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Hackmann MJ, Cairncross A, Elliot JG, Mulrennan S, Nilsen K, Thompson BR, Li Q, Karnowski K, Sampson DD, McLaughlin RA, Cense B, James AL, Noble PB. Quantification of smooth muscle in human airways by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography requires correction for perichondrium. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L393-L408. [PMID: 38261720 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00254.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantifying airway smooth muscle (ASM) in patients with asthma raises the possibility of improved and personalized disease management. Endobronchial polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) is a promising quantitative imaging approach that is in the early stages of clinical translation. To date, only animal tissues have been used to assess the accuracy of PS-OCT to quantify absolute (rather than relative) ASM in cross sections with directly matched histological cross sections as validation. We report the use of whole fresh human and pig airways to perform a detailed side-by-side qualitative and quantitative validation of PS-OCT against gold-standard histology. We matched and quantified 120 sections from five human and seven pig (small and large) airways and linked PS-OCT signatures of ASM to the tissue structural appearance in histology. Notably, we found that human cartilage perichondrium can share with ASM the properties of birefringence and circumferential alignment of fibers, making it a significant confounder for ASM detection. Measurements not corrected for perichondrium overestimated ASM content several-fold (P < 0.001, paired t test). After careful exclusion of perichondrium, we found a strong positive correlation (r = 0.96, P < 0.00001) of ASM area measured by PS-OCT and histology, supporting the method's application in human subjects. Matching human histology further indicated that PS-OCT allows conclusions on the intralayer composition and in turn potential contractile capacity of ASM bands. Together these results form a reliable basis for future clinical studies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) may facilitate in vivo measurement of airway smooth muscle (ASM). We present a quantitative validation correlating absolute ASM area from PS-OCT to directly matched histological cross sections using human tissue. A major confounder for ASM quantification was observed and resolved: fibrous perichondrium surrounding hyaline cartilage in human airways presents a PS-OCT signature similar to ASM for birefringence and optic axis orientation. Findings impact the development of automated methods for ASM segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hackmann
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alvenia Cairncross
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Western Australia, Australia
| | - John G Elliot
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Siobhain Mulrennan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute of Respiratory Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kris Nilsen
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce R Thompson
- Melbourne School of Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Qingyun Li
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Karol Karnowski
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- International Centre for Translational Eye Research, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David D Sampson
- School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A McLaughlin
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Barry Cense
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Alan L James
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Western Australia, Australia
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter B Noble
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Hackmann MJ, Elliot JG, Green FHY, Cairncross A, Cense B, McLaughlin RA, Langton D, James AL, Noble PB, Donovan GM. Requirements and limitations of imaging airway smooth muscle throughout the lung in vivo. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2022; 301:103884. [PMID: 35301143 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinical visualization and quantification of the amount and distribution of airway smooth muscle (ASM) in the lungs of individuals with asthma has major implications for our understanding of airway wall remodeling as well as treatments targeted at the ASM. This paper theoretically investigates the feasibility of quantifying airway wall thickness (focusing on the ASM) throughout the lung in vivo by means of bronchoscopic polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT). Using extensive human biobank data from subjects with and without asthma in conjunction with a mathematical model of airway compliance, we define constraints that airways of various sizes pose to any endoscopic imaging technique and how this is impacted by physiologically relevant processes such as constriction, inflation and deflation. We identify critical PS-OCT system parameters and pinpoint parts of the airway tree that are conducive to successful quantification of ASM. We further quantify the impact of breathing and ASM contraction on the measurement error and recommend strategies for standardization and normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hackmann
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; School of Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - John G Elliot
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Francis H Y Green
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alvenia Cairncross
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Barry Cense
- School of Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South-Korea
| | - Robert A McLaughlin
- School of Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David Langton
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Allied Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alan L James
- West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter B Noble
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Graham M Donovan
- Department of Mathematics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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3
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Wang J, Hu Y, Wu J. Three-dimensional endoscopic OCT using sparse sampling with a miniature magnetic-driven scanning probe. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:10056-10061. [PMID: 30645270 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We propose to apply sparse sampling and compressive sensing (CS) reconstruction in three-dimensional (3D) endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT) to reduce the amount of data required in the imaging process. We used a homemade miniature side-imaging magnetic-driven scanning probe with an outer diameter of 1.4 mm in a 1310 nm swept-source OCT system to acquire two-dimensional (2D) circumferential cross-sectional images of an ex vivo pigeon trachea sample. 3D imaging is then achieved by reconstruction from the multiple 2D images acquired while pulling the sample with a translation stage. Given a total translation distance, we achieved sparse sampling by randomizing the step sizes of the translation stage such that the total number of the acquired 2D frames was reduced compared with conventional 3D imaging with equally spaced step positions. We tested the CS reconstruction with reduced 2D frame numbers of 40%, 60%, and 80% compared with the case of equally spaced step positions. The results show that it is possible to recover reasonable OCT images using sparse sampling with CS reconstruction. Compared with the conventional equally spaced sampling method, our method provides a novel way for image acquisition and reconstruction that could significantly reduce the amount of 3D OCT imaging data, and thus the acquisition time.
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Sherlock B, Warren SC, Alexandrov Y, Yu F, Stone J, Knight J, Neil MAA, Paterson C, French PMW, Dunsby C. In vivo multiphoton microscopy using a handheld scanner with lateral and axial motion compensation. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700131. [PMID: 28858435 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a handheld multiphoton fluorescence microscope designed for clinical imaging that incorporates axial motion compensation and lateral image stabilization. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography is employed to track the axial position of the skin surface, and lateral motion compensation is realised by imaging the speckle pattern arising from the optical coherence tomography beam illuminating the sample. Our system is able to correct lateral sample velocities of up to approximately 65 μm s-1 . Combined with the use of negative curvature microstructured optical fibre to deliver tunable ultrafast radiation to the handheld multiphoton scanner without the need of a dispersion compensation unit, this instrument has potential for a range of clinical applications. The system is used to compensate for both lateral and axial motion of the sample when imaging human skin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Sherlock
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sean C Warren
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Fei Yu
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - James Stone
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Mark A A Neil
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Carl Paterson
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Chris Dunsby
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Pathology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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5
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McLaughlin RA, Noble PB, Sampson DD. Optical coherence tomography in respiratory science and medicine: from airways to alveoli. Physiology (Bethesda) 2015; 29:369-80. [PMID: 25180266 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00002.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography is a rapidly maturing optical imaging technology, enabling study of the in vivo structure of lung tissue at a scale of tens of micrometers. It has been used to assess the layered structure of airway walls, quantify both airway lumen caliber and compliance, and image individual alveoli. This article provides an overview of the technology and reviews its capability to provide new insights into respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A McLaughlin
- Optical & Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia;
| | - Peter B Noble
- School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, and Centre for Neonatal Research & Education, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; and
| | - David D Sampson
- Optical & Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation & Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Sherlock B, Warren S, Stone J, Neil M, Paterson C, Knight J, French P, Dunsby C. Fibre-coupled multiphoton microscope with adaptive motion compensation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:1876-1884. [PMID: 26137387 PMCID: PMC4467716 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.001876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To address the challenge of sample motion during in vivo imaging, we present a fibre-coupled multiphoton microscope with active axial motion compensation. The position of the sample surface is measured using optical coherence tomography and fed back to a piezo actuator that adjusts the axial location of the objective to compensate for sample motion. We characterise the system's performance and demonstrate that it can compensate for axial sample velocities up to 700 µm/s. Finally we illustrate the impact of motion compensation when imaging multiphoton excited autofluorescence in ex vivo mouse skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Sherlock
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
| | - Sean Warren
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
| | - James Stone
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY,
UK
| | - Mark Neil
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
| | - Carl Paterson
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
| | - Jonathan Knight
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY,
UK
| | - Paul French
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
| | - Chris Dunsby
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
- Centre for Histopathology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
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7
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Quirk BC, McLaughlin RA, Pagnozzi AM, Kennedy BF, Noble PB, Sampson DD. Optofluidic needle probe integrating targeted delivery of fluid with optical coherence tomography imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:2888-91. [PMID: 24978229 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.002888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We present an optofluidic optical coherence tomography (OCT) needle probe capable of modifying the local optical properties of tissue to improve needle-probe imaging performance. The side-viewing probe comprises an all-fiber-optic design encased in a hypodermic needle (outer diameter 720 μm) and integrates a coaxial fluid-filled channel, terminated by an outlet adjacent to the imaging window, allowing focal injection of fluid to a target tissue. This is the first fully integrated OCT needle probe design to incorporate fluid injection into the imaging mechanism. The utility of this probe is demonstrated in air-filled sheep lungs, where injection of small quantities of saline is shown, by local refractive index matching, to greatly improve image penetration through multiple layers of alveoli. 3D OCT images are correlated against histology, showing improvement in the capability to image lung structures such as bronchioles and blood vessels.
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8
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Wijesundara K, Zdanski C, Kimbell J, Price H, Iftimia N, Oldenburg AL. Quantitative upper airway endoscopy with swept-source anatomical optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:788-99. [PMID: 24688814 PMCID: PMC3959831 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Minimally invasive imaging of upper airway obstructions in children and adults is needed to improve clinical decision-making. Toward this goal, we demonstrate an anatomical optical coherence tomography (aOCT) system delivered via a small-bore, flexible endoscope to quantify the upper airway lumen geometry. Helical scans were obtained from a proximally-scanned fiber-optic catheter of 820 μm outer diameter and >2 mm focal length. Coupled with a long coherence length wavelength-swept light source, the system exhibited an SNR roll-off of < 10 dB over a 10 mm range. Operating at 10 rotations/s, the average accuracy of segmented cross-sectional areas was found to be -1.4 ± 1.0%. To demonstrate the capability of this system, aOCT was performed on a pediatric airway phantom and on ex vivo swine trachea. The ability for quantitative endoscopy afforded by this system can aid in diagnosis, medical and surgical decision making, and predictive modeling of upper airway obstructive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushal Wijesundara
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255, USA
| | - Carlton Zdanski
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7070, USA
| | - Julia Kimbell
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7070, USA
| | - Hillel Price
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255, USA
| | - Nicusor Iftimia
- Physical Sciences Inc., New England Business Center, Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - Amy L. Oldenburg
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7513, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7575, USA
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9
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Vinegoni C, Lee S, Feruglio PF, Weissleder R. Advanced Motion Compensation Methods for Intravital Optical Microscopy. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2014; 20:10.1109/JSTQE.2013.2279314. [PMID: 24273405 PMCID: PMC3832946 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2013.2279314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Intravital microscopy has emerged in the recent decade as an indispensible imaging modality for the study of the micro-dynamics of biological processes in live animals. Technical advancements in imaging techniques and hardware components, combined with the development of novel targeted probes and new mice models, have enabled us to address long-standing questions in several biology areas such as oncology, cell biology, immunology and neuroscience. As the instrument resolution has increased, physiological motion activities have become a major obstacle that prevents imaging live animals at resolutions analogue to the ones obtained in vitro. Motion compensation techniques aim at reducing this gap and can effectively increase the in vivo resolution. This paper provides a technical review of some of the latest developments in motion compensation methods, providing organ specific solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Vinegoni
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston 02114, USA
| | - Sungon Lee
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston 02114, USA. He is now with Interaction and Robotics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seoul 136-791 Korea
| | - Paolo Fumene Feruglio
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston 02114, USA and with the Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston 02114, USA
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Donner S, Müller O, Witte F, Bartsch I, Willbold E, Ripken T, Heisterkamp A, Rosenhahn B, Krüger A. In situ optical coherence tomography of percutaneous implant-tissue interfaces in a murine model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 58:359-67. [PMID: 23729531 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2012-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel surface coatings of percutaneous implants need to be tested in biocompatibility studies. The use of animal models for testing usually involves numerous lethal biopsies for the analysis of the implant-tissue interface. In this study, optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to monitor the reaction of the skin to a percutaneous implant in an animal model of hairless but immunocompetent mice. In vivo optical biopsies with OCT were taken at days 7 and 21 after implantation and post mortem on the day of noticeable inflammation. A Fourier-domain OCT was programmed for spoke pattern scanning schemes centered at the implant midpoint to reduce motion artifacts during in vivo imaging. Image segmentation allowed the automatic detection and morphometric analysis of the skin contour and the subcutaneous implant anchor. On the basis of the segmentation, the overall refractive index of the tissue within one OCT data set was estimated as a free parameter of a fitting algorithm, which corrects for the curved distortion of the planar implant base in the OCT images. OCT in combination with the spoke scanning scheme and image processing provided time-resolved three-dimensional optical biopsies around the implants to assess tissue morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Donner
- Biomedical Optics Department, D-30419 Hannover, Germany.
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Hariri LP, Applegate MB, Mino-Kenudson M, Mark EJ, Medoff BD, Luster AD, Bouma BE, Tearney GJ, Suter MJ. Volumetric optical frequency domain imaging of pulmonary pathology with precise correlation to histopathology. Chest 2013; 143:64-74. [PMID: 22459781 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-2797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Radiology and bronchoscopy techniques do not have the necessary resolution to evaluate lung lesions on the microscopic scale, which is critical for diagnosis. Bronchial biopsy specimens can be limited by sampling error and small size. Optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI) provides volumetric views of tissue microstructure at near-histologic resolution and may be useful for evaluating pulmonary lesions to increase diagnostic accuracy. Bronchoscopic OFDI has been evaluated in vivo, but a lack of correlated histopathology has limited the ability to develop accurate image interpretation criteria. METHODS We performed OFDI through two approaches (airway-centered and parenchymal imaging) in 22 ex vivo lung specimens, using tissue dye to precisely correlate imaging and histology. RESULTS OFDI of normal airway allowed visualization of epithelium, lamina propria, cartilage, and alveolar attachments. Carcinomas exhibited architectural disarray, loss of normal airway and alveolar structure, and rapid light attenuation. Squamous cell carcinomas showed nested architecture. Atypical glandular formation was appreciated in adenocarcinomas, and uniform trabecular gland formation was seen in salivary gland carcinomas. Mucinous adenocarcinomas showed alveolar wall thickening with intraalveolar mucin. Interstitial fibrosis was visualized as signal-dense tissue, with an interstitial distribution in mild interstitial fibrotic disease and a diffuse subpleural pattern with cystic space formation in usual interstitial pneumonitis. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study is the first demonstration of volumetric OFDI with precise correlation to histopathology in lung pathology. We anticipate that OFDI may play a role in assessing airway and parenchymal pathology, providing fresh insights into the volumetric features of pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida P Hariri
- Department of Pathology, Boston; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston; Harvard Medical School, Cambridge
| | - Matthew B Applegate
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Boston; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston
| | | | - Eugene J Mark
- Department of Pathology, Boston; Harvard Medical School, Cambridge
| | - Benjamin D Medoff
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Boston; Harvard Medical School, Cambridge
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School, Cambridge
| | - Brett E Bouma
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston; Harvard Medical School, Cambridge; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Guillermo J Tearney
- Department of Pathology, Boston; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston; Harvard Medical School, Cambridge; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Melissa J Suter
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Boston; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston; Harvard Medical School, Cambridge.
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12
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Wagshul ME, Sin S, Lipton ML, Shifteh K, Arens R. Novel retrospective, respiratory-gating method enables 3D, high resolution, dynamic imaging of the upper airway during tidal breathing. Magn Reson Med 2013; 70:1580-90. [PMID: 23401041 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A retrospective, respiratory-gated technique for measuring dynamic changes in the upper airway over the respiratory cycle was developed, with the ultimate goal of constructing anatomically and functionally accurate upper airway models in obstructive sleep apnea patients. METHODS Three-dimensional cine, retrospective respiratory-gated, gradient echo imaging was performed in six adolescents being evaluated for polycystic ovary syndrome, a disorder with a high obstructive sleep apnea prevalence. A novel retrospective gating scheme, synchronized to flow from a nasal cannula, limited image acquisition to predefined physiological ranges. Images were evaluated with respect to contrast, airway signal leakage, and demonstration of dynamic airway area changes. RESULTS Two patients were diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. Motion artifacts were absent in all image sets. Scan efficiency ranged from 48 to 88%. Soft tissue-to-airway contrast-to-noise ratio varied from 6.1 to 9.6. Airway signal leakage varied between 10 and 17% of soft tissue signal. Automated segmentation allowed calculation of airway area changes over the respiratory cycle. In one severe apnea patient, the technique allowed demonstration of asynchronous airway expansion and contraction above and below a severe constriction. CONCLUSIONS Retrospective, respiratory gated imaging of the upper airway has been demonstrated, utilizing a gating algorithm to ensure acquisition over specified ranges of respiratory rate and tidal volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Wagshul
- Department of Radiology, Gruss MRRC, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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13
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Real-time in vivo imaging of the beating mouse heart at microscopic resolution. Nat Commun 2013; 3:1054. [PMID: 22968700 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time imaging of moving organs and tissues at microscopic resolutions represents a major challenge in studying the complex biology of live animals. Here we present a technique based on a novel stabilizer setup combined with a gating acquisition algorithm for the imaging of a beating murine heart at the single-cell level. The method allows serial in vivo fluorescence imaging of the beating heart in live mice in both confocal and nonlinear modes over the course of several hours. We demonstrate the utility of this technique for in vivo optical sectioning and dual-channel time-lapse fluorescence imaging of cardiac ischaemia. The generic method could be adapted to other moving organs and thus broadly facilitate in vivo microscopic investigations.
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14
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Liew YM, McLaughlin RA, Wood FM, Sampson DD. Motion correction of in vivo three-dimensional optical coherence tomography of human skin using a fiducial marker. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:1774-86. [PMID: 22876343 PMCID: PMC3409698 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.001774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel method based on a fiducial marker for correction of motion artifacts in 3D, in vivo, optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans of human skin and skin scars. The efficacy of this method was compared against a standard cross-correlation intensity-based registration method. With a fiducial marker adhered to the skin, OCT scans were acquired using two imaging protocols: direct imaging from air into tissue; and imaging through ultrasound gel into tissue, which minimized the refractive index mismatch at the tissue surface. The registration methods were assessed with data from both imaging protocols and showed reduced distortion of skin features due to motion. The fiducial-based method was found to be more accurate and robust, with an average RMS error below 20 µm and success rate above 90%. In contrast, the intensity-based method had an average RMS error ranging from 36 to 45 µm, and a success rate from 50% to 86%. The intensity-based algorithm was found to be particularly confounded by corrugations in the skin. By contrast, tissue features did not affect the fiducial-based method, as the motion correction was based on delineation of the flat fiducial marker. The average computation time for the fiducial-based algorithm was approximately 21 times less than for the intensity-based algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih Miin Liew
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, M018, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Robert A. McLaughlin
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, M018, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Fiona M. Wood
- Burns Service of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital (RPH), Wellington Street, Perth WA 6000, Australia
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - David D. Sampson
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, M018, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation & Analysis, The University of Western Australia, M010, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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15
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Coxson HO, Eastwood PR, Williamson JP, Sin DD. Phenotyping airway disease with optical coherence tomography. Respirology 2011; 16:34-43. [PMID: 21044229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Airway diseases are a major concern around the world. However, the pace of new drug and biomarker discovery has lagged behind those of other common disorders such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. One major barrier in airway research has been the inability to accurately visualize large or small airway remodelling or dysplastic/neoplastic (either pre or early cancerous) changes using non- or minimally invasive instruments. The advent of optical coherence tomography (OCT) has the potential to revolutionize airway research and management by allowing investigators and clinicians to visualize the airway with resolution approaching histology and without exposing patients to harmful effects of ionizing radiation. Thus, with the aid of OCT, we may be able to accurately determine and quantify the extent of airway remodelling in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, detect early pre-cancerous lesions in smokers for chemoprevention, study the upper airway anatomy of patients with obstructive sleep apnea in real time while they are asleep and facilitate optimal selection of stents for those with tracheal obstruction. In this paper, we review the current state of knowledge of OCT and its possible application in airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey O Coxson
- Providence Heart and Lung Institute and The UBC James Hogg Research Center, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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16
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Feasibility of Applying Real-time Optical Imaging During Bronchoscopic Interventions for Central Airway Obstruction. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol 2010; 17:307-16. [DOI: 10.1097/lbr.0b013e3181f9eaae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Williamson JP, McLaughlin RA, Noffsinger WJ, James AL, Baker VA, Curatolo A, Armstrong JJ, Regli A, Shepherd KL, Marks GB, Sampson DD, Hillman DR, Eastwood PR. Elastic properties of the central airways in obstructive lung diseases measured using anatomical optical coherence tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 183:612-9. [PMID: 20851930 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201002-0178oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Our understanding of how airway remodeling affects regional airway elastic properties is limited due to technical difficulties in quantitatively measuring dynamic, in vivo airway dimensions. Such knowledge could help elucidate mechanisms of excessive airway narrowing. OBJECTIVES To use anatomical optical coherence tomography (aOCT) to compare central airway elastic properties in control subjects and those with obstructive lung diseases. METHODS After bronchodilation, airway lumen area (Ai) was measured using aOCT during bronchoscopy in control subjects (n = 10) and those with asthma (n = 16), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (n = 9), and bronchiectasis (n = 8). Ai was measured in each of generations 0 to 5 while airway pressure was increased from -10 to 20 cm H(2)O. Airway compliance (Caw) and specific compliance (sCaw) were derived from the transpulmonary pressure (Pl) versus Ai curves. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Caw decreased progressively as airway generation increased, but sCaw did not differ appreciably across the generations. In subjects with asthma and bronchiectasis, Caw and sCaw were similar to control subjects and the Pl-Ai curves were left-shifted. No significant differences were observed between control and COPD groups. CONCLUSIONS Proximal airway elastic properties are altered in obstructive lung diseases. Although central airway compliance does not differ from control subjects in asthma, bronchiectasis, or COPD, Ai is lower in asthma and the Pl-Ai relationship is left-shifted in both asthma and bronchiectasis, suggesting that airways are maximally distended at lower inflating pressures. Such changes reflect alteration in the balance between airway wall distensibility and radial traction exerted on airways by surrounding lung parenchyma favoring airway narrowing. Clinical trial registered with Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12607000624482).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Williamson
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia.
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18
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Noble PB, West AR, McLaughlin RA, Armstrong JJ, Becker S, McFawn PK, Williamson JP, Eastwood PR, Hillman DR, Sampson DD, Mitchell HW. Airway narrowing assessed by anatomical optical coherence tomography in vitro: dynamic airway wall morphology and function. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 108:401-11. [PMID: 19910337 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00511.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of airway caliber by lung volume or bronchoconstrictor stimulation is dependent on physiological, structural, and mechanical events within the airway wall, including airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction, deformation of the mucosa and cartilage, and tensioning of elastic matrices linking wall components. Despite close association between events in the airway wall and the resulting airway caliber, these have typically been studied separately: the former primarily using histological approaches, the latter with a range of imaging modalities. We describe a new optical technique, anatomical optical coherence tomography ( aOCT), which allows changes at the luminal surface (airway caliber) to be temporally related to corresponding dynamic movements within the airway wall. A fiber-optic aOCT probe was inserted into the lumen of isolated, liquid-filled porcine airways. It was used to image the response to ASM contraction induced by neural stimulation and to airway inflation and deflation. Comparisons with histology indicated that aOCT provided high-resolution images of the airway lumen including mucosal folds, the entire inner wall (mucosa and ASM), and partially the cartilaginous outer wall. Airway responses assessed by aOCT revealed several phenomena in “live” airways (i.e., not fixed) previously identified by histological investigations of fixed tissue, including a geometric relationship between ASM shortening and luminal narrowing, and sliding and bending of cartilage plates. It also provided direct evidence for distensibility of the epithelial membrane and anisotropic behavior of the airway wall. Findings suggest that aOCT can be used to relate changes in airway caliber to dynamic events in the wall of airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B. Noble
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research
| | - Adrian R. West
- Physiology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia
| | - Robert A. McLaughlin
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Western Australia
| | - Julian J. Armstrong
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Western Australia
| | - Sven Becker
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Western Australia
| | - Peter K. McFawn
- Physiology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia
| | - Jonathan P. Williamson
- School of Anatomy and Human Biology, University of Western Australia
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital; and
| | - Peter R. Eastwood
- School of Anatomy and Human Biology, University of Western Australia
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital; and
- West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - David R. Hillman
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital; and
- West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - David D. Sampson
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Western Australia
| | - Howard W. Mitchell
- Physiology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia
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