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Alsaeed MA, Al-Ghaban NM. Chitosan Nanoparticle/Simvastatin for Experimental Maxillary Bony Defect Healing: A Histological and Histomorphometrical Study. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:363. [PMID: 37622968 PMCID: PMC10452510 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8040363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials such as chitosan and simvastatin (Sim) have been introduced to accelerate the extensive and multicellular biological process of bone healing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bone healing potential of chitosan and Sim, alone or combined. Forty-two male New Zealand rabbits were divided into three groups: chitosan nanoparticles (ChN), Sim and chitosan simvastatin nanoparticles (ChSimN). Two bony defects were created in the maxillary bone. The hole on the right side received one of the experimental materials, while the other side was assigned as the control and left to heal without any intervention. Bone specimens were collected at 2 and 4 weeks and then taken for histological and histomorphometrical analyses. The histological findings revealed that ChN possessed the highest number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts at weeks 2 and osteocytes after 4 weeks. There was a significant difference between the two healing periods regarding all bone parameters across all groups. ChN stood out as the only group that had a significant difference in the count of all bone cells between the two periods, thus having the best potential in promoting bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna Alaa Alsaeed
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, College of Dentistry University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10071, Iraq;
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2
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Leutner M, Butylina M, Matzhold C, Klimek P, Cuhaj C, Bellach L, Baumgartner-Parzer S, Reiter B, Preindl K, Kautzky A, Stimpfl T, Thurner S, Pietschmann P, Fürnsinn C, Kautzky-Willer A. Simvastatin therapy in higher dosages deteriorates bone quality: Consistent evidence from population-wide patient data and interventional mouse studies. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114089. [PMID: 36538862 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combining mouse experiments with big data analysis of the Austrian population, we investigated the association between high-dose statin treatment and bone quality. METHODS The bone microarchitecture of the femur and vertebral body L4 was measured in male and ovariectomized female mice on a high-fat diet containing simvastatin (1.2 g/kg). A sex-specific matched big data analysis of Austrian health insurance claims using multiple logistic regression models was conducted (simvastatin 60-80 mg/day vs. controls; males: n = 138,666; females: n = 155,055). RESULTS High-dose simvastatin impaired bone quality in male and ovariectomized mice. In the trabecular femur, simvastatin reduced bone volume (µm3: ♂, 213 ± 15 vs. 131 ± 7, p < 0.0001; ♀, 66 ± 7 vs. 44 ± 5, p = 0.02) and trabecular number (1/mm: ♂, 1.88 ± 0.09 vs. 1.27 ± 0.06, p < 0.0001; ♀, 0.60 ± 0.05 vs. 0.43 ± 0.04, p = 0.01). In the cortical femur, bone volume (mm3: ♂, 1.44 ± 0.03 vs. 1.34 ± 0.03, p = 0.009; ♀, 1.33 ± 0.03 vs. 1.12 ± 0.03, p = 0.0002) and cortical thickness were impaired (µm: ♂, 211 ± 4 vs. 189 ± 4, p = 0.0004; ♀, 193 ± 3 vs. 169 ± 3, p < 0.0001). Similar impairments were found in vertebral body L4. Simvastatin-induced changes in weight or glucose metabolism were excluded as mediators of deteriorations in bone quality. Results from mice were supported by a matched cohort analysis showing an association between high-dose simvastatin and increased risk of osteoporosis in patients (♂, OR: 5.91, CI: 3.17-10.99, p < 0.001; ♀, OR: 4.16, CI: 2.92-5.92, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION High-dose simvastatin dramatically reduces bone quality in obese male and ovariectomized female mice, suggesting that direct drug action accounts for the association between high dosage and increased risk of osteoporosis as observed in comparable human cohorts. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms behind this relationship are presently unknown and require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Leutner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Butylina
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Caspar Matzhold
- Section for Science of Complex Systems, CeMSIIS, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, A-1090, Austria; Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstaedter Straße 39, 1080 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Klimek
- Section for Science of Complex Systems, CeMSIIS, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, A-1090, Austria; Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstaedter Straße 39, 1080 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carina Cuhaj
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Luise Bellach
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabina Baumgartner-Parzer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Reiter
- Joint Metabolome Facility, University and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Preindl
- Joint Metabolome Facility, University and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Kautzky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Stimpfl
- Joint Metabolome Facility, University and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Thurner
- Section for Science of Complex Systems, CeMSIIS, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, A-1090, Austria; Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstaedter Straße 39, 1080 Vienna, Austria; Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 85701, USA
| | - Peter Pietschmann
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Fürnsinn
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Alexandra Kautzky-Willer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Gender Institute, A-3571 Gars am Kamp, Austria.
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Karanikola T, Cheva A, Sarafidou K, Myronidou-Tzouveleki M, Tsavdaridis I, Kontonasaki E, Tsirlis A. Effect of Diclofenac and Simvastatin on Bone Defect Healing-An In Vivo Animal Study. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:143. [PMID: 36278700 PMCID: PMC9589953 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7040143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs and statins are two widely prescribed drug classes that affect bone formation. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of diclofenac and simvastatin in artificial bone defect healing. One hundred and forty-four male Wistar rats were used, and the specimens were divided into groups, with respect to the route of drug administration and the type of defect healing (with or without collagen membrane), and subgroups, with respect to the study duration (2, 4 or 8 weeks). Diclofenac was intramuscularly administered while simvastatin was administered both systemically and locally. Animals were euthanized and specimens were histomorphometrically analyzed to evaluate the percentage of new bone formation (%). Bone healing that occurred without any intervention developed more steadily than that of all other groups. Diclofenac exerted a clear, direct inhibitory effect on bone healing and its systemic administration should be avoided. The systemic administration of simvastatin was related to severe myopathy, while the solvent for the local administration of simvastatin seemed to play significant role in bone growth, as simvastatin, when it is administered intraperitoneally in a DMSO solution, appeared to promote bone healing. Local administration may have a significant impact on bone healing and it should be further investigated with the type of solvent or carrier that is used, which both may play a significant role in bone repair induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Karanikola
- Department of Oral Surgery, Implantology and Dental Radiology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angeliki Cheva
- Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katia Sarafidou
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Myronidou-Tzouveleki
- 1st Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56224 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tsavdaridis
- 1st Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56224 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleana Kontonasaki
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasios Tsirlis
- Department of Oral Surgery, Implantology and Dental Radiology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Piras CC, Patterson AK, Smith DK. Hybrid Self-Assembled Gel Beads for Tuneable pH-Controlled Rosuvastatin Delivery. Chemistry 2021; 27:13203-13210. [PMID: 34346527 PMCID: PMC8519141 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the fabrication of new pH-responsive hybrid gel beads combining the polymer gelator calcium alginate with two different low-molecular-weight gelators (LMWGs) based on 1,3 : 2,4-dibenzylidene-d-sorbitol: pH-responsive DBS-COOH and thermally responsive DBS-CONHNH2 , thus clearly demonstrating that different classes of LMWG can be fabricated into gel beads by using this approach. We also demonstrate that self-assembled multicomponent gel beads can be formed by using different combinations of these gelators. The different gel bead formulations exhibit different responsiveness - the DBS-COOH network can disassemble within those beads in which it is present upon raising the pH. To exemplify preliminary data for a potential application for these hybrid gel beads, we explored aspects of the delivery of the lipid-lowering active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) rosuvastatin. The release profile of this statin from the hybrid gel beads is pH-dependent, with greater release at pH 7.4 than at pH 4.0 - primary control of this process results from the pKa of the API. The extent of pH-mediated API release is also significantly further modified according to gel bead composition. The DBS-COOH/alginate beads show rapid, highly effective drug release at pH 7.4, whereas the three-component DBS-COOH/DBS-CONHNH2 /alginate system shows controlled slow release of the API under the same conditions. These initial results indicate that such gel beads constitute a promising, versatile and easily tuned platform suitable for further development for controlled drug-delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen C. Piras
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslington, YorkYO10 5DDUK
| | | | - David K. Smith
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslington, YorkYO10 5DDUK
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Jun JH, Oh KC, Park KH, Jung N, Li J, Moon HS. Improvement of Osseointegration by Ultraviolet and/or Simvastatin Treatment on Titanium Implants with or without Bone Graft Materials. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14133707. [PMID: 34279277 PMCID: PMC8269879 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated and compared ultraviolet (UV) treatment and simvastatin (SIM) immersion effects on the osseointegration of sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) titanium dental implants at two different time points in rabbit tibias, with or without xenogenic bone graft materials. The surface alteration on simvastatin treatment titanium discs was analyzed using an infrared spectrometer. Implants were categorized into four groups according to the surface treatment type. Twelve rabbits received two implants per tibia. A tibial defect model was created using a trephine bur, with implants in contact with the bone surface and bovine bone graft materials for gap filling. The rabbits were sacrificed after 2 or 4 weeks. UV treatment or SIM immersion increased the bone-to-implant contact (BIC) on nongrafted sides, and both increased the BIC and bone area (BA) on grafted sides. The application of both treatments did not result in higher BIC or BA than a single treatment. At two different time points, BIC in the nongrafted sides did not differ significantly among the UV and/or SIM treated groups, whereas BA differed significantly. UV or SIM treatment of SLA titanium implants accelerates osseointegration in tibias with or without xenogenic bone graft materials. The combination of both treatments did not show synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Jun
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.H.J.); (K.C.O.); (J.L.)
- Aeromedical Squadron, Republic of Korea Air Force 8th Fighter Wing, Wonju 26304, Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Oh
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.H.J.); (K.C.O.); (J.L.)
| | - Kyu-Hyung Park
- Oral Science Research Center, BK21 Plus Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (K.-H.P.); (N.J.)
| | - Narae Jung
- Oral Science Research Center, BK21 Plus Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (K.-H.P.); (N.J.)
| | - Jiayi Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.H.J.); (K.C.O.); (J.L.)
| | - Hong Seok Moon
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.H.J.); (K.C.O.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2228-3155; Fax: +82-2-312-3598
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Henssler L, Kerschbaum M, Mukashevich MZ, Rupp M, Alt V. Molecular enhancement of fracture healing - Is there a role for Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2, parathyroid hormone, statins, or sclerostin-antibodies? Injury 2021; 52 Suppl 2:S49-S57. [PMID: 34001374 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2021.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of fracture healing has been a hot topic over the last two decades. This narrative review article is aimed to provide an update on current clinical use and evidence on four clinically available agents in the treatment of fracture healing: bone morphogenetic proteins-2 (BMP-2), parathyroid hormone, statins and sclerostin-antibodies. After first promising results from animal and clinical studies in the early 2000s, BMP-2 was studied mainly in open tibia shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nailing. There are conflicting results from different randomized clinical trials (RCTs) regarding fracture healing time and complications compared to BMP-2 free control treatment in open tibia fractures, as BMP-2 could not show significant differences in patients treated with reamed nails compared to BMP-2 free control treatment with reamed nailing only. Given that fact, its official use was limited in Europe to open tibia shaft fractures treated with unreamed tibial nailing by the European Medical Agency (EMA). Another more recent RCT failed to show equivalence of BMP- 2 together with allograft versus autograft for the treatment of tibia fractures with critical size defects. Recombinant human parathyroid hormone has proven anabolic effects on bone metabolism and is commonly used in treatment of severe osteoporosis. Different animal trials suggested an enhancement effect in fracture healing by PTH. In several clinical trials, PTH seems to have a stimulative effect for lower limb fractures. Statins, commonly used in treatment of dyslipidemia, could also enhance fracture healing in animal trials, especially when they were applied locally at the fracture site. For statins, there is only one RCT that failed to show significant effects for the oral administration of statins in undisplaced distal radius fractures. The role of sclerostin in fracture healing has more and more been understood. Application of sclerostin antibodies has been shown to be beneficial for fracture healing in animal trials. However, no RCTs on the effect of sclerostin antibodies on fracture healing have been performed yet. In conclusion, the "magic bullet" for molecular enhancement of fracture healing has not been identified yet, at least not with its optimal dosage and delivery method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Henssler
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kerschbaum
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Moldakulov Z Mukashevich
- Taldykorgan Muliprofile City Hospital/Taldykorgan Urban Hospital, Taldykorgan, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Markus Rupp
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Volker Alt
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Huang X, Zheng C, Wang W, Ye X, Lin CY, Wu Z. The Effect and Possible Mechanism of Intradiscal Injection of Simvastatin in the Treatment of Discogenic Pain in Rats. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:642436. [PMID: 33815046 PMCID: PMC8010318 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.642436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the effect of intradiscal injection of simvastatin on discogenic pain in rats and its possible mechanism, 30 adult female rats were used in this experiment. Twenty rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (Control group), intervertebral disk degeneration group (DDD group), intervertebral disk degeneration + hydrogel group (DDD + GEL group), and intervertebral disk degeneration + simvastatin group (DDD + SIM group). The mechanical pain threshold and cold sensation in rats were measured. The contents of NF-kappa B1, RelA, GAP43, SP, CGRP, TRPM 8, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the intervertebral disk (IVD), the corresponding contents of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and plantar skin GAP43 and TRPM 8 were quantitatively detected by PCR. The corresponding IVDs were stained to detect their degeneration. There was no significant difference in the mechanical pain threshold between the groups at each time point. From the first day to the 8th week after surgery, the cold-sensing response of the DDD group was significantly higher than that of the Control group (P < 0.05). At 7 and 8 weeks postoperatively, the cold-sensing response of the DDD + SIM group was significantly lower than that of the DDD + GEL group (P < 0.05). The levels of NF-κB1, RelA, GAP43, SP, CGRP, TRPM8, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the IVD of DDD + SIM group were significantly lower than those in DDD group (P < 0.05). The content of GAP43 and TRPM8 in rat plantar skin decreased significantly and TRPM8 in DRG decreased significantly (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Changkun Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou Second Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Weiheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojian Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chia-Ying Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Zenghui Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
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Yu KE, Alder KD, Morris MT, Munger AM, Lee I, Cahill SV, Kwon HK, Back J, Lee FY. Re-appraising the potential of naringin for natural, novel orthopedic biotherapies. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2020; 12:1759720X20966135. [PMID: 33343723 PMCID: PMC7727086 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x20966135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Naringin is a naturally occurring flavonoid found in plants of the Citrus genus that has historically been used in traditional Chinese medical regimens for the treatment of osteoporosis. Naringin modulates signaling through numerous molecular pathways critical to musculoskeletal development, cellular differentiation, and inflammation. Administration of naringin increases in vitro expression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and activation of the Wnt/β-catenin and extracellular signal-related kinase (Erk) pathways, thereby promoting osteoblastic proliferation and differentiation from stem cell precursors for bone formation. Naringin also inhibits osteoclastogenesis by both modifying RANK/RANKL interactions and inducing apoptosis in osteoclasts in vitro. In addition, naringin acts on the estrogen receptor in bone to mimic the native bone-preserving effects of estrogen, with few systemic side effects on other estrogen-sensitive tissues. The efficacy of naringin therapy in reducing the osteolysis characteristic of common musculoskeletal pathologies such as osteoporosis, degenerative joint disease, and osteomyelitis, as well as inflammatory conditions affecting bone such as diabetes mellitus, has been extensively demonstrated in vitro and in animal models. Naringin thus represents a naturally abundant, cost-efficient agent whose potential for use in novel musculoskeletal biotherapies warrants re-visiting and further exploration through human studies. Here, we review the cellular mechanisms of action that have been elucidated regarding the action of naringin on bone resident cells and the bone microenvironment, in vivo evidence of naringin’s osteostimulative and chondroprotective properties in the setting of osteolytic bone disease, and current limitations in the development of naringin-containing translational therapies for common musculoskeletal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, TMP 523 PO Box 208071, New Haven, CT 06520-8071, USA
| | - Kareme D Alder
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Montana T Morris
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alana M Munger
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Inkyu Lee
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sean V Cahill
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hyuk-Kwon Kwon
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - JungHo Back
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Francis Y Lee
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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9
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Rothe R, Schulze S, Neuber C, Hauser S, Rammelt S, Pietzsch J. Adjuvant drug-assisted bone healing: Part III - Further strategies for local and systemic modulation. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 73:439-488. [PMID: 31177207 DOI: 10.3233/ch-199104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this third in a series of reviews on adjuvant drug-assisted bone healing, further approaches aiming at influencing the healing process are discussed. Local and systemic modulation of bone metabolism is pursued with use of a number of drugs with completely different indications, which are characterized by a pleiotropic spectrum of action. These include drugs used to treat lipid disorders (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors), hypertension (ACE inhibitors), osteoporosis (bisphosphonates), cancer (proteasome inhibitors) and others. Potential applications to enhance bone healing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rothe
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sabine Schulze
- University Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (OUC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christin Neuber
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Hauser
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Rammelt
- University Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (OUC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Tatzberg 4, Dresden
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden, School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Basic Science. OBJECTIVE To determine if locally delivered simvastatin can enhance bone formation in a rat spinal fusion model. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The bone-anabolic properties of statins in fracture healing are well established, however, few studies have evaluated the impact of locally delivered statins in spinal fusion. METHODS We formulated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles by adapting previously published techniques. Two types of nanoparticles were created: simvastatin nanoparticles (SimNP) and nanoparticles without simvastatin (BlankNP). Drug elution from SimNP was characterized. Osteoblastic differentiation was analyzed using MC3T3-E1 cells cultured in differentiation medium containing SimNP or BlankNP. Forty male 12 week old outbred Wistar rats underwent uninstrumented posterolateral fusion using iliac crest bone graft and BlankNP, SimNP or simvastatin drug. X-rays to assess bone formation were obtained at 4 weeks and 9 weeks post-operatively. Spines were explanted at 9 weeks for micro-CT analysis, and a blinded manual assessment of fusion (MAF). RESULTS SimNP achieved a release efficiency of 74.1% with ∼50% release occurring in the first day. Simvastatin and SimNP treated cells showed significantly greater expression of osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OCN). On micro-CT analysis, SimNP animals had higher bone volume and percent bone volume (bone volume/total volume) than control animals. SimNP rats had higher X-ray scores at 4 weeks (p=0.010) and 9 weeks (p<0.001) relative to BlankNP. MAF showed that SimNP had a higher fusion rate than BlankNP (42.9% vs. 0%, p=0.006). CONCLUSION We were able to validate that sustained release of simvastatin via a PLGA nanoparticle. SimNP was able to induce an increase in mineralization as well as an increase in markers of bone formation. X-ray analysis, micro-CT quantification, and MAF assessment of SimNP treated rats showed significantly greater bone formation and fusion mass strength relative to vehicle treated animals. Simvastatin may be a safe, cost-effective bone anabolic agent for use in spinal fusion. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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11
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Maus U, Maier GS, Lazovic D, Niedhart C. Beeinflussung der Knochenheilung durch häufig verordnete Medikamente. Unfallchirurg 2019; 122:500-505. [DOI: 10.1007/s00113-019-0670-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Laçin N, İzol BS, Özkorkmaz EG, Deveci B, Tuncer MC. The effect of graft application and simvastatin treatment on tibial bone defect in rats. A histological and immunohistochemical study. Acta Cir Bras 2019; 34:e201900408. [PMID: 31066788 PMCID: PMC6583937 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020190040000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate histologically and immunohistochemically the bone regeneration after application of simvastatin on tibial bone defects in rats. Methods: Sixty Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups as control (6 mm tibial bone defect), defect + graft (allograft treatment), and defect + graft + simvastatin (10 mg/kg/day) for 28 days. Results: Histopathological examination revealed inflammation in control group (defect group), congestion in blood vessels, and an increase in osteoclast cells. In defect + graft group, osteoclastic activity was observed and osteocyte cells were continued to develop. In defect + graft + simvastatin group, osteocytes and matrix formation were increased in the new bone trabeculae. Osteopontin and osteonectin expression were positive in the osteclast cells in the control group. Osteoblasts and some osteocytes showed a positive reaction of osteopontin and osteopontin. In defect + graft + simvastatin group, osteonectin and osteopontin expression were positive in osteoblast and osteocyte cells, and a positive expression in osteon formation was also seen in new bone trabeculae. Conclusion: The simvastatin application was thought to increase bone turnover by increasing the osteoinductive effect with graft and significantly affect the formation of new bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihat Laçin
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Katip Çelebi, İzmir, Turkey. Technical procedures, manuscript preparation and writing, final approval
| | - Bozan Serhat İzol
- PhD, Research Assistant, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Bingöl, Turkey. Technical procedures, manuscript preparation and writing, final approval
| | - Ebru Gökalp Özkorkmaz
- Assistant Professor, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Dicle, Diyarbakır, Turkey. Technical procedures, histological examinations, manuscript preparation and writing, final approval
| | - Buşra Deveci
- PhD, Research Assistant, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Dicle, Diyarbakir, Turkey. Technical procedures, manuscript preparation and writing, final approval
| | - Mehmet Cudi Tuncer
- PhD, Professor, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey. Technical procedures, histological examinations, manuscript preparation and writing, final approval
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13
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Leiblein M, Henrich D, Fervers F, Kontradowitz K, Marzi I, Seebach C. Do antiosteoporotic drugs improve bone regeneration in vivo? Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2019; 46:287-299. [DOI: 10.1007/s00068-019-01144-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Yamanaka JS, Ribeiro KEC, Yanagihara GR, Shimano AC, Penoni ÁCDO. Efeitos da sinvastatina associada ao exercício físico na resistência mecânica de músculos e ossos de ratos. Rev Bras Ortop 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbo.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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15
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Effects of simvastatin associated with exercise on the mechanical resistance of muscle and bone in rats. Rev Bras Ortop 2018; 53:287-292. [PMID: 29892578 PMCID: PMC5993920 DOI: 10.1016/j.rboe.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of simvastatin on mechanical properties of muscle and bone in hypercholesterolemic rats submitted to physical exercise. Methods Ten male Wistar rats were submitted to a high-fat diet rich in cholesterol for 90 days. The animals were then divided into two groups: animals treated with physical exercise (EG) and animals treated with physical exercise and simvastatin (ESG). Protocols for physical exercise in water and simvastatin administration were performed for eight weeks. After this period, the animals were euthanized; the left tibia and right gastrocnemius muscle were dissected for mechanical analysis, and the right tibia for densitometry. The data were analyzed using Student's t-test, considering a level of significance of 5%. Results The comparison of maximum load and stiffness revealed no significant differences between the groups for both the tibia (p = 0.851 and p = 0.259) and the gastrocnemius (p = 0.911 and p = 0.083). The tibia BMD also showed no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.803). Conclusion Simvastatin had no negative effects on mechanical properties in tibia and gastrocnemius of hypercholesterolemic rats submitted to physical exercise.
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16
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Gouda A, Helal E, Ali S, Bakry S, Yassin S. Maxillary sinus lift using osteoinductive simvastatin combined with β-TCP versus β-TCP - a comparative pilot study to evaluate simvastatin enhanced and accelerated bone formation. Acta Odontol Scand 2018; 76:39-47. [PMID: 28952824 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2017.1381345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate available bone quality and quantity after performing sinus augmentation using simvastatin/β-TCP combination versus β-TCP alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included eight sinus lift procedures conducted on six patients. The sinuses were divided into two equal groups. The patients were recalled one, two weeks two, five, nine months post-operatively for post-operative evaluation. Radiographic evaluation involved cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) radiographs taken for every patient one week and nine months post-operatively to evaluate the changes in bone height, while histomorphometric evaluation involved transcortical bone biopsies taken after nine months during the second-stage surgery for implant placement. RESULTS The histomorphometric results showed that the amount of newly formed bone was higher in the simvastatin group when compared to the β-TCP group nine months after the surgery; the difference between the two groups was statistically significant. On the other hand, the radiographic evaluation showed that the rate of resorption of the simvastatin group was found to be higher than the control group; however, the difference between both groups was statistically insignificant. CONCLUSION These results showed that Simvastatin is safe to be used in sinus lift with promising osteoinductive capacity, yet further studies using larger sample size is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Gouda
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Helal
- Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherif Ali
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Saleh Bakry
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salah Yassin
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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17
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Shahrezaie M, Moshiri A, Shekarchi B, Oryan A, Maffulli N, Parvizi J. Effectiveness of tissue engineered three‐dimensional bioactive graft on bone healing and regeneration: an
in vivo
study with significant clinical value. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:936-960. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Shahrezaie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of MedicineAJA University of Medical Science Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Moshiri
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of MedicineAJA University of Medical Science Tehran Iran
- Department of Surgery and RadiologyDr. Moshiri Veterinary Clinic Tehran Iran
| | - Babak Shekarchi
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of MedicineAJA University of Medical Science Tehran Iran
| | - Ahmad Oryan
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary MedicineShiraz University Shiraz Iran
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Salerno Salerno Italy
- Centre for Sports and Exercise MedicineQueen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Mile End Hospital London UK
| | - Javad Parvizi
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital Philadelphia PA USA
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18
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Moshiri A, Sharifi AM, Oryan A. Role of Simvastatin on fracture healing and osteoporosis: a systematic review on in vivo investigations. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 43:659-84. [PMID: 27061579 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin is a lipid lowering drug whose beneficial role on bone metabolism was discovered in 1999. Several in vivo studies evaluated its role on osteoporosis and fracture healing, however, controversial results are seen in the literature. For this reason, Simvastatin has not been the focus of any clinical trials as yet. This systematic review clears the mechanisms of action of Simvastatin on bone metabolism and focuses on in vivo investigations that have evaluated its role on osteoporosis and fracture repair to find out (i) whether Simvastatin is effective on treatment of osteoporosis and fracture repair, and (ii) which of the many available protocols may have the ability to be translated in the clinical setting. Simvastatin induces osteoinduction by increasing osteoblast activity and differentiation and inhibiting their apoptosis. It also reduces osteoclastogenesis by decreasing both the number and activity of osteoclasts and their differentiation. Controversial results between the in vivo studies are mostly due to the differences in the route of administration, dose, dosage and carrier type. Local delivery of Simvastatin through controlled drug delivery systems with much lower doses and dosages than the systemic route seems to be the most valuable option in fracture healing. However, systemic delivery of Simvastatin with much higher doses and dosages than the clinical ones seems to be effective in managing osteoporosis. Simvastatin, in a particular range of doses and dosages, may be beneficial in managing osteoporosis and fracture injuries. This review showed that Simvastatin is effective in the treatment of osteoporosis and fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moshiri
- RAZI Drug Research Centre, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Sharifi
- RAZI Drug Research Centre, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Oryan
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz, Iran
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19
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Ishihara T, Miyazaki M, Notani N, Kanezaki S, Kawano M, Tsumura H. Locally Applied Simvastatin Promotes Bone Formation in a Rat Model of Spinal Fusion. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:1942-1948. [PMID: 27862237 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin, an inexpensive lipid-lowering drug widely used to prevent cardiovascular disorders, is known to increase osteoblastic activity, inhibit osteoclastic activity, and stimulate osteoblastic production of bone morphogenetic protein 2. Furthermore, local simvastatin application increased bone formation in animal models of fracture or bone defects. We investigated the effect of locally applied simvastatin in a rat model of spinal fusion. We performed posterolateral lumbar fusion surgery with iliac crest autograft in 36 rats divided into group I (n = 17; implanted with a gelatin scaffold) and group II (n = 19; implanted with a gelatin scaffold infused with 0.5 mg simvastatin). The rats were euthanized at 6 or 12 weeks postoperatively, and the spines were explanted and assessed. The fusion rates in group II (16.7%: 6 weeks, 30%: 12 weeks) were considerably higher than those in groups I (0%: 6 weeks, 0%: 12 weeks). The 6- and 12-week radiographic scores were significantly higher in group II than in group I. High-resolution micro-computerized tomography revealed that the tissue and bone volumes of the callus tended to be higher in group II than in group I. Histologic analysis of the spines explanted after 12 weeks demonstrated new bone formation between the transverse processes in group II, but thicker and wider individual trabeculae with fibrotic tissue and muscle fiber between the transverse processes in group I. Locally applied simvastatin was efficacious in accelerating bone formation in our rat model of spinal fusion, supporting its potential clinical application as a promoter of bone morphogenesis in spinal fusion. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1942-1948, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinobu Ishihara
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Masashi Miyazaki
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Naoki Notani
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Shozo Kanezaki
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Masanori Kawano
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsumura
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
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20
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Ungaro F, Catanzano O, d'Angelo I, Diaz-Gomez L, Concheiro A, Miro A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Quaglia F. Microparticle-embedded fibroin/alginate beads for prolonged local release of simvastatin hydroxyacid to mesenchymal stem cells. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 175:645-653. [PMID: 28917913 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we propose silk fibroin/alginate (SF/Alg) beads embedding simvastatin-loaded biodegradable microparticles as a versatile platform capable of tuning SVA release and in so doing osteogenic effects. In a first part of the study, microparticles of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid incorporating simvastatin either as lactone (SVL) or as hydroxyacid form (SVA) were prepared by spray-drying. While SVA-loaded microparticles released the drug in three days, long-term release of SVA could be obtained from SVL-loaded microparticles. In this latter case, SVL was promptly transformed to the osteogenic active SVA during release. When tested on mesenchymal stem cells, a time- and dose-dependent effect of SVL-loaded microparticles on cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was found. Thereafter, SVL-loaded microparticles were embedded in SF/Alg beads to limit the initial simvastatin burst and to achieve easier implantation as well. Microparticle-embedded beads showed no cytotoxicity while ALP activity increased. If correctly exploited, the developed system may be suitable as osteogenic polymer scaffolds releasing correct amount of the drug locally for long time-frames.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ungaro
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - O Catanzano
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - I d'Angelo
- Di.S.T.A.B.i.F., University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - L Diaz-Gomez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+D Pharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Concheiro
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+D Pharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Miro
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - C Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+D Pharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - F Quaglia
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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21
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Wang F, Liu X, Feng L, Zhu Q, Yan S, Guo R. Synthesis, characterisation and preliminary investigation of the haemocompatibility of poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)–poly(ethyleneglycol)–poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer for simvastatin delivery. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911517705405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of nanomedicine has provided advanced treatment opportunities for many diseases. Simvastatin, a widely used anti-lipidaemic drug, has potential for the treatment of orthopaedic diseases. However, the clinical application of simvastatin is limited because of its hydrophobicity and lack of distribution in osseous tissue. In this study, an amphiphilic nanoparticle, poly(d,l-lactide- co-glycolide)–poly(ethyleneglycol)–poly(d,l-lactide- co-glycolide), was synthesised to improve the biocompatibility of simvastatin. The haemocompatibility of the poly(d,l-lactide- co-glycolide)–poly(ethyleneglycol)–poly(d,l-lactide- co-glycolide) copolymer was investigated through its aggregation, morphology and lysis of human red blood cells, along with its impact on the clotting function according to the activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time and thromboelastographic assays. The results demonstrated that the poly(d,l-lactide- co-glycolide)–poly(ethyleneglycol)–poly(d,l-lactide- co-glycolide) copolymer with a concentration lower than 10 mg/mL had little impact on the aggregation, morphology or lysis of red blood cells, or on blood coagulation. Therefore, the copolymer may be a strong alternative candidate as an effective and safe drug carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longbao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shina Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Southern WM, Nichenko AS, Shill DD, Spencer CC, Jenkins NT, McCully KK, Call JA. Skeletal muscle metabolic adaptations to endurance exercise training are attainable in mice with simvastatin treatment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172551. [PMID: 28207880 PMCID: PMC5313210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that a 6-week regimen of simvastatin would attenuate skeletal muscle adaptation to low-intensity exercise. Male C57BL/6J wildtype mice were subjected to 6-weeks of voluntary wheel running or normal cage activities with or without simvastatin treatment (20 mg/kg/d, n = 7-8 per group). Adaptations in in vivo fatigue resistance were determined by a treadmill running test, and by ankle plantarflexor contractile assessment. The tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, and plantaris muscles were evaluated for exercised-induced mitochondrial adaptations (i.e., biogenesis, function, autophagy). There was no difference in weekly wheel running distance between control and simvastatin-treated mice (P = 0.51). Trained mice had greater treadmill running distance (296%, P<0.001), and ankle plantarflexor contractile fatigue resistance (9%, P<0.05) compared to sedentary mice, independent of simvastatin treatment. At the cellular level, trained mice had greater mitochondrial biogenesis (e.g., ~2-fold greater PGC1α expression, P<0.05) and mitochondrial content (e.g., 25% greater citrate synthase activity, P<0.05), independent of simvastatin treatment. Mitochondrial autophagy-related protein contents were greater in trained mice (e.g., 40% greater Bnip3, P<0.05), independent of simvastatin treatment. However, Drp1, a marker of mitochondrial fission, was less in simvastatin treated mice, independent of exercise training, and there was a significant interaction between training and statin treatment (P<0.022) for LC3-II protein content, a marker of autophagy flux. These data indicate that whole body and skeletal muscle adaptations to endurance exercise training are attainable with simvastatin treatment, but simvastatin may have side effects on muscle mitochondrial maintenance via autophagy, which could have long-term implications on muscle health.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Southern
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anna S. Nichenko
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Daniel D. Shill
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Corey C. Spencer
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nathan T. Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kevin K. McCully
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jarrod A. Call
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Mandibular fracture is the most common injury seen in facial fractures and plays an important role for oral and maxillofacial surgery department. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of the local administration of rosuvastatin (RSV) on mandibular fracture healing in rats. Thirty-two rats were divided into 4 groups: group C-14 (control), group R-14, group C-28 (control), and group R-28. A unilateral standard vertical osteotomy was performed right side of the mandibula extending from the tooth to the mandibular basis for each animal. In groups C-14 and C-28 sterile saline treated absorbable collogen sponge was applied to the fracture area, in groups R-14 and R-28 absorbable collogen sponge with saline solution containing 1 mg RSV was applied to the fracture area. Animals in groups C-14 and R-14 were euthanized on the 14th day, groups C-28 and R-28 were euthanized on the 28th day after operation. Stereologic analyses were performed. New bone area and connective tissue volumes were measured. Stereologic analysis showed that group R-14 had significantly more new bone at 2 weeks compared with group C-14. Connective tissue volumes were also significantly higher in R-14. New bone and connective tissue volume differences were not statistically significant between groups C-28 and R-28. Locally administered RSV enhances early bone regeneration on mandibular fracture in rats.
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24
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Wang X, Friis T, Glatt V, Crawford R, Xiao Y. Structural properties of fracture haematoma: current status and future clinical implications. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2864-2875. [PMID: 27401283 DOI: 10.1002/term.2190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Blood clots (haematomas) that form immediately following a bone fracture have been shown to be vital for the subsequent healing process. During the clotting process, a number of factors can influence the fibrin clot structure, such as fibrin polymerization, growth factor binding, cellular infiltration (including platelet retraction), protein concentrations and cytokines. The modulation of the fibrin clot structure within the fracture site has important clinical implications and could result in the development of multifunctional scaffolds that mimic the natural structure of a haematoma. Artificial haematoma structures such as these can be created from the patient's own blood and can therefore act as an ideal bone defect filling material for potential clinical application to accelerate bone regeneration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Spine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, People's Republic of China.,Science and Engineering Faculty, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thor Friis
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vaida Glatt
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ross Crawford
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yin Xiao
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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The Evaluation of Therapeutic Efficacy and Safety Profile of Simvastatin Prodrug Micelles in a Closed Fracture Mouse Model. Pharm Res 2016; 33:1959-71. [PMID: 27164897 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1932-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the therapeutic efficiency of a micellar prodrug formulation of simvastatin (SIM/SIM-mPEG) and explore its safety in a closed femoral fracture mouse model. METHODS The amphiphilic macromolecular prodrug of simvastatin (SIM-mPEG) was synthesized and formulated together with free simvastatin into micelles. It was also labeled with a near infrared dye for in vivo imaging purpose. A closed femoral fracture mouse model was established using a three-points bending device. The mice with established closed femoral fractures were treated with SIM/SIM-mPEG micelles, using free simvastatin and saline as controls. The therapeutic efficacy of the micelles was evaluated using a high-resolution micro-CT. Serum biochemistry and histology analyses were performed to explore the potential toxicity of the micelle formulation. RESULTS Near Infrared Fluorescence (NIRF) imaging confirmed the passive targeting of SIM/SIM-mPEG micelles to the bone lesion of the mice with closed femoral fractures. The micelle was found to promote fracture healing with an excellent safety profile. In addition, the accelerated healing of the femoral fracture also helped to prevent disuse-associated ipsilateral tibia bone loss. CONCLUSION SIM/SIM-mPEG micelles were found to be an effective and safe treatment for closed femoral fracture repair in mice. The evidence obtained in this study suggests that it may have the potential to be translated into a novel therapy for clinical management of skeletal fractures and non-union.
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Kheirallah M, Almeshaly H. Simvastatin, dosage and delivery system for supporting bone regeneration, an update review. JOURNAL OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY MEDICINE AND PATHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoms.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Montazerolghaem M, Ning Y, Engqvist H, Karlsson Ott M, Tenje M, Mestres G. Simvastatin and zinc synergistically enhance osteoblasts activity and decrease the acute response of inflammatory cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2016; 27:23. [PMID: 26704540 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5639-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Several ceramic biomaterials have been suggested as promising alternatives to autologous bone to replace or restore bone after trauma or disease. The osteoinductive potential of most scaffolds is often rather low by themselves and for this reason growth factors or drugs have been supplemented to these synthetic materials. Although some growth factors show good osteoinductive potential their drawback is their high cost and potential severe side effects. In this work the combination of the well-known drug simvastatin (SVA) and the inorganic element Zinc (Zn) is suggested as a potential additive to bone grafts in order to increase their bone regeneration/formation. MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured with Zn (10 and 25 µM) and SVA (0.25 and 0.4 µM) for 10 days to evaluate proliferation and differentiation, and for 22 days to evaluate secretion of calcium deposits. The combination of Zn (10 µM) and SVA (0.25 µM) significantly enhanced cell differentiation and mineralization in a synergetic manner. In addition, the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from primary human monocytes in contact with the same concentrations of Zn and SVA was evaluated by chemiluminescence. The combination of the additives decreased the release of ROS, although Zn and SVA separately caused opposite effects. This work shows that a new combination of additives can be used to increase the osteoinductive capacity of porous bioceramics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Ning
- Department Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Engqvist
- Department Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marjam Karlsson Ott
- Department Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Tenje
- Department Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gemma Mestres
- Department Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Mestres G, Kugiejko K, Pastorino D, Unosson J, Öhman C, Karlsson Ott M, Ginebra MP, Persson C. Changes in the drug release pattern of fresh and set simvastatin-loaded brushite cement. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 58:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sukul M, Min YK, Lee SY, Lee BT. Osteogenic potential of simvastatin loaded gelatin-nanofibrillar cellulose-β tricalcium phosphate hydrogel scaffold in critical-sized rat calvarial defect. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ibrahim N'I, Mohamed N, Soelaiman IN, Shuid AN. The Effects of Targeted Deliveries of Lovastatin and Tocotrienol on Ossification-Related Gene Expressions in Fracture Healing in an Osteoporosis Rat Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:12958-76. [PMID: 26501302 PMCID: PMC4627010 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121012958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporotic drugs are used to prevent fragility fractures, but their role in fracture healing still remains unknown. Thus, alternative agents with suitable mode of delivery are needed to promote fracture healing. This study was performed to investigate the effects of direct deliveries of lovastatin and tocotrienol to fracture sites on ossification-related gene expression in fracture healing in a postmenopausal osteoporosis model. Forty-eight Sprague Dawley female rats were divided into six groups. Group I comprised the sham-operated rats, while Groups II–VI were ovariectomized rats. After 8 weeks, the right tibiae of all rats were fractured and stabilized. Group I and Group II were given two single injections of lovastatin and tocotrienol carriers. Group III was given an estrogen preparation at 64.5 µg/kg daily via oral gavages. Group IV was injected with lovastatin particles (750 µg/kg), while Group V was injected with tocotrienol particles (60 mg/kg). Group VI received two single injections of 750 µg/kg lovastatin particles and 60 mg/kg tocotrienol particles. After 4 weeks, the gene expressions were measured. Group VI showed significantly higher gene expressions of osteocalcin, BMP-2, VEGF-α, and RUNX-2 compared to Group II. In conclusion, combined treatment of lovastatin and tocotrienol upregulated the expression of genes related to fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul 'Izzah Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Norazlina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ima Nirwana Soelaiman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Nazrun Shuid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Oryan A, Kamali A, Moshiri A. Potential mechanisms and applications of statins on osteogenesis: Current modalities, conflicts and future directions. J Control Release 2015; 215:12-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Bone biology, signaling pathways, and therapeutic targets for osteoporosis. Maturitas 2015; 82:245-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Tai IC, Wang YH, Chen CH, Chuang SC, Chang JK, Ho ML. Simvastatin enhances Rho/actin/cell rigidity pathway contributing to mesenchymal stem cells' osteogenic differentiation. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:5881-94. [PMID: 26451103 PMCID: PMC4590348 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s84273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that statins induce osteogenic differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. The molecular mechanism of statin-stimulated osteogenesis is unknown. Activation of RhoA signaling increases cytoskeletal tension, which plays a crucial role in the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. We thus hypothesized that RhoA signaling is involved in simvastatin-induced osteogenesis in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. We found that although treatment with simvastatin shifts localization of RhoA protein from the membrane to the cytosol, the treatment still activates RhoA dose-dependently because it reduces the association with RhoGDIα. Simvastatin also increased the expression of osteogenic proteins, density of actin filament, the number of focal adhesions, and cellular tension. Furthermore, disrupting actin cytoskeleton or decreasing cell rigidity by using chemical agents reduced simvastatin-induced osteogenic differentiation. In vivo study also confirms that density of actin filament is increased in simvastatin-induced ectopic bone formation. Our study is the first to demonstrate that maintaining intact actin cytoskeletons and enhancing cell rigidity are crucial in simvastatin-induced osteogenesis. The results suggested that simvastatin, which is an osteoinductive factor and acts by increasing actin filament organization and cell rigidity combined with osteoconductive biomaterials, may benefit stem-cell-based bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chun Tai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsien Wang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hwan Chen
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chun Chuang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Je-Ken Chang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Ho
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen UniVersity, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Wang H, Liu J, Tao S, Chai G, Wang J, Hu FQ, Yuan H. Tetracycline-grafted PLGA nanoparticles as bone-targeting drug delivery system. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:5671-85. [PMID: 26388691 PMCID: PMC4571930 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s88798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nanoparticles (NPs) that target bone tissue were developed using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) copolymers and tetracycline (TC)-based bone-targeting moieties. These NPs are expected to enable the transport of drugs, such as simvastatin (SIM), for the treatment of osteoporosis. Methods The molecular structures of TC–PLGA were validated by 1H-NMR, and the SIM-loaded NPs were prepared using the solvent emulsification method. The surface properties, cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, cell mineralization, bone targeting potential, and animal pharmacodynamics of the TC–PLGA NPs were evaluated and compared to those of PLGA NPs. Results It was confirmed that the average particle size of the NPs was approximately 220 nm. In phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4), the SIM-loaded NPs exhibited a cumulative release of up to 80% within 72 hours. An in vitro cell evaluation indicated that the NPs had an excellent cellular uptake capacity and showed great biocompatibility with MC3T3-E1 cells, thereby reducing the cytotoxic effects of SIM. The cell mineralization assay showed that the SIM-loaded NPs induced osteogenic differentiation and mineralized nodule formation in MC3T3-E1 cells, thereby achieving the same effect as SIM. Preliminary findings from in vitro and in vivo bone affinity assays indicated that the TC–PLGA NPs may display increased bone-targeting efficiency compared to PLGA NPs lacking a TC moiety. The use of SIM-loaded TC–PLGA NPs in treating osteoporosis was tested through animal pharmacodynamics analyses performed in ovariectomized rats, and the results suggested that the SIM-loaded TC–PLGA NPs can improve the curative effects of SIM on the recovery of bone mineral density compared to either SIM-loaded PLGA NPs or SIM alone. Conclusion Bone-targeting NPs, which were based on the conjugation of TC to PLGA copolymers, have the ability to target bone. These NPs may be developed as a delivery system for hydrophobic drugs, and they are expected to improve the curative effects of drugs, reduce the administered drug doses, and reduce side effects in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Tao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihong Chai
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Qiang Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Moshiri A, Shahrezaee M, Shekarchi B, Oryan A, Azma K. Three-Dimensional Porous Gelapin-Simvastatin Scaffolds Promoted Bone Defect Healing in Rabbits. Calcif Tissue Int 2015; 96:552-64. [PMID: 25804980 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-015-9981-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of large bone defects (LBDs) is technically demanding. Tissue engineering is an option. A bioactive graft may be produced by combining tissue scaffolds and healing promotive factors in order to accelerate bone repair. We investigated the role of Simvastatin (Sim)-embedded porous Gelapin (Gel) scaffold on experimental bone healing. At first, the effectiveness of different concentrations of Gel and Sim powders was investigated in an experimentally induced femoral hole model in rabbits (n = 6) for 30 days. Then bone bioactive grafts were produced by combination of the effective concentrations of Gel, Sim, and Genipin. The bioimplants were subcutaneously tested in a rabbit model (n = 9) to determine their biocompatibility and biodegradability for 10-30 days. Finally, a large radial bone defect model was produced in rabbits (n = 20), and the bioimplants were inserted in the defects. The untreated and autograft-treated bone defects were served as controls. The animals were euthanized after 30 and 60 days of bone injury. The bone samples were evaluated by radiography, three-dimensional CT scan, bone densitometry, histopathology, and nano-indentation. At a concentration of 5 mg/hole, Sim closed the femoral bone holes after 30 days, while in the defect, autograft, and Gel groups, the holes were open. Both the Gel and Gel-Sim scaffolds were biocompatible and biodegradable. Subcutaneously, the Gel-Sim scaffold was replaced with the newly regenerated ectopic bone after 30 days. After implantation of the Gel-Sim scaffold in the radial bone defects, the scaffold was completely replaced with new woven bone after 30 days which was then matured and remodeled into a cortical bone after 60 days. Sixty days after bone injury, the Gel-Sim-treated defects had significantly higher bone volume, matrix mineralization, elastic modulus, and contact hardness when compared to the controls. The Gel-Sim scaffold may be a suitable option in managing LBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moshiri
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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Impaired Fracture Healing after Hemorrhagic Shock. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:132451. [PMID: 26106256 PMCID: PMC4461787 DOI: 10.1155/2015/132451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired fracture healing can occur in severely injured patients with hemorrhagic shock due to decreased soft tissue perfusion after trauma. We investigated the effects of fracture healing in a standardized pressure controlled hemorrhagic shock model in mice, to test the hypothesis that bleeding is relevant in the bone healing response. Male C57/BL6 mice were subjected to a closed femoral shaft fracture stabilized by intramedullary nailing. One group was additionally subjected to pressure controlled hemorrhagic shock (HS, mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 35 mmHg for 90 minutes). Serum cytokines (IL-6, KC, MCP-1, and TNF-α) were analyzed 6 hours after shock. Fracture healing was assessed 21 days after fracture. Hemorrhagic shock is associated with a significant increase in serum inflammatory cytokines in the early phase. Histologic analysis demonstrated a significantly decreased number of osteoclasts, a decrease in bone quality, and more cartilage islands after hemorrhagic shock. μCT analysis showed a trend towards decreased bone tissue mineral density in the HS group. Mechanical testing revealed no difference in tensile failure. Our results suggest a delay in fracture healing after hemorrhagic shock. This may be due to significantly diminished osteoclast recruitment. The exact mechanisms should be studied further, particularly during earlier stages of fracture healing.
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Kyllönen L, D’Este M, Alini M, Eglin D. Local drug delivery for enhancing fracture healing in osteoporotic bone. Acta Biomater 2015; 11:412-34. [PMID: 25218339 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fragility fractures can cause significant morbidity and mortality in patients with osteoporosis and inflict a considerable medical and socioeconomic burden. Moreover, treatment of an osteoporotic fracture is challenging due to the decreased strength of the surrounding bone and suboptimal healing capacity, predisposing both to fixation failure and non-union. Whereas a systemic osteoporosis treatment acts slowly, local release of osteogenic agents in osteoporotic fracture would act rapidly to increase bone strength and quality, as well as to reduce the bone healing period and prevent development of a problematic non-union. The identification of agents with potential to stimulate bone formation and improve implant fixation strength in osteoporotic bone has raised hope for the fast augmentation of osteoporotic fractures. Stimulation of bone formation by local delivery of growth factors is an approach already in clinical use for the treatment of non-unions, and could be utilized for osteoporotic fractures as well. Small molecules have also gained ground as stable and inexpensive compounds to enhance bone formation and tackle osteoporosis. The aim of this paper is to present the state of the art on local drug delivery in osteoporotic fractures. Advantages, disadvantages and underlying molecular mechanisms of different active species for local bone healing in osteoporotic bone are discussed. This review also identifies promising new candidate molecules and innovative approaches for the local drug delivery in osteoporotic bone.
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Shah SR, Werlang CA, Kasper FK, Mikos AG. Novel applications of statins for bone regeneration. Natl Sci Rev 2014; 2:85-99. [PMID: 26543666 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwu028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of statins for bone regeneration is a promising and growing area of research. Statins, originally developed to treat high cholesterol, are inhibitors of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl, the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway. Because the mevalonate pathway is responsible for the synthesis of a wide variety of important biochemical molecules, including cholesterol and other isoprenoids, the effects of statins are pleiotropic. In particular, statins can greatly affect the process of bone turnover and regeneration via effects on important cell types, including mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, endothelial cells, and osteoclasts. Statins have also been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties that may be useful since infection can derail normal bone healing. This review will explore the pleiotropic effects of statins, discuss the current use of statins for bone regeneration, particularly with regard to biomaterials-based controlled delivery, and offer perspectives on the challenges and future directions of this emerging area of bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita R Shah
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA
| | - Caroline A Werlang
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA
| | - F Kurtis Kasper
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA
| | - Antonios G Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA ; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
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40
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Zhang Y, Bradley AD, Wang D, Reinhardt RA. Statins, bone metabolism and treatment of bone catabolic diseases. Pharmacol Res 2014; 88:53-61. [PMID: 24407282 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that statins had bone anabolic properties initiated many investigations into their use for treatment of bone catabolic diseases, such as osteoporosis. This paper reviews the molecular basis of statin's role in bone metabolism, and animal and human studies on the impact of systemic statins on osteoporosis-induced bone fracture incidence and healing, and on bone density. Limitations of systemic statins are described along with alternative dosing strategies, including local applications and bone-targeting systemic preparations. The principal findings of this review are: (1) traditional oral dosing with statins results in minimal efficacy in the treatment of osteoporosis; (2) local applications of statins show promise in the treatment of accessible bony defects, such as periodontitis; and (3) systemically administered statins which can target bone or inflammation near bone may be the safest and most effective strategy in the treatment of osseous deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Aaron D Bradley
- Department of Surgical Specialties, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Richard A Reinhardt
- Department of Surgical Specialties, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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Yasuda H, Tanabe K, Sato T, Nomoto S, Miura T, Yoshinari M. Osteogenic Effect of Local Administration of Fluvastatin using a Fluvastatin-gelatin Complex in Senile Osteoporosis Model Rat. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.23.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tai IC, Fu YC, Wang CK, Chang JK, Ho ML. Local delivery of controlled-release simvastatin/PLGA/HAp microspheres enhances bone repair. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:3895-904. [PMID: 24143094 PMCID: PMC3798145 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s48694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are used clinically for reduction of cholesterol synthesis to prevent cardiovascular disease. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that statins stimulate bone formation. However, orally administered statins may be degraded during first-pass metabolism in the liver. This study aimed to prevent this degradation by developing a locally administered formulation of simvastatin that is encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/hydroxyapatite (SIM/PLGA/HAp) microspheres with controlled-release properties. The effect of this formulation of simvastatin on bone repair was tested using a mouse model of gap fracture bridging with a graft of necrotic bone. The simvastatin released over 12 days from 3 mg and 5 mg of SIM/PLGA/HAp was 0.03-1.6 μg/day and 0.05-2.6 μg/day, respectively. SIM/PLGA/HAp significantly stimulated callus formation around the repaired area and increased neovascularization and cell ingrowth in the grafted necrotic bone at week 2 after surgery. At week 4, both 3 mg and 5 mg of SIM/PLGA/HAp increased neovascularization, but only 5 mg SIM/PLGA/HAp enhanced cell ingrowth into the necrotic bone. The low dose of simvastatin released from SIM/PLGA/HAp enhanced initial callus formation, neovascularization, and cell ingrowth in the grafted bone, indicating that SIM/PLGA/HAp facilitates bone regeneration. We suggest that SIM/PLGA/HAp should be developed as an osteoinductive agent to treat osteonecrosis or in combination with an osteoconductive scaffold to treat severe bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chun Tai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan ; Department of Physiology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan ; Orthopedic Research Center, College of Medicine, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
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Sadiasa A, Kim MS, Lee BT. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide acid)/biphasic calcium phosphate composite coating on a porous scaffold to deliver simvastatin for bone tissue engineering. J Drug Target 2013; 21:719-29. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2013.811512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Chou J, Ito T, Otsuka M, Ben-Nissan B, Milthorpe B. The effectiveness of the controlled release of simvastatin from β-TCP macrosphere in the treatment of OVX mice. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:E195-203. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Chou
- The University of Technology Sydney, Advanced Tissue Regeneration and Drug Delivery Group; School of Medical and Molecular Sciences; Ultimo Sydney Australia
| | - Tomoko Ito
- Musashino University, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science; Faculty of Pharmacy; Nishi-Tokyo Japan
| | - Makoto Otsuka
- Musashino University, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science; Faculty of Pharmacy; Nishi-Tokyo Japan
| | - Besim Ben-Nissan
- The University of Technology Sydney; School of Chemistry and Forensic Sciences; Ultimo Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Bruce Milthorpe
- The University of Technology Sydney; Dean of Science, Faculty of Science; Ultimo Sydney NSW Australia
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Evaluation of Simvastatin in the Process of Fracture Healing in Tibiae of Rats. Rev Bras Ortop 2013; 48:191-195. [PMID: 31211127 PMCID: PMC6565878 DOI: 10.1016/j.rboe.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Evaluate the effects of simvastatin in the process of fracture healing in rat tibia. Methods Thirty-six rats were subjected to diaphyseal fracture of the leg bones and divided in the statin group (GE) and control group (GC), being subdivided into three subgroups according to days post-fracture (7th, 14th and 28th day) to assess bone healing. In GE was administered by gavage a solution of simvastatin to the sacrifice. In the control group was administered saline by the same route of SG. Immobilization was not used. After the sacrifice was made to limb amputation in the distal femur and conducted the clinical, radiological and histological analysis. Clinical evaluation was made as to the mobility of the fracture. Then the samples were radiographed and evaluated for callus diameter. Histological examination was performed with cuts of 5 micrometers and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome and Alcian blue pH 2.5. The level of significance to exclude the null hypothesis was 5%. Results All GE animals showed greater stability of the fracture and higher callus area. There were no significant changes in the histological study. Conclusion Simvastatin accelerates the consolidation process by increasing the callus, but does not alter the histology of the newly formed bone.
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Montazerolghaem M, Engqvist H, Karlsson Ott M. Sustained release of simvastatin from premixed injectable calcium phosphate cement. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:340-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Montazerolghaem
- Division of Applied Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Håkan Engqvist
- Division of Applied Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Marjam Karlsson Ott
- Division of Applied Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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Sisask G, Marsell R, Sundgren-Andersson A, Larsson S, Nilsson O, Ljunggren O, Jonsson KB. Rats treated with AZD2858, a GSK3 inhibitor, heal fractures rapidly without endochondral bone formation. Bone 2013; 54:126-32. [PMID: 23337038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fracture healing is a complex interplay between endochondral and intramembranous bone formation processes. The canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway enhances new bone formation and may play a role in fracture healing. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is a key regulator of β-catenin degradation. In this study, we investigate the effects of AZD2858, an orally bioactive GSK3 inhibitor, on fracture healing. Femoral fractures were produced in rats after the insertion of a femoral nail. The rats were treated with oral administration of AZD2858 at a dose of 30 μmol/kg (20mg/kg) daily for up to 3 weeks, while control animals were administered vehicle. At 4days, and at 1, 2 and 3 weeks, histological analysis was performed, and at the 2 and 3 week time points, we performed peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), X-rays, and four-point bending tests. Peripheral QCT showed an increase in both mineral density (of 28% at 2 weeks and 38% at 3weeks) and mineral content (of 81% at 2 weeks and 93% at 3 weeks) in the calluses from AZD2858 treated animals as compared to vehicle treated animals. Histological analysis demonstrated that rats treated with GSK3 inhibitor healed their fractures rapidly, but without the pre-formation of cartilage tissue. Furthermore, four-point bending tests of fractured femora from animals treated for 2 and 3 weeks showed an increase in strength in treated animals compared to their vehicle-treated controls. In conclusion, AZD2858, a potent GSK3 inhibitor, has a substantial impact on fracture healing. The fractures healed with a bony callus without an obvious endochondral component, suggesting that AZD2858 drives mesenchymal cells into the osteoblastic pathway. This leads to direct bone repair in an unstable fracture milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Sisask
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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48
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Oka S, Matsumoto T, Kubo S, Matsushita T, Sasaki H, Nishizawa Y, Matsuzaki T, Saito T, Nishida K, Tabata Y, Kurosaka M, Kuroda R. Local Administration of Low-Dose Simvastatin-Conjugated Gelatin Hydrogel for Tendon–Bone Healing in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Tissue Eng Part A 2013. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Oka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Seiji Kubo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takehiko Matsushita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nishizawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tokio Matsuzaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kotaro Nishida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kurosaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kuroda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Avaliação da sinvastatina no processo de consolidação de fraturas em tíbias de ratos. Rev Bras Ortop 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbo.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Chou J, Ito T, Bishop D, Otsuka M, Ben-Nissan B, Milthorpe B. Controlled release of simvastatin from biomimetic β-TCP drug delivery system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54676. [PMID: 23349949 PMCID: PMC3548800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin have been shown to induce bone formation and there is currently a urgent need to develop an appropriate delivery system to sustain the release of the drug to increase therapeutic efficacy whilst reducing side effects. In this study, a novel drug delivery system for simvastatin by means of hydrothermally converting marine exoskeletons to biocompatible beta-tricalcium phosphate was investigated. Furthermore, the release of simvastatin was controlled by the addition of an outer apatite coating layer. The samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction analysis, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and mass spectroscopy confirming the conversion process. The in-vitro dissolution of key chemical compositional elements and the release of simvastatin were measured in simulated body fluid solution showing controlled release with reduction of approximately 25% compared with un-coated samples. This study shows the potential applications of marine structures as a drug delivery system for simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Chou
- Advanced Tissue Regeneration and Drug Delivery Group, School of Medical and Molecular Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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