1
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Arregui G, Ng RC, Albrechtsen M, Stobbe S, Sotomayor-Torres CM, García PD. Cavity Optomechanics with Anderson-Localized Optical Modes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:043802. [PMID: 36763436 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.043802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Confining photons in cavities enhances the interaction between light and matter. In cavity optomechanics, this enables a wealth of phenomena ranging from optomechanically induced transparency to macroscopic objects cooled to their motional ground state. Previous work in cavity optomechanics employed devices where ubiquitous structural disorder played no role beyond perturbing resonance frequencies and quality factors. More generally, the interplay between disorder, which must be described by statistical physics, and optomechanical effects has thus far been unexplored. Here, we demonstrate how sidewall roughness in air-slot photonic-crystal waveguides can induce sufficiently strong backscattering of slot-guided light to create Anderson-localized modes with quality factors as high as half a million and mode volumes estimated to be below the diffraction limit. We observe how the interaction between these disorder-induced optical modes and in-plane mechanical modes of the slotted membrane is governed by a distribution of coupling rates, which can exceed g_{o}/2π∼200 kHz, leading to mechanical amplification up to self sustained oscillations via optomechanical backaction. Our Letter constitutes the first steps towards understanding optomechanics in the multiple-scattering regime and opens new perspectives for exploring complex systems with a multitude of mutually coupled degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Arregui
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - R C Ng
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Albrechtsen
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - S Stobbe
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - C M Sotomayor-Torres
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - P D García
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Navarro-Urrios D, Colombano MF, Arregui G, Madiot G, Pitanti A, Griol A, Makkonen T, Ahopelto J, Sotomayor-Torres CM, Martínez A. Room-Temperature Silicon Platform for GHz-Frequency Nanoelectro-Opto-Mechanical Systems. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:413-419. [PMID: 36193113 PMCID: PMC9523580 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoelectro-opto-mechanical systems enable the synergistic coexistence of electrical, mechanical, and optical signals on a chip to realize new functions. Most of the technology platforms proposed for the fabrication of these systems so far are not fully compatible with the mainstream CMOS technology, thus, hindering the mass-scale utilization. We have developed a CMOS technology platform for nanoelectro-opto-mechanical systems that includes piezoelectric interdigitated transducers for electronic driving of mechanical signals and nanocrystalline silicon nanobeams for an enhanced optomechanical interaction. Room-temperature operation of devices at 2 GHz and with peak sensitivity down to 2.6 cavity phonons is demonstrated. Our proof-of-principle technology platform can be integrated and interfaced with silicon photonics, electronics, and MEMS devices and may enable multiple functions for coherent signal processing in the classical and quantum domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Navarro-Urrios
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- MIND-IN2UB,
Departament d’Electrònica, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martín F. Colombano
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Arregui
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guilhem Madiot
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessandro Pitanti
- NEST,
Istituto Nanoscienze − CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Amadeu Griol
- Nanophotonics
Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica
de Valencia, Building 8F, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tapani Makkonen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jouni Ahopelto
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Clivia M. Sotomayor-Torres
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan
Institute for Research and Advances Studies ICREA, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martínez
- Nanophotonics
Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica
de Valencia, Building 8F, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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3
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Han X, Fu W, Zhong C, Zou CL, Xu Y, Sayem AA, Xu M, Wang S, Cheng R, Jiang L, Tang HX. Cavity piezo-mechanics for superconducting-nanophotonic quantum interface. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3237. [PMID: 32591510 PMCID: PMC7320138 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid quantum systems are essential for the realization of distributed quantum networks. In particular, piezo-mechanics operating at typical superconducting qubit frequencies features low thermal excitations, and offers an appealing platform to bridge superconducting quantum processors and optical telecommunication channels. However, integrating superconducting and optomechanical elements at cryogenic temperatures with sufficiently strong interactions remains a tremendous challenge. Here, we report an integrated superconducting cavity piezo-optomechanical platform where 10 GHz phonons are resonantly coupled with photons in a superconducting cavity and a nanophotonic cavity at the same time. Taking advantage of the large piezo-mechanical cooperativity (Cem ~7) and the enhanced optomechanical coupling boosted by a pulsed optical pump, we demonstrate coherent interactions at cryogenic temperatures via the observation of efficient microwave-optical photon conversion. This hybrid interface makes a substantial step towards quantum communication at large scale, as well as novel explorations in microwave-optical photon entanglement and quantum sensing mediated by gigahertz phonons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Changchun Zhong
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Chang-Ling Zou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Yuntao Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ayed Al Sayem
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Mingrui Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Sihao Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Risheng Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Liang Jiang
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Hong X Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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4
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Zhong C, Wang Z, Zou C, Zhang M, Han X, Fu W, Xu M, Shankar S, Devoret MH, Tang HX, Jiang L. Proposal for Heralded Generation and Detection of Entangled Microwave-Optical-Photon Pairs. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:010511. [PMID: 31976686 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.010511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantum state transfer between microwave and optical frequencies is essential for connecting superconducting quantum circuits to optical systems and extending microwave quantum networks over long distances. However, establishing such a quantum interface is extremely challenging because the standard direct quantum transduction requires both high coupling efficiency and small added noise. We propose an entanglement-based scheme-generating microwave-optical entanglement and using it to transfer quantum states via quantum teleportation-which can bypass the stringent requirements in direct quantum transduction and is robust against loss errors. In addition, we propose and analyze a counterintuitive design-suppress the added noise by placing the device at a higher temperature environment-which can improve both the device quality factor and power handling capability. We systematically analyze the generation and verification of entangled microwave-optical-photon pairs. The parameter for entanglement verification favors the regime of cooperativity mismatch and can tolerate certain thermal noises. Our scheme is feasible given the latest advances on electro-optomechanics, and can be generalized to various physical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Zhong
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Zhixin Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Changling Zou
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Mengzhen Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Xu Han
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Wei Fu
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Mingrui Xu
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - S Shankar
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Michel H Devoret
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Hong X Tang
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Liang Jiang
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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5
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Ramp H, Clark TJ, Hauer BD, Doolin CD, Balram KC, Srinivasan K, Davis JP. Wavelength transduction from a 3D microwave cavity to telecom using piezoelectric optomechanical crystals. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2020; 116:10.1063/5.0002160. [PMID: 34815582 PMCID: PMC8607442 DOI: 10.1063/5.0002160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microwave-to-optical transduction has received a great deal of interest from the cavity optomechanics community as a landmark application for electro-optomechanical systems. In this Letter, we demonstrate a novel transducer that combines high-frequency mechanical motion and a microwave cavity for the first time. The system consists of a 3D microwave cavity and a gallium arsenide optomechanical crystal, which has been placed in the microwave electric field maximum. This allows the microwave cavity to actuate the gigahertz-frequency mechanical breathing mode in the optomechanical crystal through the piezoelectric effect, which is then read out using a telecom optical mode. The gallium arsenide optomechanical crystal is a good candidate for low-noise microwave-to-telecom transduction, as it has been previously cooled to the mechanical ground state in a dilution refrigerator. Moreover, the 3D microwave cavity architecture can naturally be extended to couple to superconducting qubits and to create hybrid quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Ramp
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - T. J. Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - B. D. Hauer
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - C. D. Doolin
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - K. C. Balram
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
| | - K. Srinivasan
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
| | - J. P. Davis
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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6
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Haffner C, Joerg A, Doderer M, Mayor F, Chelladurai D, Fedoryshyn Y, Roman CI, Mazur M, Burla M, Lezec HJ, Aksyuk VA, Leuthold J. Nano–opto-electro-mechanical switches operated at CMOS-level voltages. Science 2019; 366:860-864. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aay8645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Combining reprogrammable optical networks with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) electronics is expected to provide a platform for technological developments in on-chip integrated optoelectronics. We demonstrate how opto-electro-mechanical effects in micrometer-scale hybrid photonic-plasmonic structures enable light switching under CMOS voltages and low optical losses (0.1 decibel). Rapid (for example, tens of nanoseconds) switching is achieved by an electrostatic, nanometer-scale perturbation of a thin, and thus low-mass, gold membrane that forms an air-gap hybrid photonic-plasmonic waveguide. Confinement of the plasmonic portion of the light to the variable-height air gap yields a strong opto-electro-mechanical effect, while photonic confinement of the rest of the light minimizes optical losses. The demonstrated hybrid architecture provides a route to develop applications for CMOS-integrated, reprogrammable optical systems such as optical neural networks for deep learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Haffner
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Maryland NanoCenter, Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Andreas Joerg
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Doderer
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Mayor
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Chelladurai
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yuriy Fedoryshyn
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Mikael Mazur
- Photonics Laboratory, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maurizio Burla
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henri J. Lezec
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Vladimir A. Aksyuk
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Juerg Leuthold
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Barzanjeh S, Redchenko ES, Peruzzo M, Wulf M, Lewis DP, Arnold G, Fink JM. Stationary entangled radiation from micromechanical motion. Nature 2019; 570:480-483. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Černotík O, Mahmoodian S, Hammerer K. Spatially Adiabatic Frequency Conversion in Optoelectromechanical Arrays. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:110506. [PMID: 30265088 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.110506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Faithful conversion of quantum signals between microwave and optical frequency domains is crucial for building quantum networks based on superconducting circuits. Optoelectromechanical systems, in which microwave and optical cavity modes are coupled to a common mechanical oscillator, are a promising route towards this goal. In these systems, efficient, low-noise conversion is possible using a mechanically dark mode of the fields, but the conversion bandwidth is limited to a fraction of the cavity linewidth. Here, we show that an array of optoelectromechanical transducers can overcome this limitation and reach a bandwidth that is larger than the cavity linewidth. The coupling rates are varied in space throughout the array so that the mechanically dark mode of the propagating fields adiabatically changes from microwave to optical or vice versa. This strategy also leads to significantly reduced thermal noise with the collective optomechanical cooperativity being the relevant figure of merit. Finally, we demonstrate that the bandwidth enhancement is, surprisingly, largest for small arrays; this feature makes our scheme particularly attractive for state-of-the-art experimental setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Černotík
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sahand Mahmoodian
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Klemens Hammerer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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9
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Midolo L, Schliesser A, Fiore A. Nano-opto-electro-mechanical systems. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:11-18. [PMID: 29317788 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-017-0039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new class of hybrid systems that couple optical, electrical and mechanical degrees of freedom in nanoscale devices is under development in laboratories worldwide. These nano-opto-electro-mechanical systems (NOEMS) offer unprecedented opportunities to control the flow of light in nanophotonic structures, at high speed and low power consumption. Drawing on conceptual and technological advances from the field of optomechanics, they also bear the potential for highly efficient, low-noise transducers between microwave and optical signals, in both the classical and the quantum domains. This Perspective discusses the fundamental physical limits of NOEMS, reviews the recent progress in their implementation and suggests potential avenues for further developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Midolo
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Andrea Fiore
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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10
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Zobenica Ž, van der Heijden RW, Petruzzella M, Pagliano F, Leijssen R, Xia T, Midolo L, Cotrufo M, Cho Y, van Otten FWM, Verhagen E, Fiore A. Integrated nano-opto-electro-mechanical sensor for spectrometry and nanometrology. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2216. [PMID: 29263425 PMCID: PMC5738394 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Spectrometry is widely used for the characterization of materials, tissues, and gases, and the need for size and cost scaling is driving the development of mini and microspectrometers. While nanophotonic devices provide narrowband filtering that can be used for spectrometry, their practical application has been hampered by the difficulty of integrating tuning and read-out structures. Here, a nano-opto-electro-mechanical system is presented where the three functionalities of transduction, actuation, and detection are integrated, resulting in a high-resolution spectrometer with a micrometer-scale footprint. The system consists of an electromechanically tunable double-membrane photonic crystal cavity with an integrated quantum dot photodiode. Using this structure, we demonstrate a resonance modulation spectroscopy technique that provides subpicometer wavelength resolution. We show its application in the measurement of narrow gas absorption lines and in the interrogation of fiber Bragg gratings. We also explore its operation as displacement-to-photocurrent transducer, demonstrating optomechanical displacement sensing with integrated photocurrent read-out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žarko Zobenica
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Rob W van der Heijden
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maurangelo Petruzzella
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pagliano
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Leijssen
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Midolo
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michele Cotrufo
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - YongJin Cho
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Frank W M van Otten
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ewold Verhagen
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Fiore
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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11
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Baker CG, Bekker C, McAuslan DL, Sheridan E, Bowen WP. High bandwidth on-chip capacitive tuning of microtoroid resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:20400-20412. [PMID: 27607646 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on the design, fabrication and characterization of silica microtoroid based cavity opto-electromechanical systems (COEMS). Electrodes patterned onto the microtoroid resonators allow for rapid capacitive tuning of the optical whispering gallery mode resonances while maintaining their ultrahigh quality factor, enabling applications such as efficient radio to optical frequency conversion, optical routing and switching applications.
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12
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Fink JM, Kalaee M, Pitanti A, Norte R, Heinzle L, Davanço M, Srinivasan K, Painter O. Quantum electromechanics on silicon nitride nanomembranes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12396. [PMID: 27484751 PMCID: PMC4976205 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation pressure has recently been used to effectively couple the quantum motion of mechanical elements to the fields of optical or microwave light. Integration of all three degrees of freedom—mechanical, optical and microwave—would enable a quantum interconnect between microwave and optical quantum systems. We present a platform based on silicon nitride nanomembranes for integrating superconducting microwave circuits with planar acoustic and optical devices such as phononic and photonic crystals. Using planar capacitors with vacuum gaps of 60 nm and spiral inductor coils of micron pitch we realize microwave resonant circuits with large electromechanical coupling to planar acoustic structures of nanoscale dimensions and femtoFarad motional capacitance. Using this enhanced coupling, we demonstrate microwave backaction cooling of the 4.48 MHz mechanical resonance of a nanobeam to an occupancy as low as 0.32. These results indicate the viability of silicon nitride nanomembranes as an all-in-one substrate for quantum electro-opto-mechanical experiments. Preparation and detection of mechanical objects at the quantum zero-point level has been achieved in both the optical and microwave regimes. Here, the authors develop silicon nitride nanomembranes that are suitable for integrating nanophotonic, nanomechanical and superconducting microwave circuits together.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Fink
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.,Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - M Kalaee
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.,Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - A Pitanti
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.,Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - R Norte
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.,Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - L Heinzle
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Davanço
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - K Srinivasan
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - O Painter
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.,Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Du H, Chau FS, Zhou G. Mechanically-Tunable Photonic Devices with On-Chip Integrated MEMS/NEMS Actuators. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:E69. [PMID: 30407442 PMCID: PMC6190338 DOI: 10.3390/mi7040069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews mechanically-tunable photonic devices with on-chip integrated MEMS/NEMS actuators. With related reports mostly published within the last decade, this review focuses on the tuning mechanisms of various passive silicon photonic devices, including tunable waveguides, couplers, ring/disk resonators, and photonic crystal cavities, and their results are selectively elaborated upon and compared. Applications of the mechanisms are also discussed. Future development of mechanically-tunable photonics is considered and one possible approach is based on plasmonics, which can confine light energy in the nano-scale space. Optomechanics is another innovation, derived from the strong coupling of optical and mechanical degrees of freedom. State-of-the-art studies of mechanically-tunable plasmonics and on-chip optomechanics are also selectively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Du
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575.
| | - Fook Siong Chau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575.
| | - Guangya Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575.
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