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Hoshikawa A, Nakajima K, Okuwaki T, Hangai M, Aono H, Ishizuka S, Morioka Y, Itou S, Kawahara T. Former Olympians had remained on high bone mineral density for a long period: Consecutive checkup of the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Japanese contestants for over 50 years. Bone 2024; 187:117203. [PMID: 39019130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We performed consecutive checkups of the 1964 Tokyo Olympic contestants every 4 years for 50 years. This study evaluated bone mineral density (BMD) and its related factors in former Tokyo Olympic athletes. OBJECTIVES The study population comprised 181 former Olympians (141 men and 40 women) who had undergone BMD measurement in at least one of the four checkups performed every 4 years since 2005. The mean age of the 104 subjects who participated in the last checkup in 2016 was 76.1 years for men and 74.0 years for women. METHODS Health-related information regarding medical history, regular physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking was obtained using questionnaires. The areal BMD of the total body was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The relationship between BMD and anthropometric measurements, medical history, and health behaviors was examined. Furthermore, we assessed the influence of the mode and magnitude of weight-bearing and impact loading during athletic events during their active careers on BMD. RESULTS The mean Z-scores of BMD of the total body, lumbar spine, pelvis, and upper and lower limbs were > 0 in both male and female subjects at each checkup. The subjects had a higher mean height and weight than the Japanese age- and sex-matched individuals. Furthermore, the subjects had higher grip strength than the age- and sex-matched individuals. BMD showed a positive correlation with body weight, lean body mass (LBM), muscle mass, and grip strength, with higher correlation coefficients found between BMD of the pelvis or lower limbs and LBM or muscle mass volume. When the association with current participation in sports activities was examined, male subjects who exercised weekly had significantly higher grip strength and greater muscle mass volume; however, no significant differences were observed among female subjects. After adjusting for age and LMB, BMD was significantly higher in both the lumbar spine and lower limbs of male subjects with relatively more impact loading in sports events during their active careers. CONCLUSION The Tokyo Olympic contestants maintained a high muscle mass even at an older age, regardless of their medical history, which may be one of the reasons for their ability to maintain a high BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hoshikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kamoda 1981, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama 350-8550, Japan; Medical Center, Japan Institute of Sports Science, Japan High Performance Sports Center, Nishigaoka 3-15-1, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan.
| | - K Nakajima
- Medical Center, Japan Institute of Sports Science, Japan High Performance Sports Center, Nishigaoka 3-15-1, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan.
| | - T Okuwaki
- Medical Center, Japan Institute of Sports Science, Japan High Performance Sports Center, Nishigaoka 3-15-1, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan.
| | - M Hangai
- Medical Center, Japan Institute of Sports Science, Japan High Performance Sports Center, Nishigaoka 3-15-1, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan.
| | - H Aono
- Laboratory of Sports Sciences, Japan Sport Association, 4-2 Kasumigaokacho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-0013, Japan.
| | - S Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Sports Sciences, Japan Sport Association, 4-2 Kasumigaokacho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-0013, Japan.
| | - Y Morioka
- Laboratory of Sports Sciences, Japan Sport Association, 4-2 Kasumigaokacho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-0013, Japan.
| | - S Itou
- Laboratory of Sports Sciences, Japan Sport Association, 4-2 Kasumigaokacho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-0013, Japan.
| | - T Kawahara
- Medical Center, Japan Institute of Sports Science, Japan High Performance Sports Center, Nishigaoka 3-15-1, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan
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Sventeckis AM, Surowiec RK, Fuchs RK, Warden SJ. Cross-sectional size, shape, and estimated strength of the tibia, fibula and second metatarsal in female collegiate-level cross-country runners and soccer players. Bone 2024; 188:117233. [PMID: 39127437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Bone stress injuries (BSIs) frequently occur in the leg and foot long bones of female distance runners. A potential means of preventing BSIs is to participate in multidirectional sports when younger to build a more robust skeleton. The current cross-sectional study compared differences in tibia, fibula, and second metatarsal diaphysis size, shape, and strength between female collegiate-level athletes specialized in cross-country running (RUN, n = 16) and soccer (SOC, n = 16). Assessments were performed using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography and outcomes corrected for measures at the radius diaphysis to control for selection bias and systemic differences between groups. The tibia in SOC had a 7.5 % larger total area than RUN, with a 29.4 % greater minimum second moment of area (IMIN) and 8.2 % greater estimated failure load (all p ≤ 0.02). Tibial values in SOC exceeded reference data indicating positive adaptation. In contrast, values in RUN were similar to reference data suggesting running induced limited tibial adaptation. RUN did have a larger ratio between their maximum second moment of area (IMAX) and IMIN than both SOC and reference values. This suggests the unidirectional loading associated with running altered tibial shape with material distributed more in the anteroposterior (IMAX) direction as opposed to the mediolateral (IMIN) direction. Comparatively, SOC had a similar IMAX/IMIN ratio to reference data suggesting the larger tibia in SOC resulted from multiplane adaptation. In addition to enhanced size and strength of their tibia, SOC had enhanced structure and strength of their fibula and second metatarsal. At both sites, polar moment of inertia was approximately 25 % larger in SOC compared to RUN (all p = 0.03). These data support calls for young female athletes to delay specialization in running and participate in multidirectional sports, like soccer, to build a more robust skeleton that is potentially more protected against BSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Sventeckis
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Rachel K Surowiec
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Robyn K Fuchs
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America; Tom and Julie Wood College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Stuart J Warden
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America.
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Palaiothodorou D, Vagenas G. Inter-arm bone mass and size asymmetries in children tennis players are maturity status specific: a 9-month study on the effects of training time across pubertal change and somatic growth. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:2081-2092. [PMID: 38413390 PMCID: PMC11199266 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05425-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bone growth with exercise is best assessed by tennis-induced inter-arm asymmetries. Yet, the effects of training and maturation across puberty were unclear. This study explored arm bone growth across 9 months of training in 46 tennis players 7-14 years (25 boys, 21 girls). METHODS Bone mineral content (BMC) and bone area (BA) were measured from DXA scans. Pubertal status was assessed by Tanner stage (TS) and somatic growth by maturity offset (MO). Children were grouped as pre- (TS I-I), early (TS I-II), and mid/late pubertal (TS II-III). RESULTS Training time (TT) change in the three groups was 160-170, 190-230, and 200-220 h, respectively. Bone asymmetries were large in all groups (d > 0.8, P < 0.001): 5-18 g (9-21%) and 9-17 g (17-23%) in girls and boys, respectively, for BMC, and 5-15 cm2 (6-13%) and 9-15 cm2 (12-15%) in girls and boys (10-13%), respectively, for BA. BMC and BA change asymmetry peaked at pre-puberty in girls (56%, 46%) and at early puberty in boys (57%, 43%). Asymmetry gains varied with baseline asymmetry (41%) and change in TT (38%) and TS (17%) in BMC, and with baseline asymmetry (58%) and change in MO (17%) and TS (12%) in BA. CONCLUSION All bone asymmetries were substantial. Tennis-induced bone gains were higher at pre- to early puberty in girls and at early to mid/late puberty in boys. Training enhanced mostly bone mass and maturity status enhanced mostly bone size; sex was not bone-change modeling impactful. Implications are discussed considering certain limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitria Palaiothodorou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - George Vagenas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Ruff CB, Wallace IJ, Toya C, Muñoz MAP, Meyer JV, Busby T, Reynolds AZ, Martinez J, Miller-Moore M, Rios R. The effects of the industrial transition on lower limb bone structure: A comparison of the inhabitants of Pecos Pueblo and present-day Indigenous peoples of New Mexico. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 184:e24922. [PMID: 38409941 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Comparisons between Indigenous peoples over time and within a particular geographic region can shed light on the impact of environmental transitions on the skeleton, including relative bone strength, sexual dimorphism, and age-related changes. Here we compare long bone structural properties of the inhabitants of the late prehistoric-early historic Pecos Pueblo with those of present-day Indigenous individuals from New Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS Femora and tibiae of 126 adults from Pecos Pueblo and 226 present-day adults were included in the study. Cross-sectional diaphyseal properties-areas and second moments of area-were obtained from past studies of the Pecos Pueblo skeletal sample, and from computed tomography scans of recently deceased individuals in the present-day sample. RESULTS Femora and tibiae from Pecos individuals are stronger relative to body size than those of present-day Indigenous individuals. Present-day individuals are taller but not wider, and this body shape difference affects cross-sectional shape, more strongly proximally. The tibia shows anteroposterior strengthening among Pecos individuals, especially among males. Sexual dimorphism in midshaft bone shape is stronger within the Pecos Pueblo sample. With aging, Pecos individuals show more medullary expansion but also more subperiosteal expansion than present-day individuals, maintaining bone strength despite cortical thinning. DISCUSSION Higher activity levels, carried out over rough terrain and throughout adult life, likely explain the relatively stronger lower limb bones of the Pecos individuals, as well as their greater subperiosteal expansion with aging. Greater sexual dimorphism in bone structure among Pecos individuals potentially reflects greater gender-based differences in behavioral patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Ruff
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian J Wallace
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | | | - Jana Valesca Meyer
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Taylor Busby
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Adam Z Reynolds
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jordan Martinez
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Marcus Miller-Moore
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Roberto Rios
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Brzezinski ET, Hubbe M, Hunter RL, Agnew AM. Sex differences in workload in medieval Poland: Patterns of asymmetry and biomechanical adaptation in the upper limb at Giecz. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 183:e24886. [PMID: 38130087 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study characterizes sexual dimorphism in skeletal markers of upper limb mechanical loading due to lateralization as evidence of division of labor in medieval Giecz, Poland. METHODS Twenty-six dimensions for paired humeri, clavicles, and radii representing adult males (n = 89) and females (n = 53) were collected from a skeletal sample from the cemetery site Gz4. Percent directional asymmetry (DA) and absolute asymmetry (AA) for each dimension were compared among bones, osteometric subcategories, and sex. Additionally, side bias and sex differences were assessed in degenerative joint disease (DJD) and entheseal changes (ECs). RESULTS Nearly all measurements revealed significant asymmetry favoring the right side. Asymmetry was most pronounced in midshaft dimensions with few sex differences. There were more correlations among dimensions within elements than between elements, mainly in the midshaft. No laterality in DJD frequencies was noted for either sex, but females demonstrated significantly lower odds of having DJD than males in most joints. Most ECs demonstrated a right-bias and association with DA with no sex-specific patterns except the biceps brachii insertion, where females were ~5 times more likely to be scored "right" than males. DISCUSSION The general lack of sex differences in asymmetry and ECs suggests similarly demanding workloads for females and males, with the exception of sex-specific functional loading differences in the forearm. Further, DJD data suggest males engaged in more intensive activities involving the upper limb. These results enhance understanding of workload in this important historical period and provide a comparison for asymmetry in past populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T Brzezinski
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Skeletal Biology Research Lab, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark Hubbe
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Randee L Hunter
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Skeletal Biology Research Lab, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amanda M Agnew
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Skeletal Biology Research Lab, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Ng CA, Gandham A, Mesinovic J, Owen PJ, Ebeling PR, Scott D. Effects of Moderate- to High-Impact Exercise Training on Bone Structure Across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:1612-1634. [PMID: 37555459 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Moderate- to high-impact exercise improves bone mineral density (BMD) across the lifespan, but its effects on bone structure, which predicts fracture independent of areal BMD, are unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated effects of impact exercise on volumetric BMD (vBMD) and bone structure. Four databases (PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science) were searched up to March 2022 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of impact exercise, with ground reaction forces equal to or greater than running, compared with sham or habitual activity, on bone vBMD and structure. Bone variables were measured by quantitative computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging at the tibia, radius, lumbar spine, and femur. Percentage changes in bone variables were compared among groups using mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) calculated via random effects meta-analyses. Subgroup analyses were performed in children/adolescents (<18 years), adults (18-50 years), postmenopausal women, and older men. Twenty-eight RCTs (n = 2985) were included. Across all studies, impact exercise improved trabecular vBMD at the distal tibia (MD = 0.54% [95% CI 0.17, 0.90%]), total vBMD at the proximal femur (3.11% [1.07, 5.14%]), and cortical thickness at the mid/proximal radius (1.78% [0.21, 3.36%]). There was no effect on vBMD and bone structure at the distal radius, femoral shaft, or lumbar spine across all studies or in any subgroup. In adults, impact exercise decreased mid/proximal tibia cortical vBMD (-0.20% [-0.24, -0.15%]). In postmenopausal women, impact exercise improved distal tibia trabecular vBMD (0.79% [0.32, 1.25%]). There was no effect on bone parameters in children/adolescents in overall analyses, and there were insufficient studies in older men to perform meta-analyses. Impact exercise may have beneficial effects on bone structure and vBMD at various skeletal sites, but additional high-quality RCTs in different age and sex subgroups are needed to identify optimal exercise protocols for improving bone health across the lifespan. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie-Anne Ng
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anoohya Gandham
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Jakub Mesinovic
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Patrick J Owen
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Peter R Ebeling
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - David Scott
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
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Dudaric L, Dumic-Cule I, Divjak E, Cengic T, Brkljacic B, Ivanac G. Bone Remodeling in Osteoarthritis-Biological and Radiological Aspects. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1613. [PMID: 37763732 PMCID: PMC10537088 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59091613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Among available papers published on the given subject over the last century, various terms have been used as synonyms for one, now generally accepted-osteoarthritis, in some countries called "wear and tear" or "overload arthritis". The opsolent terms-hypertrophic arthritis, degenerative arthritis, arthritis deformans and osteoarthrosis-sought to highlight the dominant clinical signs of this ubiquitous, polymorph disease of the whole osteochondral unit, which by incidence and prevalence represents one of the leading chronic conditions that cause long-term pain and incapacity for work. Numerous in vitro and in vivo research resulted in broadened acknowledgments about osteoarthritis pathophysiology and pathology on both histological and cellular levels. However, the cause of osteoarthritis is still unknown and is currently the subject of a hypothesis. In this paper, we provide a review of recent findings on biological phenomena taking place in bone tissue during osteoarthritis to the extent useful for clinical practice. Choosing a proper radiological approach is a conditio sine qua non to the early diagnosis of this entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Dudaric
- Croatia Poliklinika, Rijeka Radiology Unit, Vukovarska 7A, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Ivo Dumic-Cule
- Clinical Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Nursing, University North, 104 Brigade 3, 42000 Varazdin, Croatia
| | - Eugen Divjak
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Dubrava, Avenija Gojka Suska 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.D.); (B.B.); (G.I.)
| | - Tomislav Cengic
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Centre Sestre Milosrdnice, Draskoviceva 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Boris Brkljacic
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Dubrava, Avenija Gojka Suska 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.D.); (B.B.); (G.I.)
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Ivanac
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Dubrava, Avenija Gojka Suska 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.D.); (B.B.); (G.I.)
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Plotkin LI, Asad I, Kritikos AE, Sanz N. Role of Cx43 on the Bone Cell Generation, Function, and Survival. Bioelectricity 2023; 5:188-195. [PMID: 37746312 PMCID: PMC10517329 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2023.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of gap junction intercellular communication structures in bone cells has been known since the early 1970s, further confirmed by Doty and Marotti at the structural level in the 1980-1990s. Work by Civitelli, Donahue, and others showed the expression of Cx43 at the mRNA and protein levels in all bone cell types: osteoclasts (bone resorbing cells), osteoblasts (bone forming cells), and osteocytes (mature osteoblasts embedded in the bone matrix that regulate the function of both osteoclasts and osteoblasts). While Cx45, Cx46, and Cx37 were also shown to be expressed in bone cells, most studies have focused on Cx43, the most abundant member of the connexin (Cx) family of proteins expressed in bone. The role of Cx43 has been shown to be related to the formation of gap junction intercellular channels, to unopposed hemichannels, and to channel independent functions of the molecule. Cx43 participates in the response of bone cells to pharmacological, hormonal, and mechanical stimuli, and it is involved in the skeletal phenotype with old age. Human and murine studies have shown that mutations of Cx43 lead to oculodentodigital dysplasia and craniometaphyseal dysplasia, both conditions associated with abnormalities in the skeleton. However, whereas substantial advances have been made on the skeletal role of Cx43, further research is needed to understand the basis for the effects of mutated Cx43 and potential ways to prevent the effects of these mutations on bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian I. Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Iqra Asad
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Alex E. Kritikos
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Natasha Sanz
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Fuller LH, Karimy KF, Ruschke PL, Taghon MM, Crosby AJ, Donahue SW. Structure-property relationships of velar bone tissue from the energy absorbing horncore of bighorn sheep rams. Acta Biomater 2023; 166:419-429. [PMID: 37164299 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Velar bone is the material that fills the horncore of bighorn sheep rams. The architectural dimensions of velar bone are orders of magnitude larger than trabecular bone, and velae are more sail-like compared to strut-like trabeculae. Velar bone is important for energy absorption and reduction of brain cavity accelerations during high energy head impacts, but velar bone material properties were previously unknown. It was hypothesized that velar bone tissue would have properties that are beneficial for increased energy absorption at the material level. Solid velar bone beams were tested using dynamic mechanical analysis and three-point bending to quantify mechanical properties. Additionally, the porosity, osteon population density, and mineral content of the solid velar sails were quantified. The velar bone damping factor (∼0.03 - 0.06) and modulus of toughness (3.9 ± 0.4 MJ/m3) were lower than other mammalian cortical bone tissues. The solid bony sails have a bending modulus (8.6 ± 0.5 GPa) that lies within the range of bending moduli values previously reported for individual trabecular struts and cortical bone tissue. The solid velar bone sails had porosity (6.7 ± 0.9 %) and bone mineral content (66 ± 1 %) in the range of cortical bone values. Interestingly, velar sails contained osteons, which are rarely found in trabecular struts. The velar bone osteon population density (5.8 ± 0.9 osteons/mm2) is in the low end of the range of values reported for cortical bone in other mammals. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Bighorn sheep rams sustain high energy head impacts during intraspecific combat without overt signs of brain injury. Previous studies have shown that the bony horncore plays a critical role in energy absorption and reduction of brain cavity accelerations post impact, which has implications for concussion prevention in humans. However, the material properties of the horncore velar bone were previously unknown. This study quantified the material properties and structure-property relationships of the horncore velar bone at the tissue level. Results from this study will improve our understanding of how bighorn sheep mitigate brain injury during head-to-head impacts and may inspire the design of novel materials for energy absorption applications (i.e., helmets materials that reduce concussion occurrence in humans).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca H Fuller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Kourosh F Karimy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Paige L Ruschke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Meredith M Taghon
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Alfred J Crosby
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Seth W Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Hill EC, O'Donnell L. Low bone mineral density is associated with fatty liver disease and respiratory illness in a pediatric mortality sample. Osteoporos Int 2023:10.1007/s00198-023-06760-4. [PMID: 37083968 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-023-06760-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
This study finds that fatty liver disease is associated with low bone density in a pediatric mortality sample. Since non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has increased in prevalence over the past few decades among children, a better understanding of the disease's impacts on bone health is of significance to clinicians. PURPOSE Chronic illness leads to decreased bone modeling and remodeling. This can be especially problematic during childhood and adolescence, since the majority of an individual's peak bone mass is achieved by the age of 20. In this study, we examine relationships between chronic illness and low bone mineral density (BMD) in a pediatric mortality sample (aged 0.5 to 20.9 years) from New Mexico. We also test whether low BMD is related to decelerated linear growth by examining its relationship to growth stunting and arrest (Harris lines). METHODS Hounsfield units (HU), a proxy for trabecular BMD, were obtained at the fourth lumbar vertebra and the femoral neck from postmortem CT scans. Linear regression was used to examine associations between z-standardized HU and age, sex, medical conditions, Harris lines, and growth stunting. RESULTS We find that lumbar HU is significantly lower for individuals with fatty liver disease and respiratory illness; femoral HU is significantly lower in individuals with Harris lines. CONCLUSION The mechanisms of low BMD in individuals with fatty liver disease and respiratory illness are likely multifactorial and involve vitamin D deficiency (malnutrition, malabsorption), systemic inflammation, and sedentary lifestyles. However, better awareness of this relationship can provide clinicians with the ability to introduce nutritional and behavioral interventions early to mitigate deleterious effects on bone. Harris lines, on the other hand, mark temporary growth cessation due to physiological stress followed by a rapid resumption of growth. Low BMD in these individuals may be due to bone mineralization lagging behind relatively rapid linear growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan C Hill
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC09 5230, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Lexi O'Donnell
- College of Population Health, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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11
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Fagundes U, Vancini RL, de Almeida AA, Nikolaidis PT, Weiss K, Knechtle B, Andrade MS, de Lira CAB. Reference values for bone mass in young athletes: a cross-sectional study in São Paulo, Brazil. Sci Rep 2023; 13:286. [PMID: 36609534 PMCID: PMC9822898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Reference values for bone mass in young athletes need to be used for screening purposes, and country/regional reference values should be used to improve precision of comparisons. The aim of the present study was to develop reference values for bone health variables in Brazilian young athletes. The bone mass content (BMC), bone mass density (BMD), and total body less head (TBLH) BMD using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were measured in 702 young athletes (327 men and 375 women) aged 8.5-18.5 years, divided into 5 groups, according to their age: group 1 (8.5-10.5 years), group 2 (10.6-12.5 years), group 3 (12.6-14.5 years), group 4 (14.6-16.5 years), and group 5 (16.6-18.5 years). Comparisons between the sexes and ages were performed and age-sex-smoothed reference values were constructed. Male athletes presented high BMC and BMD than female athletes in age groups 3, 4, and 5 (p < 0.005) and high TBLH BMD than female athletes in age groups 4 and 5 (p < 0.005). Reference values, including the percentiles are presented for the bone health variables of each sex and age group. The age-, sex-, and ethnic-specific reference data for bone variables presented in this study enabled more precise reference data for young Brazilian athletes. These data may assist in monitoring changes during an athletes' growth and different phases of athletic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulysses Fagundes
- grid.411249.b0000 0001 0514 7202Graduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- grid.412371.20000 0001 2167 4168Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pantelis Theo Nikolaidis
- grid.499377.70000 0004 7222 9074School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Katja Weiss
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Marilia Santos Andrade
- grid.411249.b0000 0001 0514 7202Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira
- grid.411195.90000 0001 2192 5801Human and Exercise Physiology Division, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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12
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Bergamo RR, Páscoa MA, Hespanhol JE, de Moraes AM, Guerra-Júnior G. Positive association of lean mass and negative association of protein intake on bone mass and bone geometry of adolescent soccer players. Nutrition 2023; 105:111857. [PMID: 36308916 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of food consumption and body composition on bone parameters in adolescent soccer players. METHODS There were 148 male soccer players 12 to 18 y who participated in the study. Body composition was assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, comprising bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) of total body without head (TBLH), lumbar spine (L1-L4), and right femoral neck (RFN). The bone geometry variables measured were femoral strength index (FSI), buckling ratio (BR), section modulus (Z), cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI), and cross-sectional area (CSA). Food intake was analyzed using the 24-h food recall. Somatic maturation was estimated by the peak height velocity equation. For the statistical analysis, the stepwise multiple linear regression was used, with P < 0.05. RESULTS Regarding food consumption, there was a high protein intake and low calcium intake. Lean mass was a predictor of BMC of TBLH (R2 = 0.524), L1-L4 (R2 = 0.492), and RFN (R2 = 0.405); BMD of L1-L4 (R2 = 0.407) and RFN (R2 = 0.27); Z (R2 = 0.683), CSMI (R2 = 0.630), and CSA (R2 = 0.640). There was a negative correlation between protein intake with bone mass and bone geometry parameters. CONCLUSION In adolescent soccer players, lean mass was a predictor of bone parameters, and high protein intake was negatively associated with bone mass and geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiany Rosa Bergamo
- Laboratory of Growth and Development (LabCreD), Pediatrics Research Center (CIPED), Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Mauro Alexandre Páscoa
- Laboratory of Growth and Development (LabCreD), Pediatrics Research Center (CIPED), Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Anderson Marques de Moraes
- Faculty of Physical Education (FEF), Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas (PUCCAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gil Guerra-Júnior
- Laboratory of Growth and Development (LabCreD), Pediatrics Research Center (CIPED), Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Keylock L, Alway P, Johnson W, Crabtree N, King M, Peirce N, Brooke-Wavell K. Lumbar spine bone mineral adaptation: cricket fast bowlers versus controls. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001481. [PMID: 37073173 PMCID: PMC10106040 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Elite adult male fast bowlers have high lumbar spine bone mineral, particularly on the contralateral side to their bowling arm. It is thought that bone possesses its greatest ability to adapt to loading during adolescence, but it is unknown at what age the greatest changes in lumbar bone mineral and asymmetry develops in fast bowlers. Objectives This study aims to evaluate the adaptation of the lumbar vertebrae in fast bowlers compared to controls and how this is associated with age. Methods 91 male fast bowlers and 84 male controls aged 14-24 years had between one and three annual anterior-posterior lumbar spine dual-energy-X-ray absorptiometry scans. Total (L1-L4) and regional ipsilateral and contralateral L3 and L4 (respective to bowling arm) bone mineral density and content (BMD/C) were derived. Multilevel models examined the differences in lumbar bone mineral trajectories between fast bowlers and controls. Results At L1-L4 BMC and BMD, and contralateral BMD sites, fast bowlers demonstrated a greater negative quadratic pattern to their accrual trajectories than controls. Fast bowlers had greater increases in BMC in L1-L4 between 14 and 24 years of 55% compared with controls (41%). Within vertebra, asymmetry was evident in all fast bowlers and increased by up to 13% in favour of the contralateral side. Conclusions Lumbar vertebral adaptation to fast bowling substantially increased with age, particularly on the contralateral side. The greatest accrual was during late adolescence and early adulthood, which may correspond with the increasing physiological demands of adult professional sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Keylock
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Peter Alway
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- National Cricket Performance Center, England and Wales Cricket Board, Loughborough, UK
| | - William Johnson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Nicola Crabtree
- Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark King
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Nicholas Peirce
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- National Cricket Performance Center, England and Wales Cricket Board, Loughborough, UK
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14
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Massini DA, de Souza Martins ND, de Oliveira TP, Macedo AG, Castro EA, Almeida TAF, Santos FJ, Espada MC, Pessôa Filho DM. The effect of the exercise environment and the level of involvement on bone mineral health. J Bone Miner Metab 2023; 41:113-123. [PMID: 36422677 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-022-01387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to compare athletes practicing exercise in different environments with non-active young and elderly men and women regarding bone mineral density (BMD), hypothesizing that BMD values differ between athletes according to the environment of exercise practice, but those training in a low-gravitational environment have no different stimuli to BMD increasing if compared with healthy peers experiencing reduced exercise involvement, whatever the age group and sex. MATERIALS AND METHODS 104 participants of both sexes were selected according to the environment of exercise practice [swimmers (N = 26) and judo fighters (N = 26)], and exercise level of involvement [non-active young (N = 26) and older adults (N = 26)]. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry provided BMD, lean mass, and fat mass (FM) for the whole body (WB), upper (UL), and lower limbs (LL). RESULTS For the BMD in WB, UL and LL no effects of group and sex were observed (p > 0.05). Post-hoc analyses detected higher values of BMD in UL for female swimmers compared to non-active older adults (p < 0.05), while judo fighters showed higher BMD in WB, UL, and LL than other participants whatever the sex (p < 0.01). Lower FM was observed for WB, UL, and LL when swimmers and judo fighters were compared to non-active young and older female peers (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The findings emphasized that BMD stimuli with swimming are reduced when compared to judo, and despite the stimuli in swimming is not distinguishable from that affecting BMD in WB, UL and LL of non-active young, it is effective in differing BMD in UL among non-active older for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo A Massini
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Nilson D de Souza Martins
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
- University Centre of São Paulo State, UNICEP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, 13500-200, Brazil
| | - Thiago P de Oliveira
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Anderson G Macedo
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Eliane A Castro
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, 17033-360, Brazil
- LFE Research Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiago A F Almeida
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Fernando J Santos
- School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, 2914-504, Setúbal, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413, Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Mário C Espada
- School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, 2914-504, Setúbal, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413, Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Dalton M Pessôa Filho
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil.
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, 17033-360, Brazil.
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15
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Lewis ME. Exploring adolescence as a key life history stage in bioarchaeology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 179:519-534. [PMCID: PMC9825885 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Adolescence is a unique period in the life history of an individual. It is characterized by a myriad of changes that bioarchaeologists are only just coming to appreciate, related to sexual maturation, linear growth, immunological transformation, and emotional and cognitive development. New methods allow us to measure this age of transition through the stages of the adolescent growth, as a proxy for the physical development associated with sexual maturation (puberty). This review outlines ways bioarchaeologists may draw on research developments from the fields of human biology, evolutionary theory and neurobiology to advance a more holistic approach to the study of adolescence in the past. It considers current theoretical and analytical approaches to highlight the research potential of this critical stage of life history. This synthesis integrates the most recent research in the medical sciences concerned with body and brain development, and outlines the biological processes involved with sexual and physical maturation of the adolescent. The goal of this review is to help inform potentially rewarding areas of research that bioarchaeologists can contribute to and draw from, as well as the challenges and limitations, theoretical and methodological questions, and ways in which we can develop the study of adolescence in the discipline going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Lewis
- Department of ArchaeologyUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
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16
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Zhao D, Hua R, Riquelme MA, Cheng H, Guda T, Xu H, Gu S, Jiang JX. Osteocytes regulate bone anabolic response to mechanical loading in male mice via activation of integrin α5. Bone Res 2022; 10:49. [PMID: 35851577 PMCID: PMC9293884 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical mechanical stimulation can maintain and even increase bone mass. Here, we report an important role of osteocytic integrin α5 in regulating the anabolic response of bone to mechanical loading using an Itga5 conditional gene knockout (cKO) mouse model. Integrin α5 gene deletion increased apoptotic osteocytes and reduced cortical anabolic responses to tibial compression including decreased endosteal osteoblasts and bone formation, and increased endosteal osteoclasts and bone resorption, contributing to the decreased bone area fraction and biomechanical properties, leading to an enlarged bone marrow area in cKO mice. Similar disruption of anabolic responses to mechanical loading was also detected in cKO trabecular bone. Moreover, integrin α5 deficiency impeded load-induced Cx43 hemichannel opening, and production and release of PGE2, an anabolic factor, resulting in attenuated effects of the loading on catabolic sclerostin (SOST) reduction and anabolic β-catenin increase. Together, this study shows an indispensable role of integrin α5 in osteocytes in the anabolic action of mechanical loading on skeletal tissue through activation of hemichannels and PGE2-evoked gene expression. Integrin α5 could act as a potential new therapeutic target for bone loss, especially in the elderly population with impeded mechanical sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Hua
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Manuel A Riquelme
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hongyun Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Teja Guda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Huiyun Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sumin Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jean X Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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17
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Hoenig T, Ackerman KE, Beck BR, Bouxsein ML, Burr DB, Hollander K, Popp KL, Rolvien T, Tenforde AS, Warden SJ. Bone stress injuries. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2022; 8:26. [PMID: 35484131 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-022-00352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bone stress injuries, including stress fractures, are overuse injuries that lead to substantial morbidity in active individuals. These injuries occur when excessive repetitive loads are introduced to a generally normal skeleton. Although the precise mechanisms for bone stress injuries are not completely understood, the prevailing theory is that an imbalance in bone metabolism favours microdamage accumulation over its removal and replacement with new bone via targeted remodelling. Diagnosis is achieved by a combination of patient history and physical examination, with imaging used for confirmation. Management of bone stress injuries is guided by their location and consequent risk of healing complications. Bone stress injuries at low-risk sites typically heal with activity modification followed by progressive loading and return to activity. Additional treatment approaches include non-weight-bearing immobilization, medications or surgery, but these approaches are usually limited to managing bone stress injuries that occur at high-risk sites. A comprehensive strategy that integrates anatomical, biomechanical and biological risk factors has the potential to improve the understanding of these injuries and aid in their prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hoenig
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Kathryn E Ackerman
- Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Belinda R Beck
- School of Health Sciences & Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,The Bone Clinic, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mary L Bouxsein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David B Burr
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristin L Popp
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Tim Rolvien
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam S Tenforde
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - Stuart J Warden
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health & Human Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
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18
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Wirth K, Keiner M, Fuhrmann S, Nimmerichter A, Haff GG. Strength Training in Swimming. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095369. [PMID: 35564764 PMCID: PMC9100337 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This narrative review deals with the topic of strength training in swimming, which has been a controversial issue for decades. It is not only about the importance for the performance at start, turn and swim speed, but also about the question of how to design a strength training program. Different approaches are discussed in the literature, with two aspects in the foreground. On the one hand is the discussion about the optimal intensity in strength training and, on the other hand, is the question of how specific strength training should be designed. In addition to a summary of the current state of research regarding the importance of strength training for swimming, the article shows which physiological adaptations should be achieved in order to be able to increase performance in the long term. Furthermore, an attempt is made to explain why some training contents seem to be rather unsuitable when it comes to increasing strength as a basis for higher performance in the start, turn and clean swimming. Practical training consequences are then derived from this. Regardless of the athlete's performance development, preventive aspects should also be considered in the discussion. The article provides a critical overview of the abovementioned key issues. The most important points when designing a strength training program for swimming are a sufficiently high-load intensity to increase maximum strength, which in turn is the basis for power, year-round strength training, parallel to swim training and working on the transfer of acquired strength skills in swim training, and not through supposedly specific strength training exercises on land or in the water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Wirth
- Faculty of Training and Sports Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria;
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Sport Science, University of Health and Sports, 85737 Ismaning, Germany;
| | - Stefan Fuhrmann
- Olympic Training and Testing Centre Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein, 22049 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Alfred Nimmerichter
- Faculty of Training and Sports Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria;
| | - G. Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia;
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Abstract
Peak bone mass (PBM) is a key determinant of bone mass and fragility fractures later in life. The increase in bone mass during childhood and adolescence is mainly related to an increase in bone size rather to changes in volumetric bone density. Race, gender, and genetic factors are the main determinants of PBM achievement. Nevertheless, environmental factors such as physical activity, calcium and protein intakes, weight and age at menarche, are also playing an important role in bone mass accrual during growth. Therefore, optimization of calcium and protein intakes and weight-bearing physical activity during growth is an important strategy for optimal acquisition of PBM and bone strength and for contributing to prevent fractures later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Chevalley
- Service of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - René Rizzoli
- Service of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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20
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Davidović Cvetko E, Nešić N, Matić A, Milas Ahić J, Drenjančević I. Effects of 8-week increment aerobic exercise program on bone metabolism and body composition in young non-athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1019-1034. [PMID: 35141785 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04900-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of aerobic exercise on bone metabolism are still unclear. Thus, the main goal of this study was to explore if there was an effect of the short-term aerobic exercise program on the bone remodeling process and if there were sex differences in the effect of the training program on bone metabolism. METHODS Twenty-one participants (men and women) aged 20-23 performed an 8-week aerobic exercise program three times per week in 1-h sessions with increases in the exercise load every 2 weeks. Bone density, bone mineral content and concentration of markers of bone metabolism: osteocalcin, C-terminal procollagen type I peptide, pyridinoline, parathyroid hormone, osteoprotegerin, and the receptor activator of nuclear kappa B ligand by ELISA were measured at the start and at the end of the study, while changes in body composition were assessed by a bioelectric impedance analysis method 6 times during the study. RESULTS The aerobic exercise program increased the concentration of osteocalcin (11.34 vs 14.24 ng/ml), pyridinoline (67.51 vs 73.99 nmol/l), and the receptor activator of nuclear kappa B ligand (95.122 vs 158.15 pg/ml). A statistically significant increase in bone density at neck mean (1.122 vs 1.176 g/cm3) and in bone mineral content at dual femur (33.485 vs 33.700 g) was found in women, while there was no statistically significant change at any site in men. CONCLUSION 8 weeks of the aerobic exercise program with increment in intensity increased some of bone remodeling biomarkers and showed different effects for men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Davidović Cvetko
- Health Studies Department, College of Applied Sciences Lavoslav Ruzicka in Vukovar, Županijska 50, 32000, Vukovar, Croatia
| | - Nebojša Nešić
- Health Studies Department, College of Applied Sciences Lavoslav Ruzicka in Vukovar, Županijska 50, 32000, Vukovar, Croatia
| | - Anita Matić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000, Osijek, Croatia.,Scientific Centre of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Jasminka Milas Ahić
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital Centre Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjančević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000, Osijek, Croatia. .,Scientific Centre of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000, Osijek, Croatia.
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21
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Zhao D, Riquelme MA, Guda T, Tu C, Xu H, Gu S, Jiang JX. Connexin hemichannels with prostaglandin release in anabolic function of bone to mechanical loading. eLife 2022; 11:74365. [PMID: 35132953 PMCID: PMC8824479 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stimulation, such as physical exercise, is essential for bone formation and health. Here, we demonstrate the critical role of osteocytic Cx43 hemichannels in anabolic function of bone in response to mechanical loading. Two transgenic mouse models, R76W and Δ130–136, expressing dominant-negative Cx43 mutants in osteocytes were adopted. Mechanical loading of tibial bone increased cortical bone mass and mechanical properties in wild-type and gap junction-impaired R76W mice through increased PGE2, endosteal osteoblast activity, and decreased sclerostin. These anabolic responses were impeded in gap junction/hemichannel-impaired Δ130–136 mice and accompanied by increased endosteal osteoclast activity. Specific inhibition of Cx43 hemichannels by Cx43(M1) antibody suppressed PGE2 secretion and impeded loading-induced endosteal osteoblast activity, bone formation and anabolic gene expression. PGE2 administration rescued the osteogenic response to mechanical loading impeded by impaired hemichannels. Together, osteocytic Cx43 hemichannels could be a potential new therapeutic target for treating bone loss and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States.,School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China
| | - Manuel A Riquelme
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States
| | - Teja Guda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States
| | - Chao Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States.,Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huiyun Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China
| | - Sumin Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States
| | - Jean X Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States
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22
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Ochocki DN, Loflin BE, Ahn T, Colglazier KA, Young AR, Snider AA, Bueckers EP, Wojtys EM, Schlecht SH. Endurance running during late murine adolescence results in a stronger anterior cruciate ligament and flatter posterior tibial slopes compared to controls. J Exp Orthop 2022; 9:3. [PMID: 34978644 PMCID: PMC8724477 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-021-00439-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rates continue to rise among youth involved in recreational and competitive athletics, requiring a better understanding of how the knee structurally and mechanically responds to activity during musculoskeletal growth. Little is understood about how anatomical risk factors for ACL injury (e.g., small ACL size, narrow intercondylar notch, and steep posterior tibial slope) develop and respond to increased physical activity throughout growth. We hypothesized that the ACL-complex of mice engaged in moderate to strenuous physical activity (i.e., endurance running) throughout late adolescence and young adulthood would positively functionally adapt to repetitive load perturbations. METHODS Female C57BL6/J mice (8 weeks of age) were either provided free access to a standard cage wheel with added resistance (n = 18) or normal cage activity (n = 18), for a duration of 4 weeks. Daily distance ran, weekly body and food weights, and pre- and post-study body composition measures were recorded. At study completion, muscle weights, three-dimensional knee morphology, ACL cross-sectional area, and ACL mechanical properties of runners and nonrunners were quantified. Statistical comparisons between runners and nonrunners were assessed using a two-way analysis of variance and a Tukey multiple comparisons test, with body weight included as a covariate. RESULTS Runners had larger quadriceps (p = 0.02) and gastrocnemius (p = 0.05) muscles, but smaller hamstring (p = 0.05) muscles, compared to nonrunners. Though there was no significant difference in ACL size (p = 0.24), it was 13% stronger in runners (p = 0.03). Additionally, both the posterior medial and lateral tibial slopes were 1.2 to 2.2 degrees flatter than those of nonrunners (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Positive functional adaptations of the knee joint to moderate to strenuous exercise in inbred mice offers hope that that some anatomical risk factors for ACL injury may be reduced through habitual physical activity. However, confirmation that a similar response to loading occurs in humans is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N Ochocki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, VanNuys Medical Science Building, Room 0028, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Benjamin E Loflin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, VanNuys Medical Science Building, Room 0028, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Taeyong Ahn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, VanNuys Medical Science Building, Room 0028, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Kaitlyn A Colglazier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University-Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew R Young
- Department of General Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anna A Snider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, VanNuys Medical Science Building, Room 0028, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Bueckers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, VanNuys Medical Science Building, Room 0028, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Edward M Wojtys
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephen H Schlecht
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, VanNuys Medical Science Building, Room 0028, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University-Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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23
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Fagundes U, Vancini RL, Seffrin A, de Almeida AA, Nikolaidis PT, Rosemann T, Knechtle B, Andrade MS, de Lira CAB. Adolescent female handball players present greater bone mass content than soccer players: A cross-sectional study. Bone 2022; 154:116217. [PMID: 34583063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is a systemic disease affecting half of women over the age of 50 years. Considering that almost 90% of peak of bone mass is achieved until the second decade of life, ensuring a maximal bone mineral content acquisition may compensate for age-associated bone loss. Among several other factors, physical activity has been recommended to improve bone mass acquisition. However, it is unknown whether athletes involved with sports with different impact loading characteristics differ in regards to bone mass measurements. AIM To compare the bone mass content, bone mass density and lean mass of young female soccer players (odd-impact loading exercise), handball players (high-impact loading exercises) and non-athletes. METHODS A total of 115 female handball players (15.5 ± 1.3 years, 165.2 ± 5.6 cm and 61.9 ± 9.3 kg) and 142 soccer players (15.5 ± 1.5 years, 163.7 ± 6.6 cm and 56.5 ± 7.7 kg) were evaluated for body composition using a dual-emission X-ray absorptiometry system, and 136 female non-athletes (data from NHANES) (15.1 ± 1.32 years, 163.5 ± 5.8 cm and 67.2 ± 19.4 kg) were considered as the control. RESULTS Handball players presented higher bone mass content values than soccer players for upper limbs (294.8 ± 40.2 g and 270.7 ± 45.7 g, p < 0.001), lower limbs (1011.6 ± 145.5 g and 967.7 ± 144.3 g, p = 0.035), trunk (911.1 ± 182.5 g and 841.6 ± 163.7 g, p = 0.001), ribs (312.4 ± 69.9 g and 272.9 ± 58.0 g, p < 0.001), spine (245.1 ± 46.8 g and 222.0 ± 45.1 g, p < 0.001) and total bone mass (2708.7 ± 384.1 g and 2534.8 ± 386.0 g, p < 0.001). Moreover, non-athletes presented lower bone mass content for lower limbs (740.6 ± 132.3 g, p < 0.001), trunk (539.7 ± 98.6 g, p < 0.001), ribs (138.2 ± 29.9 g, p < 0.001), pelvis (238.9 ± 54.6 g, p < 0.001), spine (152.8 ± 26.4 g, p < 0.001) and total bone mass (1987.5 ± 311.3 g, p < 0.001) than both handball and soccer players. Handball players also presented higher bone mass density values than soccer players for trunk, ribs and spine (p < 0.05) and handball and soccer players presented higher bone mass density than non-athletes for all measurements (p < 0.005). Finally, the non-athletes' lower limb lean mass was lower than soccer and handball players values (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Adolescent females engaged in handball training for at least one year present higher bone mass contents than those who are engaged in soccer training, which, in turn, present higher bone mass contents than non-athletes. These results might be used by physicians and healthcare providers to justify the choice of a particular sport to enhance bone mass gain in female adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulysses Fagundes
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | | | - Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira
- Human and Exercise Physiology Division, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
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24
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Murray AA, Erlandson MC. Tibial cortical and trabecular variables together can pinpoint the timing of impact loading relative to menarche in premenopausal females. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 34:e23711. [PMID: 34878660 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Though relationships between limb bone structure and mechanical loading have provided fantastic opportunities for understanding the lives of prehistoric adults, the lives of children remain poorly understood. Our aim was to determine whether or not adult tibial skeletal variables retain information about childhood/adolescent loading, through assessing relationships between cortical and trabecular bone variables and the timing of impact loading relative to menarche in premenopausal adult females. METHODS Peripheral quantitative computed tomography was used to quantify geometric and densitometric variables from the proximal tibial diaphysis (66% location) and distal epiphysis (4% location) among 81 nulliparous young adult female controls and athletes aged 19-33 years grouped according to intensity of impact loading both pre- and post-menarche: (1) Low:Low (Controls); (2) High:Low; (3) High:High; (4) Moderate:Moderate; (5) Low:Moderate. ANCOVA was used to compare properties among the groups adjusted for age, stature, and body mass. RESULTS Significant increases in diaphyseal total cross-sectional area and strength-strain index were documented among groups with any pre-menarcheal impact loading relative to groups with none, regardless of post-menarcheal loading history (p < .01). In contrast, significantly elevated distal trabecular volumetric bone mineral density was only documented among groups with recent post-menarcheal loading relative to groups with none, regardless of pre-menarcheal impact loading history (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS The consideration of diaphyseal cortical bone geometric and epiphyseal trabecular bone densitometric variables together within the tibia can identify variation in pre-menarcheal and post-menarcheal impact loading histories among premenopausal adult females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison A Murray
- Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Marta C Erlandson
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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25
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Biomechanical Evaluation on the Bilateral Asymmetry of Complete Humeral Diaphysis in Chinese Archaeological Populations. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13101843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Diaphyseal cross-sectional geometry (CSG) is an effective indicator of humeral bilateral asymmetry. However, previous studies primarily focused on CSG properties from limited locations to represent the overall bilateral biomechanical performance of humeral diaphysis. In this study, the complete humeral diaphyses of 40 pairs of humeri from three Chinese archaeological populations were scanned using high-resolution micro-CT, and their biomechanical asymmetries were quantified by morphometric mapping. Patterns of humeral asymmetry were compared between sub-groups defined by sex and population, and the representativeness of torsional rigidity asymmetry at the 35% and 50% cross-sections (J35 and J50 asymmetry) was testified. Inter-group differences were observed on the mean morphometric maps, but were not statistically significant. Analogous distribution patterns of highly asymmetrical regions, which correspond to major muscle attachments, were observed across nearly all the sexes and populations. The diaphyseal regions with high variability of bilateral asymmetry tended to present a low asymmetrical level. The J35 and J50 asymmetry were related to the overall humeral asymmetry, but the correlation was moderate and they could not reflect localized asymmetrical features across the diaphysis. This study suggests that the overall asymmetry pattern of humeral diaphysis is more complicated than previously revealed by individual sections.
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26
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Skarakis NS, Mastorakos G, Georgopoulos N, Goulis DG. Energy deficiency, menstrual disorders, and low bone mineral density in female athletes: a systematic review. Hormones (Athens) 2021; 20:439-448. [PMID: 33884586 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-021-00288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Low energy availability (LEA) may lead to menstrual disorders and low bone mineral density, predisposing to the female athlete triad. The primary aim of the present review was to systematically investigate the impact of chronic strenuous exercise on the energy status of professional female athletes compared to sedentary, recreationally active controls as concerns their menstrual status and bone mineral density (BMD). A secondary aim was evaluation of the combined prevalence of the components of the female athlete triad in athletes as compared to non-athletes. METHODS A systematic review was conducted from 2007 to February 2018. The inclusion and exclusion criteria of the studies were established in advance of the literature search according to the clinical inquiry and the study design. RESULTS Four studies were included in this systematic review. The female athlete triad was more prevalent in professional athletes compared to non-athletes. The same results were obtained for both LEA and menstrual disorders. However, BMD and Z-scores showed high heterogeneity among the studies. CONCLUSION Both female athletes and non-athletes are prone to LEA and subsequent menstrual disorders and low BMD or osteoporosis. Future studies are needed to examine energy availability in elite female athletes as well as in non-athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikitas S Skarakis
- Peripheral General Hospital Athens Giorgos Gennimatas Geniko Nosokomeio Athenon Giorgos Gennematas, Athens, Greece.
- Third Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Unit, School of Medicine, "Attikon" University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - George Mastorakos
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, School of Medicine, Aretaeio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University Athens, 76 Vas. Sofias, 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Neoklis Georgopoulos
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G Goulis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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27
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Wallwiener LM, Kapfer B, Seifert-Klauss V. Knochengesundheit und Hochleistungssport. GYNAKOLOGISCHE ENDOKRINOLOGIE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10304-021-00400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungRegelmäßige körperliche Betätigung trägt zu einer gesunden Knochendichte bei, Leistungssportlerinnen in einigen Sportarten weisen jedoch eine erhöhte Prävalenz erniedrigter Knochendichte sowie vermehrt Stressfrakturen auf. Häufig liegt dem ein relatives Energiedefizit (RED), verbunden mit hoher mechanischer Belastung und intensivem Trainingsalltag, zugrunde. Das Vorliegen eines RED im Sport ist oft unterdiagnostiziert, daher hat sich eine systematische multidisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit unter Zuhilfenahme standardisierter Tests, z. B. des RED‑S CAT (Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Clinical Assessment Tool) als hilfreich erwiesen. Therapieansätze zielen primär auf eine Behebung der negativen Energiebilanz der Patientin als auch auf psychotherapeutische Interventionen ab. Darüber hinaus kann in schweren Fällen eine medikamentöse Therapie zur Unterstützung sowohl einer ausgeglichenen hormonellen Situation als auch des Knochenstoffwechsels notwendig sein.
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28
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Warden SJ, Edwards WB, Willy RW. Preventing Bone Stress Injuries in Runners with Optimal Workload. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2021; 19:298-307. [PMID: 33635519 PMCID: PMC8316280 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-021-00666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone stress injuries (BSIs) occur at inopportune times to invariably interrupt training. All BSIs in runners occur due to an "error" in workload wherein the interaction between the number and magnitude of bone tissue loading cycles exceeds the ability of the tissue to resist the repetitive loads. There is not a single optimal bone workload, rather a range which is influenced by the prevailing scenario. In prepubertal athletes, optimal bone workload consists of low-repetitions of fast, high-magnitude, multidirectional loads introduced a few times per day to induce bone adaptation. Premature sports specialization should be avoided so as to develop a robust skeleton that is structurally optimized to withstand multidirectional loading. In the mature skeleton, optimal workload enables gains in running performance but minimizes bone damage accumulation by sensibly progressing training, particularly training intensity. When indicated (e.g., following repeated BSIs), attempts to reduce bone loading magnitude should be considered, such as increasing running cadence. Determining the optimal bone workload for an individual athlete to prevent and manage BSIs requires consistent monitoring. In the future, it may be possible to clinically determine bone loads at the tissue level to facilitate workload progressions and prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Warden
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health & Human Sciences, Indiana University, 1140 W. Michigan St., CF-124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - W Brent Edwards
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Richard W Willy
- School of Physical Therapy & Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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29
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Temple DH, Rosa ER, Hunt DR, Ruff CB. Adapting in the Arctic: Habitual activity and landscape interaction in Late Holocene hunter-gatherers from Alaska. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 176:3-20. [PMID: 33782942 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compares lower limb diaphyseal robusticity between Native Alaskan hunter-gatherers to reconstruct patterns of mobility and engagement with terrain. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ancestral remains included in this study date between 600 and 1800 C.E. and were divided into three regions: Coastal Bay, Far North Coastal, and Inland/Riverine. Cross-sectional properties were determined at femoral and tibial midshafts and standardized by powers of body mass and bone length. RESULTS Consistently elaevated areas and second moments of area were found in ancestral remains from the Far North Coastal, while the Coastal Bay remains had reduced diaphyseal robusticity. Individuals from the Inland/Riverine region were intermediate in robusticity for male femora, but similar to the Coastal Bay group for females. Sexual dimorphism was greatest in the Inland/Riverine ancestral remains and comparable between Coastal Bay and Far North Coastal regions. CONCLUSIONS Ancestral remains from the Far North Coastal region have the greatest diaphyseal robusticity in response to intensive hunting and travel over rugged terrain. Reduced sexual dimorphism in the Far North Coastal region suggest female participation in hunting activities. Intermediate diaphyseal robusticity among Inland/Riverine males and increased sexual dimorphism reflects diverse patterns of mobility in relation to the hunting cycle between males and females. Reduced diaphyseal robusticity and sexual dimorphism among the Coastal Bay group is associated with sedentary villages established around net fishing in regions with low relief. Such findings argue against technocentric views of sedentism in hunter-gatherer lifeways and generally reflect diverse adaptive strategies and interaction with local terrain among Indigenous Late Holocene hunter-gatherers of Alaska.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Temple
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Emily R Rosa
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - David R Hunt
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Christopher B Ruff
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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30
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Zelazny KG, Sylvester AD, Ruff CB. Bilateral asymmetry and developmental plasticity of the humerus in modern humans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 174:418-433. [PMID: 33460465 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigates bilateral asymmetry in the humerus of modern human populations with differing activity patterns to assess the relative plasticity of different bone regions in response to environmental influences, particularly the biomechanical demands of handedness. METHODS External breadths, cross-sectional properties, and centroid sizes were used to quantify directional and absolute asymmetry of humeral diaphyseal, distal periarticular, and articular regions in six populations with differing subsistence strategies (total n = 244). Geometric section properties were measured using computed tomography at six locations along the distal humerus, while centroid sizes of the distal articular and periarticular regions, as well as eight segments of the diaphysis, were extracted from external landmark data. Bilateral asymmetries were compared between populations and sexes. Each property was also tested for correlation with bilateral asymmetry at 40% of bone length, which has been shown to correlate with handedness. RESULTS Asymmetry is highest in the diaphysis, but significant through all distal bone regions. Asymmetry increases in the region of the deltoid tuberosity, and progressively declines distally through the shaft and distal periarticular region. Articular asymmetry is higher than periarticular asymmetry, approaching levels seen just proximal to the olecranon fossa, and is weakly but significantly correlated with diaphyseal asymmetry. Hunter-gatherers from Indian Knoll have significantly higher levels of asymmetry than other groups and are more sexually dimorphic, particularly in cross-sectional properties of the diaphysis. CONCLUSIONS Humeral dimensions throughout the diaphysis, including regions currently used in taxonomic assignments of fossil hominins, likely respond to in vivo use, including population and sex-specific behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaya G Zelazny
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam D Sylvester
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher B Ruff
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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31
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Ghasem-Zadeh A, Galea MP, Nunn A, Panisset M, Wang XF, Iuliano S, Boyd SK, Forwood MR, Seeman E. Heterogeneity in microstructural deterioration following spinal cord injury. Bone 2021; 142:115778. [PMID: 33253932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modelling and remodelling adapt bone morphology to accommodate strains commonly encountered during loading. If strains exceed a threshold threatening fracture, modelling-based bone formation increases bone volume reducing these strains. If unloading reduces strains below a threshold that inhibits resorption, increased remodelling-based bone resorption reduces bone volume restoring strains, but at the price of compromised bone volume and microstructure. As weight-bearing regions are adapted to greater strains, we hypothesized that microstructural deterioration will be more severe than at regions commonly adapted to low strains following spinal cord injury. METHODS We quantified distal tibial, fibula and radius volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography in 31 men, mean age 43.5 years (range 23.5-75.0), 12 with tetraplegia and 19 with paraplegia of 0.7 to 18.6 years duration, and 102 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. Differences in morphology relative to controls were expressed as standardized deviation (SD) scores (mean ± SD). Standardized between-region differences in vBMD were expressed as SDs (95% confidence intervals, CI). RESULTS Relative to controls, men with tetraplegia had deficits in total vBMD of -1.72 ± 1.38 SD at the distal tibia (p < 0.001) and - 0.68 ± 0.69 SD at distal fibula (p = 0.041), but not at the distal radius, despite paralysis. Deficits in men with paraplegia were -2.14 ± 1.50 SD (p < 0.001) at the distal tibia and -0.83 ± 0.98 SD (p = 0.005) at the distal fibula while distal radial total vBMD was 0.23 ± 1.02 (p = 0.371), not significantly increased, despite upper limb mobility. Comparing regions, in men with tetraplegia, distal tibial total vBMD was 1.04 SD (95%CI 0.07, 2.01) lower than at the distal fibula (p = 0.037) and 1.51 SD (95%CI 0.45, 2.57) lower than at the distal radius (p = 0.007); the latter two sites did not differ from each other. Results were similar in men with paraplegia, but total vBMD at the distal fibula was 1.06 SD (95%CI 0.35, 1.77) lower than at the distal radius (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION Microarchitectural deterioration following spinal cord injury is heterogeneous, perhaps partly because strain thresholds regulating the cellular activity of mechano-transduction are region specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghasem-Zadeh
- Depts of Medicine and Endocrinology, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Dept of Endocrinology, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Mary P Galea
- Depts of Medicine and Endocrinology, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Depts of Medicine and Victorian Spinal Cord Service, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Nunn
- Depts of Medicine and Endocrinology, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Depts of Medicine and Victorian Spinal Cord Service, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maya Panisset
- Depts of Medicine and Endocrinology, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Depts of Medicine and Victorian Spinal Cord Service, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Xiao-Fang Wang
- Depts of Medicine and Endocrinology, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Dept of Endocrinology, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sandra Iuliano
- Depts of Medicine and Endocrinology, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Dept of Endocrinology, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Steven K Boyd
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mark R Forwood
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Ego Seeman
- Depts of Medicine and Endocrinology, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Dept of Endocrinology, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Mancuso ME, Troy KL. Relating Bone Strain to Local Changes in Radius Microstructure Following 12 Months of Axial Forearm Loading in Women. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:111014. [PMID: 32844217 PMCID: PMC7580663 DOI: 10.1115/1.4048232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Work in animal models suggests that bone structure adapts to local bone strain, but this relationship has not been comprehensively studied in humans. Here, we quantified the influence of strain magnitude and gradient on bone adaptation in the forearm of premenopausal women performing compressive forearm loading (n = 11) and nonloading controls (n = 10). High resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HRpQCT) scans of the distal radius acquired at baseline and 12 months of a randomized controlled experiment were used to identify local sites of bone formation and resorption. Bone strain was estimated using validated finite element (FE) models. Trabecular strain magnitude and gradient were higher near (within 200 μm) formation versus resorption (p < 0.05). Trabecular formation and resorption occurred preferentially near very high (>95th percentile) versus low (<5th percentile) strain magnitude and gradient elements, and very low strain elements were more likely to be near resorption than formation (p < 0.05). In the cortical compartment, strain gradient was higher near formation versus resorption (p < 0.05), and both formation and resorption occurred preferentially near very high versus low strain gradient elements (p < 0.05). At most, 54% of very high and low strain elements were near formation or resorption only, and similar trends were observed in the control and load groups. These findings suggest that strain, likely in combination with other physiological factors, influences adaptation under normal loads and in response to a novel loading intervention, and represents an important step toward defining exercise interventions to maximize bone strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Mancuso
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609
| | - Karen L. Troy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609
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Carina V, Della Bella E, Costa V, Bellavia D, Veronesi F, Cepollaro S, Fini M, Giavaresi G. Bone's Response to Mechanical Loading in Aging and Osteoporosis: Molecular Mechanisms. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 107:301-318. [PMID: 32710266 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanotransduction is pivotal in the maintenance of homeostasis in different tissues and involves multiple cell signaling pathways. In bone, mechanical stimuli regulate the balance between bone formation and resorption; osteocytes play a central role in this regulation. Dysfunctions in mechanotransduction signaling or in osteocytes response lead to an imbalance in bone homeostasis. This alteration is very relevant in some conditions such as osteoporosis and aging. Both are characterized by increased bone weakness due to different causes, for example, the increase of osteocyte apoptosis that cause an alteration of fluid space, or the alteration of molecular pathways. There are intertwined yet very different mechanisms involved among the cell-intrinsic effects of aging on bone, the cell-intrinsic and tissue-level effects of estrogen/androgen withdrawal on bone, and the effects of reduced mechanical loading on bone, which are all involved to some degree in how aged bone fails to respond properly to stress/strain compared to younger bone. This review aims at clarifying how the cellular and molecular pathways regulated and induced in bone by mechanical stimulation are altered with aging and in osteoporosis, to highlight new possible targets for antiresorptive or anabolic bone therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Carina
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche - SS Piattaforma Scienze Omiche per Ortopedia Personalizzata, Via Di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | - Viviana Costa
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche - SS Piattaforma Scienze Omiche per Ortopedia Personalizzata, Via Di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Bellavia
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche - SS Piattaforma Scienze Omiche per Ortopedia Personalizzata, Via Di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Veronesi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche - SS Piattaforma Scienze Omiche per Ortopedia Personalizzata, Via Di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Cepollaro
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche - SS Piattaforma Scienze Omiche per Ortopedia Personalizzata, Via Di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Milena Fini
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche - SS Piattaforma Scienze Omiche per Ortopedia Personalizzata, Via Di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche - SS Piattaforma Scienze Omiche per Ortopedia Personalizzata, Via Di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy
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Potential Role of Lycopene in the Prevention of Postmenopausal Bone Loss: Evidence from Molecular to Clinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197119. [PMID: 32992481 PMCID: PMC7582596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease characterized by reduced bone mineral density, which affects the quality of life of the aging population. Furthermore, disruption of bone microarchitecture and the alteration of non-collagenous protein in bones lead to higher fracture risk. This is most common in postmenopausal women. Certain medications are being used for the treatment of osteoporosis; however, these may be accompanied by undesirable side effects. Phytochemicals from fruits and vegetables are a source of micronutrients for the maintenance of bone health. Among them, lycopene has recently been shown to have a potential protective effect against bone loss. Lycopene is a lipid-soluble carotenoid that exists in both all-trans and cis-configurations in nature. Tomato and tomato products are rich sources of lycopene. Several human epidemiological studies, supplemented by in vivo and in vitro studies, have shown decreased bone loss following the consumption of lycopene/tomato. However, there are still limited studies that have evaluated the effect of lycopene on the prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal women. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the relevant literature on the potential impact of lycopene on postmenopausal bone loss with molecular and clinical evidence, including an overview of bone biology and the pathophysiology of osteoporosis.
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Pentidis N, Mersmann F, Bohm S, Giannakou E, Aggelousis N, Arampatzis A. Effects of long-term athletic training on muscle morphology and tendon stiffness in preadolescence: association with jump performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2715-2727. [PMID: 32930859 PMCID: PMC7674345 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Evidence on training-induced muscle hypertrophy during preadolescence is limited and inconsistent. Possible associations of muscle strength and tendon stiffness with jumping performance are also not investigated. We investigated the thickness and pennation angle of the gastrocnemius medialis muscle (GM), as indicators for potential muscle hypertrophy in preadolescent athletes. Further, we examined the association of triceps surae muscle–tendon properties with jumping performance. Methods Eleven untrained children (9 years) and 21 similar-aged artistic gymnastic athletes participated in the study. Muscle thickness and pennation angle of the GM were measured at rest and muscle strength of the plantar flexors and Achilles tendon stiffness during maximum isometric contractions. Jumping height in squat (SJ) and countermovement jumps (CMJ) was examined using a force plate. We evaluated the influence of normalised muscle strength and tendon stiffness on jumping performance with a linear regression model. Results Muscle thickness and pennation angle did not differ significantly between athletes and non-athletes. In athletes, muscle strength was greater by 25% and jumping heights by 36% (SJ) and 43% (CMJ), but Achilles tendon stiffness did not differ between the two groups. The significant predictor for both jump heights was tendon stiffness in athletes and normalised muscle strength for the CMJ height in non-athletes. Conclusion Long-term artistic gymnastics training during preadolescence seems to be associated with increased muscle strength and jumping performance but not with training-induced muscle hypertrophy or altered tendon stiffness in the plantar flexors. Athletes benefit more from tendon stiffness and non-athletes more from muscle strength for increased jumping performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Pentidis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erasmia Giannakou
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Nickos Aggelousis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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36
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Morais JE, Marques MC, Rodríguez-Rosell D, Barbosa TM, Marinho DA. Relationship between thrust, anthropometrics, and dry-land strength in a national junior swimming team. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2020; 48:304-311. [PMID: 31787067 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2019.1693240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to (i) assess an anthropometric and thrust inter-limb asymmetry, and; (ii) determine the contribution of anthropometrics, and dry-land upper-body strength and power to the thrust of talented adolescent swimmers. Methods: Eighteen talented adolescent swimmers (12 boys and 6 girls: 15.81 ± 1.62 years old) were evaluated. A set of anthropometric, dry-land upper-body strength and power, and in-water thrust were assessed. Results: Despite the fact that the dominant side presented higher values in anthropometrics (except for the hand surface area) and thrust, non-significant inter-limb differences were found. The symmetry index indicated a symmetry between upper-limbs. Hierarchical linear modeling retained as main predictors of each upper-limb thrust the respective hand surface area (dominant upper limb: estimate = 0.293, 95CI: 0.117; 0.469, p = 0.005; non-dominant upper limb: estimate = 0.295, 95CI: 0.063; 0.526, p = 0.025). The full stroke cycle retained the upper-body dry-land strength as main predictor (estimate = 0.397, 95CI: 0.189; 0.605, p = 0.002). Conclusion: The hand surface area and upper-body strength were the main predictors of each upper-limb and full stroke cycle thrust, respectively. Hence, coaches and practitioners should aim to carefully maximize the hand surface area (by finger spreading) while performing the stroke, as well as dry-land upper-body strength in order to enhance the performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Morais
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã, Portugal.,Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança , Bragança, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior , Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário C Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior , Covilhã, Portugal
| | - David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide , Seville, Spain
| | - Tiago M Barbosa
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança , Bragança, Portugal.,Nanyang Technological University, National Institute of Education , Singapore.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior , Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior , Covilhã, Portugal
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Stein MD, Hand SJ, Archer M, Wroe S, Wilson LAB. Quantitatively assessing mekosuchine crocodile locomotion by geometric morphometric and finite element analysis of the forelimb. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9349. [PMID: 32587803 PMCID: PMC7301899 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphological shifts observed in the fossil record of a lineage potentially indicate concomitant shifts in ecology of that lineage. Mekosuchine crocodiles of Cenozoic Australia display departures from the typical eusuchian body-plan both in the cranium and postcranium. Previous qualitative studies have suggested that these crocodiles had a more terrestrial habitus than extant crocodylians, yet the capacity of mekosuchine locomotion remains to be tested. Limb bone shape, such as diaphyseal cross-section and curvature, has been related to habitual use and locomotory function across a wide variety of taxa. Available specimens of mekosuchine limbs, primarily humeri, are distinctly columnar compared with those of extant crocodylians. Here we apply a quantitative approach to biomechanics in mekosuchine taxa using both geomorphic morphometric and finite element methods to measure bone shape and estimate locomotory stresses in a comparative context. Our results show mekosuchines appear to diverge from extant semi-aquatic saltwater and freshwater crocodiles in cross-sectional geometry of the diaphysis and generate different structural stresses between models that simulate sprawling and high-walk gaits. The extant crocodylians display generally rounded cross-sectional diaphyseal outlines, which may provide preliminary indication of resistance to torsional loads that predominate during sprawling gait, whereas mekosuchine humeri appear to vary between a series of elliptical outlines. Mekosuchine structural stresses are comparatively lower than those of the extant crocodylians and reduce under high-walk gait in some instances. This appears to be a function of bending moments induced by differing configurations of diaphyseal curvature. Additionally, the neutral axis of structural stresses is differently oriented in mekosuchines. This suggests a shift in the focus of biomechanical optimisation, from torsional to axial loadings. Our results lend quantitative support to the terrestrial habitus hypothesis in so far as they suggest that mekosuchine humeri occupied a different morphospace than that associated with the semi-aquatic habit. The exact adaptational trajectory of mekosuchines, however, remains to be fully quantified. Novel forms appear to emerge among mekosuchines during the late Cenozoic. Their adaptational function is considered here; possible applications include navigation of uneven terrain and burrowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Stein
- PANGEA Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suzanne J Hand
- PANGEA Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Archer
- PANGEA Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen Wroe
- Function, Evolution and Anatomy Research Laboratory, School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura A B Wilson
- PANGEA Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Palaiothodorou D, Antoniou T, Vagenas G. Bone asymmetries in the limbs of children tennis players: testing the combined effects of age, sex, training time, and maturity status. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2298-2306. [PMID: 32543283 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1779490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study estimated upper and lower limb bone mineral content (BMC) and bone area (BA) in 48 children tennis players (24 boys, 24 girls) aged 7-13 years. The sample comprised four age groups (8.2 ± 0.44, 9.5 ± 0.13, 10.5 ± 0.33, 12.2 ± 0.58). BMC and BA were measured via DXA, and sexual maturity by the Tanner scale, then used as a binary: prepubertal vs peripubertal. Total training time (TTT) included all playing years. Arms were asymmetric and legs symmetric. Boys were more asymmetric than girls in BMC (18% vs 13%) and BA (11% vs 8%). Pre-pubertal children were less asymmetric than peri-pubertal in BMC (14% vs 18%) and in BA (9.4% vs 10%). Bone growth changed with age and TTT markedly better in the dominant arm. The linear combination of TTT, sex, and maturity binary extracted 59% of BMC asymmetry and only 21% of BA asymmetry. For both bone parameters the sex effect was significant only for the pre-pubertal children. Training time constitutes the best predictor of bone asymmetry compared to age, sex, and maturity; when adequate, playing arm bone hypertrophy may be detectable at the age of 7-8 years. These results have health and performance implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitria Palaiothodorou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens, Greece
| | - Thanasis Antoniou
- Medical Imaging Department, Filoktitis Medical Rehabilitation Center , Athens, Greece
| | - George Vagenas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens, Greece
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Kranioti EF, Michopoulou E, Tsiminikaki K, Bonicelli A, Kalochristianakis M, Xhemali B, Paine RR, García-Donas JG. Bone histomorphometry of the clavicle in a forensic sample from Albania. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 313:110335. [PMID: 32502740 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Forensic assessment of skeletal material includes age estimation of unknown individuals. When dealing with extremely fragmented human remains that lack macro-features used in age estimation, histological assessment of the skeletal elements can be employed. Historically, microscopic methods for age assessment used by forensic anthropologists have been available since 1965. Several skeletal elements have been used for this purpose. Among them, the clavicle has garnered very little attention. The purpose of this study is to explore the validity of clavicular histomorphometry as an age marker in a modern Balkan sample. This study examined a modern clavicular autopsy sample from Albania. The sample consisted of 33 individuals of known age and cause of death. Data were collected for micro-anatomical features including osteon population density (OPD) and cortical area. Intra- and inter-observer errors were assessed through technical error of measurement (TEM) and R coefficient. A validation study was performed in order to test the accuracy of existing histological formulae. Regression analysis was run to developed age prediction models with the best models tested through cross-validation and the comparison between OPD for the Albanian sample and a European-American sample examined. Intra- and inter-observer error TEM results demonstrated values falling within the limits of acceptance. The existing histological methods did not perform accurately on the sample under study. Regression equations for Albanians produced age estimations deviating 8 and 11 years from known age. Cross-validation on the most accurate regression formula which includes OPD as a single variable demonstrated similar mean errors. Statistically significant differences were observed between the Albanian and the European-American population when the two samples were compared. The research presented is the fifth article published and the fifth population explored on clavicular microstructure. The potential of histology to estimate age on the Albanian population is shown here; however, population effect, diet and health status might be considered. Further inclusion of individuals will corroborate our preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F Kranioti
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Forensic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Effrosyni Michopoulou
- School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Konstantina Tsiminikaki
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Forensic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrea Bonicelli
- School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Michalis Kalochristianakis
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Forensic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Bledar Xhemali
- Forensic Institute, Department of Forensic Medicine, Tirana, Albania
| | - Robert R Paine
- Department of Environmental Biology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Julieta G García-Donas
- School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK; Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Scotland, UK
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Reznikov N, Alsheghri AA, Piché N, Gendron M, Desrosiers C, Morozova I, Sanchez Siles JM, Gonzalez-Quevedo D, Tamimi I, Song J, Tamimi F. Altered topological blueprint of trabecular bone associates with skeletal pathology in humans. Bone Rep 2020; 12:100264. [PMID: 32420414 PMCID: PMC7218160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a hierarchically organized biological material, and its strength is usually attributed to overt factors such as mass, density, and composition. Here we investigate a covert factor – the topological blueprint, or the network organization pattern of trabecular bone. This generally conserved metric of an edge-and-node simplified presentation of trabecular bone relates to the average coordination/valence of nodes and the equiangular 3D offset of trabeculae emanating from these nodes. We compare the topological blueprint of trabecular bone in presumably normal, fractured osteoporotic, and osteoarthritic samples (all from human femoral head, cross-sectional study). We show that bone topology is altered similarly in both fragility fracture and in joint degeneration. Decoupled from the morphological descriptors, the topological blueprint subjected to simulated loading associates with an abnormal distribution of strain, local stress concentrations and lower resistance to the standardized load in pathological samples, in comparison with normal samples. These topological effects show no correlation with classic morphological descriptors of trabecular bone. The negative effect of the altered topological blueprint may, or may not, be partly compensated for by the morphological parameters. Thus, naturally occurring optimization of trabecular topology, or a lack thereof in skeletal disease, might be an additional, previously unaccounted for, contributor to the biomechanical performance of bone, and might be considered as a factor in the life-long pathophysiological trajectory of common bone ailments. Mechanical performance of the skeleton results from many factors and their interplay. Topological blueprint as a basic trabecular design plan is an understudied factor. Topological blueprint deviation undermines mechanical properties of trabecular bone. Higher bone mass or thicker trabeculae do not compensate for deviant topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Reznikov
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 2001 Avenue McGill College, Montréal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada.,Object Research Systems Inc., 760 Saint-Paul St W, Montréal, QC H3C 1M4, Canada
| | - Ammar A Alsheghri
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montréal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Nicolas Piché
- Object Research Systems Inc., 760 Saint-Paul St W, Montréal, QC H3C 1M4, Canada
| | - Mathieu Gendron
- Object Research Systems Inc., 760 Saint-Paul St W, Montréal, QC H3C 1M4, Canada
| | | | - Ievgeniia Morozova
- Trikon Technologies Inc., 208 Rue Joseph-Carrier, Vaudreuil-Dorion, QC J7V 5V5, Canada
| | | | | | - Iskandar Tamimi
- Regional University Hospital of Málaga, 84 Av. de Carlos Haya, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Jun Song
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montréal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Faleh Tamimi
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 2001 Avenue McGill College, Montréal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
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Fedewa MV, Bentley JL, Higgins S, Kindler JM, Esco MR, MacDonald HV. Celiac Disease and Bone Health in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Densitom 2020; 23:200-211. [PMID: 30833087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Celiac disease is characterized by deficits in bone mineral accrual and longitudinal growth. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in bone health and stature among children and adolescents with celiac disease versus healthy controls. DATA SOURCES Articles published before February 27, 2018 were located using searches of the Physical Education Index (n = 186), PubMed (n = 180), Scopus (n = 3), SPORTDiscus (n = 3), and Web of Science (n = 4). STUDY SELECTION Bone mineral content (BMC) and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) were assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and height was measured using a stadiometer. DATA EXTRACTION Effect sizes (ES) were calculated as follows: the mean difference of the celiac disease group and healthy control group, divided by the pooled standard deviation. The inverse variance weight was used to calculate the overall mean ES. Random-effects models were used to aggregate a mean ES, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and to identify potential moderators. RESULTS The results of 30 effects gathered from 12 studies published between 1996 and 2017 indicated BMC (ES = -0.54, 95% CI: -0.69 to -0.40; p < 0.0001) and aBMD (ES = 0.72, 95% CI: -0.96 to -0.47; p < 0.0001) were lower in youth with celiac disease. LIMITATIONS These results were limited to only cross-sectional and baseline data from longitudinal studies reporting BMC and BMD, however did not assess changes in bone health over time. CONCLUSION Children and adolescents with celiac disease have suboptimal bone health and shorter stature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Fedewa
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
| | - Jessica L Bentley
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Simon Higgins
- Department of Exercise Science, Elon University, Elon, NC, USA
| | - Joseph M Kindler
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Esco
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Hayley V MacDonald
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
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Fatica LM, Almécija S, McFarlin SC, Hammond AS. Pelvic shape variation among gorilla subspecies: Phylogenetic and ecological signals. J Hum Evol 2019; 137:102684. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteoporosis is an age-related disorder characterized by bone loss and increased fracture susceptibility. Whether this is due to reduced loading in less active elderly individuals or inherent modifications in bone cells is uncertain. We suppose that osteoporosis is nonetheless prima facie evidence for impaired mechanoadaptation; either capacity to accrue new bone declines, or the stimulus for such accrual is absent/can no longer be triggered in the aged. Herein, we provide only sufficient background to enable a focus on recent advances which seek to address such dilemmas. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances from innovative high-impact loading regimes emphasize the priming of mechanoadaptation in the aged, such that low-to-moderate intensity loading becomes beneficial. These new findings lead us to speculate that aged bone mechanoadaptation is not driven solely by strain magnitude but is instead sensitive to high strain gradients. Impaired mechanoadaptation is a feature of the aged skeleton. Recent advances indicate that novel interventional loading regimes can restore mechanoadaptive capacity, enabling new approaches for retaining bone health in the aged. Innovative exercise paradigms appear to be capable of "hacking" into the osteogenic signal produced by exercise such that low-to-moderate intensity activities may also become more beneficial. Deciphering the underpinning mechanism(s) will also enable new pharmacological intervention for retaining bone health in the aged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Javaheri
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Andrew A Pitsillides
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
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Cox SM, Salzano MQ, Piazza SJ, Rubenson J. Eliminating high-intensity activity during growth reduces mechanical power capacity but not submaximal metabolic cost in a bipedal animal model. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 128:50-58. [PMID: 31751181 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00679.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreases in activity levels in children worldwide are feared to have long-term health repercussions. Yet, because of the difficulty of performing controlled long-term studies in humans, we do not yet understand how decreases in childhood activity influence adult functional capacity. Here, in an avian bipedal model, we evaluated the elimination of all high-intensity activity during growth on adult performance. We evaluated three alternative hypotheses: Elimination of high-intensity activity 1) does not influence adult function, 2) results in task-specific deficits in adulthood, or 3) results in deficits that generalize across locomotor tasks. We found that animals restricted from jumping and sprinting during growth showed detriments as adults in maximal jump performance in comparison to controls, but did not require more metabolic energy during steady-state running or standing. From this, we conclude that functional deficits from elimination of high-intensity exercise are task specific and do not generalize across all locomotor functions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Decreasing childhood activity levels are feared to have long-term health repercussions, but testing this hypothesis is hampered by restrictions of human experimentation. Here, in a bipedal animal model, we examine how the elimination of high-intensity activity during all of maturation influences adult locomotor capacity. We found restricted activity during growth reduced mechanical power capacity but not submaximal metabolic cost. This suggests that reduced childhood activity may result in task-specific, rather than generalized locomotor deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Michelle Cox
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew Q Salzano
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.,Integrative and Biomedical Physiology Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen J Piazza
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonas Rubenson
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.,Integrative and Biomedical Physiology Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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Influence of femoral external shape on internal architecture and fracture risk. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:1251-1261. [PMID: 31705336 PMCID: PMC7423796 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The internal architecture of the femur and its fracture behaviour vary greatly between subjects. Femoral architecture and subsequent fracture risk are strongly influenced by load distribution during physical activities of daily living.
The objective of this work is to evaluate the impact of outer cortical surface shape as a key affector of load distribution driving femoral structure and fracture behaviour.
Different femur cortical shapes are generated using a statistical shape model. Their mesoscale internal architecture is predicted for the same activity regime using a structural optimisation approach previously reported by the authors and fracture under longitudinal compression is simulated. The resulting total volume of bone is similar in all geometries although substantial differences are observed in distribution between trabecular and cortical tissue.
Greater neck-shaft and anteversion angles show a protective effect in longitudinal compression while a thinner shaft increases fracture risk.
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Barak MM. Bone modeling or bone remodeling: That is the question. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 172:153-155. [PMID: 31710704 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meir M Barak
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, New York
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Schlecht SH, Martin CT, Ochocki DN, Nolan BT, Wojtys EM, Ashton-Miller JA. Morphology of Mouse Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Complex Changes Following Exercise During Pubertal Growth. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:1910-1919. [PMID: 31042312 PMCID: PMC6700741 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal development and the physiological loading response of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) complex (ACL proper, entheses, and bony morphology) is not well understood. We tested whether the ACL-complex of two inbred mouse strains that collectively encompass the musculoskeletal variation observed in humans would demonstrate significant morphological differences following voluntary cage-wheel running during puberty compared with normal cage activity controls. Female A/J and C57BL/6J (B6) 6-week-old mice were provided unrestricted access to a standard cage-wheel for 4 weeks. A/J-exercise mice showed a 6.3% narrower ACL (p = 0.64), and a 20.1% more stenotic femoral notch (p < 0.01) while B6-exercise mice showed a 12.3% wider ACL (p = 0.10), compared with their respective controls. Additionally, A/J-exercise mice showed a 5.3% less steep posterior medial tibial slope (p = 0.07) and an 8.8% less steep posterior lateral tibial slope (p = 0.07), while B6-exercise mice showed a 9.8% more steep posterior medial tibial slope (p < 0.01) than their respective controls. A/J-exercise mice also showed more reinforcement of the ACL tibial enthesis with a 20.4% larger area (p < 0.01) of calcified fibrocartilage distributed at a 29.2% greater depth (p = 0.02) within the tibial enthesis, compared with their controls. These outcomes suggest exercise during puberty significantly influences ACL-complex morphology and that inherent morphological differences between these mice, as observed in their less active genetically similar control groups, resulted in a divergent phenotypic outcome between mouse strains. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1910-1919, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H. Schlecht
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Colin T. Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Bonnie T. Nolan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Edward M. Wojtys
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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What happens to bone mineral density, strength and body composition of ex-elite female volleyball players: A cross sectional study. Sci Sports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Morphofunctional upper limb asymmetries in young tennis players: the role of maturity status. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-019-00607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sládek V, Čerevková S, Zikmund T, Kaiser J. Error in the estimation of periosteal and endosteal contours from micro-CT scans for nonadult tibiae and humeri. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 170:275-294. [PMID: 31322736 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This article summarized errors obtained by diverse techniques used for the derivation of cross-sectional contours in nonadult humeri and tibiae. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional contours in a total sample of 62 humeral and 75 tibial diaphyses in the age between birth and 12 years divided into three age groups. Long bone 35% (humeri) and midshaft (tibiae) cross-sections were taken on micro-CT images and analyzed by EPJMacro in FIJI. Properties were extracted from contours derived by manual, automatic, spline, and ellipse techniques. Agreement between techniques was assessed using manually extracted properties such as the true value using percent prediction error (%PE), reduced major axis regression, and ±95% limits of agreement. RESULTS The lowest measurement errors were obtained for total areas, moderate errors for cortical areas and section moduli, and the highest errors for medullary areas for both bones. Derivation of humeral nonadult cross-sectional properties is less sensitive to the technique used for derivation of periosteal and endosteal contours, reaching mean %PEs below 5%. In contrast, tibial nonadult cross-sectional properties are more sensitive to the technique used and exceed 5% for some combinations. DISCUSSION Automatic techniques provide reasonably high agreement with manually extracted contours for nonadult humeri but low agreement for tibiae. Semiautomatic approaches-spline and ellipse techniques-may reduce the error for all studied properties in tibiae, especially when combined with manually traced periosteal contours. The positive effect of the semiautomatic technique on measurement error is low for humeri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Sládek
- Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Čerevková
- Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Zikmund
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
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