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Wang G, Li L, Sorrells JE, Chen J, Tu H. Gentle label-free nonlinear optical imaging relaxes linear-absorption-mediated triplet. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.09.561579. [PMID: 37873348 PMCID: PMC10592717 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.09.561579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Sample health is critical for live-cell fluorescence microscopy and has promoted light-sheet microscopy that restricts its ultraviolet-visible excitation to one plane inside a three-dimensional sample. It is thus intriguing that laser-scanning nonlinear optical microscopy, which similarly restricts its near-infrared excitation, has not broadly enabled gentle label-free molecular imaging. We hypothesize that intense near-infrared excitation induces phototoxicity via linear absorption of intrinsic biomolecules with subsequent triplet buildup, rather than the commonly assumed mechanism of nonlinear absorption. Using a reproducible phototoxicity assay based on the time-lapse elevation of auto-fluorescence (hyper-fluorescence) from a homogeneous tissue model (chicken breast), we provide strong evidence supporting this hypothesis. Our study justifies a simple imaging technique, e.g., rapidly scanned sub-80-fs excitation with full triplet-relaxation, to mitigate this ubiquitous linear-absorption-mediated phototoxicity independent of sample types. The corresponding label-free imaging can track freely moving C. elegans in real-time at an irradiance up to one-half of water optical breakdown.
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2
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Yin C, Jiang X, Mann S, Tian L, Drinkwater BW. Acoustic Trapping: An Emerging Tool for Microfabrication Technology. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2207917. [PMID: 36942987 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The high throughput deposition of microscale objects with precise spatial arrangement represents a key step in microfabrication technology. This can be done by creating physical boundaries to guide the deposition process or using printing technologies; in both approaches, these microscale objects cannot be further modified after they are formed. The utilization of dynamic acoustic fields offers a novel approach to facilitate real-time reconfigurable miniaturized systems in a contactless manner, which can potentially be used in physics, chemistry, biology, as well as materials science. Here, the physical interactions of microscale objects in an acoustic pressure field are discussed and how to fabricate different acoustic trapping devices and how to tune the spatial arrangement of the microscale objects are explained. Moreover, different approaches that can dynamically modulate microscale objects in acoustic fields are presented, and the potential applications of the microarrays in biomedical engineering, chemical/biochemical sensing, and materials science are highlighted alongside a discussion of future research challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengying Yin
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Stephen Mann
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- Max Planck-Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Liangfei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, 66 Dongxin Road, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- Department of Ultrasound, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Bruce W Drinkwater
- Faculty of Engineering, Queen's Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
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3
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Zhang X, Dorlhiac G, Landry MP, Streets A. Phototoxic effects of nonlinear optical microscopy on cell cycle, oxidative states, and gene expression. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18796. [PMID: 36335145 PMCID: PMC9637160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear optical imaging modalities, such as stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, use pulsed-laser excitation with high peak intensity that can perturb the native state of cells. In this study, we used bulk RNA sequencing, quantitative measurement of cell proliferation, and fluorescent measurement of the generation of reactive oxygen species to assess phototoxic effects of near-IR pulsed laser radiation, at different time scales, for laser excitation settings relevant to SRS imaging. We define a range of laser excitation settings for which there was no significant change in mouse Neuro2A cells after laser exposure. This study provides guidance for imaging parameters that minimize photo-induced perturbations in SRS microscopy to ensure accurate interpretation of experiments with time-lapse imaging or with paired measurements of imaging and sequencing on the same cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel Dorlhiac
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Markita P Landry
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Streets
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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4
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Kizawa S, Hashimoto M. Ultrahigh-speed multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microspectroscopy using scanning elliptical focal spot. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:144201. [PMID: 34654303 DOI: 10.1063/5.0063987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a beam-scanning multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microspectroscopy system using parallel excitation and parallel detection schemes based on an elliptical focal spot, which enables highly efficient signal acquisition even for short exposures. The elliptical focal spot was used to simultaneously observe the CARS signals of an enlarged region and reduce the peak irradiance. The developed system realized an acquisition rate of 34 139 spectra/s and enabled ultrahigh-speed acquisition of a vibrational spectroscopic image, covering the fingerprint region of 930-1 830 cm-1 with 256(x) × 256(y) × 512(spectrum) pixels in 1.92 s or with 128(x) × 128(y) × 256(spectrum) pixels in 0.54 s. We demonstrated ultrahigh-speed hyperspectral imaging of a mixture of polymer beads in liquid linoleic acid and living adipocytes using the developed system. All of the present demonstrations were performed with a low-peak irradiance excitation of ∼19 GW/cm2, which has been reported in previous studies to cause less photodamage to living cells. The label-free and ultrahigh-speed identification and visualization of various molecules made possible by the present system will accelerate the development of practical live-cell investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kizawa
- Division of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, North 14, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0 814, Japan
| | - Mamoru Hashimoto
- Division of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, North 14, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0 814, Japan
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5
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Nexha A, Carvajal JJ, Pujol MC, Díaz F, Aguiló M. Lanthanide doped luminescence nanothermometers in the biological windows: strategies and applications. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:7913-7987. [PMID: 33899861 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr09150b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of lanthanide-doped non-contact luminescent nanothermometers with accuracy, efficiency and fast diagnostic tools attributed to their versatility, stability and narrow emission band profiles has spurred the replacement of conventional contact thermal probes. The application of lanthanide-doped materials as temperature nanosensors, excited by ultraviolet, visible or near infrared light, and the generation of emissions lying in the biological window regions, I-BW (650 nm-950 nm), II-BW (1000 nm-1350 nm), III-BW (1400 nm-2000 nm) and IV-BW (centered at 2200 nm), are notably growing due to the advantages they present, including reduced phototoxicity and photobleaching, better image contrast and deeper penetration depths into biological tissues. Here, the different mechanisms used in lanthanide ion-doped nanomaterials to sense temperature in these biological windows for biomedical and other applications are summarized, focusing on factors that affect their thermal sensitivity, and consequently their temperature resolution. Comparing the thermometric performance of these nanomaterials in each biological window, we identified the strategies that allow boosting of their sensing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albenc Nexha
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Física i Cristal·lografia de Materials i Nanomaterials (FiCMA-FiCNA)-EMaS, Campus Sescelades, E-43007, Tarragona, Spain.
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6
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Shishkin I, Markovich H, Roichman Y, Ginzburg P. Auxiliary Optomechanical Tools for 3D Cell Manipulation. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11010090. [PMID: 31941107 PMCID: PMC7020157 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Advances in laser and optoelectronic technologies have brought the general concept of optomechanical manipulation to the level of standard biophysical tools, paving the way towards controlled experiments and measurements of tiny mechanical forces. Recent developments in direct laser writing (DLW) have enabled the realization of new types of micron-scale optomechanical tools, capable of performing designated functions. Here we further develop the concept of DLW-fabricated optomechanically-driven tools and demonstrate full-3D manipulation capabilities over biological objects. In particular, we resolved the long-standing problem of out-of-plane rotation in a pure liquid, which was demonstrated on a living cell, clamped between a pair of forks, designed for efficient manipulation with holographic optical tweezers. The demonstrated concept paves the way for the realization of flexible tools for performing on-demand functions over biological objects, such as cell tomography and surgery to name just few.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Shishkin
- Faculty of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, 191002 St. Petersburg, Russia
- School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (H.M.); (P.G.)
- Light-Matter Interaction Centre, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel;
- Correspondence:
| | - Hen Markovich
- School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (H.M.); (P.G.)
- Light-Matter Interaction Centre, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel;
| | - Yael Roichman
- Light-Matter Interaction Centre, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel;
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- School of Physics & Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Pavel Ginzburg
- School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (H.M.); (P.G.)
- Light-Matter Interaction Centre, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel;
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7
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Blue light-triggered optogenetic system for treating uveal melanoma. Oncogene 2019; 39:2118-2124. [PMID: 31811271 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is the most common intraocular primary malignancy in adults and has been considered a fatal disease for decades. Optogenetics is an emerging technique that can control the activation of signaling components via irradiation with visible light. The clinical translation of optogenetics has been limited because of the need for surgical implantation of electrodes and relatively shallow tissue penetration. As visible light easily penetrates the eyes, we hypothesized that an optogenetics approach can be an effective treatment of uveal melanoma without surgery. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of this strategy by using a genetically encoded optogenetic system based on reversible blue light-induced binding pairs between Fas-CIB1-EGFP and CRY2-mCherry-FADD. Subretinal injection of B16 cells was performed to create a uveal melanoma model. Plasmids pairs were co-transfected into B16 cells. We found that blue light irradiation dynamically controlled the translocation of FADD to Fas on the plasma membrane and induced the apoptosis of B16 cells transfected with the optogenetic nanosystem in vitro. Moreover, the blue light-controlled optogenetic nanosystem suppressed the growth of uveal melanoma in vivo by inducing apoptosis. These results suggest that light-controlled optogenetic therapy can be used as a potential novel therapeutic strategy for uveal melanoma.
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8
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Badman RP, Ye F, Wang MD. Towards biological applications of nanophotonic tweezers. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 53:158-166. [PMID: 31678712 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Optical trapping (synonymous with optical tweezers) has become a core biophysical technique widely used for interrogating fundamental biological processes on size scales ranging from the single-molecule to the cellular level. Recent advances in nanotechnology have led to the development of 'nanophotonic tweezers,' an exciting new class of 'on-chip' optical traps. Here, we describe how nanophotonic tweezers are making optical trap technology more broadly accessible and bringing unique biosensing and manipulation capabilities to biological applications of optical trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Badman
- Department of Physics & LASSP, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Fan Ye
- Department of Physics & LASSP, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michelle D Wang
- Department of Physics & LASSP, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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9
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Blázquez-Castro A. Optical Tweezers: Phototoxicity and Thermal Stress in Cells and Biomolecules. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E507. [PMID: 31370251 PMCID: PMC6722566 DOI: 10.3390/mi10080507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For several decades optical tweezers have proven to be an invaluable tool in the study and analysis of myriad biological responses and applications. However, as with every tool, they can have undesirable or damaging effects upon the very sample they are helping to study. In this review the main negative effects of optical tweezers upon biostructures and living systems will be presented. There are three main areas on which the review will focus: linear optical excitation within the tweezers, non-linear photonic effects, and thermal load upon the sampled volume. Additional information is provided on negative mechanical effects of optical traps on biological structures. Strategies to avoid or, at least, minimize these negative effects will be introduced. Finally, all these effects, undesirable for the most, can have positive applications under the right conditions. Some hints in this direction will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Blázquez-Castro
- Department of Physics of Materials, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Ungai-Salánki R, Peter B, Gerecsei T, Orgovan N, Horvath R, Szabó B. A practical review on the measurement tools for cellular adhesion force. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 269:309-333. [PMID: 31128462 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions are fundamental in all multicellular organisms. They play a key role in cellular growth, differentiation, pattern formation and migration. Cell-cell adhesion is substantial in the immune response, pathogen-host interactions, and tumor development. The success of tissue engineering and stem cell implantations strongly depends on the fine control of live cell adhesion on the surface of natural or biomimetic scaffolds. Therefore, the quantitative and precise measurement of the adhesion strength of living cells is critical, not only in basic research but in modern technologies, too. Several techniques have been developed or are under development to quantify cell adhesion. All of them have their pros and cons, which has to be carefully considered before the experiments and interpretation of the recorded data. Current review provides a guide to choose the appropriate technique to answer a specific biological question or to complete a biomedical test by measuring cell adhesion.
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11
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Lofroth M, Avci E. Development of a Novel Modular Compliant Gripper for Manipulation of Micro Objects. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10050313. [PMID: 31075913 PMCID: PMC6562808 DOI: 10.3390/mi10050313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a modular gripping mechanism for the manipulation of multiple objects. The proposed micro gripper combines traditional machining techniques with MEMS technologies to produce a modular mechanism consisting of a sturdy, compliant aluminium base and replaceable end-effectors. This creates an easily-customisable solution for micro manipulation with an array of different micro tips for different applications. We have provided the kinematic analysis for the gripper to predict the output and have also optimised design parameters based on FEA (finite element analysis) simulation and the effects of altering flexure beam lengths. The gripper is operated by a piezo actuator capable of 18 μm displacement at 150 V of applied DC voltage. This is then amplified by a factor of 8.1 to a maximum tip displacement of 154 μm. This is achieved by incorporating bridge and lever amplifying techniques into the design. An initial experimental analysis of the micro gripper is provided to investigate the performance of the micro gripper and to gauge the accuracy of the theory and simulation through comparison with experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lofroth
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand.
| | - Ebubekir Avci
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand.
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12
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The Impact of Compressed Femtosecond Laser Pulse Durations on Neuronal Tissue Used for Two-Photon Excitation Through an Endoscope. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11124. [PMID: 30042504 PMCID: PMC6057889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate intraoperative tumour margin assessment is a major challenge in neurooncology, where sparse tumours beyond the bulk tumour are left undetected under conventional resection. Non-linear optical imaging can diagnose tissue at the sub-micron level and provide functional label-free histopathology in vivo. For this reason, a non-linear endomicroscope is being developed to characterize brain tissue intraoperatively based on multiple endogenous optical contrasts such as spectrally- and temporally-resolved fluorescence. To produce highly sensitive optical signatures that are specific to a given tissue type, short femtosecond pulsed lasers are required for efficient two-photon excitation. Yet, the potential of causing bio-damage has not been studied on neuronal tissue. Therefore, as a prerequisite to clinically testing the non-linear endomicroscope in vivo, the effect of short laser pulse durations (40-340 fs) on ex vivo brain tissue was investigated by monitoring the intensity, the spectral, and the lifetime properties of endogenous fluorophores under 800 and 890 nm two-photon excitation using a bi-modal non-linear endoscope. These properties were also validated by imaging samples on a benchtop multiphoton microscope. Our results show that under a constant mean laser power, excitation pulses as short as 40 fs do not negatively alter the biochemical/ biophysical properties of tissue even for prolonged irradiation.
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13
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Chen XD, Li S, Du B, Dong Y, Wang ZH, Guo GC, Sun FW. High-resolution multiphoton microscopy with a low-power continuous wave laser pump. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:699-702. [PMID: 29444056 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.000699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) has been widely used for three-dimensional biological imaging. Here, based on the photon-induced charge state conversion process, we demonstrated a low-power high-resolution MPM with a nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond. Continuous wave green and orange lasers were used to pump and detect the two-photon charge state conversion, respectively. The power of the laser for multiphoton excitation was 40 μW. Both the axial and lateral resolutions were improved approximately 1.5 times compared with confocal microscopy. The results can be used to improve the resolution of the NV center-based quantum sensing and biological imaging.
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14
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Blázquez-Castro A. Direct 1O 2 optical excitation: A tool for redox biology. Redox Biol 2017; 13:39-59. [PMID: 28570948 PMCID: PMC5451181 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular oxygen (O2) displays very interesting properties. Its first excited state, commonly known as singlet oxygen (1O2), is one of the so-called Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). It has been implicated in many redox processes in biological systems. For many decades its role has been that of a deleterious chemical species, although very positive clinical applications in the Photodynamic Therapy of cancer (PDT) have been reported. More recently, many ROS, and also 1O2, are in the spotlight because of their role in physiological signaling, like cell proliferation or tissue regeneration. However, there are methodological shortcomings to properly assess the role of 1O2 in redox biology with classical generation procedures. In this review the direct optical excitation of O2 to produce 1O2 will be introduced, in order to present its main advantages and drawbacks for biological studies. This photonic approach can provide with many interesting possibilities to understand and put to use ROS in redox signaling and in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Blázquez-Castro
- Department of Physics of Materials, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Formerly at Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS)/Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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15
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Turcotte R, Alt C, Runnels JM, Ito K, Wu JW, Zaher W, Mortensen LJ, Silberstein L, Côté DC, Kung AL, Ito K, Lin CP. Image-guided transplantation of single cells in the bone marrow of live animals. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28634334 PMCID: PMC5478633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of a single hematopoietic stem cell is an important method for its functional characterization, but the standard transplantation protocol relies on cell homing to the bone marrow after intravenous injection. Here, we present a method to transplant single cells directly into the bone marrow of live mice. We developed an optical platform that integrates a multiphoton microscope with a laser ablation unit for microsurgery and an optical tweezer for cell micromanipulation. These tools allow image-guided single cell transplantation with high spatial control. The platform was used to deliver single hematopoietic stem cells. The engraftment of transplants was tracked over time, illustrating that the technique can be useful for studying both normal and malignant stem cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Turcotte
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Clemens Alt
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Judith M Runnels
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Kyoko Ito
- Ruth L/ and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell, Regenerative Medicine Research, Department of Cell Biology and Stem Cell Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Juwell W Wu
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Walid Zaher
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luke J Mortensen
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, Rhodes Center for ADS, and College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lev Silberstein
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Daniel C Côté
- Département de Physique, Génie Physique et Optique and Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Andrew L Kung
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Keisuke Ito
- Ruth L/ and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell, Regenerative Medicine Research, Department of Cell Biology and Stem Cell Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Charles P Lin
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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16
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Preece D, Chow KW, Gomez-Godinez V, Gustafson K, Esener S, Ravida N, Durrant B, Berns MW. Red light improves spermatozoa motility and does not induce oxidative DNA damage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46480. [PMID: 28425485 PMCID: PMC5397839 DOI: 10.1038/srep46480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to successfully fertilize ova relies upon the swimming ability of spermatozoa. Both in humans and in animals, sperm motility has been used as a metric for the viability of semen samples. Recently, several studies have examined the efficacy of low dosage red light exposure for cellular repair and increasing sperm motility. Of prime importance to the practical application of this technique is the absence of DNA damage caused by radiation exposure. In this study, we examine the effect of 633 nm coherent, red laser light on sperm motility using a novel wavelet-based algorithm that allows for direct measurement of curvilinear velocity under red light illumination. This new algorithm gives results comparable to the standard computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system. We then assess the safety of red light treatment of sperm by analyzing, (1) the levels of double-strand breaks in the DNA, and (2) oxidative damage in the sperm DNA. The results demonstrate that for the parameters used there are insignificant differences in oxidative DNA damage as a result of irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Preece
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kay W. Chow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Veronica Gomez-Godinez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kyle Gustafson
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Selin Esener
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicole Ravida
- Center for the Reproduction of Endangered Species, Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92112, USA
| | - Barbara Durrant
- Center for the Reproduction of Endangered Species, Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92112, USA
| | - Michael W. Berns
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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17
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Roy D, Mondal D, Goswami D. Two-Photon Fluorescence Tracking of Colloidal Clusters. J Fluoresc 2016; 26:1271-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-016-1814-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Macias-Romero C, Zubkovs V, Wang S, Roke S. Wide-field medium-repetition-rate multiphoton microscopy reduces photodamage of living cells. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:1458-67. [PMID: 27446668 PMCID: PMC4929654 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.001458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Demands of higher spatial and temporal resolutions in linear and nonlinear imaging keep pushing the limits of optical microscopy. We showed recently that a multiphoton microscope with 200 kHz repetition rate and wide-field illumination has a 2-3 orders of magnitude improved throughput compared to a high repetition rate confocal scanning microscope. Here, we examine the photodamage mechanisms and thresholds in live cell imaging for both systems. We first analyze theoretically the temperature increase in an aqueous solution resulting from illuminating with different repetition rates (keeping the deposited energy and irradiated volume constant). The analysis is complemented with photobleaching experiments of a phenolsulfonphthalein (phenol red) solution. Combining medium repetition rates and wide-field illumination promotes thermal diffusivity, which leads to lower photodamage and allows for higher peak intensities. A three day proliferation assay is also performed on living cells to confirm these results: dwell times can be increased by a factor of 3×10(6) while still preserving cell proliferation. By comparing the proliferation data with the endogenous two-photon fluorescence decay, we propose to use the percentage of the remaining endogenous two-photon fluorescence after exposure as a simple in-situ viability test. These findings enable the possibility of long-term imaging and reduced photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Macias-Romero
- Laboratory for fundamental BioPhotonics, Institute of Bioengineering/Institute of Materials Science, School of Engineering, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - V. Zubkovs
- Laboratory of NanoBiotechnology, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - S. Wang
- Laboratory for fundamental BioPhotonics, Institute of Bioengineering/Institute of Materials Science, School of Engineering, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - S. Roke
- Laboratory for fundamental BioPhotonics, Institute of Bioengineering/Institute of Materials Science, School of Engineering, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne,
Switzerland
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19
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Mondal D, Goswami D. Controlling local temperature in water using femtosecond optical tweezer. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3190-3196. [PMID: 26417491 PMCID: PMC4574647 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel method of directly observing the effect of temperature rise in water at the vicinity of optical trap center is presented. Our approach relies on changed values of corner frequency of the optical trap that, in turn, is realized from its power spectra. Our two color experiment is a unique combination of a non-heating femtosecond trapping laser at 780 nm, coupled to a femtosecond infrared heating laser at 1560 nm, which precisely controls temperature at focal volume of the trap center using low powers (100-800 µW) at high repetition rate. The geometric ray optics model quantitatively supports our experimental data.
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20
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Nagao Y, Kimura K, Wang S, Fujiwara T, Mizoguchi A. Real-time histological imaging of kidneys stained with food dyes using multiphoton microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2015; 78:847-58. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Nagao
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Japan
| | - Kazushi Kimura
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy Faculty of Human Science; Hokkaido Bunkyo University; Eniwa Japan
| | - Shujie Wang
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujiwara
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Japan
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21
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Yu Y, Qiu W, Chiu B, Sun L. Feasibility of multiple micro-particle trapping--a simulation study. SENSORS 2015; 15:4958-74. [PMID: 25734646 PMCID: PMC4435214 DOI: 10.3390/s150304958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Both optical tweezers and acoustic tweezers have been demonstrated for trapping small particles in diverse biomedical applications. Compared to the optical tweezers, acoustic tweezers have deeper penetration, lower intensity, and are more useful in light opaque media. These advantages enable the potential utility of acoustic tweezers in biological science. Since the first demonstration of acoustic tweezers, various applications have required the trapping of not only one, but more particles simultaneously in both the axial and lateral direction. In this research, a method is proposed to create multiple trapping patterns, to prove the feasibility of trapping micro-particles. It has potential ability to electronically control the location and movement of the particles in real-time. A multiple-focus acoustic field can be generated by controlling the excitation of the transducer elements. The pressure and intensity of the field are obtained by modeling phased array transducer. Moreover, scattering force and gradient force at various positions are also evaluated to analyze their relative components to the effect of the acoustic tweezers. Besides, the axial and lateral radiation force and the trapping trajectory are computed based on ray acoustic approach. The results obtained demonstrate that the acoustic tweezers are capable of multiple trapping in both the axial and lateral directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Yu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Weibao Qiu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Bernard Chiu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Lei Sun
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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22
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Débarre D, Olivier N, Supatto W, Beaurepaire E. Mitigating phototoxicity during multiphoton microscopy of live Drosophila embryos in the 1.0-1.2 µm wavelength range. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104250. [PMID: 25111506 PMCID: PMC4128758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-induced toxicity is a fundamental bottleneck in microscopic imaging of live embryos. In this article, after a review of photodamage mechanisms in cells and tissues, we assess photo-perturbation under illumination conditions relevant for point-scanning multiphoton imaging of live Drosophila embryos. We use third-harmonic generation (THG) imaging of developmental processes in embryos excited by pulsed near-infrared light in the 1.0-1.2 µm range. We study the influence of imaging rate, wavelength, and pulse duration on the short-term and long-term perturbation of development and define criteria for safe imaging. We show that under illumination conditions typical for multiphoton imaging, photodamage in this system arises through 2- and/or 3-photon absorption processes and in a cumulative manner. Based on this analysis, we derive general guidelines for improving the signal-to-damage ratio in two-photon (2PEF/SHG) or THG imaging by adjusting the pulse duration and/or the imaging rate. Finally, we report label-free time-lapse 3D THG imaging of gastrulating Drosophila embryos with sampling appropriate for the visualisation of morphogenetic movements in wild-type and mutant embryos, and long-term multiharmonic (THG-SHG) imaging of development until hatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Débarre
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS UMR 7645, and INSERM U696, Palaiseau, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LIPhy, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Olivier
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS UMR 7645, and INSERM U696, Palaiseau, France
| | - Willy Supatto
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS UMR 7645, and INSERM U696, Palaiseau, France
| | - Emmanuel Beaurepaire
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS UMR 7645, and INSERM U696, Palaiseau, France
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23
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Huang X, He XN, Xiong W, Gao Y, Jiang LJ, Liu L, Zhou YS, Jiang L, Silvain JF, Lu YF. Contrast enhancement using silica microspheres in coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopic imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:2889-2896. [PMID: 24663581 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.002889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy is a powerful imaging technique that can provide chemical information of organic and nonorganic materials through vibrational spectroscopy. However, its contrast is not sufficient for monitoring thin film materials. In this study, silica microspheres were employed for enhancing the signal contrast in CARS imaging. One layer of optically transparent silica microspheres was self-assembled onto polymer grating samples to enhance the CARS signals. The highest contrast enhancement factor of 12.5 was achieved using 6.1-μm-diameter microspheres. Finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD) simulation was conducted to simulate the contrast enhancement with silica microspheres of different diameters.
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24
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Rykov MA, Skidanov RV. Modifying the laser beam intensity distribution for obtaining improved strength characteristics of an optical trap. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:156-164. [PMID: 24514044 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this article we study modified optical beams used as optical tweezers for guiding biological micro-objects. We mean to achieve more efficient micromanipulation by using crescent intensity distribution. During laboratory experiments to test their theoretical projections we manufactured a diffractive optical element (DOE) to generate the proposed intensity distribution. Experimental estimations are provided for DOE energy efficiency. We conduct both theoretical and experimental studies of the crescent beam trapping strength. It transpires that in some cases crescent-shaped beams are more efficient than more commonly used Gaussian beams.
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25
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Chrimes AF, Khoshmanesh K, Stoddart PR, Mitchell A, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Microfluidics and Raman microscopy: current applications and future challenges. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 42:5880-906. [PMID: 23624774 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35515b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Raman microscopy systems are becoming increasingly widespread and accessible for characterising chemical species. Microfluidic systems are also progressively finding their way into real world applications. Therefore, it is anticipated that the integration of Raman systems with microfluidics will become increasingly attractive and practical. This review aims to provide an overview of Raman microscopy-microfluidics integrated systems for researchers who are actively interested in utilising these tools. The fundamental principles and application strengths of Raman microscopy are discussed in the context of microfluidics. Various configurations of microfluidics that incorporate Raman microscopy methods are presented, with applications highlighted. Data analysis methods are discussed, with a focus on assisting the interpretation of Raman-microfluidics data from complex samples. Finally, possible future directions of Raman-microfluidic systems are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F Chrimes
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University, 124 LaTrobe St, Melbourne, Australia.
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26
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Chen Y, Wu TH, Kung YC, Teitell MA, Chiou PY. 3D pulsed laser-triggered high-speed microfluidic fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Analyst 2013; 138:7308-15. [PMID: 23844418 PMCID: PMC4210433 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01266b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a 3D microfluidic pulsed laser-triggered fluorescence-activated cell sorter capable of sorting at a throughput of 23 000 cells per s with 90% purity in high-purity mode and at a throughput of 45 000 cells per s with 45% purity in enrichment mode in one stage and in a single channel. This performance is realized by exciting laser-induced cavitation bubbles in a 3D PDMS microfluidic channel to generate high-speed liquid jets that deflect detected fluorescent cells and particles focused by 3D sheath flows. The ultrafast switching mechanism (20 μs complete on-off cycle), small liquid jet perturbation volume, and three-dimensional sheath flow focusing for accurate timing control of fast (1.5 m s(-1)) passing cells and particles are three critical factors enabling high-purity sorting at high-throughput in this sorter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 43-147 Eng. IV, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1597, USA
| | - Ting-Hsiang Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 43-147 Eng. IV, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1597, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, Molecular Biology Institute, and California NanoSystems Institute,University of California at LosAngeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1732, USA
| | - Yu-Chun Kung
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 43-147 Eng. IV, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1597, USA
| | - Michael A. Teitell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, Molecular Biology Institute, and California NanoSystems Institute,University of California at LosAngeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1732, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering and Pediatrics, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, Molecular Biology Institute, and California NanoSystems Institute,University of California at LosAngeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1732, USA
| | - Pei-Yu Chiou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 43-147 Eng. IV, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1597, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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27
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Abstract
Tissue scaffolds play a vital role in tissue engineering by providing a native tissue-mimicking environment for cell proliferation and differentiation as well as tissue regeneration. Fabrication of tissue scaffolds has been drawing increasing research attention and a number of fabrication techniques have been developed. To better mimic the microenvironment of native tissues, novel techniques have emerged in recent years to encapsulate cells into the engineered scaffolds during the scaffold fabrication process. Among them, bio-Rapid-Prototyping (bioRP) techniques, by which scaffolds with encapsulated cells can be fabricated with controlled internal microstructure and external shape, shows significant promise. It is noted in the bioRP processes, cells may be continuously subjected to environmental stresses such as mechanical, electrical forces and laser exposure. If the stress is greater than a certain level, the cell membrane may be ruptured, leading to the so-called process-induced cell damage. This paper reviews various cell encapsulation techniques for tissue scaffold fabrication, with emphasis on the bioRP technologies and their technical features. To understand the process-induced cell damage in the bioRP processes, this paper also surveys the cell damage mechanisms under different stresses. The process-induced cell damage models are also examined to provide a cue to the cell viability preservation in the fabrication process. Discussions on further improvements of bioRP technologies are given and ongoing research into mechanical cell damage mechanism are also suggested in this review.
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28
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Muradoglu M, Ng TW. Optical trapping map of dielectric spheres. APPLIED OPTICS 2013; 52:3500-3509. [PMID: 23736236 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.003500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Many applications use a focused Gaussian laser beam to manipulate spherical dielectric particles. The axial trapping efficiency of this process is a function of (i) the particle radius r, (ii) the ratio of the refractive index of particle over the medium, and (iii) the numerical aperture of the delivered light beam. During what we believe is the first comprehensive simulation of its kind, we uncovered optical trapping regions in the three-dimensional (3D) parameter space forming an iso-surface landscape with ridge-like contours. Using specific points in the parameter space, we drew attention to difficulties in using the trapping efficiency and stiffness metrics in defining how well particles are drawn into and held in the trap. We have proposed an alternative calculation based on the maximum forward and restoration values of the trapping efficiency in the axial sense, called the trapping quality. We also discuss the manner in which the ridge regions may be harnessed for effective particle sorting, how the optical trapping blind spots can be used in applications that seek to eschew photothermal damage, and how trapping can proceed when many parameters change, such as when swelling occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Muradoglu
- Laboratory for Optics, Acoustics & Mechanics, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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29
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Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy has enabled unprecedented dynamic exploration in living organisms. A significant challenge in biological research is the dynamic imaging of features deep within living organisms, which permits the real-time analysis of cellular structure and function. To make progress in our understanding of biological machinery, optical microscopes must be capable of rapid, targeted access deep within samples at high resolution. In this Review, we discuss the basic architecture of a multiphoton microscope capable of such analysis and summarize the state-of-the-art technologies for the quantitative imaging of biological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich E. Hoover
- Center for Microintegrated Optics for Advanced Bioimaging and Control, Colorado School of Mines, 1523 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, 1523 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Jeff A. Squier
- Center for Microintegrated Optics for Advanced Bioimaging and Control, Colorado School of Mines, 1523 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, 1523 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
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30
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Muradoglu M, Le T, Lau CY, Liew OW, Ng TW. Optical stirring in a droplet cell bioreactor. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:2465-2470. [PMID: 23082288 PMCID: PMC3469996 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.002465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the context of a bioreactor, cells are sensitive to cues from other cells and mechanical stimuli from movement. The ability to provide the latter in a discrete fluidic system presents a significant challenge. From a prior finding that the location of the focus of a laser below particles relative to the beam axis producing a pushing effect in a predominant lateral sense, we advance an approach here that generates a gentle and tunable stirring effect. Computer simulation studies show that we are able to characterize this effect from the parameters that govern the optical forces and the movement of the particles. Experimental results with polystyrene microbeads and red blood cells confirm the notions from the simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Muradoglu
- Laboratory for Optics, Acoustics, and Mechanics, Monash
University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia
| | - Thuong Le
- Laboratory for Optics, Acoustics, and Mechanics, Monash
University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia
| | - Chun Yat Lau
- Laboratory for Optics, Acoustics, and Mechanics, Monash
University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia
| | - Oi Wah Liew
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Centre for Translational
Medicine, 14, Medical Drive, 117599 Singapore
| | - Tuck Wah Ng
- Laboratory for Optics, Acoustics, and Mechanics, Monash
University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia
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31
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Kinnunen M, Kauppila A, Karmenyan A, Myllylä R. Effect of the size and shape of a red blood cell on elastic light scattering properties at the single-cell level. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 2:1803-14. [PMID: 21750759 PMCID: PMC3130568 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.001803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of a double-beam optical tweezers system to stabilize red blood cell (RBC) orientation in the optical tweezers during measurements of elastic light scattering from the trapped cells in an angle range of 5-30 degrees. Another laser (He-Ne) was used to illuminate the cell and elastic light scattering distribution from the single cell was measured with a goniometer and a photomultiplier tube. Moreover, CCD camera images of RBCs with and without laser illumination are presented as complementary information. Light scattering from a RBC was measured in different fixed orientations. Light scattering from cells was also measured when the length of the cell was changed in two different orientations. Light scattering measurements from spherical and crenate RBCs are described and the results are compared with other cell orientations. Analysis shows that the measured elastic light scattering distributions reveal changes in the RBC's orientation and shape. The effect of stretching on the changes in scattering is larger in the case of face-on incidence of He-Ne laser light than in rim-on incidence. The scattering patterns from RBCs in different orientations as well as from a spherical RBC were compared with numerical results found in literature. Good correlation was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Kinnunen
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Antti Kauppila
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Artashes Karmenyan
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Risto Myllylä
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, University of Oulu, Finland
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32
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Choudhury D, Mo X, Iliescu C, Tan LL, Tong WH, Yu H. Exploitation of physical and chemical constraints for three-dimensional microtissue construction in microfluidics. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2011; 5:22203. [PMID: 21799710 PMCID: PMC3145229 DOI: 10.1063/1.3593407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
There are a plethora of approaches to construct microtissues as building blocks for the repair and regeneration of larger and complex tissues. Here we focus on various physical and chemical trapping methods for engineering three-dimensional microtissue constructs in microfluidic systems that recapitulate the in vivo tissue microstructures and functions. Advances in these in vitro tissue models have enabled various applications, including drug screening, disease or injury models, and cell-based biosensors. The future would see strides toward the mesoscale control of even finer tissue microstructures and the scaling of various designs for high throughput applications. These tools and knowledge will establish the foundation for precision engineering of complex tissues of the internal organs for biomedical applications.
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33
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Desmaële D, Boukallel M, Régnier S. Actuation means for the mechanical stimulation of living cells via microelectromechanical systems: A critical review. J Biomech 2011; 44:1433-46. [PMID: 21489537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Within a living body, cells are constantly exposed to various mechanical constraints. As a matter of fact, these mechanical factors play a vital role in the regulation of the cell state. It is widely recognized that cells can sense, react and adapt themselves to mechanical stimulation. However, investigations aimed at studying cell mechanics directly in vivo remain elusive. An alternative solution is to study cell mechanics via in vitro experiments. Nevertheless, this requires implementing means to mimic the stresses that cells naturally undergo in their physiological environment. In this paper, we survey various microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) dedicated to the mechanical stimulation of living cells. In particular, we focus on their actuation means as well as their inherent capabilities to stimulate a given amount of cells. Thereby, we report actuation means dependent upon the fact they can provide stimulation to a single cell, target a maximum of a hundred cells, or deal with thousands of cells. Intrinsic performances, strengths and limitations are summarized for each type of actuator. We also discuss recent achievements as well as future challenges of cell mechanostimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Desmaële
- CEA, LIST, Sensory and Ambient Interfaces Laboratory, 18 Route du Panorama, BP6, Fontenay-aux-Roses, F-92265, France.
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Padgett M, Di Leonardo R. Holographic optical tweezers and their relevance to lab on chip devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:1196-205. [PMID: 21327211 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00526f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, optical tweezers have been transformed by the combined availability of spatial light modulators and the speed of low-cost computing to drive them. Holographic optical tweezers can trap and move many objects simultaneously and their compatibility with other optical techniques, particularly microscopy, means that they are highly appropriate to lab-on-chip systems to enable optical manipulation, actuation and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles Padgett
- School of Physics and Astronomy, SUPA, University of Glasgow, Scotland.
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Krasnikov I, Seteikin A, Bernhardt I. Thermal processes in red blood cells exposed to infrared laser tweezers (λ = 1064 nm). JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2011; 4:206-212. [PMID: 20680975 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Continuous-wave laser micro-beams are generally used as diagnostic tools in laser scanning microscopes or in the case of near-infrared (NIR) micro-beams, as optical traps for cell manipulation and force characterization. Because single beam traps are created with objectives of high numerical aperture, typical trapping intensities and photon flux densities are in the order of 10(6) W/cm(2) and 10(3) cm(-2) s(-1), respectively. The main idea of our theoretical study was to investigate the thermal reaction of RBCs irradiated by laser micro-beam. The study is supported by the fact that many experiments have been carried out with RBCs in laser NIR tweezers. In the present work it has been identified that the laser affects a RBC with a density of absorbed energy at approximately 10(7) J/cm(3), which causes a temperature rise in the cell of about 7-12 °C.
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Recher G, Rouède D, Schaub E, Tiaho F. Skeletal muscle sarcomeric SHG patterns photo-conversion by femtosecond infrared laser. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 2:374-384. [PMID: 21339882 PMCID: PMC3038452 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond laser at 780 nm excitation wavelength was used to photo-convert the physiological sarcomeric single band (SB) second harmonic generation (SHG) pattern into double band (DB) in Xenopus laevis premetamorphic tail muscles. This photo-conversion was found to be a third order non-linear optical process and was drastically reduced at 940 nm excitation wavelength. This effect was no longer observed in paraformaldehyde fixed muscles and was enhanced by hydrogen peroxide. The action of hydrogen peroxide suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) could contribute to this photo-conversion. These results demonstrate that sarcomeric DB SHG pattern is a marker of sarcomere photodamage in xenopus tadpole muscles and highlight the need of being very careful at using two-photon excitation while observing living tissues. Moreover they open new avenues for in situ intravital investigation of oxidative stress effects in muscle dysfunctions and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Recher
- Université de Rennes1, Université européenne de Bretagne, UMR CNRS 6026, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Denis Rouède
- Université de Rennes1, Université européenne de Bretagne, UMR CNRS 6251, Institut de Physique de Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Schaub
- Université de Rennes1, Université européenne de Bretagne, UMR CNRS 6026, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - François Tiaho
- Université de Rennes1, Université européenne de Bretagne, UMR CNRS 6026, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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Dasgupta R, Ahlawat S, Verma RS, Shukla S, Gupta PK. Optical trapping of spermatozoa using Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:065010. [PMID: 21198174 DOI: 10.1117/1.3526362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report results of a study on the use of Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes for optical trapping of spermatozoa. The results show that for a given trap beam power the first-order LG mode (LG(01)) leads to lower photodamage to the cells without compromising the trapping efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raktim Dasgupta
- Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Laser Biomedical Applications and Instrumentation Division, Indore, India.
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Dasgupta R, Ahlawat S, Verma RS, Uppal A, Gupta PK. Hemoglobin degradation in human erythrocytes with long-duration near-infrared laser exposure in Raman optical tweezers. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:055009. [PMID: 21054091 DOI: 10.1117/1.3497048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared laser (785-nm)-excited Raman spectra from a red blood cell, optically trapped using the same laser beam, show significant changes as a function of trapping duration even at trapping power level of a few milliwatts. These changes in the Raman spectra and the bright-field images of the trapped cell, which show a gradual accumulation of the cell mass at the trap focus, suggest photoinduced aggregation of intracellular heme. The possible role of photoinduced protein denaturation and hemichrome formation in the observed aggregation of heme is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raktim Dasgupta
- Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Laser Biomedical Applications and Instrumentation Division, Indore 452013, India.
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Hsu HY, Ohta AT, Chiou PY, Jamshidi A, Neale SL, Wu MC. Phototransistor-based optoelectronic tweezers for dynamic cell manipulation in cell culture media. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:165-72. [PMID: 20066243 DOI: 10.1039/b906593h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Optoelectronic tweezers (OET), based on light-induced dielectrophoresis, has been shown as a versatile tool for parallel manipulation of micro-particles and cells (P. Y. Chiou, A. T. Ohta and M. C. Wu, Nature, 2005, 436, 370-372). However, the conventional OET device cannot operate in cell culture media or other high-conductivity physiological buffers due to the limited photoconductivity of amorphous silicon. In this paper, we report a new phototransistor-based OET (Ph-OET). Consisting of single-crystalline bipolar junction transistors, the Ph-OET has more than 500x higher photoconductivity than amorphous silicon. Efficient cell trapping of live HeLa and Jurkat cells in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) has been demonstrated using a digital light projector, with a cell transport speed of 33 microm/sec, indicating a force of 14.5 pN. Optical concentration of cells and real-time control of individually addressable cell arrays have also been realized. Precise control of separation between two cells has also been demonstrated. We envision a new platform for single cell studies using Ph-OET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsan-yin Hsu
- University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer science, 476 Cory Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Lau ANK, Ohta AT, Phan HL, Hsu HY, Jamshidi A, Chiou PY, Wu MC. Antifouling coatings for optoelectronic tweezers. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:2952-7. [PMID: 19789749 DOI: 10.1039/b907840a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Optoelectronic tweezers enables parallel manipulation of individual single cells using optical addressing and optically induced dielectrophoretic force. This provides a useful platform for performing a variety of biological functions, such as cell manipulation, cell sorting, and cell electroporation. However, in order to obtain more reliable cellular manipulation, especially of adherent mammalian cells, antifouling coatings need to be used to avoid non-specific cell adherence. Two antifouling coatings are discussed here, which can reduce the amount of non-specific adherence by as much as a factor of 30.
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Abstract
Femtosecond laser ablation permits non-invasive surgeries in the bulk of a sample with submicrometer resolution. We briefly review the history of optical surgery techniques and the experimental background of femtosecond laser ablation. Next, we present several clinical applications, including dental surgery and eye surgery. We then summarize research applications, encompassing cell and tissue studies, research on C. elegans, and studies in zebrafish. We conclude by discussing future trends of femtosecond laser systems and some possible application directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H Chung
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Snook RD, Harvey TJ, Correia Faria E, Gardner P. Raman tweezers and their application to the study of singly trapped eukaryotic cells. Integr Biol (Camb) 2009; 1:43-52. [DOI: 10.1039/b815253e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Shi M, Ding C, Dong J, Wang H, Tian Y, Hu Z. A novel europium(iii) complex with versatility in excitation ranging from infrared to ultraviolet. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:5119-23. [DOI: 10.1039/b900165d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kreysing MK, Kiessling T, Fritsch A, Dietrich C, Guck JR, Käs JA. The optical cell rotator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:16984-92. [PMID: 18852807 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.016984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The optical cell rotator (OCR) is a modified dual-beam laser trap for the holding and controlled rotation of suspended dielectric microparticles, such as cells. In contrast to optical tweezers, OCR uses two counter-propagating divergent laser beams, which are shaped and delivered by optical fibers. The rotation of a trapped specimen is carried out by the rotation of a dual-mode fiber, emitting an asymmetric laser beam. Experiments were performed on human erythrocytes, promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL60), and cell clusters (MCF-7). Since OCR permits the rotation of cells around an axis perpendicular to the optical axis of any microscope and is fully decoupled from imaging optics, it could be a suitable and expedient tool for tomographic microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz K Kreysing
- Department for Experimental Physics I, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Mirsaidov U, Timp W, Timp K, Mir M, Matsudaira P, Timp G. Optimal optical trap for bacterial viability. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 78:021910. [PMID: 18850868 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.78.021910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Optical trapping is a powerful tool for the micromanipulation of living cells--especially bacteria--but photodamage induced by the laser beam can adversely affect viability. We have explored optical trapping conditions in the near infrared (840-930 nm) that preserve the viability of E. coli, as measured by gene expression of green fluorescent protein. We have found that time-sharing the optical traps, i.e., dwelling only 10 micros-1 ms on the cell, improves viability relative to continuous wave (CW) exposure for the same exposure time. We have also observed that similar to CW traps the photodamage in a time-shared trap depends weakly on wavelength, but linearly on peak power, implying an effect induced by single photon absorption. Taken altogether, integrating the exposure time and peak power, the data indicate that there is a lethal energy dose of about 5 J for E. coli. Thus a single parameter--the energy--can be used to describe the limitation on viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utkur Mirsaidov
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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46
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Zhang H, Liu KK. Optical tweezers for single cells. J R Soc Interface 2008; 5:671-90. [PMID: 18381254 PMCID: PMC2408388 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical tweezers (OT) have emerged as an essential tool for manipulating single biological cells and performing sophisticated biophysical/biomechanical characterizations. Distinct advantages of using tweezers for these characterizations include non-contact force for cell manipulation, force resolution as accurate as 100aN and amiability to liquid medium environments. Their wide range of applications, such as transporting foreign materials into single cells, delivering cells to specific locations and sorting cells in microfluidic systems, are reviewed in this article. Recent developments of OT for nanomechanical characterization of various biological cells are discussed in terms of both their theoretical and experimental advancements. The future trends of employing OT in single cells, especially in stem cell delivery, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, are prospected. More importantly, current limitations and future challenges of OT for these new paradigms are also highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuo-Kang Liu
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele UniversityStoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
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47
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Optical tweezers cause physiological damage to Escherichia coli and Listeria bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:2441-6. [PMID: 18310432 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02265-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the degree of physiological damage to bacterial cells caused by optical trapping using a 1,064-nm laser. The physiological condition of the cells was determined by their ability to maintain a pH gradient across the cell wall; healthy cells are able to maintain a pH gradient over the cell wall, whereas compromised cells are less efficient, thus giving rise to a diminished pH gradient. The pH gradient was measured by fluorescence ratio imaging microscopy by incorporating a pH-sensitive fluorescent probe, green fluorescent protein or 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester, inside the bacterial cells. We used the gram-negative species Escherichia coli and three gram-positive species, Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua, and Bacillus subtilis. All cells exhibited some degree of physiological damage, but optically trapped E. coli and L. innocua cells and a subpopulation of L. monocytogenes cells, all grown with shaking, showed only a small decrease in pH gradient across the cell wall when trapped by 6 mW of laser power for 60 min. However, another subpopulation of Listeria monocytogenes cells exhibited signs of physiological damage even while trapped at 6 mW, as did B. subtilis cells. Increasing the laser power to 18 mW caused the pH gradient of both Listeria and E. coli cells to decrease within minutes. Moreover, both species of Listeria exhibited more-pronounced physiological damage when grown without shaking than was seen in cells grown with shaking, and the degree of damage is therefore also dependent on the growth conditions.
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49
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Davies ML, Kirov SA, Andrew RD. Whole isolated neocortical and hippocampal preparations and their use in imaging studies. J Neurosci Methods 2007; 166:203-16. [PMID: 17765319 PMCID: PMC2100436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study shows that two whole isolated preparations from the young mouse, the neocortical 'slab' and the hippocampal formation, are useful for imaging studies requiring both global monitoring using light transmittance (LT) imaging and high resolution cellular monitoring using 2-photon laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM). These preparations share advantages with brain slices such as maintaining intrinsic neuronal properties and avoiding cardiac or respiratory movement. Important additional advantages include the maintenance of all local input and output pathways, the absence of surfaces injured by slicing and the preservation of three-dimensional tissue structure. Using evoked extracellular field recording, we demonstrate long-term (hours) viability of both whole preparations. We then show that propagating cortical events such as anoxic depolarization (AD) and spreading depression (SD) can be imaged in both preparations, yielding results comparable to those in brain slices but retaining the tissue's three-dimensional structure. Using transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in pyramidal and granule cell neurons, 2PLSM confirms that these preparations are free of the surface damage observed in sliced brain tissue. Moreover the neurons undergo swelling with accompanying dendritic beading following AD induced by simulated ischemia, similar to cortical damage described in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L. Davies
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology and The Centre for Neuroscience Studies Queen’s University, Kingston, ON
| | - Sergei A. Kirov
- Department of Neurosurgery Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA
| | - R. David Andrew
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology and The Centre for Neuroscience Studies Queen’s University, Kingston, ON
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50
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Gleeson HF, Wood TA, Dickinson M. Laser manipulation in liquid crystals: an approach to microfluidics and micromachines. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2006; 364:2789-805. [PMID: 16973490 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2006.1855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Laser trapping of particles in three dimensions can occur as a result of the refraction of strongly focused light through micrometre-sized particles. The use of this effect to produce laser tweezers is extremely common in fields such as biology, but it is only relatively recently that the technique has been applied to liquid crystals (LCs). The possibilities are exciting: droplets of LCs can be trapped, moved and rotated in an isotropic fluid medium, or both particles and defects can be trapped and manipulated within a liquid crystalline medium. This paper considers both the possibilities. The mechanism of transfer of optical angular momentum from circularly polarized light to small droplets of nematic LCs is described. Further, it is shown that droplets of chiral LCs can be made to rotate when illuminated with linearly polarized light and possible mechanisms are discussed. The trapping and manipulation of micrometre-sized particles in an aligned LC medium is used to provide a measure of local shear viscosity coefficients and a unique test of theory at low Ericksen number in LCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen F Gleeson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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