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Kučikas V, Werner MP, Schmitz-Rode T, Louradour F, van Zandvoort MAMJ. Two-Photon Endoscopy: State of the Art and Perspectives. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:3-17. [PMID: 34779969 PMCID: PMC9971078 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the demand for non-destructive deep-tissue imaging modalities has led to interest in multiphoton endoscopy. In contrast to bench top systems, multiphoton endoscopy enables subcellular resolution imaging in areas not reachable before. Several groups have recently presented their development towards the goal of producing user friendly plug and play system, which could be used in biological research and, potentially, clinical applications. We first present the technological challenges, prerequisites, and solutions in two-photon endoscopic systems. Secondly, we focus on the applications already found in literature. These applications mostly serve as a quality check of the built system, but do not answer a specific biomedical research question. Therefore, in the last part, we will describe our vision on the enormous potential applicability of adult two-photon endoscopic systems in biological and clinical research. We will thus bring forward the concept that two-photon endoscopy is a sine qua non in bringing this technique to the forefront in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytautas Kučikas
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,XLIM Research Institute, Limoges University, CNRS, Limoges, France.
| | - Maximilian P Werner
- Department of Biohybrid and Medical Textiles (BioTex), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitz-Rode
- Department of Biohybrid and Medical Textiles (BioTex), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Marc A M J van Zandvoort
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases CARIM, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Mehidine H, Devaux B, Varlet P, Abi Haidar D. Comparative Study Between a Customized Bimodal Endoscope and a Benchtop Microscope for Quantitative Tissue Diagnosis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:881331. [PMID: 35686105 PMCID: PMC9171499 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.881331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, surgical removal remains the standard method to treat brain tumors. During surgery, the neurosurgeon may encounter difficulties to delimitate tumor boundaries and the infiltrating areas as they have a similar visual appearance to adjacent healthy zones. These infiltrating residuals increase the tumor recurrence risk, which decreases the patient’s post-operation survival time. To help neurosurgeons improve the surgical act by accurately delimitating healthy from cancerous areas, our team is developing an intraoperative multimodal imaging tool. It consists of a two-photon fluorescence fibered endomicroscope that is intended to provide a fast, real-time, and reliable diagnosis information. In parallel to the instrumental development, a large optical database is currently under construction in order to characterize healthy and tumor brain tissues with their specific optical signature using multimodal analysis of the endogenous fluorescence. Our previous works show that this multimodal analysis could provide a reliable discrimination response between different tissue types based on several optical indicators. Here, our goal is to show that the two-photon fibered endomicroscope is able to provide, based on the same approved indicators in the tissue database, the same reliable response that could be used intraoperatively. We compared the spectrally resolved and time-resolved fluorescence signal, generated by our two-photon bimodal endoscope from 46 fresh brain tissue samples, with a similar signal provided by a standard reference benchtop multiphoton microscope that has been validated for tissue diagnosis. The higher excitation efficiency and collection ability of an endogenous fluorescence signal were shown for the endoscope setup. Similar molecular ratios and fluorescence lifetime distributions were extracted from the two compared setups. Spectral discrimination ability of the bimodal endoscope was validated. As a preliminary step before tackling multimodality, the ability of the developed bimodal fibered endoscope to excite and to collect efficiently as well as to provide a fast exploitable high-quality signal that is reliable to discriminate different types of human brain tissues was validated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bertrand Devaux
- Université Paris Cité - Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France.,Department of Neurosurgery, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Varlet
- Université Paris Cité - Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Department of Neuropathology, GHU Paris-Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France.,IMA BRAIN, INSERM UMR S1266, Centre de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Darine Abi Haidar
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Cité, IJCLab, Orsay, France
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Garofalakis A, Kruglik SG, Mansuryan T, Gillibert A, Thiberville L, Louradour F, Vever-Bizet C, Bourg-Heckly G. Characterization of a multicore fiber image guide for nonlinear endoscopic imaging using two-photon fluorescence and second-harmonic generation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-12. [PMID: 31646840 PMCID: PMC7000885 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.10.106004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) has the capacity to record second-harmonic generation (SHG) and endogenous two-photon excitation fluorescence (2PEF) signals emitted from biological tissues. The development of fiber-based miniaturized endomicroscopes delivering pulses in the femtosecond range will allow the transfer of MPM to clinical endoscopy. We present real-time SHG and 2PEF ex vivo images using an endomicroscope, which totally complies with clinical endoscopy regulations. This system is based on the proximal scanning of a commercial multicore image guide (IG). For understanding the inhomogeneities of the recorded images, we quantitatively characterize the IG at the single-core level during nonlinear excitation. The obtained results suggest that these inhomogeneities originate from the variable core geometries that, therefore, exhibit variable nonlinear and dispersive properties. Finally, we propose a method based on modulation of dispersion precompensation to address the image inhomogeneity issue and, as a proof of concept, we demonstrate its capability to improve the nonlinear image quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anikitos Garofalakis
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratoire Jean Perrin, Paris, France
| | - Sergei G. Kruglik
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratoire Jean Perrin, Paris, France
| | | | - André Gillibert
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Biostatistics, Rouen, France
| | - Luc Thiberville
- CHU Rouen, Service de Pneumologie, Oncologie Thoracique et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Rouen, France
| | | | - Christine Vever-Bizet
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratoire Jean Perrin, Paris, France
| | - Genevieve Bourg-Heckly
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratoire Jean Perrin, Paris, France
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Multispectral Depth-Resolved Fluorescence Lifetime Spectroscopy Using SPAD Array Detectors and Fiber Probes. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19122678. [PMID: 31200569 PMCID: PMC6631026 DOI: 10.3390/s19122678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) arrays are increasingly exploited and have demonstrated potential in biochemical and biomedical research, both for imaging and single-point spectroscopy applications. In this study, we explore the application of SPADs together with fiber-optic-based delivery and collection geometry to realize fast and simultaneous single-point time-, spectral-, and depth-resolved fluorescence measurements at 375 nm excitation light. Spectral information is encoded across the columns of the array through grating-based dispersion, while depth information is encoded across the rows thanks to a linear arrangement of probe collecting fibers. The initial characterization and validation were realized against layered fluorescent agarose-based phantoms. To verify the practicality and feasibility of this approach in biological specimens, we measured the fluorescence signature of formalin-fixed rabbit aorta samples derived from an animal model of atherosclerosis. The initial results demonstrate that this detection configuration can report fluorescence spectral and lifetime contrast originating at different depths within the specimens. We believe that our optical scheme, based on SPAD array detectors and fiber-optic probes, constitute a powerful and versatile approach for the deployment of multidimensional fluorescence spectroscopy in clinical applications where information from deeper tissue layers is important for diagnosis.
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Hage CH, Leclerc P, Fabert M, Bardet SM, Brevier J, Ducourthial G, Mansuryan T, Leray A, Kudlinski A, Louradour F. A readily usable two-photon fluorescence lifetime microendoscope. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800276. [PMID: 30548419 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A two-photon fluorescence lifetime (2P-FLIM) microendoscope, capable of energetic metabolism imaging through the intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) autofluorescence, at sub-cellular resolution, is demonstrated. It exhibits readily usable characteristics such as convenient endoscope probe diameter (≈2 mm), fiber length (>5 m) and data accumulation rate (16 frames per second (fps)), leading to a FLIM refreshing rate of ≈0.1 to 1 fps depending on the sample. The spiral scanning image formation does not influence the instrument response function (IRF) characteristics of the system. Near table-top microscope performances are achieved through a comprehensive system including a home-designed spectro-temporal pulse shaper and a custom air-silica double-clad photonic crystal fiber, which enables to reach up to 40 mW of ≈100 fs pulses @ 760 nm with a 80 MHz repetition rate. A GRadient INdex (GRIN) lens provides a lateral resolution of 0.67 μm at the focus of the fiber probe. Intracellular NADH fluorescence lifetime data are finally acquired on cultured cells at 16 fps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-Henri Hage
- Université de Limoges, XLIM - Pôle Photonique, UMR CNRS 7252, Limoges, France
| | - Pierre Leclerc
- Université de Limoges, XLIM - Pôle Photonique, UMR CNRS 7252, Limoges, France
| | - Marc Fabert
- Université de Limoges, XLIM - Pôle Photonique, UMR CNRS 7252, Limoges, France
| | - Sylvia M Bardet
- Université de Limoges, XLIM - Pôle Photonique, UMR CNRS 7252, Limoges, France
| | - Julien Brevier
- Université de Limoges, XLIM - Pôle Photonique, UMR CNRS 7252, Limoges, France
| | | | - Tigran Mansuryan
- Université de Limoges, XLIM - Pôle Photonique, UMR CNRS 7252, Limoges, France
| | - Aymeric Leray
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Alexandre Kudlinski
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules (PhLAM), Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523, Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Louradour
- Université de Limoges, XLIM - Pôle Photonique, UMR CNRS 7252, Limoges, France
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Comprehensive intravascular imaging of atherosclerotic plaque in vivo using optical coherence tomography and fluorescence lifetime imaging. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14561. [PMID: 30267024 PMCID: PMC6162321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive imaging of both the structural and biochemical characteristics of atherosclerotic plaque is essential for the diagnosis and study of coronary artery disease because both a plaque's morphology and its biochemical composition affect the level of risk it poses. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIm) are promising optical imaging methods for characterizing coronary artery plaques morphologically and biochemically, respectively. In this study, we present a hybrid intravascular imaging device, including a custom-built OCT/FLIm system, a hybrid optical rotary joint, and an imaging catheter, to visualize the structure and biochemical composition of the plaque in an atherosclerotic rabbit artery in vivo. Especially, the autofluorescence lifetime of the endogenous tissue molecules can be used to characterize the biochemical composition; thus no exogenous contrast agent is required. Also, the physical properties of the imaging catheter and the imaging procedures are similar to those already used clinically, facilitating rapid translation into clinical use. This new intravascular imaging catheter can open up new opportunities for clinicians and researchers to investigate and diagnose coronary artery disease by simultaneously providing tissue microstructure and biochemical composition data in vivo without the use of exogenous contrast agent.
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