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Granchi N, Intonti F, Florescu M, García PD, Gurioli M, Arregui G. Correction to "Q-Factor Optimization of Modes in Ordered and Disordered Photonic Systems Using Non-Hermitian Perturbation Theory". ACS Photonics 2024; 11:1359. [PMID: 38523752 PMCID: PMC10958593 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.4c00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00510.].
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2
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Babar AN, Weis TAS, Tsoukalas K, Kadkhodazadeh S, Arregui G, Vosoughi Lahijani B, Stobbe S. Self-assembled photonic cavities with atomic-scale confinement. Nature 2023; 624:57-63. [PMID: 38057568 PMCID: PMC10700130 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06736-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite tremendous progress in research on self-assembled nanotechnological building blocks, such as macromolecules1, nanowires2 and two-dimensional materials3, synthetic self-assembly methods that bridge the nanoscopic to macroscopic dimensions remain unscalable and inferior to biological self-assembly. By contrast, planar semiconductor technology has had an immense technological impact, owing to its inherent scalability, yet it seems unable to reach the atomic dimensions enabled by self-assembly. Here, we use surface forces, including Casimir-van der Waals interactions4, to deterministically self-assemble and self-align suspended silicon nanostructures with void features well below the length scales possible with conventional lithography and etching5, despite using only conventional lithography and etching. The method is remarkably robust and the threshold for self-assembly depends monotonically on all the governing parameters across thousands of measured devices. We illustrate the potential of these concepts by fabricating nanostructures that are impossible to make with any other known method: waveguide-coupled high-Q silicon photonic cavities6,7 that confine telecom photons to 2 nm air gaps with an aspect ratio of 100, corresponding to mode volumes more than 100 times below the diffraction limit. Scanning transmission electron microscopy measurements confirm the ability to build devices with sub-nanometre dimensions. Our work constitutes the first steps towards a new generation of fabrication technology that combines the atomic dimensions enabled by self-assembly with the scalability of planar semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nawaz Babar
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Thor August Schimmell Weis
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Konstantinos Tsoukalas
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shima Kadkhodazadeh
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Guillermo Arregui
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Babak Vosoughi Lahijani
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Søren Stobbe
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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3
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Granchi N, Intonti F, Florescu M, García PD, Gurioli M, Arregui G. Q-Factor Optimization of Modes in Ordered and Disordered Photonic Systems Using Non-Hermitian Perturbation Theory. ACS Photonics 2023; 10:2808-2815. [PMID: 37602292 PMCID: PMC10436348 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The quality factor, Q, of photonic resonators permeates most figures of merit in applications that rely on cavity-enhanced light-matter interaction such as all-optical information processing, high-resolution sensing, or ultralow-threshold lasing. As a consequence, large-scale efforts have been devoted to understanding and efficiently computing and optimizing the Q of optical resonators in the design stage. This has generated large know-how on the relation between physical quantities of the cavity, e.g., Q, and controllable parameters, e.g., hole positions, for engineered cavities in gaped photonic crystals. However, such a correspondence is much less intuitive in the case of modes in disordered photonic media, e.g., Anderson-localized modes. Here, we demonstrate that the theoretical framework of quasinormal modes (QNMs), a non-Hermitian perturbation theory for shifting material boundaries, and a finite-element complex eigensolver provide an ideal toolbox for the automated shape optimization of Q of a single photonic mode in both ordered and disordered environments. We benchmark the non-Hermitian perturbation formula and employ it to optimize the Q-factor of a photonic mode relative to the position of vertically etched holes in a dielectric slab for two different settings: first, for the fundamental mode of L3 cavities with various footprints, demonstrating that the approach simultaneously takes in-plane and out-of-plane losses into account and leads to minor modal structure modifications; and second, for an Anderson-localized mode with an initial Q of 200, which evolves into a completely different mode, displaying a threefold reduction in the mode volume, a different overall spatial location, and, notably, a 3 order of magnitude increase in Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Granchi
- Department
of Physics, University of Florence, via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- European
Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, via Nello Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Francesca Intonti
- Department
of Physics, University of Florence, via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- European
Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, via Nello Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Marian Florescu
- Advanced
Technology Institute and Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Pedro David García
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Sor Juana Inés de la
Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Massimo Gurioli
- Department
of Physics, University of Florence, via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- European
Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, via Nello Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Guillermo Arregui
- Department
of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, DTU Electro, Technical University of Denmark, Building 343, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Hansen SE, Arregui G, Babar AN, Albrechtsen M, Vosoughi Lahijani B, Christiansen RE, Stobbe S. Efficient low-reflection fully etched vertical free-space grating couplers for suspended silicon photonics. Opt Express 2023; 31:17424-17436. [PMID: 37381477 DOI: 10.1364/oe.485356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
We design and fabricate a grating coupler for interfacing suspended silicon photonic membranes with free-space optics while being compatible with single-step lithography and etching in 220 nm silicon device layers. The grating coupler design simultaneously and explicitly targets both high transmission into a silicon waveguide and low reflection back into the waveguide by means of a combination of a two-dimensional shape-optimization step followed by a three-dimensional parameterized extrusion. The designed coupler has a transmission of -6.6 dB (21.8 %), a 3 dB bandwidth of 75 nm, and a reflection of -27 dB (0.2 %). We experimentally validate the design by fabricating and optically characterizing a set of devices that allow the subtraction of all other sources of transmission losses as well as the inference of back-reflections from Fabry-Pérot fringes, and we measure a transmission of 19 % ± 2 %, a bandwidth of 65 nm and a reflection of 1.0 % ± 0.8 %.
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Madiot G, Ng RC, Arregui G, Florez O, Albrechtsen M, Stobbe S, García PD, Sotomayor-Torres CM. Optomechanical Generation of Coherent GHz Vibrations in a Phononic Waveguide. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:106903. [PMID: 36962028 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.106903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanophononics has the potential for information transfer, in an analogous manner to its photonic and electronic counterparts. The adoption of phononic systems has been limited, due to difficulties associated with the generation, manipulation, and detection of phonons, especially at GHz frequencies. Existing techniques often require piezoelectric materials with an external radiofrequency excitation that are not readily integrated into existing CMOS infrastructures, while nonpiezoelectric demonstrations have been inefficient. In this Letter, we explore the optomechanical generation of coherent phonons in a suspended 2D silicon phononic crystal cavity with a guided mode around 6.8 GHz. By incorporating an air-slot into this cavity, we turn the phononic waveguide into an optomechanical platform that exploits localized photonic modes resulting from inherent fabrication imperfections for the transduction of mechanics. Such a platform exhibits very fine control of phonons using light, and is capable of coherent self-sustained phonon generation around 6.8 GHz, operating at room temperature. The ability to generate high frequency coherent mechanical vibrations within such a simple 2D CMOS-compatible system could be a first step towards the development of sources in phononic circuitry and the coherent manipulation of other solid-state properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem Madiot
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ryan C Ng
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Arregui
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Omar Florez
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Dept. de Física, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marcus Albrechtsen
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Søren Stobbe
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton-Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345A, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pedro D García
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clivia M Sotomayor-Torres
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Arregui G, Ng RC, Albrechtsen M, Stobbe S, Sotomayor-Torres CM, García PD. Cavity Optomechanics with Anderson-Localized Optical Modes. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:043802. [PMID: 36763436 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.043802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Confining photons in cavities enhances the interaction between light and matter. In cavity optomechanics, this enables a wealth of phenomena ranging from optomechanically induced transparency to macroscopic objects cooled to their motional ground state. Previous work in cavity optomechanics employed devices where ubiquitous structural disorder played no role beyond perturbing resonance frequencies and quality factors. More generally, the interplay between disorder, which must be described by statistical physics, and optomechanical effects has thus far been unexplored. Here, we demonstrate how sidewall roughness in air-slot photonic-crystal waveguides can induce sufficiently strong backscattering of slot-guided light to create Anderson-localized modes with quality factors as high as half a million and mode volumes estimated to be below the diffraction limit. We observe how the interaction between these disorder-induced optical modes and in-plane mechanical modes of the slotted membrane is governed by a distribution of coupling rates, which can exceed g_{o}/2π∼200 kHz, leading to mechanical amplification up to self sustained oscillations via optomechanical backaction. Our Letter constitutes the first steps towards understanding optomechanics in the multiple-scattering regime and opens new perspectives for exploring complex systems with a multitude of mutually coupled degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Arregui
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - R C Ng
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Albrechtsen
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - S Stobbe
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - C M Sotomayor-Torres
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - P D García
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Florez O, Arregui G, Albrechtsen M, Ng RC, Gomis-Bresco J, Stobbe S, Sotomayor-Torres CM, García PD. Engineering nanoscale hypersonic phonon transport. Nat Nanotechnol 2022; 17:947-951. [PMID: 35941289 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Controlling vibrations in solids is crucial to tailor their elastic properties and interaction with light. Thermal vibrations represent a source of noise and dephasing for many physical processes at the quantum level. One strategy to avoid these vibrations is to structure a solid such that it possesses a phononic stop band, that is, a frequency range over which there are no available elastic waves. Here we demonstrate the complete absence of thermal vibrations in a nanostructured silicon membrane at room temperature over a broad spectral window, with a 5.3-GHz-wide bandgap centred at 8.4 GHz. By constructing a line-defect waveguide, we directly measure gigahertz guided modes without any external excitation using Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy. Our experimental results show that the shamrock crystal geometry can be used as an efficient platform for phonon manipulation with possible applications in optomechanics and signal processing transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Florez
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - G Arregui
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Albrechtsen
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, DTU Electro, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - R C Ng
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Gomis-Bresco
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Stobbe
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, DTU Electro, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - C M Sotomayor-Torres
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA - Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P D García
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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Murendranath Patil C, Arregui G, Mechlenborg M, Zhou X, Alaeian H, David García P, Stobbe S. Observation of slow light in glide-symmetric photonic-crystal waveguides. Opt Express 2022; 30:12565-12575. [PMID: 35472890 DOI: 10.1364/oe.449221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report optical transmission measurements on suspended silicon photonic-crystal waveguides, where one side of the photonic lattice is shifted by half a period along the waveguide axis. The combination of this glide symmetry and slow light leads to a strongly enhanced chiral light-matter interaction but the interplay between slow light and backscattering has not been investigated experimentally in such waveguides. We build photonic-crystal resonators consisting of glide-symmetric waveguides terminated by reflectors and use transmission measurements as well as evanescent coupling to map out the dispersion relation. We find excellent agreement with theory and measure group indices exceeding 90, implying significant potential for applications in slow-light devices and chiral quantum optics. By measuring resonators of different length, we assess the role of backscattering induced by fabrication imperfections and its intimate connection to the group index.
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Navarro-Urrios D, Colombano MF, Arregui G, Madiot G, Pitanti A, Griol A, Makkonen T, Ahopelto J, Sotomayor-Torres CM, Martínez A. Room-Temperature Silicon Platform for GHz-Frequency Nanoelectro-Opto-Mechanical Systems. ACS Photonics 2022; 9:413-419. [PMID: 36193113 PMCID: PMC9523580 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoelectro-opto-mechanical systems enable the synergistic coexistence of electrical, mechanical, and optical signals on a chip to realize new functions. Most of the technology platforms proposed for the fabrication of these systems so far are not fully compatible with the mainstream CMOS technology, thus, hindering the mass-scale utilization. We have developed a CMOS technology platform for nanoelectro-opto-mechanical systems that includes piezoelectric interdigitated transducers for electronic driving of mechanical signals and nanocrystalline silicon nanobeams for an enhanced optomechanical interaction. Room-temperature operation of devices at 2 GHz and with peak sensitivity down to 2.6 cavity phonons is demonstrated. Our proof-of-principle technology platform can be integrated and interfaced with silicon photonics, electronics, and MEMS devices and may enable multiple functions for coherent signal processing in the classical and quantum domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Navarro-Urrios
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- MIND-IN2UB,
Departament d’Electrònica, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martín F. Colombano
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Arregui
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guilhem Madiot
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessandro Pitanti
- NEST,
Istituto Nanoscienze − CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Amadeu Griol
- Nanophotonics
Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica
de Valencia, Building 8F, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tapani Makkonen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jouni Ahopelto
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Clivia M. Sotomayor-Torres
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan
Institute for Research and Advances Studies ICREA, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martínez
- Nanophotonics
Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica
de Valencia, Building 8F, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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Navarro-Urrios D, Kang E, Xiao P, Colombano MF, Arregui G, Graczykowski B, Capuj NE, Sledzinska M, Sotomayor-Torres CM, Fytas G. Optomechanical crystals for spatial sensing of submicron sized particles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7829. [PMID: 33837262 PMCID: PMC8035185 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87558-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Optomechanical crystal cavities (OMC) have rich perspectives for detecting and indirectly analysing biological particles, such as proteins, bacteria and viruses. In this work we demonstrate the working principle of OMCs operating under ambient conditions as a sensor of submicrometer particles by optically monitoring the frequency shift of thermally activated mechanical modes. The resonator has been specifically designed so that the cavity region supports a particular family of low modal-volume mechanical modes, commonly known as -pinch modes-. These involve the oscillation of only a couple of adjacent cavity cells that are relatively insensitive to perturbations in other parts of the resonator. The eigenfrequency of these modes decreases as the deformation is localized closer to the centre of the resonator.
Thus, by identifying specific modes that undergo a frequency shift that amply exceeds the mechanical linewidth, it is possible to infer if there are particles deposited on the resonator, how many are there and their approximate position within the cavity region. OMCs have rich perspectives for detecting and indirectly analysing biological particles, such as proteins, viruses and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Navarro-Urrios
- MIND-IN2UB, Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica i Biomèdica, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - E Kang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - P Xiao
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M F Colombano
- MIND-IN2UB, Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica i Biomèdica, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Arregui
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Graczykowski
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61614, Poznan, Poland
| | - N E Capuj
- Depto. Física, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Materiales y Nanotecnología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - M Sledzinska
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C M Sotomayor-Torres
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institute for Research and Advances Studies ICREA, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Fytas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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11
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Arregui G, Gomis-Bresco J, Sotomayor-Torres CM, Garcia PD. Quantifying the Robustness of Topological Slow Light. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:027403. [PMID: 33512227 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.027403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The backscattering mean free path ξ, the average ballistic propagation length along a waveguide, quantifies the resistance of slow light against unwanted imperfections in the critical dimensions of the nanostructure. This figure of merit determines the crossover between acceptable slow-light transmission affected by minimal scattering losses and a strong backscattering-induced destructive interference when the waveguide length L exceeds ξ. Here, we calculate the backscattering mean free path for a topological photonic waveguide for a specific and determined amount of disorder and, equally relevant, for a fixed value of the group index n_{g} which is the slowdown factor of the group velocity with respect to the speed of light in vacuum. These two figures of merit, ξ and n_{g}, should be taken into account when quantifying the robustness of topological and conventional (nontopological) slow-light transport at the nanoscale. Otherwise, any claim on a better performance of topological guided light over a conventional one is not justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Arregui
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Gomis-Bresco
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clivia M Sotomayor-Torres
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro David Garcia
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Colombano MF, Arregui G, Bonell F, Capuj NE, Chavez-Angel E, Pitanti A, Valenzuela SO, Sotomayor-Torres CM, Navarro-Urrios D, Costache MV. Ferromagnetic Resonance Assisted Optomechanical Magnetometer. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:147201. [PMID: 33064528 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.147201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The resonant enhancement of mechanical and optical interaction in optomechanical cavities enables their use as extremely sensitive displacement and force detectors. In this Letter, we demonstrate a hybrid magnetometer that exploits the coupling between the resonant excitation of spin waves in a ferromagnetic insulator and the resonant excitation of the breathing mechanical modes of a glass microsphere deposited on top. The interaction is mediated by magnetostriction in the ferromagnetic material and the consequent mechanical driving of the microsphere. The magnetometer response thus relies on the spectral overlap between the ferromagnetic resonance and the mechanical modes of the sphere, leading to a peak sensitivity of 850 pT Hz^{-1/2} at 206 MHz when the overlap is maximized. By externally tuning the ferromagnetic resonance frequency with a static magnetic field, we demonstrate sensitivity values at resonance around a few nT Hz^{-1/2} up to the gigahertz range. Our results show that our hybrid system can be used to build a high-speed sensor of oscillating magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Colombano
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - G Arregui
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F Bonell
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - N E Capuj
- Departamento Física, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Materiales y Nanotecnología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - E Chavez-Angel
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Pitanti
- NEST, CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S O Valenzuela
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Instituciò Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C M Sotomayor-Torres
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Instituciò Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Navarro-Urrios
- MIND-IN2UB, Departament d'Enginyerìa Electrònica i Biomèdica, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martì i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M V Costache
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Colombano MF, Arregui G, Capuj NE, Pitanti A, Maire J, Griol A, Garrido B, Martinez A, Sotomayor-Torres CM, Navarro-Urrios D. Synchronization of Optomechanical Nanobeams by Mechanical Interaction. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:017402. [PMID: 31386408 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.017402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The synchronization of coupled oscillators is a phenomenon found throughout nature. Mechanical oscillators are paradigmatic examples, but synchronizing their nanoscaled versions is challenging. We report synchronization of the mechanical dynamics of a pair of optomechanical crystal cavities that, in contrast to previous works performed in similar objects, are intercoupled with a mechanical link and support independent optical modes. In this regime they oscillate in antiphase, which is in agreement with the predictions of our numerical model that considers reactive coupling. We also show how to temporarily disable synchronization of the coupled system by actuating one of the cavities with a heating laser, so that both cavities oscillate independently. Our results can be upscaled to more than two cavities and pave the way towards realizing integrated networks of synchronized mechanical oscillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Colombano
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Dept. de Fìsica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - G Arregui
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Dept. de Fìsica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N E Capuj
- Depto. Física, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Materiales y Nanotecnología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - A Pitanti
- NEST, CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J Maire
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Griol
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - B Garrido
- MIND-IN2UB, Departament d'Enginyerìa Electrònica i Biomèdica, Facultat de Fìsica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martì i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Martinez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - C M Sotomayor-Torres
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Instituciò Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Navarro-Urrios
- MIND-IN2UB, Departament d'Enginyerìa Electrònica i Biomèdica, Facultat de Fìsica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martì i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Arregui G, Lanzillotti-Kimura ND, Sotomayor-Torres CM, García PD. Anderson Photon-Phonon Colocalization in Certain Random Superlattices. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:043903. [PMID: 30768324 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.043903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental observations in physics ranging from gravitational wave detection to laser cooling of a nanomechanical oscillator into its quantum ground state rely on the interaction between the optical and the mechanical degrees of freedom. A key parameter to engineer this interaction is the spatial overlap between the two fields, optimized in carefully designed resonators on a case-by-case basis. Disorder is an alternative strategy to confine light and sound at the nanoscale. However, it lacks an a priori mechanism guaranteeing a high degree of colocalization due to the inherently complex nature of the underlying interference processes. Here, we propose a way to address this challenge by using GaAs/AlAs vertical distributed Bragg reflectors with embedded geometrical disorder. Because of a remarkable coincidence in the physical parameters governing light and motion propagation in these two materials, the equations for both longitudinal acoustic waves and normal-incidence light become practically equivalent for excitations of the same wavelength. This guarantees spatial overlap between the electromagnetic and displacement fields of specific photon-phonon pairs, leading to strong light-matter interaction. In particular, a statistical enhancement in the vacuum optomechanical coupling rate, g_{o}, is found, making this system a promising candidate to explore Anderson localization of high frequency (∼20 GHz) phonons enabled by cavity optomechanics. The colocalization effect shown here unlocks the access to unexplored localization phenomena and the engineering of light-matter interactions mediated by Anderson-localized states.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Arregui
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Dept. de Física, Universitat Autnònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N D Lanzillotti-Kimura
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - C M Sotomayor-Torres
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - P D García
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Lazo A, Arregui G, Lopez E, Rivas D, Gomez J, Serradilla A, Azinovic I. PO-0822: Patient-reported outcomes after hypofractionated radiotherapy to 66Gy for prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(18)31132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Tovar Martin I, Del Moral Ávila R, Zurita Herrera M, Arregui G, Osorio Ceballos J, Saura Rojas E, Horcajadas Almansa A, Arrebola Moreno J, Expósito Hernández J, López Ramírez E. EP-1345: The role of radiosurgery in the management of glomus tumours. Radiother Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(15)41337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Moreno Ceano P, Lopez Ramirez E, Begara de La Fuente J, Serradilla Gil A, Gomez Oliveros J, Jimenez Salas R, Lazo Prados A, Rivas Sanchez D, Do Passos ASF, Dominguez Mayoral A, Gongora F, Arregui G, Velasco J, Chaves A, Alvarez D. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) lung our experience in croasa group. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2013.03.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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18
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Moreno Ceano P, Lopez Ramirez E, Begara de La Fuente J, Serradilla Gil A, Gomez Oliveros J, Jimenez Salas R, Sacchetti Fernandez Do Passos A, Dominguez Mayoral A, Rivas Sanchez D, Lazo Prados A, Gongora F, Arregui G, Velasco J, Chaves A, Alvarez D. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) liver our experience in Group Croasa. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2013.03.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Moreno Ceano P, Lopez Ramirez E, Begara de La Fuente J, Serradilla Gil A, Gomez Oliveros J, Jimenez Salas R, Rivas Sanchez D, Lazo Prados A, Sacchetti Fernandez Do Passos A, Dominguez Mayoral A, Gongora F, Arregui G, Velasco J, Chaves A, Alvarez D. STEREOTACTIC BODY RADIOTHERAPY (SBRT / SABR) EXPERIENCE IN GROUP CROASA. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2013.03.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Lazo A, Rivas D, López E, Arregui G, Sacchetti A. Systemic lupus erythematosus and radiotherapy. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2013.03.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Serradilla A, López E, Góngora F, Arregui G, Velasco J, Álvarez D, Barbosa A, Begara J, Moreno P, Jiménez R, Gómez J, Domínguez A, Sacchetti A. IMRT in breast cancer: Experience of CROASA group. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2013.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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López E, Arregui G, Begara J, Serradilla A, Jimenez R, Moreno P, Rivas D, Lazo A, Gómez J, Dominguez A, Sacchetti A. Frameless stereotactic radiosurgery using image guided radiotherapy for brain metastases. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2013.03.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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23
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Jiménez R, López E, Arregui G, Begara J, Moreno P, Serradillla A, Rivas D, Lazo A, Gómez J, Dominguez A, Sacchetti A. Radiotherapy technological advances in prostate cancer. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2013.03.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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24
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Rivas D, Lazo A, López E, Arregui G, Góngora F, Sacchetti A. IMRT for adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the external auditory canal (EAC). Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2013.03.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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25
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Moreno P, Lazo A, Oliveras JG, Rivas D, Begara J, Serradilla A, Jimenez R, Lopez E, Domínguez A, Sacchetti A, Velasco J, Barbosa A, Alvarez D, Arregui G, Gongora F. REIRRADIATION WITH DYNAMIC ADAPTATIVE RADIATION THERAPY (DART) AND IMAGE GUIDED TECHNIQUE (IGRT) IN HEAD AND NECK TUMORS. Radiother Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(11)71760-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Martín JM, Katati M, López E, Bullejos JA, Arregui G, Busquier H, Mínguez A, Olivares G, Hernández V, Arjona V. Linear accelerator radiosurgery in treatment of central neurocytomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2003; 145:749-54; discussion 754. [PMID: 14505100 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-003-0076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this report was to review our experience with stereotactic radiosurgery in the management of patients with residual neurocytomas after initial surgery. METHODS Between October 1996 and December 2001, four patients with central neurocytoma were treated by surgery and subsequently underwent linear accelerator (LINAC) radiosurgery. RESULTS Two of the patients were cured, one exhibited a significant reduction in tumour size and the fourth remains stable. All four patients are alive and well. CONCLUSIONS In cases of small residual tumours or recurrences radiosurgery allows open surgery to be avoided and is a safe and potentially effective approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Martín
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Unidad de Radiocirugía, H. U. Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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Ramos A, Cabeza M, Man˜as A, Bartolome´ A, Pen˜a M, Pe´rez M, Gueren˜a M, Alonso R, Rubio M, Solana V, Arregui G, Lanzo´s E. 85 Brachytherapy on carcinoma of the lip. A clinical study of 387 patients. Radiother Oncol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-8140(96)87889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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