1
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Peacock AC. Mechanical engineering advances in-fibre semiconductor photonics. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:2151-2152. [PMID: 38866630 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Peacock
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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2
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Hao Y. The dawn of ultralong flexible semiconductor fibers. Innovation (N Y) 2024; 5:100613. [PMID: 38590386 PMCID: PMC10999862 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hao
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
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3
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Wang Z, Wang Z, Li D, Yang C, Zhang Q, Chen M, Gao H, Wei L. High-quality semiconductor fibres via mechanical design. Nature 2024; 626:72-78. [PMID: 38297173 PMCID: PMC10830409 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06946-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in fibre technology have enabled the assembly of functional materials with intimate interfaces into a single fibre with specific geometries1-11, delivering diverse functionalities over a large area, for example, serving as sensors, actuators, energy harvesting and storage, display, and healthcare apparatus12-17. As semiconductors are the critical component that governs device performance, the selection, control and engineering of semiconductors inside fibres are the key pathways to enabling high-performance functional fibres. However, owing to stress development and capillary instability in the high-yield fibre thermal drawing, both cracks and deformations in the semiconductor cores considerably affect the performance of these fibres. Here we report a mechanical design to achieve ultralong, fracture-free and perturbation-free semiconductor fibres, guided by a study on stress development and capillary instability at three stages of the fibre formation: the viscous flow, the core crystallization and the subsequent cooling stage. Then, the exposed semiconductor wires can be integrated into a single flexible fibre with well-defined interfaces with metal electrodes, thereby achieving optoelectronic fibres and large-scale optoelectronic fabrics. This work provides fundamental insights into extreme mechanics and fluid dynamics with geometries that are inaccessible in traditional platforms, essentially addressing the increasing demand for flexible and wearable optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixun Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhe Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dong Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chunlei Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qichong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.
| | - Ming Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Huajian Gao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- Institute of High-Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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4
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5
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Huang M, Sun S, Saini TS, Fu Q, Xu L, Wu D, Ren H, Shen L, Hawkins TW, Ballato J, Peacock AC. Raman amplification at 2.2 μm in silicon core fibers with prospects for extended mid-infrared source generation. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:209. [PMID: 37648683 PMCID: PMC10469167 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Raman scattering provides a convenient mechanism to generate or amplify light at wavelengths where gain is not otherwise available. When combined with recent advancements in high-power fiber lasers that operate at wavelengths ~2 μm, great opportunities exist for Raman systems that extend operation further into the mid-infrared regime for applications such as gas sensing, spectroscopy, and biomedical analyses. Here, a thulium-doped fiber laser is used to demonstrate Raman emission and amplification from a highly nonlinear silicon core fiber (SCF) platform at wavelengths beyond 2 μm. The SCF has been tapered to obtain a micrometer-sized core diameter (~1.6 μm) over a length of 6 cm, with losses as low as 0.2 dB cm-1. A maximum on-off peak gain of 30.4 dB was obtained using 10 W of peak pump power at 1.99 μm, with simulations indicating that the gain could be increased to up to ~50 dB by extending the SCF length. Simulations also show that by exploiting the large Raman gain and extended mid-infrared transparency of the SCF, cascaded Raman processes could yield tunable systems with practical output powers across the 2-5 μm range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Huang
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Shiyu Sun
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Than S Saini
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Qiang Fu
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Lin Xu
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Dong Wu
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Haonan Ren
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Li Shen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Thomas W Hawkins
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - John Ballato
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Anna C Peacock
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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6
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Ghosh BK, Ghosh D, Basu M. Designing a single-mode anomalous dispersion silicon core fiber for temporal multiplet formation. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:10134-10142. [PMID: 36606775 DOI: 10.1364/ao.471625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A highly nonlinear single-mode anomalous dispersion silicon core fiber (SCF) is suitably designed and optimized to generate a high repetition rate pulse train in the temporal domain from a single input pulse at a sufficiently shorter optimum length in comparison to silica-based standard fibers used for the same purpose. The large amount of Kerr-induced nonlinearity of a SCF is effectively utilized here such that input Gaussian pulses or pulse trains transform into a highly repetitive temporal multiplet. The effects of free-carrier generation-induced change in absorption and dispersion are included while studying the nonlinear pulse propagation through the SCF. To declare the generated pulse as a superior-graded triplet, a Q parameter, as a function of relative pulse parameters of the individual pulses of a triplet, is defined for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. Different pulse parameters are thoroughly optimized as well as the effect of external gain is examined from the perspective of requirement of shorter fiber length and development of quality triplets. Finally, the work is further extended for the formation of quadruplet pulses by the same type of SCF. It is to be mentioned here that such a methodical study for the generation of a temporal multiplet using a semiconductor core fiber has not been reported earlier.
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7
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Shen L, Teng C, Wang Z, Bai H, Kumar S, Min R. Semiconductor Multimaterial Optical Fibers for Biomedical Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:882. [PMID: 36291019 PMCID: PMC9599191 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Integrated sensors and transmitters of a wide variety of human physiological indicators have recently emerged in the form of multimaterial optical fibers. The methods utilized in the manufacture of optical fibers facilitate the use of a wide range of functional elements in microscale optical fibers with an extensive variety of structures. This article presents an overview and review of semiconductor multimaterial optical fibers, their fabrication and postprocessing techniques, different geometries, and integration in devices that can be further utilized in biomedical applications. Semiconductor optical fiber sensors and fiber lasers for body temperature regulation, in vivo detection, volatile organic compound detection, and medical surgery will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Shen
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Chuanxin Teng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Hongyi Bai
- College of Electronics and Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Rui Min
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
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8
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Zhou Y, Parkes MA, Zhang J, Wang Y, Ruddlesden M, Fielding HH, Su L. Single-crystal organometallic perovskite optical fibers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq8629. [PMID: 36149951 PMCID: PMC9506722 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq8629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductors in their optical-fiber forms are desirable. Single-crystal organometallic halide perovskites have attractive optoelectronic properties and therefore are suitable fiber-optic platforms. However, single-crystal organometallic perovskite optical fibers have not been reported before due to the challenge of one-directional single-crystal growth in solution. Here, we report a solution-processed approach to continuously grow single-crystal organometallic perovskite optical fibers with controllable diameters and lengths. For single-crystal MAPbBr3 (MA = CH3NH3+) perovskite optical fiber made using our method, it demonstrates low transmission losses (<0.7 dB/cm), mechanical flexibilities (a bending radius down to 3.5 mm), and mechanical deformation-tunable photoluminescence in organometallic perovskites. Moreover, the light confinement provided by our organometallic perovskite optical fibers leads to three-photon absorption (3PA), in contrast with 2PA in bulk single crystals under the same experimental conditions. The single-crystal organometallic perovskite optical fibers have the potential in future optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Zhou
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Michael A. Parkes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Jinshuai Zhang
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Yufei Wang
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Michael Ruddlesden
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Helen H. Fielding
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Lei Su
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
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9
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Abstract
With the continuous miniaturization of conventional integrated circuits, obstacles such as excessive cost, increased resistance to electronic motion, and increased energy consumption are gradually slowing down the development of electrical computing and constraining the application of deep learning. Optical neuromorphic computing presents various opportunities and challenges compared with the realm of electronics. Algorithms running on optical hardware have the potential to meet the growing computational demands of deep learning and artificial intelligence. Here, we review the development of optical neural networks and compare various research proposals. We focus on fiber-based neural networks. Finally, we describe some new research directions and challenges.
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10
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Song S, Laurell F, Meehan B, Hawkins TW, Ballato J, Gibson UJ. Localised structuring of metal-semiconductor cores in silica clad fibres using laser-driven thermal gradients. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2680. [PMID: 35562355 PMCID: PMC9106754 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29975-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The molten core drawing method allows scalable fabrication of novel core fibres with kilometre lengths. With metal and semiconducting components combined in a glass-clad fibre, CO2 laser irradiation was used to write localised structures in the core materials. Thermal gradients in axial and transverse directions allowed the controlled introduction, segregation and chemical reaction of metal components within an initially pure silicon core, and restructuring of heterogeneous material. Gold and tin longitudinal electrode fabrication, segregation of GaSb and Si into parallel layers, and Al doping of a GaSb core were demonstrated. Gold was introduced into Si fibres to purify the core or weld an exposed fibre core to a Si wafer. Ga and Sb introduced from opposite ends of a silicon fibre reacted to form III-V GaSb within the Group IV Si host, as confirmed by structural and chemical analysis and room temperature photoluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghan Song
- PoreLab and Physics Department, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
- KTH Applied Physics, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Bailey Meehan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Thomas W Hawkins
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - John Ballato
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Ursula J Gibson
- PoreLab and Physics Department, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
- KTH Applied Physics, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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11
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Parker S, Cronshaw M, Grootveld M, George R, Anagnostaki E, Mylona V, Chala M, Walsh L. The influence of delivery power losses and full operating parametry on the effectiveness of diode visible-near infra-red (445-1064 nm) laser therapy in dentistry-a multi-centre investigation. Lasers Med Sci 2022; 37:2249-2257. [PMID: 35028767 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03491-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of protocols for laser-assisted therapy demands strict compliance with comprehensive operating parametry. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the accuracy of correlation between laser control panel and fibre emission power values in a selection of diode dental lasers. Through retrospective analysis using successive systematic review and meta-analysis, it is clear that there is inconsistency in the details, and possible inaccuracies in laser power applied and associated computed data. Through a multi-centre investigation, 38 semi-conductor ("diode") dental laser units were chosen, with emission wavelengths ranging from 445 to 1064 nm. Each unit had been recently serviced according to manufacturer's recommendations, and delivery fibre assembly checked for patency and correct alignment with the parent laser unit. Subject to the output capacity of each laser, four average power values were chosen using the laser control panel-100 mW, 500 mW, 1.0 W, and 2.0 W. Using a calibrated power meter, the post-fibre emission power value was measured, and a percentage power loss calculated. For each emission, a series of six measurements were made and analysed to investigate sources of power losses along the delivery fibre, and to evaluate the precision of power loss determinations. Statistical analysis of a dataset comprising % deviations from power setting levels was performed using a factorial ANOVA model, and this demonstrated very highly significant differences between devices tested and emission power levels applied (p < 10-142 and < 10-52 respectively). The devices × emission power interaction effect was also markedly significant (p < 10-66), and this confirmed that differences observed in these deviations for each prior power setting parameter were dependent on the device employed for delivery. Power losses were found to be negatively related to power settings applied. Significant differences have emerged to recommend the need to standardize a minimum set of parameters that should form the basis of comparative research into laser-tissue interactions, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Parker
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
| | - Mark Cronshaw
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.,School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Martin Grootveld
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Roy George
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Valina Mylona
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Marianna Chala
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laurence Walsh
- Emeritus Professor, University of Queensland School of Dentistry, Herston, QLD, Australia
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12
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Tsui HCL, Healy N. Recent progress of semiconductor optoelectronic fibers. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2021; 14:383-398. [PMID: 36637765 PMCID: PMC9743859 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-021-1226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor optoelectronic fiber technology has seen rapid development in recent years thanks to advancements in fabrication and post-processing techniques. Integrating the optical and electronic functionality of semiconductor materials into a fiber geometry has opened up many possibilities, such as in-fiber frequency generation, signal modulation, photodetection, and solar energy harvesting. This review provides an overview of the state-of-the-art in semiconductor optoelectronic fibers, including fabrication and post-processing methods, materials and their optical properties. The applications in nonlinear optics, optical-electrical conversion, lasers and multimaterial functional fibers will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hei Chit Leo Tsui
- Emerging Technologies and Materials Group, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU UK
| | - Noel Healy
- Emerging Technologies and Materials Group, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU UK
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13
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Zhao X, Xiang J, Wu X, Li Z. High birefringence, single-polarization, low loss hollow-core anti-resonant fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:36273-36286. [PMID: 34809042 DOI: 10.1364/oe.439550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel hollow-core anti-resonant fiber (HC-ARF) with a cladding ring, two nested resonant tubes and two nested silicon tubes. The cladding ring in the fiber contributes to decrease the fundamental mode (FM) loss of x-polarization and enlarge the polarization-extinction ratio (PER). In addition, the nested silicon tubes can improve birefringence greatly. The combination of cladding ring, nested resonant tubes and nested silicon tubes can make the fiber obtain low FM loss, single-polarization, and high birefringence. Specifically, the proposed HC-ARF exhibits total FM loss of x-polarization, PER, and birefringence of 0.89 dB/km, 4432, 3.07×10-4, respectively, at 1.55 µm. Moreover, the y-bend direction has a great influence on the propagation properties of the fiber. The fiber in the x-bend direction has low total bend-loss of 0.004 dB/m for a small bend radius of 5.8 cm.
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14
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Semiconductor core fibres: materials science in a bottle. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3990. [PMID: 34183645 PMCID: PMC8239017 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel core fibers have a wide range of applications in optics, as sources, detectors and nonlinear response media. Optoelectronic, and even electronic device applications are now possible, due to the introduction of methods for drawing fibres with a semiconductor core. This review examines progress in the development of glass-clad, crystalline core fibres, with an emphasis on semiconducting cores. The underlying materials science and the importance of post-processing techniques for recrystallization and purification are examined, with achievements and future prospects tied to the phase diagrams of the core materials. The application space for optical fibers is growing, enabled by fibers built using special materials and processes. In this Review, the authors discuss the materials science behind producing crystalline core fibers for diverse applications and progress in the field.
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15
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Meng L, Ji J, Röhrer C, Kleem G, Graf T, Ahmed MA. Analysis of material concentration in step-index fibers with alumina cores produced by means of the powder-in-tube technique. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:28283-28294. [PMID: 32988103 DOI: 10.1364/oe.393198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Step-index fibers (SIFs) with alumina cores were fabricated employing the powder-in-tube technique. The fabricated SIFs have alumina concentrations of up to 32 mol%, which is the highest value reported so far for fibers with core diameters smaller than 25 μm. The mixing mechanisms between alumina and silica during fiber drawing were revealed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis of the neck-down area of the preform. The results of the measurements and simulations indicate that besides diffusion, fluid dynamics between softened silica and alumina powder also play an important role in the resulting alumina and silica concentrations in the fiber. The influence of different drawing parameters on the alumina and silica concentrations of the fibers is also presented.
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16
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Monitoring of Strain and Temperature in an Open Pit Using Brillouin Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20071924. [PMID: 32235576 PMCID: PMC7180570 DOI: 10.3390/s20071924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Marble quarries are quite dangerous environments in which rock falls may occur. As many workers operate in these sites, it is necessary to deal with the matter of safety at work, checking and monitoring the stability conditions of the rock mass. In this paper, some results of an innovative analysis method are shown. It is based on the combination of Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors (DOFS), digital photogrammetry through Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), topographic, and geotechnical monitoring systems. Although DOFS are currently widely used for studying infrastructures, buildings and landslides, their use in rock marble quarries represents an element of peculiarity. The complex morphologies and the intense temperature range that characterize this environment make this application original. The selected test site is the Lorano open pit which is located in the Apuan Alps (Italy); here, a monitoring system consisting of extensometers, crackmeters, clinometers and a Robotic Total Station has been operating since 2012. From DOFS measurements, strain and temperature values were obtained and validated with displacement data from topographic and geotechnical instruments. These results may provide useful fundamental indications about the rock mass stability for the safety at work and the long-term planning of mining activities.
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17
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Abstract
This work presents a thorough identification and analysis of the dissolution and diffusion-based reaction processes that occur during the drawing of YBa2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) glass-clad fibers, using the molten-core approach, on a fiber draw tower in vacuum and in oxygen atmospheres. The results identify the dissolution of the fused silica cladding and the subsequent diffusion of silicon and oxygen into the molten YBCO core. This leads to a phase separation due to a miscibility gap which occurs in the YBCO–SiO2 system. Due to this phase separation, silica-rich precipitations form upon quenching. XRD analyses reveal that the core of the vacuum as-drawn YBCO fiber is amorphous. Heat-treatments of the vacuum as-drawn fibers in the 800–1200 °C range show that cuprite crystallizes out of the amorphous matrix by 800 °C, followed by cristobalite by 900 °C. Heat-treatments at 1100 °C and 1200 °C lead to the formation of barium copper and yttrium barium silicates. These results provide a fundamental understanding of phase relations in the YBCO–SiO2 glass-clad system as well as indispensable insights covering general glass-clad fibers drawn using the molten-core approach.
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18
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Ren H, Shen L, Runge AFJ, Hawkins TW, Ballato J, Gibson U, Peacock AC. Low-loss silicon core fibre platform for mid-infrared nonlinear photonics. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:105. [PMID: 31798844 PMCID: PMC6872570 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Broadband mid-infrared light sources are highly desired for wide-ranging applications that span free-space communications to spectroscopy. In recent years, silicon has attracted great interest as a platform for nonlinear optical wavelength conversion in this region, owing to its low losses (linear and nonlinear) and high stability. However, most research in this area has made use of small core waveguides fabricated from silicon-on-insulator platforms, which suffer from high absorption losses of the use of silica cladding, limiting their ability to generate light beyond 3 µm. Here, we design and demonstrate a compact silicon core, silica-clad waveguide platform that has low losses across the entire silicon transparency window. The waveguides are fabricated from a silicon core fibre that is tapered to engineer mode properties to ensure efficient nonlinear propagation in the core with minimal interaction of the mid-infrared light with the cladding. These waveguides exhibit many of the benefits of fibre platforms, such as a high coupling efficiency and power handling capability, allowing for the generation of mid-infrared supercontinuum spectra with high brightness and coherence spanning almost two octaves (1.6-5.3 µm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Ren
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Li Shen
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Antoine F. J. Runge
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
- Present Address: The Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Thomas W. Hawkins
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
| | - John Ballato
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
| | - Ursula Gibson
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna C. Peacock
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
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19
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Cavillon M, Dragic P, Faugas B, Hawkins TW, Ballato J. Insights and Aspects to the Modeling of the Molten Core Method for Optical Fiber Fabrication. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2898. [PMID: 31500329 PMCID: PMC6766232 DOI: 10.3390/ma12182898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The molten core method (MCM) is a versatile technique to fabricate a wide variety of optical fiber core compositions ranging from novel glasses to crystalline semiconductors. One common feature of the MCM is an interaction between the molten core and softened glass cladding during the draw process, which often leads to compositional modification between the original preform and the drawn fiber. This causes the final fiber core diameter, core composition, and associated refractive index profile to vary over time and longitudinally along the fiber. Though not always detrimental to performance, these variations must, nonetheless, be anticipated and controlled as they directly impact fiber properties (e.g., numerical aperture, effective area). As an exemplar to better understand the underlying mechanisms, a silica-cladding, YAG-derived yttrium aluminosilicate glass optical fiber was fabricated and its properties (core diameter, silica concentration profile) were monitored as a function of draw time/length. It was found that diffusion-controlled dissolution of silica into the molten core agreed well with the observations. Following this, a set of first order kinetics equations and diffusion equation using Fick's second law was employed as an initial effort to model the evolution of fiber core diameter and compositional profile with time. From these trends, further insights into other compositional systems and control schemes are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Cavillon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Orsay 91400, France.
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET) and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Peter Dragic
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, IL, USA
| | - Benoit Faugas
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET) and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Coherent Nufern Incorporated, East Granby, CT 06026, USA
| | - Thomas W Hawkins
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET) and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - John Ballato
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET) and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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20
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Schaarschmidt K, Xuan H, Kobelke J, Chemnitz M, Hartl I, Schmidt MA. Long-term stable supercontinuum generation and watt-level transmission in liquid-core optical fibers. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:2236-2239. [PMID: 31042192 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.002236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to their unique properties such as transparency, tunability, nonlinearity, and dispersion flexibility, liquid-core fibers represent an important approach for future coherent mid-infrared light sources. However, the damage thresholds of these fibers are largely unexplored. Here we report on the generation of soliton-based supercontinua in carbon disulfide (CS2) liquid-core fibers at average power levels as high as 0.5 W operating stably for a long term (>70 h) without any kind of degradation or damage. Additionally, we also show stable high-power pulse transmission through liquid-core fibers exceeding 1 W of output average power for both CS2 and tetrachloroethylene as core materials.
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21
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Laser restructuring and photoluminescence of glass-clad GaSb/Si-core optical fibres. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1790. [PMID: 30996257 PMCID: PMC6470204 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09835-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor-core optical fibres have potential applications in photonics and optoelectronics due to large nonlinear optical coefficients and an extended transparency window. Laser processing can impose large temperature gradients, an ability that has been used to improve the uniformity of unary fibre cores, and to inscribe compositional variations in alloy systems. Interest in an integrated light-emitting element suggests a move from Group IV to III-V materials, or a core that contains both. This paper describes the fabrication of GaSb/Si core fibres, and a subsequent CO2 laser treatment that aggregates large regions of GaSb without suppressing room temperature photoluminescence. The ability to isolate a large III-V crystalline region within the Si core is an important step towards embedding semiconductor light sources within infrared light-transmitting silicon optical fibre. Semiconductor-core optical fibres are of interest for their non-linear optical and electro-optical properties. Here, GaSb/Si composite-core optical fibres were fabricated and a CO2 laser was used to facilitate controlled GaSb segregation within the silicon. This has implications for embedding light sources in IR-transmitting fibers
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22
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Ren H, Aktas O, Franz Y, Runge AFJ, Hawkins T, Ballato J, Gibson UJ, Peacock AC. Tapered silicon core fibers with nano-spikes for optical coupling via spliced silica fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:24157-24163. [PMID: 29041361 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.024157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Reported here is the fabrication of tapered silicon core fibers possessing a nano-spike input that facilitates their seamless splicing to conventional single mode fibers. A proof-of-concept 30 µm cladding diameter fiber-based device is demonstrated with nano-spike coupling and propagation losses below 4 dB and 2 dB/cm, respectively. Finite-element-method-based simulations show that the nano-spike coupling losses could be reduced to below 1 dB by decreasing the cladding diameters down to 10 µm. Such efficient and robust integration of the silicon core fibers with standard fiber devices will help to overcome significant barriers for all-fiber nonlinear photonics and optoelectronics.
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23
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Li G, Zeisberger M, Schmidt MA. Guiding light in a water core all-solid cladding photonic band gap fiber - an innovative platform for fiber-based optofluidics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:22467-22479. [PMID: 29041556 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.022467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a single-channel photonic band gap fiber design allowing for guiding light inside a water core, which is surrounded by solid microstructured cladding, consisting of an array of high refractive index strands in silica. We address all relevant properties and show that the microstructure substantially reduces loss. We also introduce a ray reflection model, matching numerical modelling and allowing for time-effective large-scale parameter sweeps. Our single channel fiber concept is particularly valuable for applications demanding fast and reliable injection of liquids into the core, with potential impact in fields such as optofluidics, spectroscopy or bioanalytics.
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24
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Huang X, Fang Z, Peng Z, Ma Z, Guo H, Qiu J, Dong G. Formation, element-migration and broadband luminescence in quantum dot-doped glass fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:19691-19700. [PMID: 29041657 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.019691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
All solid-state PbS quantum dot (QD)-doped glass precursor fibers avoiding crystallization during fiber-drawing process are successfully fabricated by melt-in-tube technique. By subsequent heat treatment schedule, controllable crystallization of PbS QDs can be obtained in the glass precursor fibers, contributing to broad near-infrared emissions from PbS QD-doped glass fibers. Nevertheless, we find that element-migration and volatilization of sulfur simultaneously happen during the whole fiber-drawing process, because of the huge difference between the melting temperature of core glass and the fiber-drawing temperature. Element-migration pathways along the fiber length were revealed. Such PbS QD-doped glass fiber with broadband emissions will be a potential application as gain medium of broadband fiber amplifiers and fiber lasers.
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25
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Confined in-fiber solidification and structural control of silicon and silicon-germanium microparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017. [PMID: 28642348 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707778114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystallization of microdroplets of molten alloys could, in principle, present a number of possible morphological outcomes, depending on the symmetry of the propagating solidification front and its velocity, such as axial or spherically symmetric species segregation. However, because of thermal or constitutional supercooling, resulting droplets often only display dendritic morphologies. Here we report on the crystallization of alloyed droplets of controlled micrometer dimensions comprising silicon and germanium, leading to a number of surprising outcomes. We first produce an array of silicon-germanium particles embedded in silica, through capillary breakup of an alloy-core silica-cladding fiber. Heating and subsequent controlled cooling of individual particles with a two-wavelength laser setup allows us to realize two different morphologies, the first being a silicon-germanium compositionally segregated Janus particle oriented with respect to the illumination axis and the second being a sphere made of dendrites of germanium in silicon. Gigapascal-level compressive stresses are measured within pure silicon solidified in silica as a direct consequence of volume-constrained solidification of a material undergoing anomalous expansion. The ability to generate microspheres with controlled morphology and unusual stresses could pave the way toward advanced integrated in-fiber electronic or optoelectronic devices.
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26
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Glass and Process Development for the Next Generation of Optical Fibers: A Review. FIBERS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/fib5010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Wei L, Hou C, Levy E, Lestoquoy G, Gumennik A, Abouraddy AF, Joannopoulos JD, Fink Y. Optoelectronic Fibers via Selective Amplification of In-Fiber Capillary Instabilities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603033. [PMID: 27797161 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Thermally drawn metal-insulator-semiconductor fibers provide a scalable path to functional fibers. Here, a ladder-like metal-semiconductor-metal photodetecting device is formed inside a single silica fiber in a controllable and scalable manner, achieving a high density of optoelectronic components over the entire fiber length and operating at a bandwidth of 470 kHz, orders of magnitude larger than any other drawn fiber device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wei
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Chong Hou
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Etgar Levy
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Guillaume Lestoquoy
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Alexander Gumennik
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47408-2664, USA
| | - Ayman F Abouraddy
- CREOL, The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - John D Joannopoulos
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yoel Fink
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, 02139, USA
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28
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Lai CC, Lo CY, Hsieh TH, Tsai WS, Nguyen DH, Ma YR. Ligand-Driven and Full-Color-Tunable Fiber Source: Toward Next-Generation Clinic Fiber-Endoscope Tomography with Cellular Resolution. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:552-565. [PMID: 31457146 PMCID: PMC6640774 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In many biomedical applications, broad full-color emission is important, especially for wavelengths below 450 nm, which are difficult to cover via supercontinuum generation. Single-crystalline-core sapphires with defect-driven emissions have potential roles in the development of next-generation broadband light sources because their defect centers demonstrate multiple emission bands with tailored ligand fields. However, the inability to realize high quantum yields with high crystallinity by conventional methods hinders the applicability of ultra-broadband emissions. Here, we present how an effective one-step fiber-drawing process, followed by a simple and controllable thermal treatment, enables a low-loss, full-color, and crystal fiber-based generation with substantial color variability. The broad spectrum extends from 330 nm, which is over 50 nm further into the UV region than that in previously reported results. The predicted submicrometer spatial resolutions demonstrate that the defect-ligand fields are potentially beneficial for achieving in vivo cellular tomography. It is also noteworthy that the efficiency of the milliwatt-level full-color generation, with an optical-to-optical efficiency of nearly 5%, is the highest among that of the existing active waveguide schemes. In addition, direct evidence from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy together with electron energy loss spectroscopy and crystal-field ligands reveals an excellent crystalline core, atomically defined core/cladding interfacial roughness, and significant enhancements in new laser-induced electronic defect levels. Our work suggests an inexpensive, facile, and highly scalable route toward achieving cellular-resolution tomographic imaging and represents an important step in the development of endoscope-compatible diagnostic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chih Lai
- Department of Physics and Department of Opto-Electronic Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Road,
Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yao Lo
- Institute
of Optoelectronic Sciences, National Taiwan
Ocean University, No.
2, Beining Road, Jhongjheng District, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Wan-Shao Tsai
- Department
of Applied Materials and Optoelectronics Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Daxue Road, Puli Township, Nantou 54561, Taiwan
| | - Duc Huy Nguyen
- Department of Physics and Department of Opto-Electronic Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Road,
Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ron Ma
- Department of Physics and Department of Opto-Electronic Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Road,
Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
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29
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Coucheron DA, Fokine M, Patil N, Breiby DW, Buset OT, Healy N, Peacock AC, Hawkins T, Jones M, Ballato J, Gibson UJ. Laser recrystallization and inscription of compositional microstructures in crystalline SiGe-core fibres. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13265. [PMID: 27775066 PMCID: PMC5079062 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glass fibres with silicon cores have emerged as a versatile platform for all-optical processing, sensing and microscale optoelectronic devices. Using SiGe in the core extends the accessible wavelength range and potential optical functionality because the bandgap and optical properties can be tuned by changing the composition. However, silicon and germanium segregate unevenly during non-equilibrium solidification, presenting new fabrication challenges, and requiring detailed studies of the alloy crystallization dynamics in the fibre geometry. We report the fabrication of SiGe-core optical fibres, and the use of CO2 laser irradiation to heat the glass cladding and recrystallize the core, improving optical transmission. We observe the ramifications of the classic models of solidification at the microscale, and demonstrate suppression of constitutional undercooling at high solidification velocities. Tailoring the recrystallization conditions allows formation of long single crystals with uniform composition, as well as fabrication of compositional microstructures, such as gratings, within the fibre core. Using SiGe in the core of optical fibres extends the wavelength range and potential optical functionality, but fabrication challenges exist. Here, Coucheron et al. report the fabrication and tailoring of SiGe-core optical fibres using CO2 laser irradiation to heat the glass cladding and recrystallize the core.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Coucheron
- Department of Physics, Høgskoleringen 5, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Michael Fokine
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbackan 21, Stockholm 100-44, Sweden
| | - Nilesh Patil
- Department of Physics, Høgskoleringen 5, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Dag Werner Breiby
- Department of Physics, Høgskoleringen 5, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.,Department of Micro- and Nano System Technology, University College of Southeast Norway, Campus Vestfold, Raveien 215 N-3184 Borre, Norway
| | - Ole Tore Buset
- Department of Physics, Høgskoleringen 5, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Noel Healy
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, UK.,Physics Department, Emerging Technology and Materials Group, Newcastle University, Merz Court, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Anna C Peacock
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Thomas Hawkins
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Max Jones
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - John Ballato
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Ursula J Gibson
- Department of Physics, Høgskoleringen 5, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.,Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbackan 21, Stockholm 100-44, Sweden
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Zheng S, Li J, Yu C, Zhou Q, Chen D. Preparation and characterizations of Nd:YAG ceramic derived silica fibers drawn by post-feeding molten core approach. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:24248-24254. [PMID: 27828156 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.024248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel molten core approach - post-feeding molten core approach - to draw Nd:YAG ceramic derived silica fibers. This technique can effectively mitigate the diffusion of silica from cladding. The diffused silica concentrations decrease from 73.76 wt.% to 45.08 wt.% at the center of cores, by using the post-feeding method. Micro-Raman spectra indicate that the core materials of those fibers are amorphous and maintain an environment similar to YAG glass. The output laser power and slope efficiency are greatly improved. The enhanced performance of this approach shows that it has considerable potential in fabricating hybrid fibers.
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31
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Gholipour B, Bastock P, Cui L, Craig C, Khan K, Hewak DW, Soci C. Lithography Assisted Fiber-Drawing Nanomanufacturing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35409. [PMID: 27739543 PMCID: PMC5064402 DOI: 10.1038/srep35409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a high-throughput and scalable technique for the production of metal nanowires embedded in glass fibres by taking advantage of thin film properties and patterning techniques commonly used in planar microfabrication. This hybrid process enables the fabrication of single nanowires and nanowire arrays encased in a preform material within a single fibre draw, providing an alternative to costly and time-consuming iterative fibre drawing. This method allows the combination of materials with different thermal properties to create functional optoelectronic nanostructures. As a proof of principle of the potential of this technique, centimetre long gold nanowires (bulk Tm = 1064 °C) embedded in silicate glass fibres (Tg = 567 °C) were drawn in a single step with high aspect ratios (>104); such nanowires can be released from the glass matrix and show relatively high electrical conductivity. Overall, this fabrication method could enable mass manufacturing of metallic nanowires for plasmonics and nonlinear optics applications, as well as the integration of functional multimaterial structures for completely fiberised optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrad Gholipour
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Paul Bastock
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Long Cui
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Christopher Craig
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Khouler Khan
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Daniel W Hewak
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Cesare Soci
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
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32
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Shabahang S, Tao G, Kaufman JJ, Qiao Y, Wei L, Bouchenot T, Gordon AP, Fink Y, Bai Y, Hoy RS, Abouraddy AF. Controlled fragmentation of multimaterial fibres and films via polymer cold-drawing. Nature 2016; 534:529-33. [DOI: 10.1038/nature17980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Tuniz A, Schmidt MA. Broadband efficient directional coupling to short-range plasmons: towards hybrid fiber nanotips. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:7507-7524. [PMID: 27137040 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.007507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a broadband and efficient short-range plasmonic directional coupler design, for the delivery and collection of deeply sub-wavelength radiation to tapered plasmonic nanowires. We show a proof-of-concept design using a planar geometry operating at wavelengths between 1.2 -2.4 μm, showing that the propagation characteristics predicted by an Eigenmode analysis are in excellent agreement with finite element simulations. This analytical formulation is straightforward to implement and immediately provides the power-exchange properties of hybrid plasmonic waveguides. An investigation of both waveguide delivery and collection performance to and from a plasmonic nano-tip is performed. We show that this design strategy can be straightforwardly adapted to a realistic hybrid fiber geometry, containing wire diameters more than one order of magnitude larger than the planar geometries, with important applications in all-fiber plasmonic superfocussing, and nonlinear plasmonics.
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34
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Suhailin FH, Shen L, Healy N, Xiao L, Jones M, Hawkins T, Ballato J, Gibson UJ, Peacock AC. Tapered polysilicon core fibers for nonlinear photonics. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:1360-1363. [PMID: 27192236 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.001360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a novel approach to obtaining small-core polysilicon waveguides from the silicon fiber platform. The fibers were fabricated via a conventional drawing tower method and, subsequently, tapered down to achieve silicon core diameters of ∼1 μm, the smallest optical cores for this class of fiber to date. Characterization of the material properties have shown that the taper process helps to improve the local crystallinity of the silicon core, resulting in a significant reduction in the material loss. By exploiting the combination of small cores and low losses, these tapered fibers have enabled the first observation of nonlinear transmission within a polycrystalline silicon waveguide of any type. As the fiber drawing method is highly scalable, it opens a route for the development of low-cost and flexible nonlinear silicon photonic systems.
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35
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Tseng YH, Wang JS. Single-crystalline tellurite optical fiber hydrophone. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:970-973. [PMID: 26974093 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.000970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This Letter presents a novel type of single-crystalline tellurite optical fiber (SC-TOF) for potential hydrophonic applications. Both single-mode and multimode SC-TOF were fabricated. Compared with conventional devices, our preliminary results indicate that the novel device has considerably wider sensing ranges of acoustic frequency (10 Hz to 5.6 MHz or more), acoustic intensity (70 to -236 dB), and directional sensitivity (0.094 to 0.04 nm/deg) to the incident direction of an acoustic wave in a SC-TOF.
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36
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Jain C, Rodrigues BP, Wieduwilt T, Kobelke J, Wondraczek L, Schmidt MA. Silver metaphosphate glass wires inside silica fibers--a new approach for hybrid optical fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:3258-3267. [PMID: 26906989 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.003258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate glasses represent promising candidates for next-generation photonic devices due to their unique characteristics, such as vastly tunable optical properties, and high rare earth solubility. Here we show that silver metaphosphate wires with bulk optical properties and diameters as small as 2 µm can be integrated into silica fibers using pressure-assisted melt filling. By analyzing two types of hybrid metaphosphate-silica fibers, we show that the filled metaphosphate glass has only negligible higher attenuation and a refractive index that is identical to the bulk material. The presented results pave the way towards new fiber-type optical devices relying on metaphosphate glasses, which are promising materials for applications in nonlinear optics, sensing and spectral filtering.
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37
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Martinsen FA, Smeltzer BK, Ballato J, Hawkins T, Jones M, Gibson UJ. Light trapping in horizontally aligned silicon microwire solar cells. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:A1463-A1471. [PMID: 26698794 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.0a1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate a solar cell design based on horizontally aligned microwires fabricated from 99.98% pure silicon via the molten core fiber drawing method. A similar structure consisting of 50 μm diameter close packed wires (≈ 0.97 packing density) on a Lambertian white back-reflector showed 86 % absorption for incident light of wavelengths up to 850 nm. An array with a packing fraction of 0.35 showed an absorption of 58 % over the same range, demonstrating the potential for effective light trapping. Prototype solar cells were fabricated to demonstrate the concept. Horizontal wire cells offer several advantages as they can be flexible, and partially transparent, and absorb light efficiently over a wide range of incident angles.
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Tang G, Qian Q, Wen X, Chen X, Liu W, Sun M, Yang Z. Reactive molten core fabrication of glass-clad Se(0.8)Te(0.2) semiconductor core optical fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:23624-23633. [PMID: 26368460 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.023624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate glass-clad optical fibers comprising amorphous Se(0.8)Te(0.2) semiconductor core were fabricated by a reactive molten core approach. The Se(0.8)Te(0.2) crystals were precipitated in core region by a postdrawing annealing process, which were confirmed by X-ray diffraction, micro-Raman spectra, electron probe X-ray micro-analyzer, and transmission electron microscope measurement results. A two-cm-long crystalline Se(0.8)Te(0.2) semiconductor core optical fiber, electrically contacted to external circuitry through the fiber end facets, exhibits a two-orders-of-magnitude change in conductivity between dark and illuminated states. The great discrepancy in light and dark conductivity suggests that such crystalline Se(0.8)Te(0.2) semiconductor core optical fibers have promising applications in optical switch and photoconductivity of optical fiber array.
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Townsend S, Zhou S, Li Q. Design of fiber metamaterials with negative refractive index in the infrared. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:18236-18242. [PMID: 26191880 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.018236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials possess intricate, sub-wavelength microstructures, making scalability a salient concern in regard to their practicality. Fiber-drawing offers a route to producing large quantities of material at relatively low cost, though to our knowledge, a fiber-based design capable of negative refractive index behaviour has not yet been proposed. We submit that the electric and magnetic dipole resonance modes of the fiber can be enhanced by including in the fiber aligned metallic inclusions. Addition of a solid metallic core can effect a synchronisation of these modes, allowing a collection of the fibers to possess negative refractive index.
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Suhailin FH, Healy N, Franz Y, Sumetsky M, Ballato J, Dibbs AN, Gibson UJ, Peacock AC. Kerr nonlinear switching in a hybrid silica-silicon microspherical resonator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:17263-17268. [PMID: 26191735 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.017263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid silicon-core, silica-clad microspherical resonator has been fabricated from the semiconductor core fiber platform. Linear and nonlinear characterization of the resonator properties have shown it to exhibit advantageous properties associated with both materials, with the low loss cladding supporting high quality (Q) factor whispering gallery modes which can be tuned through the nonlinear response of the crystalline core. By exploiting the large wavelength shift associated with the Kerr nonlinearity, we have demonstrated all-optical modulation of a weak probe on the timescale of the femtosecond pump pulse. This novel geometry offers a route to ultra-low loss, high-Q silica-based resonators with enhanced functionality.
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Zhang S, Zhao Z, Chen N, Pang F, Chen Z, Liu Y, Wang T. Temperature characteristics of silicon core optical fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:1362-1365. [PMID: 25831333 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.001362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Silicon core optical fiber expanded silicon photonics to specialty fiber platform. Although great challenges still exist for the fiber fabrication, the presence of semiconductor material has already given optical fiber new features and enormous possibilities for fiber-based devices and sensors. In this Letter, an all fiber silicon cavity Fabry-Perot interferometer was made by splicing silicon core silica cladding fiber with conventional single-mode silica fiber. The cavity shows high temperature sensitivity around 82 pm/°C due to the larger thermo-optical coefficient of silicon material compared with that of silica material.
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Crystalline silicon core fibres from aluminium core preforms. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6248. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Healy N, Mailis S, Bulgakova NM, Sazio PJA, Day TD, Sparks JR, Cheng HY, Badding JV, Peacock AC. Extreme electronic bandgap modification in laser-crystallized silicon optical fibres. NATURE MATERIALS 2014; 13:1122-1127. [PMID: 25262096 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
For decades now, silicon has been the workhorse of the microelectronics revolution and a key enabler of the information age. Owing to its excellent optical properties in the near- and mid-infrared, silicon is now promising to have a similar impact on photonics. The ability to incorporate both optical and electronic functionality in a single material offers the tantalizing prospect of amplifying, modulating and detecting light within a monolithic platform. However, a direct consequence of silicon's transparency is that it cannot be used to detect light at telecommunications wavelengths. Here, we report on a laser processing technique developed for our silicon fibre technology through which we can modify the electronic band structure of the semiconductor material as it is crystallized. The unique fibre geometry in which the silicon core is confined within a silica cladding allows large anisotropic stresses to be set into the crystalline material so that the size of the bandgap can be engineered. We demonstrate extreme bandgap reductions from 1.11 eV down to 0.59 eV, enabling optical detection out to 2,100 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Healy
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Sakellaris Mailis
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Nadezhda M Bulgakova
- 1] Institute of Thermophysics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia [2] HiLASE, Institute of Physics ASCR, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pier J A Sazio
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Todd D Day
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Justin R Sparks
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Hiu Y Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - John V Badding
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Anna C Peacock
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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Silicon-core glass fibres as microwire radial-junction solar cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6283. [PMID: 25187060 PMCID: PMC5385826 DOI: 10.1038/srep06283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertically aligned radial-junction solar cell designs offer potential improvements over planar geometries, as carrier generation occurs close to the junction for all absorption depths, but most production methods still require a single crystal substrate. Here, we report on the fabrication of such solar cells from polycrystalline, low purity (99.98%) p-type silicon starting material, formed into silicon core, silica sheath fibres using bulk glass draw techniques. Short segments were cut from the fibres, and the silica was etched from one side, which exposed the core and formed a conical cavity around it. We then used vapour deposition techniques to create p-i-n junction solar cells. Prototype cells formed from single fibres have shown conversion efficiencies up to 3.6%, despite the low purity of the starting material. This fabrication method has the potential to reduce the energy cost and the silicon volume required for solar cell production. Simulations were performed to investigate the potential of the conical cavity around the silicon core for light collection. Absorption of over 90% of the incident light was predicted, over a wide range of wavelengths, using these structures in combination with a 10% volume fraction of silicon.
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Modified Powder-in-Tube Technique Based on the Consolidation Processing of Powder Materials for Fabricating Specialty Optical Fibers. MATERIALS 2014; 7:6045-6063. [PMID: 28788176 PMCID: PMC5456183 DOI: 10.3390/ma7086045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the interest of a consolidation process associated with the powder-in-tube technique in order to fabricate a long length of specialty optical fibers. This so-called Modified Powder-in-Tube (MPIT) process is very flexible and paves the way to multimaterial optical fiber fabrications with different core and cladding glassy materials. Another feature of this technique lies in the sintering of the preform under reducing or oxidizing atmosphere. The fabrication of such optical fibers implies different constraints that we have to deal with, namely chemical species diffusion or mechanical stress due to the mismatches between thermal expansion coefficients and working temperatures of the fiber materials. This paper focuses on preliminary results obtained with a lanthano-aluminosilicate glass used as the core material for the fabrication of all-glass fibers or specialty Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs). To complete the panel of original microstructures now available by the MPIT technique, we also present several optical fibers in which metallic particles or microwires are included into a silica-based matrix.
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Silicon-in-silica spheres via axial thermal gradient in-fibre capillary instabilities. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2216. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Peacock AC, Mehta P, Horak P, Healy N. Nonlinear pulse dynamics in multimode silicon core optical fibers. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:3351-3353. [PMID: 23381254 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.003351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Multimode propagation in silicon core optical fibers is investigated via numerical modeling of the coupled mode equations. The simulations consider spectral evolution in two fibers with different micrometer-sized cores that have experimentally been shown to exhibit nonlinear broadening. The results indicate that most of the coupled power is propagated in the fundamental mode of each fiber, with a small contribution from the higher-order modes affecting the spectral shape but not the width of the broadening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Peacock
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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Yoo S, Webb AS, Standish RJ, May-Smith TC, Sahu JK. Q-switched neodymium-doped Y3Al5O12-based silica fiber laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:2181-2183. [PMID: 22739848 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.002181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present pulsed laser operation in a Nd-doped, Y3Al5O12-based silica fiber. The fiber was fabricated using the rod-in-tube technique with a Nd:YAG crystal rod as the core material and a silica tube for the cladding material. A spectroscopy study revealed that the core region had become amorphous in the process of fiber drawing. Q-switched pulsed laser operation was realized at a wavelength of 1058 nm when the fiber was cladding pumped at a wavelength of 808 nm. The laser delivered 38 μJ of energy in 65 ns pulses. The extracted energy was limited due to the multimodal operation of the fiber. Laser slope efficiency in continuous wave operation reached 52%. The spectroscopic properties of the fabricated fiber are discussed and compared to a Nd:YAG crystal and a Nd:Al-doped silica fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yoo
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
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Kaufman JJ, Tao G, Shabahang S, Deng DS, Fink Y, Abouraddy AF. Thermal drawing of high-density macroscopic arrays of well-ordered sub-5-nm-diameter nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:4768-4773. [PMID: 21967545 DOI: 10.1021/nl202583g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the lower limit of nanowire diameters stably produced by the process of thermal fiber drawing and fiber tapering. A centimeter-scale macroscopic cylindrical preform containing the nanowire material in the core encased in a polymer scaffold cladding is thermally drawn in the viscous state to a fiber. By cascading several iterations of the process, continuous reduction of the diameter of an amorphous semiconducting chalcogenide glass is demonstrated. Starting from a 10-mm-diameter rod we thermally draw hundreds of meters of continuous sub-5-nm-diameter nanowires. Using this approach, we produce macroscopic lengths of high-density, well-ordered, globally oriented nanowire arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Kaufman
- CREOL, The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
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