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Robbins CM, Tabassum S, Baumhauer MF, Yang J, Antaki JF, Kainerstorfer JM. Two-layer spatial frequency domain imaging of compression-induced hemodynamic changes in breast tissue. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:056005. [PMCID: PMC8145994 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.5.056005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Longitudinal tracking of hemodynamic changes in the breast has shown potential for neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) outcome prediction. Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) could be suitable for frequent monitoring of shallow breast tumors, but strong sensitivity to superficial absorbers presents a challenge. Aim: We investigated the efficacy of a two-layer SFDI inverse model that accounts for varying melanin concentration in the skin to improve discrimination of optical properties of deep tissue of the breast. Approach: Hemodynamic changes in response to localized breast compression were measured in 13 healthy volunteers using a handheld SFDI device. Epidermis optical thickness was determined based on spectral fitting of the model output and used to calculate subcutaneous optical properties. Results: Optical properties from a homogeneous model yielded physiologically unreasonable absorption and scattering coefficients for highly pigmented volunteers. The two-layer model compensated for the effect of melanin and yielded properties in the expected range for healthy breast. Extracted epidermal optical thickness was higher for higher Fitzpatrick types. Compression induced a decrease in total hemoglobin consistent with tissue blanching. Conclusions: The handheld SFDI device and two-layer model show potential for imaging hemodynamic responses that potentially could help predict efficacy of NAC in patients of varying skin tones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance M. Robbins
- Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Syeda Tabassum
- Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Molly F. Baumhauer
- Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Physics, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jason Yang
- Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - James F. Antaki
- Cornell University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, New York, United States
| | - Jana M. Kainerstorfer
- Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Carnegie Mellon University, Neuroscience Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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Cochran JM, Leproux A, Busch DR, O’Sullivan TD, Yang W, Mehta RS, Police AM, Tromberg BJ, Yodh AG. Breast cancer differential diagnosis using diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging and regression with z-score normalized data. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-200331RR. [PMID: 33624457 PMCID: PMC7901858 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.2.026004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Current imaging paradigms for differential diagnosis of suspicious breast lesions suffer from high false positive rates that force patients to undergo unnecessary biopsies. Diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging (DOSI) noninvasively probes functional hemodynamic and compositional parameters in deep tissue and has been shown to be sensitive to contrast between normal and malignant tissues. AIM DOSI methods are under investigation as an adjunct to mammography and ultrasound that could reduce false positive rates and unnecessary biopsies, particularly in radiographically dense breasts. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of 212 subjects with suspicious breast lesions who underwent DOSI imaging. Physiological tissue parameters were z-score normalized to the patient's contralateral breast tissue and input to univariate logistic regression models to discriminate between malignant tumors and the surrounding normal tissue. The models were then used to differentiate malignant lesions from benign lesions. RESULTS Models incorporating several individual hemodynamic parameters were able to accurately distinguish malignant tumors from both the surrounding background tissue and benign lesions with area under the curve (AUC) ≥0.85. Z-score normalization improved the discriminatory ability and calibration of these predictive models relative to unnormalized or ratio-normalized data. CONCLUSIONS Findings from a large subject population study show how DOSI data normalization that accounts for normal tissue heterogeneity and quantitative statistical regression approaches can be combined to improve the ability of DOSI to diagnose malignant lesions. This improved diagnostic accuracy, combined with the modality's inherent logistical advantages of portability, low cost, and nonionizing radiation, could position DOSI as an effective adjunct modality that could be used to reduce the number of unnecessary invasive biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. Cochran
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Anais Leproux
- University of California Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - David R. Busch
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Management & Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Thomas D. O’Sullivan
- University of Notre Dame, Department of Electrical Engineering, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States
| | - Wei Yang
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Rita S. Mehta
- University of California Irvine, Department of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Alice M. Police
- Northwell Health Breast Care Centers, Sleepy Hollow, New York, United States
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- University of California Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Arjun G. Yodh
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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Cochran JM, Busch DR, Lin L, Minkoff DL, Schweiger M, Arridge S, Yodh AG. Hybrid time-domain and continuous-wave diffuse optical tomography instrument with concurrent, clinical magnetic resonance imaging for breast cancer imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-11. [PMID: 30680976 PMCID: PMC6345326 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.5.051409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse optical tomography has demonstrated significant potential for clinical utility in the diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer, and its use in combination with other structural imaging modalities improves lesion localization and the quantification of functional tissue properties. Here, we introduce a hybrid diffuse optical imaging system that operates concurrently with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the imaging suite, utilizing commercially available MR surface coils. The instrument acquires both continuous-wave and time-domain diffuse optical data in the parallel-plate geometry, permitting both absolute assignment of tissue optical properties and three-dimensional tomography; moreover, the instrument is designed to incorporate diffuse correlation spectroscopic measurements for probing tissue blood flow. The instrument is described in detail here. Image reconstructions of a tissue phantom are presented as an initial indicator of the system's ability to accurately reconstruct optical properties and the concrete benefits of the spatial constraints provided by concurrent MRI. Last, we briefly discuss how various data combinations that the instrument could facilitate, including tissue perfusion, can enable more comprehensive assessment of lesion physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. Cochran
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Address all correspondence to Jeffrey M. Cochran, E-mail:
| | - David R. Busch
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Dallas, Texas, United States
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Dallas, Texas, United States
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Neurology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Li Lin
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- California Institute of Technology, Department of Medical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - David L. Minkoff
- Emory University, Department of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Martin Schweiger
- University College London, Centre for Medical Image Computing, London, United Kigdom
| | - Simon Arridge
- University College London, Centre for Medical Image Computing, London, United Kigdom
| | - Arjun G. Yodh
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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Cochran JM, Busch DR, Leproux A, Zhang Z, O’Sullivan TD, Cerussi AE, Carpenter PM, Mehta RS, Roblyer D, Yang W, Paulsen KD, Pogue B, Jiang S, Kaufman PA, Chung SH, Schnall M, Snyder BS, Hylton N, Carp SA, Isakoff SJ, Mankoff D, Tromberg BJ, Yodh AG. Tissue oxygen saturation predicts response to breast cancer neoadjuvant chemotherapy within 10 days of treatment. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 24:1-11. [PMID: 30338678 PMCID: PMC6194199 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.2.021202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ideally, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) assessment should predict pathologic complete response (pCR), a surrogate clinical endpoint for 5-year survival, as early as possible during typical 3- to 6-month breast cancer treatments. We introduce and demonstrate an approach for predicting pCR within 10 days of initiating NAC. The method uses a bedside diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging (DOSI) technology and logistic regression modeling. Tumor and normal tissue physiological properties were measured longitudinally throughout the course of NAC in 33 patients enrolled in the American College of Radiology Imaging Network multicenter breast cancer DOSI trial (ACRIN-6691). An image analysis scheme, employing z-score normalization to healthy tissue, produced models with robust predictions. Notably, logistic regression based on z-score normalization using only tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) measured within 10 days of the initial therapy dose was found to be a significant predictor of pCR (AUC = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.82 to 1). This observation suggests that patients who show rapid convergence of tumor tissue StO2 to surrounding tissue StO2 are more likely to achieve pCR. This early predictor of pCR occurs prior to reductions in tumor size and could enable dynamic feedback for optimization of chemotherapy strategies in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. Cochran
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Jeffrey M. Cochran, E-mail:
| | - David R. Busch
- University of Texas Southwestern, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Anaïs Leproux
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Brown University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Sciences, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Thomas D. O’Sullivan
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Albert E. Cerussi
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Philip M. Carpenter
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Rita S. Mehta
- University of California Irvine, Department of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Darren Roblyer
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Wei Yang
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Keith D. Paulsen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Brian Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Peter A. Kaufman
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - So Hyun Chung
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Mitchell Schnall
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Bradley S. Snyder
- Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Statistical Sciences, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Nola Hylton
- University of California, Department of Radiology, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Stefan A. Carp
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Steven J. Isakoff
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - David Mankoff
- University of Pennsylvania, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Arjun G. Yodh
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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Zhu Q, Tannenbaum S, Kurtzman SH, DeFusco P, Ricci A, Vavadi H, Zhou F, Xu C, Merkulov A, Hegde P, Kane M, Wang L, Sabbath K. Identifying an early treatment window for predicting breast cancer response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy using immunohistopathology and hemoglobin parameters. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:56. [PMID: 29898762 PMCID: PMC6001175 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-0975-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer pathologic complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) varies with tumor subtype. The purpose of this study was to identify an early treatment window for predicting pCR based on tumor subtype, pretreatment total hemoglobin (tHb) level, and early changes in tHb following NAC. METHODS Twenty-two patients (mean age 56 years, range 34-74 years) were assessed using a near-infrared imager coupled with an Ultrasound system prior to treatment, 7 days after the first treatment, at the end of each of the first three cycles, and before their definitive surgery. Pathologic responses were dichotomized by the Miller-Payne system. Tumor vascularity was assessed from tHb; vascularity changes during NAC were assessed from a percentage tHb normalized to the pretreatment level (%tHb). After training the logistic prediction models using the previous study data, we assessed the early treatment window for predicting pathological response according to their tumor subtype (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), estrogen receptor (ER), triple-negative (TN)) based on tHb, and %tHb measured at different cycles and evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). RESULTS In the new study cohort, maximum pretreatment tHb and %tHb changes after cycles 1, 2, and 3 were significantly higher in responder Miller-Payne 4-5 tumors (n = 13) than non-or partial responder Miller-Payne 1-3 tumors (n = 9). However, no significance was found at day 7. The AUC of the predictive power of pretreatment tHb in the cohort was 0.75, which was similar to the performance of the HER2 subtype as a single predictor (AUC of 0.78). A greater predictive power of pretreatment tHb was found within each subtype, with AUCs of 0.88, 0.69, and 0.72, in the HER2, ER, and TN subtypes, respectively. Using pretreatment tHb and cycle 1 %tHb, AUC reached 0.96, 0.91, and 0.90 in HER2, ER, and TN subtypes, respectively, and 0.95 regardless of subtype. Additional cycle 2 %tHb measurements moderately improved prediction for the HER2 subtype but did not improve prediction for the ER and TN subtypes. CONCLUSIONS By combining tumor subtypes with tHb, we predicted the pCR of breast cancer to NAC before treatment. Prediction accuracy can be significantly improved by incorporating cycle 1 and 2 %tHb for the HER2 subtype and cycle 1 %tHb for the ER and TN subtypes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02092636 . Registered in March 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quing Zhu
- Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, One Brookings Drive, Mail Box 1097, Whitaker Hall 300D, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA
| | - Susan Tannenbaum
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Feifei Zhou
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
| | - Chen Xu
- New York City College of Technology, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, USA
| | - Alex Merkulov
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Poornima Hegde
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Mark Kane
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Liqun Wang
- Department of Statistics, University of Manitoba, 186 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Canada
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6
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Gunther JE, Lim EA, Kim HK, Flexman M, Altoé M, Campbell JA, Hibshoosh H, Crew KD, Kalinsky K, Hershman DL, Hielscher AH. Dynamic Diffuse Optical Tomography for Monitoring Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Breast Cancer. Radiology 2018; 287:778-786. [PMID: 29431574 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2018161041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To identify dynamic optical imaging features that associate with the degree of pathologic response in patients with breast cancer during neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Materials and Methods Of 40 patients with breast cancer who participated in a longitudinal study between June 2011 and March 2016, 34 completed the study. There were 13 patients who obtained a pathologic complete response (pCR) and 21 patients who did not obtain a pCR. Imaging data from six subjects were excluded from the study because either the patients dropped out of the study before it was finished or there was an instrumentation malfunction. Two weeks into the treatment regimen, three-dimensional images of both breasts during a breath hold were acquired by using dynamic diffuse optical tomography. Features from the breath-hold traces were used to distinguish between response groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and sensitivity analysis were used to determine the degree of association with 5-month treatment outcome. Results An ROC curve analysis showed that this method could identify patients with a pCR with a positive predictive value of 70.6% (12 of 17), a negative predictive value of 94.1% (16 of 17), a sensitivity of 92.3% (12 of 13), a specificity of 76.2% (16 of 21), and an area under the ROC curve of 0.85. Conclusion Several dynamic optical imaging features obtained within 2 weeks of NAC initiation were identified that showed statistically significant differences between patients with pCR and patients without pCR as determined 5 months after treatment initiation. If confirmed in a larger cohort prospective study, these dynamic imaging features may be used to predict treatment outcome as early as 2 weeks after treatment initiation. © RSNA, 2018 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E Gunther
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.E.G., M.F., M.A., A.H.H.) and Electrical Engineering (A.H.H.), Columbia University, 500 W 120th St, Mudd Bldg, ET351, MC 8904, New York, NY 10027; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology (E.A.L., J.A.C., K.D.C., K.K., D.L.H.), Department of Radiology (H.K.K., A.H.H.), Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (H.H.), and Department of Epidemiology (K.D.C., D.L.H.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Emerson A Lim
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.E.G., M.F., M.A., A.H.H.) and Electrical Engineering (A.H.H.), Columbia University, 500 W 120th St, Mudd Bldg, ET351, MC 8904, New York, NY 10027; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology (E.A.L., J.A.C., K.D.C., K.K., D.L.H.), Department of Radiology (H.K.K., A.H.H.), Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (H.H.), and Department of Epidemiology (K.D.C., D.L.H.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Hyun K Kim
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.E.G., M.F., M.A., A.H.H.) and Electrical Engineering (A.H.H.), Columbia University, 500 W 120th St, Mudd Bldg, ET351, MC 8904, New York, NY 10027; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology (E.A.L., J.A.C., K.D.C., K.K., D.L.H.), Department of Radiology (H.K.K., A.H.H.), Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (H.H.), and Department of Epidemiology (K.D.C., D.L.H.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Molly Flexman
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.E.G., M.F., M.A., A.H.H.) and Electrical Engineering (A.H.H.), Columbia University, 500 W 120th St, Mudd Bldg, ET351, MC 8904, New York, NY 10027; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology (E.A.L., J.A.C., K.D.C., K.K., D.L.H.), Department of Radiology (H.K.K., A.H.H.), Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (H.H.), and Department of Epidemiology (K.D.C., D.L.H.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Mirella Altoé
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.E.G., M.F., M.A., A.H.H.) and Electrical Engineering (A.H.H.), Columbia University, 500 W 120th St, Mudd Bldg, ET351, MC 8904, New York, NY 10027; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology (E.A.L., J.A.C., K.D.C., K.K., D.L.H.), Department of Radiology (H.K.K., A.H.H.), Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (H.H.), and Department of Epidemiology (K.D.C., D.L.H.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jessica A Campbell
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.E.G., M.F., M.A., A.H.H.) and Electrical Engineering (A.H.H.), Columbia University, 500 W 120th St, Mudd Bldg, ET351, MC 8904, New York, NY 10027; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology (E.A.L., J.A.C., K.D.C., K.K., D.L.H.), Department of Radiology (H.K.K., A.H.H.), Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (H.H.), and Department of Epidemiology (K.D.C., D.L.H.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Hanina Hibshoosh
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.E.G., M.F., M.A., A.H.H.) and Electrical Engineering (A.H.H.), Columbia University, 500 W 120th St, Mudd Bldg, ET351, MC 8904, New York, NY 10027; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology (E.A.L., J.A.C., K.D.C., K.K., D.L.H.), Department of Radiology (H.K.K., A.H.H.), Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (H.H.), and Department of Epidemiology (K.D.C., D.L.H.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Katherine D Crew
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.E.G., M.F., M.A., A.H.H.) and Electrical Engineering (A.H.H.), Columbia University, 500 W 120th St, Mudd Bldg, ET351, MC 8904, New York, NY 10027; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology (E.A.L., J.A.C., K.D.C., K.K., D.L.H.), Department of Radiology (H.K.K., A.H.H.), Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (H.H.), and Department of Epidemiology (K.D.C., D.L.H.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Kevin Kalinsky
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.E.G., M.F., M.A., A.H.H.) and Electrical Engineering (A.H.H.), Columbia University, 500 W 120th St, Mudd Bldg, ET351, MC 8904, New York, NY 10027; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology (E.A.L., J.A.C., K.D.C., K.K., D.L.H.), Department of Radiology (H.K.K., A.H.H.), Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (H.H.), and Department of Epidemiology (K.D.C., D.L.H.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Dawn L Hershman
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.E.G., M.F., M.A., A.H.H.) and Electrical Engineering (A.H.H.), Columbia University, 500 W 120th St, Mudd Bldg, ET351, MC 8904, New York, NY 10027; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology (E.A.L., J.A.C., K.D.C., K.K., D.L.H.), Department of Radiology (H.K.K., A.H.H.), Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (H.H.), and Department of Epidemiology (K.D.C., D.L.H.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Andreas H Hielscher
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.E.G., M.F., M.A., A.H.H.) and Electrical Engineering (A.H.H.), Columbia University, 500 W 120th St, Mudd Bldg, ET351, MC 8904, New York, NY 10027; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology (E.A.L., J.A.C., K.D.C., K.K., D.L.H.), Department of Radiology (H.K.K., A.H.H.), Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (H.H.), and Department of Epidemiology (K.D.C., D.L.H.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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7
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Leproux A, O’Sullivan TD, Cerussi A, Durkin A, Hill B, Hylton N, Yodh AG, Carp SA, Boas D, Jiang S, Paulsen KD, Pogue B, Roblyer D, Yang W, Tromberg BJ. Performance assessment of diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging instruments in a 2-year multicenter breast cancer trial. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:121604. [PMID: 29389104 PMCID: PMC5995138 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.12.121604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We present a framework for characterizing the performance of an experimental imaging technology, diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging (DOSI), in a 2-year multicenter American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ACRIN) breast cancer study (ACRIN-6691). DOSI instruments combine broadband frequency-domain photon migration with time-independent near-infrared (650 to 1000 nm) spectroscopy to measure tissue absorption and reduced scattering spectra and tissue hemoglobin, water, and lipid composition. The goal of ACRIN-6691 was to test the effectiveness of optically derived imaging endpoints in predicting the final pathologic response of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Sixty patients were enrolled over a 2-year period at participating sites and received multiple DOSI scans prior to and during 3- to 6-month NAC. The impact of three sources of error on accuracy and precision, including different operators, instruments, and calibration standards, was evaluated using a broadband reflectance standard and two different solid tissue-simulating optical phantoms. Instruments showed <0.0010 mm−1 (10.3%) and 0.06 mm−1 (4.7%) deviation in broadband absorption and reduced scattering, respectively, over the 2-year duration of ACRIN-6691. These variations establish a useful performance criterion for assessing instrument stability. The proposed procedures and tests are not limited to DOSI; rather, they are intended to provide methods to characterize performance of any instrument used in translational optical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Leproux
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Thomas D. O’Sullivan
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of Notre Dame, Department of Electrical Engineering, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States
| | - Albert Cerussi
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Amanda Durkin
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Brian Hill
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Nola Hylton
- University of California, Department of Radiology, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Arjun G. Yodh
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Stefan A. Carp
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - David Boas
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Keith D. Paulsen
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Brian Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Darren Roblyer
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Wei Yang
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Bruce J. Tromberg, E-mail:
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8
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Zhi W, Liu G, Chang C, Miao A, Zhu X, Xie L, Zhou J. Predicting Treatment Response of Breast Cancer to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Using Ultrasound-Guided Diffuse Optical Tomography. Transl Oncol 2017; 11:56-64. [PMID: 29175630 PMCID: PMC5714257 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To prospectively investigate ultrasound-guided diffuse optical tomography (US-guided DOT) in predicting breast cancer response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-eight breast cancer patients, with a total of 93 lesions, were included in our study. Pre- and post-last chemotherapy, size and total hemoglobin concentration (THC) of each lesion were measured by conventional US and US-guided DOT 1 day before biopsy (time point t0, THC THC0, SIZE S0) and 1 to 2 days before surgery (time point tL, THCL, SL). The relative changes in THC and SIZE of lesions after the first and last NAC cycles were considered as the variables ΔTHC and ΔSIZE. Receiver operating characteristic curve was performed to calculate ΔTHC and ΔSIZE cutoff values to evaluate pathologic response of 93 breast cancers to NAC, which were then prospectively used to predicate response of 61 breast cancers to NAC. RESULTS The cutoff values of ΔTHC and ΔSIZE for evaluation of breast cancers NAC treatment response were 23.9% and 42.6%. At ΔTHC 23.9%, the predicted treatment response in 61 breast lesions for the time points t1 to t3 was calculated by area under the curve (AUC), which were AUC1 0.534 (P=.6668), AUC2 0.604 (P=.1893), and AUC3 0.674(P =. 0.027), respectively; for ΔSIZE 42.6%, at time points t1 to t3, AUC1 0.505 (P=.9121), AUC2 0.645 (P=.0115), and AUC3 0.719 (P=.0018). CONCLUSION US-guided DOT ΔTHC 23.9% and US ΔSIZE 42.6% can be used for the response evaluation and earlier prediction of the pathological response after three rounds of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Zhi
- Department of Ultrasonography, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No 270, Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guangyu Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No 270, Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Cai Chang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No 270, Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Aiyu Miao
- Department of Ultrasonography, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No 270, Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No 270, Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Xie
- Clinical Statistics Center, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No 270, Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Ultrasonography, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No 270, Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
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9
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Anderson PG, Kalli S, Sassaroli A, Krishnamurthy N, Makim SS, Graham RA, Fantini S. Optical Mammography in Patients with Breast Cancer Undergoing Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: Individual Clinical Response Index. Acad Radiol 2017; 24:1240-1255. [PMID: 28532642 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES We present an optical mammography study that aims to develop quantitative measures of pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in patients with breast cancer. Such quantitative measures are based on the concentrations of oxyhemoglobin ([HbO2]), deoxyhemoglobin ([Hb]), total hemoglobin ([HbT]), and hemoglobin saturation (SO2) in breast tissue at the tumor location and at sequential time points during chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Continuous-wave, spectrally resolved optical mammography was performed in transmission and parallel-plate geometry on 10 patients before treatment initiation and at each NAC administration (mean number of optical mammography sessions: 12, range: 7-18). Data on two patients were discarded for technical reasons. The patients were categorized as responders (R, >50% decrease in tumor size), or nonresponders (NR, <50% decrease in tumor size) based on imaging and histopathology results. RESULTS At 50% completion of the NAC regimen (therapy midpoint), R (6/8) demonstrated significant decreases in SO2 (-27% ± 4%) and [HbT] (-35 ± 4 µM) at the tumor location with respect to baseline values. By contrast, NR (2/8) showed nonsignificant changes in SO2 and [HbT] at therapy midpoint. We introduce a cumulative response index as a quantitative measure of the individual patient's response to therapy. At therapy midpoint, the SO2-based cumulative response index had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 100% for the identification of R. CONCLUSIONS These results show that optical mammography is a promising tool to assess individual response to NAC at therapy midpoint to guide further decision making for neoadjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela G Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Sirishma Kalli
- Department of Radiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Angelo Sassaroli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Nishanth Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Shital S Makim
- Department of Radiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roger A Graham
- Department of Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sergio Fantini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155.
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10
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Farzam P, Johansson J, Mireles M, Jiménez-Valerio G, Martínez-Lozano M, Choe R, Casanovas O, Durduran T. Pre-clinical longitudinal monitoring of hemodynamic response to anti-vascular chemotherapy by hybrid diffuse optics. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:2563-2582. [PMID: 28663891 PMCID: PMC5480498 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.002563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The longitudinal effect of an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) antibody (DC 101) therapy on a xenografted renal cell carcinoma (RCC) mouse model was monitored using hybrid diffuse optics. Two groups of immunosuppressed male nude mice (seven treated, seven controls) were measured. Tumor microvascular blood flow, total hemoglobin concentration and blood oxygenation were investigated as potential biomarkers for the monitoring of the therapy effect twice a week and were related to the final treatment outcome. These hemodynamic biomarkers have shown a clear differentiation between two groups by day four. Moreover, we have observed that pre-treatment values and early changes in hemodynamics are highly correlated with the therapeutic outcome demonstrating the potential of diffuse optics to predict the therapy response at an early time point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Farzam
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Sciences and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels (Barcelona),
Spain
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129,
USA
| | - Johannes Johansson
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Sciences and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels (Barcelona),
Spain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping,
Sweden
| | - Miguel Mireles
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Sciences and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels (Barcelona),
Spain
| | - Gabriela Jiménez-Valerio
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute – IDIBELL, 08908, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona),
Spain
| | - Mar Martínez-Lozano
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute – IDIBELL, 08908, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona),
Spain
| | - Regine Choe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627,
USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627,
USA
| | - Oriol Casanovas
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute – IDIBELL, 08908, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona),
Spain
| | - Turgut Durduran
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Sciences and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels (Barcelona),
Spain
- Instituciò Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08015, Barcelona,
Spain
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11
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Cochran JM, Chung SH, Leproux A, Baker WB, Busch DR, DeMichele AM, Tchou J, Tromberg BJ, Yodh AG. Longitudinal optical monitoring of blood flow in breast tumors during neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:4637-4653. [PMID: 28402286 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa6cef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We measure tissue blood flow markers in breast tumors during neoadjuvant chemotherapy and investigate their correlation to pathologic complete response in a pilot longitudinal patient study (n = 4). Tumor blood flow is quantified optically by diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS), and tissue optical properties, blood oxygen saturation, and total hemoglobin concentration are derived from concurrent diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging (DOSI). The study represents the first longitudinal DCS measurement of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in humans over the entire course of treatment; it therefore offers a first correlation between DCS flow indices and pathologic complete response. The use of absolute optical properties measured by DOSI facilitates significant improvement of DCS blood flow calculation, which typically assumes optical properties based on literature values. Additionally, the combination of the DCS blood flow index and the tissue oxygen saturation from DOSI permits investigation of tissue oxygen metabolism. Pilot results from four patients suggest that lower blood flow in the lesion-bearing breast is correlated with pathologic complete response. Both absolute lesion blood flow and lesion flow relative to the contralateral breast exhibit potential for characterization of pathological response. This initial demonstration of the combined optical approach for chemotherapy monitoring provides incentive for more comprehensive studies in the future and can help power those investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Cochran
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S 33rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
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12
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Ban HY, Schweiger M, Kavuri VC, Cochran JM, Xie L, Busch DR, Katrašnik J, Pathak S, Chung SH, Lee K, Choe R, Czerniecki BJ, Arridge SR, Yodh AG. Heterodyne frequency-domain multispectral diffuse optical tomography of breast cancer in the parallel-plane transmission geometry. Med Phys 2017; 43:4383. [PMID: 27370153 DOI: 10.1118/1.4953830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The authors introduce a state-of-the-art all-optical clinical diffuse optical tomography (DOT) imaging instrument which collects spatially dense, multispectral, frequency-domain breast data in the parallel-plate geometry. METHODS The instrument utilizes a CCD-based heterodyne detection scheme that permits massively parallel detection of diffuse photon density wave amplitude and phase for a large number of source-detector pairs (10(6)). The stand-alone clinical DOT instrument thus offers high spatial resolution with reduced crosstalk between absorption and scattering. Other novel features include a fringe profilometry system for breast boundary segmentation, real-time data normalization, and a patient bed design which permits both axial and sagittal breast measurements. RESULTS The authors validated the instrument using tissue simulating phantoms with two different chromophore-containing targets and one scattering target. The authors also demonstrated the instrument in a case study breast cancer patient; the reconstructed 3D image of endogenous chromophores and scattering gave tumor localization in agreement with MRI. CONCLUSIONS Imaging with a novel parallel-plate DOT breast imager that employs highly parallel, high-resolution CCD detection in the frequency-domain was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Ban
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - M Schweiger
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - V C Kavuri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - J M Cochran
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - L Xie
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - D R Busch
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - J Katrašnik
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - S Pathak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - S H Chung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - K Lee
- Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 711-813, South Korea
| | - R Choe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - B J Czerniecki
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - S R Arridge
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - A G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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13
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Teng F, Cormier T, Sauer-Budge A, Chaudhury R, Pera V, Istfan R, Chargin D, Brookfield S, Ko NY, Roblyer DM. Wearable near-infrared optical probe for continuous monitoring during breast cancer neoadjuvant chemotherapy infusions. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:14001. [PMID: 28114449 PMCID: PMC5289133 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.1.014001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a new continuous-wave wearable diffuse optical probe aimed at investigating the hemodynamic response of locally advanced breast cancer patients during neoadjuvant chemotherapy infusions. The system consists of a flexible printed circuit board that supports an array of six dual wavelength surface-mount LED and photodiode pairs. The probe is encased in a soft silicone housing that conforms to natural breast shape. Probe performance was evaluated using tissue-simulating phantoms and in vivo normal volunteer measurements. High SNR (71 dB), low source-detector crosstalk ( ? 60 ?? dB ), high measurement precision (0.17%), and good thermal stability (0.22% V rms / ° C ) were achieved in phantom studies. A cuff occlusion experiment was performed on the forearm of a healthy volunteer to demonstrate the ability to track rapid hemodynamic changes. Proof-of-principle normal volunteer measurements were taken to demonstrate the ability to collect continuous in vivo breast measurements. This wearable probe is a first of its kind tool to explore prognostic hemodynamic changes during chemotherapy in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Teng
- Boston University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Photonics Center, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Timothy Cormier
- Boston University, Fraunhofer Center for Manufacturing Innovation, 15 Saint Mary’s Street, Brookline, Massachusetts 02446, United States
| | - Alexis Sauer-Budge
- Boston University, Fraunhofer Center for Manufacturing Innovation, 15 Saint Mary’s Street, Brookline, Massachusetts 02446, United States
| | - Rachita Chaudhury
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Vivian Pera
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Raeef Istfan
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - David Chargin
- Boston University, Fraunhofer Center for Manufacturing Innovation, 15 Saint Mary’s Street, Brookline, Massachusetts 02446, United States
| | - Samuel Brookfield
- Boston University, Fraunhofer Center for Manufacturing Innovation, 15 Saint Mary’s Street, Brookline, Massachusetts 02446, United States
| | - Naomi Yu Ko
- Boston Medical Center, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Women’s Health Unit, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, First Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Darren M. Roblyer
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Darren M. Roblyer, E-mail:
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14
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Nouizi F, Luk A, Thayer D, Lin Y, Ha S, Gulsen G. Experimental validation of a high-resolution diffuse optical imaging modality: photomagnetic imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:16009. [PMID: 26790644 PMCID: PMC4719037 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.1.016009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental results that validate our imaging technique termed photomagnetic imaging (PMI). PMI illuminates the medium under investigation with a near-infrared light and measures the induced temperature increase using magnetic resonance imaging. A multiphysics solver combining light and heat propagation is used to model spatiotemporal distribution of temperature increase. Furthermore, a dedicated PMI reconstruction algorithm has been developed to reveal high-resolution optical absorption maps from temperature measurements. Being able to perform measurements at any point within the medium, PMI overcomes the limitations of conventional diffuse optical imaging. We present experimental results obtained on agarose phantoms mimicking biological tissue with inclusions having either different sizes or absorption contrasts, located at various depths. The reconstructed images show that PMI can successfully resolve these inclusions with high resolution and recover their absorption coefficient with high-quantitative accuracy. Even a 1-mm inclusion located 6-mm deep is recovered successfully and its absorption coefficient is underestimated by only 32%. The improved PMI system presented here successfully operates under the maximum skin exposure limits defined by the American National Standards Institute, which opens up the exciting possibility of its future clinical use for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farouk Nouizi
- University of California, Tu and Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, 164 Irvine Hall, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Alex Luk
- University of California, Tu and Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, 164 Irvine Hall, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Dave Thayer
- University of California, Tu and Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, 164 Irvine Hall, Irvine, California, United States
- Washington University in St. Louis, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Yuting Lin
- University of California, Tu and Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, 164 Irvine Hall, Irvine, California, United States
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiation Oncology, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02144, United States
| | - Seunghoon Ha
- University of California, Tu and Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, 164 Irvine Hall, Irvine, California, United States
- Philips Healthcare, N27 West 23676 Paul Road, Pewaukee, Wisconsin 53072, United States
| | - Gultekin Gulsen
- University of California, Tu and Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, 164 Irvine Hall, Irvine, California, United States
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15
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Xu C, Vavadi H, Merkulov A, Li H, Erfanzadeh M, Mostafa A, Gong Y, Salehi H, Tannenbaum S, Zhu Q. Ultrasound-Guided Diffuse Optical Tomography for Predicting and Monitoring Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy of Breast Cancers: Recent Progress. ULTRASONIC IMAGING 2016; 38:5-18. [PMID: 25887527 PMCID: PMC5056904 DOI: 10.1177/0161734615580280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we review the current progress of utilizing ultrasound-guided diffuse optical tomography (US-guided DOT) for predicting and monitoring neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) outcomes of breast cancer patients. We also report the recent advance on optical tomography systems toward portable and robust clinical use at multiple clinical sites. The first patient who has been closely monitored before NAC, at day 2, day 8, end of first three cycles of NAC, and before surgery is given as an example to demonstrate the potential of US-guided DOT technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Hamed Vavadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Alex Merkulov
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Hai Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Mohsen Erfanzadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Atahar Mostafa
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Yanping Gong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Hassan Salehi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | - Quing Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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16
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Xu C, Vavadi H, Merkulov A, Li H, Erfanzadeh M, Mostafa A, Gong Y, Salehi H, Tannenbaum S, Zhu Q. Ultrasound-Guided Diffuse Optical Tomography for Predicting and Monitoring Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy of Breast Cancers: Recent Progress. ULTRASONIC IMAGING 2016. [PMID: 25887527 DOI: 10.1177/016173461558028010.1177/0161734615580280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we review the current progress of utilizing ultrasound-guided diffuse optical tomography (US-guided DOT) for predicting and monitoring neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) outcomes of breast cancer patients. We also report the recent advance on optical tomography systems toward portable and robust clinical use at multiple clinical sites. The first patient who has been closely monitored before NAC, at day 2, day 8, end of first three cycles of NAC, and before surgery is given as an example to demonstrate the potential of US-guided DOT technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Hamed Vavadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Alex Merkulov
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Hai Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Mohsen Erfanzadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Atahar Mostafa
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Yanping Gong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Hassan Salehi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | - Quing Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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17
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Chung SH, Feldman MD, Martinez D, Kim H, Putt ME, Busch DR, Tchou J, Czerniecki BJ, Schnall MD, Rosen MA, DeMichele A, Yodh AG, Choe R. Macroscopic optical physiological parameters correlate with microscopic proliferation and vessel area breast cancer signatures. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:72. [PMID: 26013572 PMCID: PMC4487833 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-invasive diffuse optical tomography (DOT) and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) can detect and characterize breast cancer and predict tumor responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, even in patients with radiographically dense breasts. However, the relationship between measured optical parameters and pathological biomarker information needs to be further studied to connect information from optics to traditional clinical cancer biology. Thus we investigate how optically measured physiological parameters in malignant tumors such as oxy-, deoxy-hemoglobin concentration, tissue blood oxygenation, and metabolic rate of oxygen correlate with microscopic histopathological biomarkers from the same malignant tumors, e.g., Ki67 proliferation markers, CD34 stained vasculature markers and nuclear morphology. METHODS In this pilot study, we investigate correlations of macroscopic physiological parameters of malignant tumors measured by diffuse optical technologies with microscopic histopathological biomarkers of the same tumors, i.e., the Ki67 proliferation marker, the CD34 stained vascular properties marker, and nuclear morphology. RESULTS The tumor-to-normal relative ratio of Ki67-positive nuclei is positively correlated with DOT-measured relative tissue blood oxygen saturation (R = 0.89, p-value: 0.001), and lower tumor-to-normal deoxy-hemoglobin concentration is associated with higher expression level of Ki67 nuclei (p-value: 0.01). In a subset of the Ki67-negative group (defined by the 15 % threshold), an inverse correlation between Ki67 expression level and mammary metabolic rate of oxygen was observed (R = -0.95, p-value: 0.014). Further, CD34 stained mean-vessel-area in tumor is positively correlated with tumor-to-normal total-hemoglobin and oxy-hemoglobin concentration. Finally, we find that cell nuclei tend to have more elongated shapes in less oxygenated DOT-measured environments. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the pilot data are consistent with the notion that increased blood is supplied to breast cancers, and it also suggests that less conversion of oxy- to deoxy-hemoglobin occurs in more proliferative cancers. Overall, the observations corroborate expectations that macroscopic measurements of breast cancer physiology using DOT and DCS can reveal microscopic pathological properties of breast cancer and hold potential to complement pathological biomarker information.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Hyun Chung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Michael D Feldman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Daniel Martinez
- Pathology Core Laboratory, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Helen Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Mary E Putt
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - David R Busch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Julia Tchou
- Department of Surgery, The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Brian J Czerniecki
- Department of Surgery, The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Mitchell D Schnall
- Department of Radiology, The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Mark A Rosen
- Department of Radiology, The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Angela DeMichele
- Department of Medicine, The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Arjun G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Regine Choe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, 209 Goergen Hall, P.O. Box 270168, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
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18
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Schaafsma BE, van de Giessen M, Charehbili A, Smit VTHBM, Kroep JR, Lelieveldt BPF, Liefers GJ, Chan A, Löwik CWGM, Dijkstra J, van de Velde CJH, Wasser MNJM, Vahrmeijer AL. Optical mammography using diffuse optical spectroscopy for monitoring tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in women with locally advanced breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:577-84. [PMID: 25473002 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) has the potential to enable monitoring of tumor response during chemotherapy, particularly in the early stages of treatment. This study aims to assess feasibility of DOS for monitoring treatment response in HER2-negative breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and compare DOS with tumor response assessment by MRI. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients received NAC in six cycles of 3 weeks. In addition to standard treatment monitoring by dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI), DOS scans were acquired after the first, third, and last cycle of chemotherapy. The primary goal was to assess feasibility of DOS for early assessment of tumor response. The predictive value of DOS and DCE-MRI compared with pathologic response was assessed. RESULTS Of the 22 patients, 18 patients had a partial or complete tumor response at pathologic examination, whereas 4 patients were nonresponders. As early as after the first chemotherapy cycle, a significant difference between responders and nonresponders was found using DOS (HbO2 86% ± 25 vs. 136% ± 25, P = 0.023). The differences between responders and nonresponders continued during treatment (halfway treatment, HbO2 68% ± 22 vs. 110% ± 10, P = 0.010). Using DCE-MRI, a difference between responders and nonresponders was found halfway treatment (P = 0.005) using tumor volume measurement calculations. CONCLUSIONS DOS allows for tumor response assessment and is able to differentiate between responders and nonresponders after the first chemotherapy cycle and halfway treatment. In this study, DOS was equally effective in predicting tumor response halfway treatment compared with DCE-MRI. Therefore, DOS may be used as a novel imaging modality for (early) treatment monitoring of NAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ayoub Charehbili
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent T H B M Smit
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Judith R Kroep
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Gerrit-Jan Liefers
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alan Chan
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. Percuros B.V., Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Clemens W G M Löwik
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jouke Dijkstra
- Division of Image Processing, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Martin N J M Wasser
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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19
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Yuan G, Alqasemi U, Chen A, Yang Y, Zhu Q. Light-emitting diode-based multiwavelength diffuse optical tomography system guided by ultrasound. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:126003. [PMID: 25473884 PMCID: PMC4255433 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.12.126003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Laser diodes are widely used in diffuse optical tomography (DOT) systems but are typically expensive and fragile, while light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are cheaper and are also available in the near-infrared (NIR) range with adequate output power for imaging deeply seated targets. In this study, we introduce a new low-cost DOT system using LEDs of four wavelengths in the NIR spectrum as light sources. The LEDs were modulated at 20 kHz to avoid ambient light. The LEDs were distributed on a hand-held probe and a printed circuit board was mounted at the back of the probe to separately provide switching and driving current to each LED. Ten optical fibers were used to couple the reflected light to 10 parallel photomultiplier tube detectors. A commercial ultrasound system provided simultaneous images of target location and size to guide the image reconstruction. A frequency-domain (FD) laser-diode-based system with ultrasound guidance was also used to compare the results obtained from those of the LED-based system. Results of absorbers embedded in intralipid and inhomogeneous tissue phantoms have demonstrated that the LED-based system provides a comparable quantification accuracy of targets to the FD system and has the potential to image deep targets such as breast lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqian Yuan
- University of Connecticut, Biomedical Engineering Department, 260 Glenbrook Road; U-3247, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3247, United States
| | - Umar Alqasemi
- University of Connecticut, Biomedical Engineering Department, 260 Glenbrook Road; U-3247, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3247, United States
| | - Aaron Chen
- University of Pennsylvania, College of Art and Sciences, 249 South 36th Street, Philadelphia 19104-6304, United States
| | - Yi Yang
- University of Connecticut, Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 371 Fairfield Way; U-4157, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-4157, United States
| | - Quing Zhu
- University of Connecticut, Biomedical Engineering Department, 260 Glenbrook Road; U-3247, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3247, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, College of Art and Sciences, 249 South 36th Street, Philadelphia 19104-6304, United States
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20
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Williams RM, Turner AP, Green M, Norvell DC, Henderson AW, Hakimi KN, Blake DJ, Czerniecki JM. Changes in cognitive function from presurgery to 4 months postsurgery in individuals undergoing dysvascular amputation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013; 95:663-9. [PMID: 24316326 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe cognition among individuals with new amputations at 3 time points: presurgical, 6 weeks postamputation, and 4 months postamputation. DESIGN Prospective cohort. SETTING Medical centers. PARTICIPANTS Referred sample Veterans who were primarily men (N=80) experiencing their first lower extremity amputation as a result of complications of diabetes mellitus or peripheral arterial disease. Patients were screened for the absence of gross cognitive impairment using the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ). Of those 87 individuals who were eligible, 64% enrolled; 29 were enrolled presurgically and have cognitive data for all 3 time points, and 58 were enrolled postamputation. Eighty of the 87 individuals enrolled by 6 weeks remained enrolled at 4 months. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Demographic and general health information, general mental status (SPMSQ), and 4 brief, well-established neuropsychological measures. RESULTS Most mean neuropsychological test scores fell in the low average or average range. For most participants, overall cognitive status improved from pre- to postsurgery and then remained stable between 6 weeks and 4 months. There were significant improvements between pre- and postsurgical test scores in verbal learning and memory, and these remained unchanged between 6 weeks and 4 months. Better 4 month cognitive performance was associated with higher perceived general health. CONCLUSIONS Overall cognitive performance is poorest presurgically. Though there is improvement between pre- and postamputation, cognition appears generally stable between 6 weeks and 4 months.
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21
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Enfield LC, Hebden JC, Gibson AP. The reproducibility of optical mammography in healthy volunteers. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58:4579-94. [PMID: 23771048 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/13/4579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the reproducibility of optical mammography. Eight healthy pre-menopausal volunteers were scanned at different time intervals (minutes, weeks and months apart) to investigate the effects of within-subject variation, between-subject variation and systematic variations on both the raw data and images. The study shows that the greatest source of variation in optical mammography raw data and images is between different subjects, and scans of the same subject are very reproducible. The averaged total haemoglobin concentration from the eight volunteers was (24 ± 10) µM, and the average tissue oxygen saturation was (70 ± 10)%, which is comparable with other data in the literature. The average absorption coefficient at 780 nm was (0.0048 ± 0.0017) mm(-1) and the average reduced scatter coefficient at 780 nm was (0.80 ± 0.12) mm(-1). Again, this is comparable with published values. When our data are combined with the published values, the weighted average total haemoglobin concentration and tissue oxygen saturation for pre-menopausal breasts are (29 ± 8) µM and (73 ± 3)%, respectively. The results of our study show that we can be reassured that any changes within the tumour region seen during neoadjuvant therapy are likely to be due to a real physiological response to treatment, as the physiological properties of the breast remain relatively constant. However, in this study, we cannot distinguish between a tumour response to treatment and systemic changes in the healthy breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Enfield
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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22
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Busch DR, Choe R, Durduran T, Yodh AG. Towards non-invasive characterization of breast cancer and cancer metabolism with diffuse optics. PET Clin 2013; 8. [PMID: 24244206 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We review recent developments in diffuse optical imaging and monitoring of breast cancer, i.e. optical mammography. Optical mammography permits non-invasive, safe and frequent measurement of tissue hemodynamics oxygen metabolism and components (lipids, water, etc.), the development of new compound indices indicative of the risk and malignancy, and holds potential for frequent non-invasive longitudinal monitoring of therapy progression.
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