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Niemann R, Mueller NS, Wasserroth S, Lu G, Wolf M, Caldwell JD, Paarmann A. Spectroscopic and Interferometric Sum-Frequency Imaging of Strongly Coupled Phonon Polaritons in SiC Metasurfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312507. [PMID: 38895889 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Phonon polaritons enable waveguiding and localization of infrared light with extreme confinement and low losses. The spatial propagation and spectral resonances of such polaritons are usually probed with complementary techniques such as near-field optical microscopy and far-field reflection spectroscopy. Here, infrared-visible sum-frequency spectro-microscopy is introduced as a tool for spectroscopic imaging of phonon polaritons. The technique simultaneously provides sub-wavelength spatial resolution and highly-resolved spectral resonance information. This is implemented by resonantly exciting polaritons using a tunable infrared laser and wide-field microscopic detection of the upconverted light. The technique is employed to image hybridization and strong coupling of localized and propagating surface phonon polaritons in a metasurface of SiC micropillars. Spectro-microscopy allows to measure the polariton dispersion simultaneously in momentum space by angle-dependent resonance imaging, and in real space by polariton interferometry. Notably, it is possible to directly image how strong coupling affects the spatial localization of polaritons, inaccessible with conventional spectroscopic techniques. The formation of edge states is observed at excitation frequencies where strong coupling prevents polariton propagation into the metasurface. The technique is applicable to the wide range of polaritonic materials with broken inversion symmetry and can be used as a fast and non-perturbative tool to image polariton hybridization and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richarda Niemann
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niclas S Mueller
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sören Wasserroth
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guanyu Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Present address: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Martin Wolf
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Alexander Paarmann
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Huang Z, Roos T, Tong Y, Campen RK. Integration of conventional surface science techniques with surface-sensitive azimuthal and polarization dependent femtosecond-resolved sum frequency generation spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:063903. [PMID: 38842418 DOI: 10.1063/5.0205278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Experimental insight into the elementary processes underlying charge transfer across interfaces has blossomed with the wide-spread availability of ultra-high vacuum (UHV) setups that allow the preparation and characterization of solid surfaces with well-defined molecular adsorbates over a wide range of temperatures. Within the last 15 years, such insights have extended to charge transfer heterostructures containing solids overlain by one or more atomically thin two dimensional materials. Such systems are of wide potential interest both because they appear to offer a path to separate surface reactivity from bulk chemical properties and because some offer completely novel physics, unrealizable in bulk three dimensional solids. Thick layers of molecular adsorbates or heterostructures of 2D materials generally preclude the use of electrons or atoms as probes. However, with linear photon-in/photon-out techniques, it is often challenging to assign the observed optical response to a particular portion of the interface. We and prior workers have demonstrated that by full characterization of the symmetry of the second order nonlinear optical susceptibility, i.e., the χ(2), in sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy, this problem can be overcome. Here, we describe an UHV system built to allow conventional UHV sample preparation and characterization, femtosecond and polarization resolved SFG spectroscopy, the azimuthal sample rotation necessary to fully describe χ(2) symmetry, and sufficient stability to allow scanning SFG microscopy. We demonstrate these capabilities in proof-of-principle measurements on CO adsorbed on Pt(111) and on the clean Ag(111) surface. Because this setup allows both full characterization of the nonlinear susceptibility and the temperature control and sample preparation/characterization of conventional UHV setups, we expect it to be of great utility in the investigation of both the basic physics and applications of solid, 2D material heterostructures.
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3
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Hanninen A. Vibrational imaging of metabolites for improved microbial cell strains. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:S22711. [PMID: 38952688 PMCID: PMC11216725 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.s2.s22711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Significance Biomanufacturing utilizes modified microbial systems to sustainably produce commercially important biomolecules for use in agricultural, energy, food, material, and pharmaceutical industries. However, technological challenges related to non-destructive and high-throughput metabolite screening need to be addressed to fully unlock the potential of synthetic biology and sustainable biomanufacturing. Aim This perspective outlines current analytical screening tools used in industrial cell strain development programs and introduces label-free vibrational spectro-microscopy as an alternative contrast mechanism. Approach We provide an overview of the analytical instrumentation currently used in the "test" portion of the design, build, test, and learn cycle of synthetic biology. We then highlight recent progress in Raman scattering and infrared absorption imaging techniques, which have enabled improved molecular specificity and sensitivity. Results Recent developments in high-resolution chemical imaging methods allow for greater throughput without compromising the image contrast. We provide a roadmap of future work needed to support integration with microfluidics for rapid screening at the single-cell level. Conclusions Quantifying the net expression of metabolites allows for the identification of cells with metabolic pathways that result in increased biomolecule production, which is essential for improving the yield and reducing the cost of industrial biomanufacturing. Technological advancements in vibrational microscopy instrumentation will greatly benefit biofoundries as a complementary approach for non-destructive cell screening.
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4
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Luna Palacios YY, Khandani S, Garcia EP, Chen A, Wang S, Roy K, Knez D, Kim DA, Rocha-Mendoza I, Potma EO. Spectroscopic analysis of the sum-frequency response of the carbon-hydrogen stretching modes in collagen type I. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:185101. [PMID: 38716851 PMCID: PMC11081710 DOI: 10.1063/5.0205685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
We studied the origin of the vibrational signatures in the sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectrum of fibrillar collagen type I in the carbon-hydrogen stretching regime. For this purpose, we developed an all-reflective, laser-scanning SFG microscope with minimum chromatic aberrations and excellent retention of the polarization state of the incident beams. We performed detailed SFG measurements of aligned collagen fibers obtained from rat tail tendon, enabling the characterization of the magnitude and polarization-orientation dependence of individual tensor elements Xijk2 of collagen's nonlinear susceptibility. Using the three-dimensional atomic positions derived from published crystallographic data of collagen type I, we simulated its Xijk2 elements for the methylene stretching vibration and compared the predicted response with the experimental results. Our analysis revealed that the carbon-hydrogen stretching range of the SFG spectrum is dominated by symmetric stretching modes of methylene bridge groups on the pyrrolidine rings of the proline and hydroxyproline residues, giving rise to a dominant peak near 2942 cm-1 and a shoulder at 2917 cm-1. Weak asymmetric stretches of the methylene bridge group of glycine are observed in the region near 2870 cm-1, whereas asymmetric CH2-stretching modes on the pyrrolidine rings are found in the 2980 to 3030 cm-1 range. These findings help predict the protein's nonlinear optical properties from its crystal structure, thus establishing a connection between the protein structure and SFG spectroscopic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yryx Y. Luna Palacios
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
| | - Salile Khandani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
| | - Evan P. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
| | - Anabel Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
| | - Siyang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
| | - Khokan Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
| | - David Knez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
| | - Do A. Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
| | - Israel Rocha-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana, No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Mexico
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5
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Kariman BS, Diaspro A, Bianchini P. Numerical study of transient absorption saturation in single-layer graphene for optical nanoscopy applications. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8392. [PMID: 38600103 PMCID: PMC11350070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Transient absorption, or pump-probe microscopy is an absorption-based technique that can explore samples ultrafast dynamic properties and provide fluorescence-free contrast mechanisms. When applied to graphene and its derivatives, this technique exploits the graphene transient response caused by the ultrafast interband transition as the imaging contrast mechanism. The saturation of this transition is fundamental to allow for super-resolution optical far-field imaging, following the reversible saturable optical fluorescence transitions (RESOLFT) concept, although not involving fluorescence. With this aim, we propose a model to numerically compute the temporal evolution under saturation conditions of the single-layer graphene molecular states, which are involved in the transient absorption. Exploiting an algorithm based on the fourth order Runge-Kutta (RK4) method, and the density matrix approach, we numerically demonstrate that the transient absorption signal of single-layer graphene varies linearly as a function of excitation intensity until it reaches saturation. We experimentally verify this model using a custom pump-probe super-resolution microscope. The results define the intensities necessary to achieve super-resolution in a pump-probe nanoscope while studying graphene-based materials and open the possibility of predicting such a saturation process in other light-matter interactions that undergo the same transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behjat S Kariman
- Nanoscopy and NIC@IIT, Center for Human Technology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- DIFILAB, Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Diaspro
- Nanoscopy and NIC@IIT, Center for Human Technology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- DIFILAB, Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Bianchini
- Nanoscopy and NIC@IIT, Center for Human Technology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.
- DIFILAB, Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
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6
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Blanc H, Kaddour G, David NB, Supatto W, Livet J, Beaurepaire E, Mahou P. Chromatically Corrected Multicolor Multiphoton Microscopy. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:4104-4111. [PMID: 38145164 PMCID: PMC10739991 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous imaging of multiple labels in tissues is key to studying complex biological processes. Although strategies for color multiphoton excitation have been established, chromatic aberration remains a major problem when multiple excitation wavelengths are used in a scanning microscope. Chromatic aberration introduces a spatial shift between the foci of beams of different wavelengths that varies across the field of view, severely degrading the performance of color imaging. In this work, we propose an adaptive correction strategy that solves this problem in two-beam microscopy techniques. Axial chromatic aberration is corrected by a refractive phase mask that introduces pure defocus into one beam, while lateral chromatic aberration is corrected by a piezoelectric mirror that dynamically compensates for lateral shifts during scanning. We show that this light-efficient approach allows seamless chromatic correction over the entire field of view of different multiphoton objectives without compromising spatial and temporal resolution and that the effective area for beam-mixing processes can be increased by more than 1 order of magnitude. We illustrate this approach with simultaneous three-color, two-photon imaging of developing zebrafish embryos and fixed Brainbow mouse brain slices over large areas. These results establish a robust and efficient method for chromatically corrected multiphoton imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Blanc
- Laboratoire
d’Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS,
INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Gabriel Kaddour
- Sorbonne
Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut
de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas B. David
- Laboratoire
d’Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS,
INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Willy Supatto
- Laboratoire
d’Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS,
INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Jean Livet
- Sorbonne
Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut
de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Beaurepaire
- Laboratoire
d’Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS,
INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Pierre Mahou
- Laboratoire
d’Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS,
INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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7
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Wagner JC, Yang B, Wu Z, Xiong W. Multimodal Nonlinear Hyperspectral Chemical Imaging Using Line-Scanning Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation Microscopy. J Vis Exp 2023:10.3791/65388. [PMID: 38108388 PMCID: PMC10728561 DOI: 10.3791/65388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG), a second-order nonlinear optical signal, has traditionally been used to study molecules at interfaces as a spectroscopy technique with a spatial resolution of ~100 µm. However, the spectroscopy is not sensitive to the heterogeneity of a sample. To study mesoscopically heterogeneous samples, we, along with others, pushed the resolution limit of VSFG spectroscopy down to ~1 µm level and constructed the VSFG microscope. This imaging technique not only can resolve sample morphologies through imaging, but also record a broadband VSFG spectrum at every pixel of the images. Being a second-order nonlinear optical technique, its selection rule enables the visualization of non-centrosymmetric or chiral self-assembled structures commonly found in biology, materials science, and bioengineering, among others. In this article, the audience will be guided through an inverted transmission design that allows for imaging unfixed samples. This work also showcases that VSFG microscopy can resolve chemical-specific geometric information of individual self-assembled sheets by combining it with a neural network function solver. Lastly, the images obtained under brightfield, SHG, and VSFG configurations of various samples briefly discuss the unique information revealed by VSFG imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UC San Diego; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UC San Diego
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UC San Diego; Materials Science and Engineering Program, UC San Diego; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UC San Diego;
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8
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Aghigh A, Bancelin S, Rivard M, Pinsard M, Ibrahim H, Légaré F. Second harmonic generation microscopy: a powerful tool for bio-imaging. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:43-70. [PMID: 36909955 PMCID: PMC9995455 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-01041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy is an important optical imaging technique in a variety of applications. This article describes the history and physical principles of SHG microscopy and its more advanced variants, as well as their strengths and weaknesses in biomedical applications. It also provides an overview of SHG and advanced SHG imaging in neuroscience and microtubule imaging and how these methods can aid in understanding microtubule formation, structuration, and involvement in neuronal function. Finally, we offer a perspective on the future of these methods and how technological advancements can help make SHG microscopy a more widely adopted imaging technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Aghigh
- Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique, Varennes, QC Canada
| | | | - Maxime Rivard
- National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, QC Canada
| | - Maxime Pinsard
- Institut National de Recherche en Sciences Et Technologies Pour L’environnement Et L’agriculture, Paris, France
| | - Heide Ibrahim
- Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique, Varennes, QC Canada
| | - François Légaré
- Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique, Varennes, QC Canada
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9
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Knez D, Toulson BW, Chen A, Ettenberg MH, Nguyen H, Potma EO, Fishman DA. Spectral imaging at high definition and high speed in the mid-infrared. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eade4247. [PMID: 36383646 PMCID: PMC9668290 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade4247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Spectral imaging in the mid-infrared (MIR) range provides simultaneous morphological and chemical information of a wide variety of samples. However, current MIR technologies struggle to produce high-definition images over a broad spectral range at acquisition rates that are compatible with real-time processes. We present a novel spectral imaging technique based on nondegenerate two-photon absorption of temporally chirped optical MIR pulses. This approach avoids complex image processing or reconstruction and enables high-speed acquisition of spectral data cubes (xyω) at high-pixel density in under a second.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Knez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Benjamin W. Toulson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Anabel Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Martin H. Ettenberg
- Princeton Infrared Technologies Inc., 7 Deerpark Dr. Suite E, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852, USA
| | - Hai Nguyen
- Princeton Infrared Technologies Inc., 7 Deerpark Dr. Suite E, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852, USA
| | - Eric O. Potma
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dmitry A. Fishman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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10
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Wagner J, Wu Z, Wang H, Xiong W. Imaging Orientation of a Single Molecular Hierarchical Self-Assembled Sheet: The Combined Power of a Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Microscopy and Neural Network. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:7192-7201. [PMID: 36098975 PMCID: PMC9511492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we determined the tilt angles of molecular units in hierarchical self-assembled materials on a single-sheet level, which were not available previously. This was achieved by developing a fast line-scanning vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) hyperspectral imaging technique in combination with neural network analysis. Rapid VSFG imaging enabled polarization resolved images on a single sheet level to be measured quickly, circumventing technical challenges due to long-term optical instability. The polarization resolved hyperspectral images were then used to extract the supramolecular tilt angle of a self-assembly through a set of spectra-tilt angle relationships which were solved through neural network analysis. This unique combination of both novel techniques offers a new pathway to resolve molecular level structural information on self-assembled materials. Understanding these properties can further drive self-assembly design from a bottom-up approach for applications in biomimetic and drug delivery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson
C. Wagner
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zishan Wu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Haoyuan Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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11
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Lee J, Hestrin R, Nuccio EE, Morrison KD, Ramon CE, Samo TJ, Pett-Ridge J, Ly SS, Laurence TA, Weber PK. Label-Free Multiphoton Imaging of Microbes in Root, Mineral, and Soil Matrices with Time-Gated Coherent Raman and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1994-2008. [PMID: 35029104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Imaging biogeochemical interactions in complex microbial systems─such as those at the soil-root interface─is crucial to studies of climate, agriculture, and environmental health but complicated by the three-dimensional (3D) juxtaposition of materials with a wide range of optical properties. We developed a label-free multiphoton nonlinear imaging approach to provide contrast and chemical information for soil microorganisms in roots and minerals with epi-illumination by simultaneously imaging two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF), coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), second-harmonic generation (SHG), and sum-frequency mixing (SFM). We used fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) and time gating to correct CARS for the autofluorescence background native to soil particles and fungal hyphae (TG-CARS) using time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC). We combined TPEF, TG-CARS, and FLIM to maximize image contrast for live fungi and bacteria in roots and soil matrices without fluorescence labeling. Using this instrument, we imaged symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) structures within unstained plant roots in 3D to 60 μm depth. High-quality imaging was possible at up to 30 μm depth in a clay particle matrix and at 15 μm in complex soil preparation. TG-CARS allowed us to identify previously unknown lipid droplets in the symbiotic fungus, Serendipita bescii. We also visualized unstained putative bacteria associated with the roots of Brachypodium distachyon in a soil microcosm. Our results show that this multimodal approach holds significant promise for rhizosphere and soil science research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janghyuk Lee
- Materials Science Division, Physical & Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Rachel Hestrin
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Physical & Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Erin E Nuccio
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Physical & Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Keith D Morrison
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Physical & Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Christina E Ramon
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Physical & Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Ty J Samo
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Physical & Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Jennifer Pett-Ridge
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Physical & Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
- Life and Environmental Sciences Department, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Sonny S Ly
- Materials Science Division, Physical & Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Ted A Laurence
- Materials Science Division, Physical & Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Peter K Weber
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Physical & Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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12
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Maekawa H, Kumar SKK, Mukherjee SS, Ge NH. Phase-Sensitive Vibrationally Resonant Sum-Frequency Generation Microscopy in Multiplex Configuration at 80 MHz Repetition Rate. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:9507-9516. [PMID: 34433279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vibrationally resonant sum-frequency generation (VR SFG) microscopy is an advanced imaging technique that can map out the intensity contrast of infrared and Raman active vibrational modes with micron to submicron lateral resolution. To broaden its applications and to obtain a molecular level of understanding, further technical advancement is needed to enable high-speed measurements of VR SFG microspectra at every pixel. In this study, we demonstrate a new VR SFG hyperspectral imaging platform combined with an ultrafast laser system operated at a repetition rate of 80 MHz. The multiplex configuration with broadband mid-infrared pulses makes it possible to measure a single microspectrum of CH/CH2 stretching modes in biological samples, such as starch granules and type I collagen tissue, with an exposure time of hundreds of milliseconds. Switching from the homodyne- to heterodyne-detected VR SFG hyperspectral imaging can be achieved by inserting a pair of optics into the beam path for local oscillator generation and delay time adjustment, which enables self-phase-stabilized spectral interferometry. We investigate the relationship between phase images of several different C-H modes and the relative orientation of collagen triple-helix in fibril bundles. The results show that the new multiplex VR SFG microscope operated at a high repetition rate is a powerful approach to probe the structural features and spatial arrangements of biological systems in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Maekawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - S K Karthick Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Sudipta S Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Nien-Hui Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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13
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Arjmand P, Katz O, Gigan S, Guillon M. Three-dimensional broadband light beam manipulation in forward scattering samples. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:6563-6581. [PMID: 33726175 DOI: 10.1364/oe.412640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Focusing light into highly disordered biological tissue is a major challenge in optical microscopy and biomedical imaging due to scattering. However, correlations in the scattering matrix, known as "memory effects", can be used to improve imaging capabilities. Here we discuss theoretically and numerically the possibility to achieve three-dimensional ultrashort laser focusing and scanning inside forward scattering media, beyond the scattering mean free path, by simultaneously taking advantage of the angular and the chromato-axial memory effects. The numerical model is presented in details, is validated within the state of the art theoretical and experimental framework and is finally used to propose a scheme for focusing ultra-short laser pulses in depth through forward scattering media.
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Blake MJ, Colon BA, Calhoun TR. Leaving the Limits of Linearity for Light Microscopy. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2020; 124:24555-24565. [PMID: 34306294 PMCID: PMC8301257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c07501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear microscopy has enabled additional modalities for chemical contrast, deep penetration into biological tissues, and the ability to collect dynamics on ultrafast timescales across heterogenous samples. The additional light fields introduced to a sample offer seemingly endless possibilities for variation to optimize and customize experimentation and the extraction of physical insight. This perspective highlights three areas of growth in this diverse field: the collection of information across multiple timescales, the selective imaging of interfacial chemistry, and the exploitation of quantum behavior for future imaging directions. Future innovations will leverage the work of the studies reviewed here as well as address the current challenges presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marea J Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Brandon A Colon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Tessa R Calhoun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
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15
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Hosseinpour S, Roeters SJ, Bonn M, Peukert W, Woutersen S, Weidner T. Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Peptides and Proteins from Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2020; 120:3420-3465. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saman Hosseinpour
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Mischa Bonn
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Peukert
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sander Woutersen
- Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 EP Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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16
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Momotake A, Mizuguchi T, Hishida M, Yamamoto Y, Yasui M, Nuriya M. Monitoring the morphological evolution of giant vesicles by azo dye-based sum-frequency generation (SFG) microscopy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 186:110716. [PMID: 31865122 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, dye-based sum-frequency generation (SFG) imaging using sodium 4-[4-(dibutylamino)phenylazo]benzenesulfonate (butyl orange, BO) as a new non-fluorescent specific azo dye is employed to monitor the morphological evolution of giant vesicles (GVs). After loading BO to the membrane of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) single-component GVs, the outermost membranes were clearly visualized using SFG microscopy, which provided images of the distinct outer and inner faces of the lipid bilayers. In addition, SFG-active vesicles were detected also inside the GVs, depending on the dye concentrations. The dye-based SFG imaging technique provided experimental evidence that these oligolamellar vesicles containing an SFG-active interior had been formed after BO loading. The formation process of the oligolamellar vesicles with inner SFG-active vesicles was successfully monitored, and their formation mechanism was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuya Momotake
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Takaha Mizuguchi
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Mafumi Hishida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Masato Yasui
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Keio Advanced Research Center for Water Biology and Medicine, Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8345, Japan.
| | - Mutsuo Nuriya
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Keio Advanced Research Center for Water Biology and Medicine, Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8345, Japan.
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Vesga AG, Hofer M, Balla NK, De Aguiar HB, Guillon M, Brasselet S. Focusing large spectral bandwidths through scattering media. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:28384-28394. [PMID: 31684592 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.028384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wavefront shaping is a powerful method to refocus light through a scattering medium. Its application to large spectral bandwidths or multiple wavelengths refocusing for nonlinear bio-imaging in-depth is however limited by spectral decorrelations. In this work, we demonstrate ways to access a large spectral memory of a refocus in thin scattering media and thick forward-scattering biological tissues. First, we show that the accessible spectral bandwidth through a scattering medium involves an axial spatio-spectral coupling, which can be minimized when working in a confocal geometry. Second, we show that this bandwidth can be further enlarged when working in a broadband excitation regime. These results open important prospects for multispectral nonlinear imaging through scattering media.
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Johansson PK, Castner DG. Vibrational Sum-Frequency Scattering as a Sensitive Approach to Detect Structural Changes in Collagen Fibers Treated with Surfactants. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7848-7857. [PMID: 31117724 PMCID: PMC6648693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Optimizing protocols so that the structure of the collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix remains intact during the decellularization process requires techniques with high structural sensitivity, especially for the surface region of the collagen fibers. Here, we demonstrate that vibrational sum-frequency scattering (SFS) spectroscopy in the protein-specific amide I region provides vibrational spectra and scattering patterns characteristic of protein fiber networks self-assembled in vitro from collagen type I, which are kept in aqueous environments during the analysis. At scattering angles away from the phase-matched direction, the relative strengths of various polarization combinations are highly reproducible, and changes in their ratios can be followed in real time during exposure to sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant solutions. For the fibers in this work, a scattering angle of about 22° provided specificity for the surface region of the fibers, as it allowed monitoring of immediate structural changes during the surfactant exposure. With further development, we hypothesize that the information from the SFS characterization of collagen fibers may complement information from other techniques with sensitivity to the overall structure, such as second-harmonic generation imaging and infrared spectroscopy, and provide a more complete understanding of fiber molecular structures and interactions during exposure to various environments and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik K. Johansson
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, United States
- Corresponding Author ,
| | - David G. Castner
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, United States
- Corresponding Author ,
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Hanninen AM, Prince RC, Ramos R, Plikus MV, Potma EO. High-resolution infrared imaging of biological samples with third-order sum-frequency generation microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:4807-4817. [PMID: 30319904 PMCID: PMC6179410 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.004807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We studied the use of vibrationally resonant, third-order sum-frequency generation (TSFG) for imaging of biological samples. We found that laser-scanning TSFG provides vibrationally sensitive imaging capabilities of lipid droplets and structures in sectioned tissue samples. Although the contrast is based on the infrared-activity of molecular modes, TSFG images exhibit a high lateral resolution of 0.5 µm or better. We observed that the imaging properties of TSFG resemble the imaging properties of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy, offering a nonlinear infrared alternative to coherent Raman methods. TSFG microscopy holds promise as a high-resolution imaging technique in the fingerprint region where coherent Raman techniques often provide insufficient sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Hanninen
- Department of Astronomy and Physics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697,
USA
| | - Richard C. Prince
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697,
USA
| | - Raul Ramos
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Maksim V. Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Eric O. Potma
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697,
USA
- Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, CA 92617,
USA
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Huang S, Makarem M, Kiemle SN, Hamedi H, Sau M, Cosgrove DJ, Kim SH. Inhomogeneity of Cellulose Microfibril Assembly in Plant Cell Walls Revealed with Sum Frequency Generation Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:5006-5019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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