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Tong J, Ge K, Xu Z, Zhai T. Switchable whispering gallery mode lasing via phase transition. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:5161-5164. [PMID: 37773410 DOI: 10.1364/ol.501359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Combining phase-transition materials with optical microcavities may advance the applications of whispering-gallery mode (WGM) lasing in performance customization, sensing, and optical switching. In this study, switchable WGM lasing based on phase transition is reported. The device is designed by introducing the phase-transition hydrogel into the capillary microcavity. After approaching the phase-transition point in hydrogel, the number of WGM lasing modes decreases sharply with a significant blueshift in the wavelength. The phenomenon is caused by the increase in light scattering and decrease in effective refractive index of the device. Furthermore, single-mode lasing is obtained by manipulating the phase transition, which exhibits superior reversibility. This study may pave the way for designing and multifunctioning of novel WGM lasing in photonic devices.
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2
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Yip CM. Molecular wayfinding: Mapping transport dynamics. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:010401. [PMID: 33415311 DOI: 10.1063/5.0035333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Yip
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Biochemistry, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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3
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Ivanov A, Min`kov K, Samoilenko A, Levin G. The Measurement of Nanoparticle Concentrations by the Method of Microcavity Mode Broadening Rate. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20205950. [PMID: 33096870 PMCID: PMC7588910 DOI: 10.3390/s20205950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A measurement system for the detection of a low concentration of nanoparticles based on optical microcavities with whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) is developed and investigated. A novel method based on the WGM broadening allows us to increase the precision of concentration measurements up to 0.005 ppm for nanoparticles of a known size. We describe WGM microcavity manufacturing and quality control methods. The collective interaction process of suspended Ag nanoparticles in a liquid and TiO2 in the air with a microcavity surface is studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Ivanov
- The All-Russian Research Institute for Optical and Physical Measurements, 119361 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (G.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +8-495-781-4576
| | | | - Alexey Samoilenko
- The All-Russian Research Institute for Optical and Physical Measurements, 119361 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Gennady Levin
- The All-Russian Research Institute for Optical and Physical Measurements, 119361 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (G.L.)
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4
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Abstract
Optical whispering-gallery mode (WGM) microresonators, confining resonant photons in a microscale volume for long periods of time, strongly enhance light-matter interactions, making them an ideal platform for photonic sensors. One of the features of WGM sensors is their capability to respond to environmental perturbations that influence the optical mode distribution. The exceptional sensitivity of WGM devices, coupled with the diversity in their structures and the ease of integration with existing infrastructures, such as conventional chip-based technologies, has catalyzed the development of WGM sensors for a broad range of analytes. WGM sensors have been developed for multiplexed detection of clinically relevant biomolecules while also being adapted for the analysis of single-protein interactions. They have been used for the detection of materials in different phases and forms, including gases, liquids, and chemicals. Furthermore, WGM sensors have been used for a wide variety of field-based sensing applications, including electric field, magnetic field, force, pressure, and temperature. WGM sensors hold great potential for applications in life and environmental sciences. They are expected to meet the ever-increasing demand in sensor networks, the Internet of Things, and real-time health monitoring. Here we review the mechanisms, structures, parameters, and recent advances of WGM microsensors and discuss the future of this exciting research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Jiang
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Abraham J. Qavi
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Steven H. Huang
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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5
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Jiang X, Yang L. Optothermal dynamics in whispering-gallery microresonators. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:24. [PMID: 32133127 PMCID: PMC7039911 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Optical whispering-gallery-mode microresonators with ultrahigh quality factors and small mode volumes have played an important role in modern physics. They have been demonstrated as a diverse platform for a wide range of applications in photonics, such as nonlinear optics, optomechanics, quantum optics, and information processing. Thermal behaviors induced by power build-up in the resonators or environmental perturbations are ubiquitous in high-quality-factor whispering-gallery-mode resonators and have played an important role in their operation for various applications. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of laser-field-induced thermal nonlinear effects, including thermal bistability and thermal oscillation. With the help of the thermal bistability effect, optothermal spectroscopy and optical nonreciprocity have been demonstrated. By tuning the temperature of the environment, the resonant mode frequency will shift, which can also be used for thermal sensing/tuning applications. The thermal locking technique and thermal imaging mechanisms are discussed briefly. Finally, we review some techniques employed to achieve thermal stability in a high-quality-factor resonator system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Jiang
- Department of Electrical and System Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Electrical and System Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA
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6
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Jain E, Flanagan M, Sheth S, Patel S, Gan Q, Patel B, Montaño AM, Zustiak SP. Biodegradable polyethylene glycol hydrogels for sustained release and enhanced stability of rhGALNS enzyme. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 10:1341-1352. [PMID: 31994025 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (Morquio A disease) is a genetic disorder caused by deficiency of N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate-sulfatase (GALNS), leading to accumulation of keratan sulfate and chondroitin-6-sulfate in lysosomes. Many patients become wheelchair-dependent as teens, and their life span is 20-30 years. Currently, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is the treatment of choice. Although it alleviates some symptoms, replacing GALNS enzyme poses several challenges including very fast clearance from circulation and instability at 37 °C. These constraints affect frequency and cost of enzyme infusion and ability to reach all tissues. In this study, we developed injectable and biodegradable polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels, loaded with recombinant human GALNS (rhGALNS) to improve enzyme stability and bioavailability, and to sustain release. We established the enzyme's release profile via bulk release experiments and determined diffusivity using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. We observed that PEG hydrogels preserved enzyme activity during sustained release for 7 days. In the hydrogel, rhGALNS diffused almost four times slower than in buffer. We further confirmed that the enzyme was active when released from the hydrogels, by measuring its uptake in patient fibroblasts. The developed hydrogel delivery device could overcome current limits of rhGALNS replacement and improve quality of life for Morquio A patients. Encapsulated GALNS enzyme in a polyethylene glycol hydrogel improves GALNS stability by preserving its activity, and provides sustained release for a period of at least 7 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Era Jain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, 3507 Lindell Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA
| | - Michael Flanagan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, 1100 South Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Saahil Sheth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, 3507 Lindell Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA
| | - Shiragi Patel
- School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Qi Gan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, 1100 South Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Birju Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, 1100 South Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Adriana M Montaño
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, 1100 South Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, 1100 South Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
| | - Silviya P Zustiak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, 3507 Lindell Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA.
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7
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Zhang S, Chen Y, Liu H, Wang Z, Ling H, Wang C, Ni J, Saltik BC, Wang X, Meng X, Kim HJ, Baidya A, Ahadian S, Ashammakhi N, Dokmeci MR, Travas-Sejdic J, Khademhosseini A. Room-Temperature-Formed PEDOT:PSS Hydrogels Enable Injectable, Soft, and Healable Organic Bioelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904752. [PMID: 31657081 PMCID: PMC6946856 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing need to develop conducting hydrogels for bioelectronic applications. In particular, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) hydrogels have become a research hotspot due to their excellent biocompatibility and stability. However, injectable PEDOT:PSS hydrogels have been rarely reported. Such syringe-injectable hydrogels are highly desirable for minimally invasive biomedical therapeutics. Here, an approach is demonstrated to develop injectable PEDOT:PSS hydrogels by taking advantage of the room-temperature gelation property of PEDOT:PSS. These PEDOT:PSS hydrogels form spontaneously after syringe injection of the PEDOT:PSS suspension into the desired location, without the need of any additional treatments. A facile strategy is also presented for large-scale production of injectable PEDOT:PSS hydrogel fibers at room temperature. Finally, it is demonstrated that these room-temperature-formed PEDOT:PSS hydrogels (RT-PEDOT:PSS hydrogel) and hydrogel fibers can be used for the development of soft and self-healable hydrogel bioelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yihang Chen
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zitong Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Haonan Ling
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Changsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 2B1, Canada
| | - Jiahua Ni
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Betul Celebi Saltik
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiang Meng
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Avijit Baidya
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mehmet R. Dokmeci
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- Polymer Electronic Research Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Kelburn Parade, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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8
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Paul DJ, Hossain S, Baten MZ. Disorder induced rotational-symmetry breaking to control directionality of whispering gallery modes in circularly symmetric nanowire assembly. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:23645-23653. [PMID: 31510638 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.023645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Effect of disorder on the emission directionality of a whispering gallery mode resonator comprising of circularly symmetric nanowire array is investigated using finite-difference time-domain analysis technique. In spite of rotational symmetry breaking, whispering gallery mode-like isotropic emission characteristics are retained by the nanowire array up to a certain degree of spatial disorder. For higher degrees of randomness, Anderson localized resonant modes are obtained with unidirectional emission characteristics, though the beam direction remains unpredictable because of the underlying random-scattering process. This shortcoming is overcome by designing a system of correlated disorder where nanowire spacing is varied gradually along the preferred axis of unidirectionality. This system, in spite of its high degree of disorder, can effectively support high-Q whispering gallery modes with tunable unidirectional emission characteristics.
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9
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Dong B, Hu T, Luo X, Chang Y, Guo X, Wang H, Kwong DL, Lo GQ, Lee C. Wavelength-Flattened Directional Coupler Based Mid-Infrared Chemical Sensor Using Bragg Wavelength in Subwavelength Grating Structure. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E893. [PMID: 30388814 PMCID: PMC6266145 DOI: 10.3390/nano8110893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a compact wavelength-flattened directional coupler (WFDC) based chemical sensor featuring an incorporated subwavelength grating (SWG) structure for the mid-infrared (MIR). By incorporating a SWG structure into directional coupler (DC), the dispersion in DC can be engineered to allow broadband operation which is advantageous to extract spectroscopic information for MIR sensing analysis. Meanwhile, the Bragg reflection introduced by the SWG structure produces a sharp trough at the Bragg wavelength. This sharp trough is sensitive to the surrounding refractive index (RI) change caused by the existence of analytes. Therefore, high sensitivity can be achieved in a small footprint. Around fivefold enhancement in the operation bandwidth compared to conventional DC is achieved for 100% coupling efficiency in a 40 µm long WFDC experimentally. Detection of dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂) in ethanol (C₂H₅OH) is investigated in a SWG-based WFDC sensor 136.8 µm long. Sensing performance is studied by 3D finite-difference time domain (FDTD) simulation while sensitivity is derived by computation. Both RI sensing and absorption sensing are examined. RI sensing reveals a sensitivity of -0.47% self-normalized transmitted power change per percentage of CH₂Cl₂ concentration while 0.12% change in the normalized total integrated output power is realized in the absorption sensing. As the first demonstration of the DC based sensor in the MIR, our device has the potential for tertiary mixture sensing by utilizing both changes in the real and imaginary part of RI. It can also be used as a broadband building block for MIR application such as spectroscopic sensing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634, Singapore.
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
- Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
| | - Ting Hu
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634, Singapore.
| | - Xianshu Luo
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634, Singapore.
| | - Yuhua Chang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Xin Guo
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Dim-Lee Kwong
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634, Singapore.
| | - Guo-Qiang Lo
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634, Singapore.
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
- Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
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10
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Mathai C, Jain R, Achanta VG, Duttagupta SP, Ghindani D, Joshi NR, Pinto R, Prabhu SS. Sensing at terahertz frequency domain using a sapphire whispering gallery mode resonator. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:5383-5386. [PMID: 30383013 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.005383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we experimentally demonstrate a terahertz (THz) whispering gallery mode (WGM) sensor based on a sapphire WGM resonator. The fundamental mode at 129.49 GHz with a Q-factor of 4.63×103 is used to study its sensitivity to adsorbed molecules. The efficiency of our sensor to detect rhodamine 6G dye molecules in a polyvinyl alcohol matrix at room temperature has been manifested, and a detection sensitivity of 25 parts per million has been achieved. Also, we report an analytical approach based on coupled-mode theory between the waveguide mode and the spherical resonator mode to evaluate the absorption coefficient of the adsorbed molecule on the resonator. The model is modified to evaluate optical constants of materials. The results obtained have been verified by continuous-wave THz transmission results. The results are of importance in sensing, metrology, and material characterization.
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11
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Zhang YN, Zhou T, Han B, Zhang A, Zhao Y. Optical bio-chemical sensors based on whispering gallery mode resonators. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:13832-13856. [PMID: 30020301 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03709d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators have attracted extensive attention and their unique characteristics have led to some remarkable achievements. In particular, when combined with optical sensing technology, the WGM reonator-based sensor offers the advantages of small size, high sensitivity and a real-time dynamic response. At present, this type of sensor is widely applied in the bio-chemical sensing field. In this paper, we briefly review the sensing principle, the structures and the sensing applications of optical bio-chemical sensors based on the WGM resonator, with particular focuses on their sensing properties and their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, the existing problems and future development trends of WGM resonator-based optical bio-chemical sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Zhang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China. and State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Tianmin Zhou
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Bo Han
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China. and Liaoning Provincial Institute of Measurement, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Aozhuo Zhang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China. and State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries, Shenyang, 110819, China
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12
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Xu H, Wang G, Ma J, Jin L, Oh K, Guan BO. Bubble-on-fiber (BoF): a built-in tunable broadband acousto-optic sensor for liquid-immersible in situ measurements. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:11976-11983. [PMID: 29716114 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.011976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new type of tunable broadband fiber-optic acousto-optic sensor was experimentally demonstrated by utilizing a bubble-on-fiber (BoF) interferometer. A single micro-bubble was generated by injecting a heating laser at λ = 980 nm on the metalized facet of an optical fiber. The BoF formed a spherical micro-cavity in water whose acoustic deformation was precisely detected by using a narrowband DFB laser at 1550 nm. The heating light and the interrogating light were fed into a single fiber probe by wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) realizing a small footprint all-fiber configuration. The diameter of the BoF was stabilized with a variation less than 0.5 nm by fast servo-control of the heating laser power. The stabilized BoF served as a Fabry-Pérot cavity that can be deformed by acoustic perturbation, and a minimum detectable pressure level of as low as ~1 mPa/Hz1/2 was achieved in a frequency range of over 60 kHz in water at room temperature. Our proposed BoF technology can provide a tunable, flexible and all-fiber solution to detect minute acoustically driven perturbations combining high-precision interferometry. Due to the very small form-factor, the technique can find applications of liquid-immersible in situ measurements in bio-molecular/cell detection and biochemical phenomena study.
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