced glycation end products, which accumulate with aging through nonenzymatic collagen crosslinking. Potential regulators and diagnostic tools of the ECM with respect to fracture resistance are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffry S Nyman
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 27212, USA.
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Nicholson CL, Firth EC, Waterland MR, Jones G, Ganesh S, Stewart RB. Innovative approach to investigating the microstructure of calcified tissues using specular reflectance Fourier transform-infrared microspectroscopy and discriminant analysis. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3369-75. [PMID: 22413951 DOI: 10.1021/ac300123r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Although bone fracture has become a serious global health issue, current clinical assessments of fracture risk based on bone mineral density are unable to accurately predict whether an individual is likely to suffer a fracture. There is increasing recognition that the chemical structure and composition, or microstructure, of mineralized tissues has an important role to play in determining the fracture resistance of bone. The objective of this preliminary study was to evaluate the use of specular reflectance Fourier transform infrared (SR FT-IR) microspectroscopy in conjunction with discriminant analysis as an innovative technique for providing future insights into the origins of orthopedic abnormalities. The impetus for this approach was that SR FT-IR microspectroscopy would offer several advantages over conventional transmission methods. Bone samples were obtained from young racehorses at known fracture predilection sites and spectra were successfully obtained from calcified cartilage and subchondral bone for the first time. By applying discriminant analysis to the spectral data set in biologically relevant regions, microstructural differences between groups of individuals were found to be related to features associated with both the mineral and organic components of the bone. The preliminary findings also suggest that differences in bone microstructure may exist between healthy individuals of the same age, raising important questions around the normal limits of individual variation and whether individuals may be predisposed to later fracture as a result of detrimental microstructural changes during early growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Nicholson
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Fu X, Chen J, Wu D, Du Z, Lei Q, Cai Z, Schultze-Mosgau S. Effects of ovariectomy on rat mandibular cortical bone: a study using Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3318-23. [PMID: 22401368 DOI: 10.1021/ac300046x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of ovariectomy (OVX) on rat mandibular bone, the physicochemical compositions of mandibular cortical bone of ovariectomy and sham operated rats 2, 4, and 8 months after surgery were compared using Raman spectroscopy. With principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis based on the Raman spectra, the mandibular cortical bone of the OVX group was clearly distinguished from that of the sham-operated group 8 months after surgery with no overlap. Specifically, significant reductions in the mineral-to-matrix ratio and full width at half-maximum as well as a significant increase in the carbonate-to-phosphate ratio were observed in the mandibular cortical bone of the OVX group. Results support the hypothesis that Raman spectroscopy is sensitive enough to distinguish between OVX and sham-operated mandibles with multivariate analysis by detecting the chemical composition of the mandibular cortical bone. The parameters mineral-to-matrix ratio, carbonate-to-phosphate ratio, and full width at half-maximum can appropriately characterize changes in the chemical composition of the mandibular cortical bone after OVX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Fu
- School of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China
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Sahoo SK, Umapathy S, Parker AW. Time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy: exploring reactive intermediates. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 65:1087-115. [PMID: 21986070 DOI: 10.1366/11-06406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The study of reaction mechanisms involves systematic investigations of the correlation between structure, reactivity, and time. The challenge is to be able to observe the chemical changes undergone by reactants as they change into products via one or several intermediates such as electronic excited states (singlet and triplet), radicals, radical ions, carbocations, carbanions, carbenes, nitrenes, nitrinium ions, etc. The vast array of intermediates and timescales means there is no single "do-it-all" technique. The simultaneous advances in contemporary time-resolved Raman spectroscopic techniques and computational methods have done much towards visualizing molecular fingerprint snapshots of the reactive intermediates in the microsecond to femtosecond time domain. Raman spectroscopy and its sensitive counterpart resonance Raman spectroscopy have been well proven as means for determining molecular structure, chemical bonding, reactivity, and dynamics of short-lived intermediates in solution phase and are advantageous in comparison to commonly used time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy. Today time-resolved Raman spectroscopy is a mature technique; its development owes much to the advent of pulsed tunable lasers, highly efficient spectrometers, and high speed, highly sensitive multichannel detectors able to collect a complete spectrum. This review article will provide a brief chronological development of the experimental setup and demonstrate how experimentalists have conquered numerous challenges to obtain background-free (removing fluorescence), intense, and highly spectrally resolved Raman spectra in the nanosecond to microsecond (ns-μs) and picosecond (ps) time domains and, perhaps surprisingly, laid the foundations for new techniques such as spatially offset Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangram Keshari Sahoo
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
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Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) for the analysis and detection of packaged pharmaceuticals and concealed drugs. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 212:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone mass, geometry, and tissue material properties contribute to bone structural integrity. Thus, bone strength arises from both bone quantity and quality. Bone quality encompasses the geometric and material factors that contribute to fracture resistance. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES This review presents an overview of the methods for assessing bone quality across multiple length scales, their outcomes, and their relative advantages and disadvantages. METHODS A PubMed search was conducted to identify methods related to bone mechanical testing, imaging, and compositional analysis. Using various exclusion criteria, articles were selected for inclusion. RESULTS Methods for assessing mechanical properties include whole-bone, bulk tissue, microbeam, and micro- and nanoindentation testing techniques. Outcomes include structural strength and material modulus. Advantages include direct assessment of bone strength; disadvantages include specimen destruction during testing. Methods for characterizing bone geometry and microarchitecture include quantitative CT, high-resolution peripheral quantitative CT, high-resolution MRI, and micro-CT. Outcomes include three-dimensional whole-bone geometry, trabecular morphology, and tissue mineral density. The primary advantage is the ability to image noninvasively; disadvantages include the lack of a direct measure of bone strength. Methods for measuring tissue composition include scanning electron microscopy, vibrational spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, and chemical and physical analytical techniques. Outcomes include mineral density and crystallinity, elemental composition, and collagen crosslink composition. Advantages include the detailed material characterization; disadvantages include the need for a biopsy. CONCLUSIONS Although no single method can completely characterize bone quality, current noninvasive imaging techniques can be combined with ex vivo mechanical and compositional techniques to provide a comprehensive understanding of bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Donnelly
- Mineralized Tissues Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA
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Turunen MJ, Saarakkala S, Rieppo L, Helminen HJ, Jurvelin JS, Isaksson H. Comparison between infrared and Raman spectroscopic analysis of maturing rabbit cortical bone. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 65:595-603. [PMID: 21639980 DOI: 10.1366/10-06193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The molecular composition of the organic and inorganic matrices of bone undergoes alterations during maturation. The aim of this study was to compare Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and near-infrared (NIR) Raman microspectroscopy techniques for characterization of the composition of growing and developing bone from young to skeletally mature rabbits. Moreover, the specificity and differences of the techniques for determining bone composition were clarified. The humeri of female New Zealand White rabbits, with age range from young to skeletally mature animals (four age groups, n = 7 per group), were studied. Spectral peak areas, intensities, and ratios related to organic and inorganic matrices of bone were analyzed and compared between the age groups and between FT-IR and Raman microspectroscopic techniques. Specifically, the degree of mineralization, type-B carbonate substitution, crystallinity of hydroxyapatite (HA), mineral content, and collagen maturity were examined. Significant changes during maturation were observed in various compositional parameters with one or both techniques. Overall, the compositional parameters calculated from the Raman spectra correlated with analogous parameters calculated from the IR spectra. Collagen cross-linking (XLR), as determined through peak fitting and directly from the IR spectra, were highly correlated. The mineral/matrix ratio in the Raman spectra was evaluated with multiple different peaks representing the organic matrix. The results showed high correlation with each other. After comparison with the bone mineral density (BMD) values from micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging measurements and crystal size from XRD measurements, it is suggested that Raman microspectroscopy is more sensitive than FT-IR microspectroscopy for the inorganic matrix of the bone. In the literature, similar spectroscopic parameters obtained with FT-IR and NIR Raman microspectroscopic techniques are often compared. According to the present results, however, caution is required when performing this kind of comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael J Turunen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Podshivalov L, Fischer A, Bar-Yoseph PZ. Multiscale FE method for analysis of bone micro-structures. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2011; 4:888-99. [PMID: 21616470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bones are composed of hierarchical bio-composite materials characterized by complex multiscale structural geometry and behavior. The architecture and the mechanical properties of bone tissue differ at each level of hierarchy. Thus, a multiscale approach for mechanical analysis of bone is imperative. This paper proposes a new approach for 3D multiscale finite element analysis of trabecular bone that can offer physicians a "digital magnifying glass" to facilitate continuous transition between macro- and micro-scales. The approach imitates the human ability to perceive details. That is, zooming-out from an object causes fewer details to be visible. As a result, the material appears to be smoother and more homogeneous. Zooming-in, in contrast, reveals additional details and material heterogeneity. Realization of the proposed approach requires synergy between a hierarchical geometric model for representing intermediate scales and a mechanical model for local material properties of bone tissue for each scale. The geometric model facilitates seamless and continuous bi-directional transition between macro- and micro-scales, while the mechanical model preserves the effective material properties. A 2D model of a simplified trabecular structure was implemented and analyzed in order to assess the feasibility of the proposed multiscale approach. The successful results of this model led to extending the method into 3D and analyzing real trabecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Podshivalov
- Laboratory for CAD and Life Cycle Engineering, Technion, Israel.
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Buckley K, Matousek P. Non-invasive analysis of turbid samples using deep Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2011; 136:3039-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00723d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Arora R, Petrov GI, Noojin GD, Thomas PA, Denton ML, Rockwell BA, Thomas RJ, Yakovlev VV. Detecting mineral content in turbid medium using nonlinear Raman imaging: feasibility study. JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS 2011; 58:1914-1921. [PMID: 22337734 PMCID: PMC3278156 DOI: 10.1080/09500340.2011.591507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by reduced mineral content with resulting changes in bone architecture, which in turn increases the risk of bone fracture. Raman spectroscopy has an intrinsic sensitivity to the chemical content of the bone, but its application to study bones in vivo is limited due to strong optical scattering in tissue. It has been proposed that Raman excitation with photoacoustic detection can successfully address the problem of chemically specific imaging in deep tissue. In this report, the principal possibility of photoacoustic imaging for detecting mineral content is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Arora
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, 1900 E. Kenwood Blvd., Milwaukee, WI USA, 53211, USA
| | - Georgi I. Petrov
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, 1900 E. Kenwood Blvd., Milwaukee, WI USA, 53211, USA
| | - Gary D. Noojin
- Biomedical Sciences and Technologies Department, TASC, Inc., Brooks City-Base, TX 78235, USA
| | - Patrick A. Thomas
- U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Directed Energy Bioeffects Division, Optical Radiation Branch, Brooks City-Base, TX 78235, USA
| | - Michael L. Denton
- Biomedical Sciences and Technologies Department, TASC, Inc., Brooks City-Base, TX 78235, USA
| | - Benjamin A. Rockwell
- U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Directed Energy Bioeffects Division, Optical Radiation Branch, Brooks City-Base, TX 78235, USA
| | - Robert J. Thomas
- U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Directed Energy Bioeffects Division, Optical Radiation Branch, Brooks City-Base, TX 78235, USA
| | - Vladislav V. Yakovlev
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, 1900 E. Kenwood Blvd., Milwaukee, WI USA, 53211, USA
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da Silva FF, de Souza RA, Pacheco MTT, Ribeiro W, da Silva MASR, Miranda H, Salgado MAC, de Melo Castilho JC, Silveira L. Effects of different swimming exercise intensities on bone tissue composition in mice: a Raman spectroscopy study. Photomed Laser Surg 2010; 29:217-25. [PMID: 21182452 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2010.2784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Raman spectroscopy was employed to evaluate the effect of different swimming intensities on femoral bone composition in an animal model. BACKGROUND DATA Intense swimming exercise may affect bone mineralization, and Raman technique has been shown to be effective in evaluating tissue composition (phosphate minerals and carbonate apatites - bands at 960 and 1170 cm(-1), as well as collagen matrix - amide I band at 1660 cm(-1)). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen female Swiss Webster mice were separated into three groups (n = 6 per group) of sedentary (SED), and swimming with an intensity of 40% (PT-40) and 80% (PT-80) of the maximum load, with 6 weeks of training. Near-infrared Raman spectra (830 nm wavelength and 80 mW laser power) were obtained with a dispersive Raman spectrometer using a CCD camera and imaging spectrograph with 30-s integration time. Spectra were collected in the medial and lateral diaphysis of the femur and principal components analysis (PCA) was employed to extract features of the Raman bands of bone and to perform quantitative analysis. RESULTS PC1 vector resembles Raman spectra and carries information about apatite minerals and some contribution from organic matrix. A statistically significant difference was found in the PC1 scores (ANOVA, p < 0.05), indicating lower mineral concentrations in the femur in both the PT-40 and PT-80 groups compared to the SED group. These results corroborated with the radiographic assessment of bone density. CONCLUSION Raman technique associated with PCA statistics showed that intense swimming exercise may affect bone mineralization and remodeling in a mouse model of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Fernandes da Silva
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Ciência da Saúde, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sul de Minas-Campus Muzambinho, Bairro Morro Preto, Muzambinho, MG, Brazil
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