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Chen F, Yang T, Lin J, Li T, Liu P, Zhang Z, Tang Z, Tang P. Polarization state tomography technique based on coherent synthesis of polarization state and orthogonal polarization state separation method for comprehensive optical imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:1231-1245. [PMID: 38297679 DOI: 10.1364/oe.506965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Comprehensive optical imaging of the intensity, phase, and birefringent information of the biological sample is important because important physical or pathological changes always accompany the changes in multiple optical parameters. Current studies lack such a metric that can present the comprehensive optical property of the sample in one figure. In this paper, a polarization state synthesis tomography (PoST) method, which is based on the principle of polarization state coherent synthesis and demodulation, is proposed to achieve full-field tomographic imaging of the comprehensive information (i.e., intensity, phase, and birefringence) of the biological sample. In this method, the synthesis of the polarization state is achieved by the time-domain full-field low coherence interferometer, where the polarization states of the sample beam and the reference beam are set to be orthogonal for the synthesis of the polarization state. The synthesis of the polarization state enables two functions of the PoST system: (1) Depth information of the sample can be encoded by the synthesized polarization state because only when the optical path length difference between the two arms is within the coherence length, a new polarization state can be synthesized; (2) Since the scattering coefficient, refractive index and the birefringent property of the sample can modulate the intensity and phase of the sample beam, the synthesized polarization state is sensitive to all these three parameters and can provide the comprehensive optical information of the sample. In this work, the depth-resolved ability and the comprehensive optical imaging metric have been demonstrated by the standard samples and the onion cells, demonstrating the potential application value of this method for further investigation of the important physical or pathological process of the biological tissues.
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2
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Kang D, Do D, Ryu J, Grant CN, Giddings SL, Rosenberg M, Hesterberg PE, Yuan Q, Garber JJ, Katz AJ, Tearney GJ. A miniaturized, tethered, spectrally-encoded confocal endomicroscopy capsule. Lasers Surg Med 2019; 51:452-458. [PMID: 30614021 PMCID: PMC7685220 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The tethered spectrally-encoded confocal endomicroscopy (SECM) capsule is an imaging device that once swallowed by an unsedated patient can visualize cellular morphologic changes associated with gastrointestinal (GI) tract diseases in vivo. Recently, we demonstrated a tethered SECM capsule for counting esophageal eosinophils in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) in vivo. Yet, the current tethered SECM capsule is far too long to be widely utilized for imaging pediatric patients, who constitute a major portion of the EoE patient population. In this paper, we present a new tethered SECM capsule that is 33% shorter, has an easier and repeatable fabrication process, and produces images with reduced speckle noise. MATERIALS AND METHODS The smaller SECM capsule utilized a miniature condenser to increase the fiber numerical aperture and reduce the capsule length. A custom 3D-printed holder was developed to enable easy and repeatable device fabrication. A dual-clad fiber (DCF) was used to reduce speckle noise. RESULTS The fabricated SECM capsule (length = 20 mm; diameter = 7 mm) had a similar size and shape to a pediatric dietary supplement pill. The new capsule achieved optical sectioning thickness of 13.2 μm with a small performance variation between devices of 1.7 μm. Confocal images of human esophagus obtained in vivo showed the capability of this new device to clearly resolve microstructural epithelial details with reduced speckle noise. CONCLUSIONS We expect that the smaller size and better image performance of this new SECM capsule will greatly facilitate the clinical adoption of this technology in pediatric patients and will enable more accurate assessment of EoE-suspected tissues. Lasers Surg. Med. 51:452-458, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongkyun Kang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- College of Optical Sciences and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
- Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Dukho Do
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Jiheun Ryu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Catriona N. Grant
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Sarah L. Giddings
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Mireille Rosenberg
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | | | - Qian Yuan
- Food Allergy Center, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - John J. Garber
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Aubrey J. Katz
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Harvard-MIT division of Health Science and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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De Montigny E, Goulamhoussen N, Madore WJ, Strupler M, Gologan OE, Ayad T, Boudoux C. Tri-modal microscope for head and neck tissue identification. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:732-45. [PMID: 27231585 PMCID: PMC4866452 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.000732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A novel tri-modal microscope combining optical coherence tomography (OCT), spectrally encoded confocal microscopy (SECM) and fluorescence imaging is presented. This system aims at providing a tool for rapid identification of head and neck tissues during thyroid surgery. The development of a dual-wavelength polygon-based swept laser allows for synchronized, co-registered and simultaneous imaging with all three modalities. Further ameliorations towards miniaturization include a custom lens for optimal compromise between orthogonal imaging geometries as well as a double-clad fiber coupler for increased throughput. Image quality and co-registration is demonstrated on freshly excised swine head and neck tissue samples to illustrate the complementarity of the techniques for identifying signature cellular and structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne De Montigny
- COPL, Department of Engineering Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- Montreal University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nadir Goulamhoussen
- COPL, Department of Engineering Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Wendy-Julie Madore
- COPL, Department of Engineering Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- Montreal University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mathias Strupler
- COPL, Department of Engineering Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Tareck Ayad
- Montreal University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Caroline Boudoux
- COPL, Department of Engineering Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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4
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Zeidan A, Yelin D. Reflectance confocal microscopy of red blood cells: simulation and experiment. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:4335-43. [PMID: 26600999 PMCID: PMC4646543 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.004335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the morphology of red blood cells is important for clinical diagnosis, providing valuable indications on a patient's health. In this work, we have simulated the appearance of normal red blood cells under a reflectance confocal microscope and discovered unique relations between the morphological parameters and the resulting characteristic interference patterns of the cell. The simulation results showed good agreement with in vitro reflectance confocal images of red blood cells, acquired using spectrally encoded flow cytometry that imaged the cells in a linear flow without artificial staining. By matching the simulated patterns to confocal images of the cells, this method could be used for measuring cell morphology in three dimensions and for studying their physiology.
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5
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Kim S, Hwang J, Heo J, Ryu S, Lee D, Kim SH, Oh SJ, Joo C. Spectrally encoded slit confocal microscopy using a wavelength-swept laser. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:036016. [PMID: 25813913 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.3.036016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present an implementation of spectrally encoded slit confocal microscopy. The method employs a rapid wavelength-swept laser as the light source and illuminates a specimen with a line focus that scans through the specimen as the wavelength sweeps. The reflected light from the specimen is imaged with a stationary line scan camera, in which the finite pixel height serves as a slit aperture. This scanner-free operation enables a simple and cost-effective implementation in a small form factor, while allowing for the three-dimensional imaging of biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soocheol Kim
- Yonsei University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyun Hwang
- Yonsei University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Heo
- Yonsei University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Suho Ryu
- Yonsei University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghak Lee
- Yonsei University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Kim
- Yonsei University, YUHS-KRIBB Medical Convergence Research Institute, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, and Department of Radiology, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Oh
- Yonsei University, YUHS-KRIBB Medical Convergence Research Institute, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, and Department of Radiology, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulmin Joo
- Yonsei University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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Kim M, Kang D, Wu T, Tabatabaei N, Carruth RW, Martinez RV, Whitesides GM, Nakajima Y, Tearney GJ. Miniature objective lens with variable focus for confocal endomicroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:4350-61. [PMID: 25574443 PMCID: PMC4285610 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.004350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy (SECM) is a reflectance confocal microscopy technology that can rapidly image large areas of luminal organs at microscopic resolution. One of the main challenges for large-area SECM imaging in vivo is maintaining the same imaging depth within the tissue when patient motion and tissue surface irregularity are present. In this paper, we report the development of a miniature vari-focal objective lens that can be used in an SECM endoscopic probe to conduct adaptive focusing and to maintain the same imaging depth during in vivo imaging. The vari-focal objective lens is composed of an aspheric singlet with an NA of 0.5, a miniature water chamber, and a thin elastic membrane. The water volume within the chamber was changed to control curvature of the elastic membrane, which subsequently altered the position of the SECM focus. The vari-focal objective lens has a diameter of 5 mm and thickness of 4 mm. A vari-focal range of 240 μm was achieved while maintaining lateral resolution better than 2.6 μm and axial resolution better than 26 μm. Volumetric SECM images of swine esophageal tissues were obtained over the vari-focal range of 260 μm. SECM images clearly visualized cellular features of the swine esophagus at all focal depths, including basal cell nuclei, papillae, and lamina propria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyu Kim
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114,
USA
- School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 2-11-16 Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656,
Japan
| | - DongKyun Kang
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114,
USA
| | - Tao Wu
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114,
USA
| | - Nima Tabatabaei
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114,
USA
| | - Robert W. Carruth
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114,
USA
| | - Ramses V Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138,
USA
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid,
Spain
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138,
USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138,
USA
| | - Yoshikazu Nakajima
- School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 2-11-16 Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656,
Japan
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114,
USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114,
USA
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7
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Wu TY, Rouse AR, Chambers SK, Hatch KD, Gmitro AF. Confocal microlaparoscope for imaging the fallopian tube. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:116010. [PMID: 25411899 PMCID: PMC4409019 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.11.116010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that ovarian cancer can originate in the fallopian tube. Unlike many other cancers, poor access to the ovary and fallopian tubes has limited the ability to study the progression of this deadly disease and to diagnosis it during the early stage when it is most amenable to therapy. A rigid confocal microlaparoscope system designed to image the epithelial surface of the ovary in vivo was previously reported. A new confocal microlaparoscope with an articulating distal tip has been developed to enable in vivo access to human fallopian tubes. The new microlaparoscope is compatible with 5-mm trocars and includes a 2.2-mm-diameter articulating distal tip consisting of a bare fiber bundle and an automated dye delivery system for fluorescence confocal imaging. This small articulating device should enable the confocal microlaparoscope to image early stage ovarian cancer arising inside the fallopian tube. Ex vivo images of animal tissue and human fallopian tube using the new articulating device are presented along with in vivo imaging results using the rigid confocal microlaparoscope system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yu Wu
- University of Arizona, College of Optical Sciences, 1630 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- University of Arizona, Department of Medical Imaging, PO Box 245067, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
| | - Andrew R. Rouse
- University of Arizona, College of Optical Sciences, 1630 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- University of Arizona, Department of Medical Imaging, PO Box 245067, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, PO Box 245024, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
| | - Setsuko K. Chambers
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, PO Box 245024, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
- University of Arizona, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PO Box 245078, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
| | - Kenneth D. Hatch
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, PO Box 245024, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
- University of Arizona, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PO Box 245078, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
| | - Arthur F. Gmitro
- University of Arizona, College of Optical Sciences, 1630 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- University of Arizona, Department of Medical Imaging, PO Box 245067, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, PO Box 245024, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Arthur F. Gmitro, E-mail:
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8
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Zeidan A, Yelin D. Miniature forward-viewing spectrally encoded endoscopic probe. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:4871-4. [PMID: 25121896 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.004871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Spectrally encoded endoscopy is a promising technique for minimally invasive imaging, allowing high-quality imaging through small diameter probes that do not require rapid mechanical scanning. A novel optical configuration that employs broadband visible light and dual-channel imaging is used to demonstrate a miniature forward-viewing probe having a high number of resolvable points, low speckle contrast, negligible backreflections, and high signal-to-noise ratio. The system would be most suitable for imaging through narrow ducts and vessels for clinical diagnosis at hard-to-reach locations in the body.
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9
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Advances in imaging probes and optical microendoscopic imaging techniques for early in vivo cancer assessment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 74:53-74. [PMID: 24120351 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new chapter in the history of medical diagnosis happened when the first X-ray technology was invented in the late 1800s. Since then, many non-invasive and minimally invasive imaging techniques have been invented for clinical diagnosis to research in cellular biology, drug discovery, and disease monitoring. These imaging modalities have leveraged the benefits of significant advances in computer, electronics, and information technology and, more recently, targeted molecular imaging. The development of targeted contrast agents such as fluorescent and nanoparticle probes coupled with optical imaging techniques has made it possible to selectively view specific biological events and processes in both in vivo and ex vivo systems with great sensitivity and selectivity. Thus, the combination of targeted molecular imaging probes and optical imaging techniques have become a mainstay in modern medicinal and biological research. Many promising results have demonstrated great potentials to translate to clinical applications. In this review, we describe a discussion of employing imaging probes and optical microendoscopic imaging techniques for cancer diagnosis.
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Schlachter SC, Kang D, Gora MJ, Vacas-Jacques P, Wu T, Carruth RW, Wilsterman EJ, Bouma BE, Woods K, Tearney GJ. Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy of esophageal tissues at 100 kHz line rate. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:1636-45. [PMID: 24049684 PMCID: PMC3771834 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.001636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy (SECM) is a reflectance confocal microscopy technology that uses a diffraction grating to illuminate different locations on the sample with distinct wavelengths. SECM can obtain line images without any beam scanning devices, which opens up the possibility of high-speed imaging with relatively simple probe optics. This feature makes SECM a promising technology for rapid endoscopic imaging of internal organs, such as the esophagus, at microscopic resolution. SECM imaging of the esophagus has been previously demonstrated at relatively low line rates (5 kHz). In this paper, we demonstrate SECM imaging of large regions of esophageal tissues at a high line imaging rate of 100 kHz. The SECM system comprises a wavelength-swept source with a fast sweep rate (100 kHz), high output power (80 mW), and a detector unit with a large bandwidth (100 MHz). The sensitivity of the 100-kHz SECM system was measured to be 60 dB and the transverse resolution was 1.6 µm. Excised swine and human esophageal tissues were imaged with the 100-kHz SECM system at a rate of 6.6 mm(2)/sec. Architectural and cellular features of esophageal tissues could be clearly visualized in the SECM images, including papillae, glands, and nuclei. These results demonstrate that large-area SECM imaging of esophageal tissues can be successfully conducted at a high line imaging rate of 100 kHz, which will enable whole-organ SECM imaging in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C. Schlachter
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - DongKyun Kang
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Michalina J. Gora
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Paulino Vacas-Jacques
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tao Wu
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Robert W. Carruth
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Eric J. Wilsterman
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Brett E. Bouma
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kevin Woods
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Kang D, Carruth RW, Kim M, Schlachter SC, Shishkov M, Woods K, Tabatabaei N, Wu T, Tearney GJ. Endoscopic probe optics for spectrally encoded confocal microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:1925-36. [PMID: 24156054 PMCID: PMC3799656 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.001925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy (SECM) is a form of reflectance confocal microscopy that can achieve high imaging speeds using relatively simple probe optics. Previously, the feasibility of conducting large-area SECM imaging of the esophagus in bench top setups has been demonstrated. Challenges remain, however, in translating SECM into a clinically-useable device; the tissue imaging performance should be improved, and the probe size needs to be significantly reduced so that it can fit into luminal organs of interest. In this paper, we report the development of new SECM endoscopic probe optics that addresses these challenges. A custom water-immersion aspheric singlet (NA = 0.5) was developed and used as the objective lens. The water-immersion condition was used to reduce the spherical aberrations and specular reflection from the tissue surface, which enables cellular imaging of the tissue deep below the surface. A custom collimation lens and a small-size grating were used along with the custom aspheric singlet to reduce the probe size. A dual-clad fiber was used to provide both the single- and multi- mode detection modes. The SECM probe optics was made to be 5.85 mm in diameter and 30 mm in length, which is small enough for safe and comfortable endoscopic imaging of the gastrointestinal tract. The lateral resolution was 1.8 and 2.3 µm for the single- and multi- mode detection modes, respectively, and the axial resolution 11 and 17 µm. SECM images of the swine esophageal tissue demonstrated the capability of this device to enable the visualization of characteristic cellular structural features, including basal cell nuclei and papillae, down to the imaging depth of 260 µm. These results suggest that the new SECM endoscopic probe optics will be useful for imaging large areas of the esophagus at the cellular scale in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- DongKyun Kang
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Robert W. Carruth
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Minkyu Kim
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 2-11-16 Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Simon C. Schlachter
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Milen Shishkov
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kevin Woods
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nima Tabatabaei
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tao Wu
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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12
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Development of a Novel Embedded Relay Lens Microscopic Hyperspectral Imaging System for Cancer Diagnosis: Use of the Mice with Oral Cancer to Be the Example. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/710803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper develops a novel embedded relay lens microscopic hyperspectral imaging system (ERL-MHSI) with high spectral resolution (nominal spectral resolution of 2.8 nm) and spatial resolution (30 μm × 10 μm) for cancer diagnosis. The ERL-MHSI system has transmittance and fluorescence mode. The transmittance can provide the morphological information for pathological diagnosis, and
the fluorescence of cells or tissue can provide the characteristic signature for identification of normal and abnormal. In this work, the development of the ERL-MHSI system is discussed and the capability of the system is demonstrated by diagnosing early stage oral cancer of twenty mice in vitro. The best sensitivity for identifying normal cells and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was 100%. The best specificity for identifying normal cells and SCC was 99%. The best sensitivity for identifying normal cells and dysplasia was 99%. The best specificity for identifying normal cells and dysplasia was 97%. This work also utilizes fractal dimension to analyze the morphological information and find the significant different values between normal and SCC.
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13
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Engel G, Genish H, Rosenbluh M, Yelin D. Dual-channel spectrally encoded endoscopic probe. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:1855-64. [PMID: 22876349 PMCID: PMC3409704 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.001855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
High quality imaging through sub-millimeter endoscopic probes provides clinicians with valuable diagnostics capabilities in hard to reach locations within the body. Spectrally encoded endoscopy (SEE) has been shown promising for such task; however, challenging probe fabrication and high speckle noise had prevented its testing in in vivo studies. Here we demonstrate a novel miniature SEE probe which incorporates some of the recent progress in spectrally encoded technology into a compact and robust endoscopic system. A high-quality miniature diffraction grating was fabricated using automated femtosecond laser cutting from a large bulk grating. Using one spectrally encoded channel for imaging and a separate channel for incoherent illumination, the new system has large depth of field, negligible back reflections and well controlled speckle noise which depends on the core diameter of the illumination fiber. Moreover, by using a larger imaging channel, higher groove density grating, shorter wavelength and broader spectrum, the new endoscopic system now allow significant improvements in almost all imaging parameter compared to previous systems, through an ultra-miniature endoscopic probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Engel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Hadar Genish
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Michael Rosenbluh
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Dvir Yelin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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14
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Golan L, Yeheskely-Hayon D, Minai L, Dann EJ, Yelin D. Noninvasive imaging of flowing blood cells using label-free spectrally encoded flow cytometry. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:1455-64. [PMID: 22741090 PMCID: PMC3370984 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.001455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Optical microscopy of blood cells in vivo provides a unique opportunity for clinicians and researchers to visualize the morphology and dynamics of circulating cells, but is usually limited by the imaging speed and by the need for exogenous labeling of the cells. Here we present a label-free approach for in vivo flow cytometry of blood using a compact imaging probe that could be adapted for bedside real-time imaging of patients in clinical settings, and demonstrate subcellular resolution imaging of red and white blood cells flowing in the oral mucosa of a human volunteer. By analyzing the large data sets obtained by the system, valuable blood parameters could be extracted and used for direct, reliable assessment of patient physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Golan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Daniella Yeheskely-Hayon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Limor Minai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eldad J Dann
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Blood Bank and Aphaeresis unit, Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel
- Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dvir Yelin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
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15
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Yoo H, Kang D, Katz AJ, Lauwers GY, Nishioka NS, Yagi Y, Tanpowpong P, Namati J, Bouma BE, Tearney GJ. Reflectance confocal microscopy for the diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis: a pilot study conducted on biopsy specimens. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 74:992-1000. [PMID: 21944314 PMCID: PMC3425354 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) currently requires endoscopic biopsy and histopathologic analysis of the biopsy specimens to count intraepithelial eosinophils. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is an endomicroscopy technology that is capable of obtaining high-resolution, optically sectioned images of esophageal mucosa without the administration of exogenous contrast. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the capability of a high-speed form of RCM, termed spectrally encoded confocal microscopy (SECM), to count intraepithelial esophageal eosinophils and characterize other microscopic findings of EoE. DESIGN A total of 43 biopsy samples from 35 pediatric patients and 8 biopsy samples from 8 adult patients undergoing EGD for EoE were imaged by SECM immediately after their removal and then processed for routine histopathology. Two SECM readers, trained on adult cases, prospectively counted intraepithelial eosinophils and detected the presence of abscess, degranulation, and basal cell hyperplasia on SECM images from the pediatric patients. A pathologist blinded to the SECM data analyzed the same from corresponding slides. SETTING The Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital. RESULTS Eosinophils by SECM demonstrated a higher reflectance than the surrounding cells and other inflammatory cells. There was good correlation between SECM and histology maximum eosinophil counts/high-power field (R = 0.76, P < .0001). Intra- and interobserver correlations for SECM counts were very good (R = 0.93 and R = 0.92, respectively; P < .0001). For the commonly used eosinophil count cutoff of 15 per high-power field, the sensitivity and specificity of SECM for EoE were 100%. The sensitivity and specificity for abscess, degranulation, and basal cell hyperplasia were 100% and 82%, 91% and 60%, and 94% and 80%, respectively. Intra- and interobserver agreements for these microscopic features of EoE were very good (κ = 0.9/0.9, 0.84/1.0, 0.91/0.81, respectively). LIMITATION Ex vivo study. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that RCM can be used to accurately count intraepithelial eosinophils and identify other microscopic abnormalities associated with EoE on freshly excised biopsy samples. These findings suggest that RCM may be developed into a tool for assessing eosinophilic infiltration in the esophagus in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongki Yoo
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Dermatology Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - DongKyun Kang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Dermatology Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aubrey J. Katz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Unit, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Food Allergy Center, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory Y. Lauwers
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Norman S. Nishioka
- Department of Gastrointestinal Unit, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yukako Yagi
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pornthep Tanpowpong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Unit, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Food Allergy Center, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacqueline Namati
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Dermatology Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brett E. Bouma
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Dermatology Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Jabbour JM, Saldua MA, Bixler JN, Maitland KC. Confocal endomicroscopy: instrumentation and medical applications. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 40:378-97. [PMID: 21994069 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Advances in fiber optic technology and miniaturized optics and mechanics have propelled confocal endomicroscopy into the clinical realm. This high resolution, non-invasive imaging technology provides the ability to microscopically evaluate cellular and sub-cellular features in tissue in vivo by optical sectioning. Because many cancers originate in epithelial tissues accessible by endoscopes, confocal endomicroscopy has been explored to detect regions of possible neoplasia at an earlier stage by imaging morphological features in vivo that are significant in histopathologic evaluation. This technique allows real-time assessment of tissue which may improve diagnostic yield by guiding biopsy. Research and development continues to reduce the overall size of the imaging probe, increase the image acquisition speed, and improve resolution and field of view of confocal endomicroscopes. Technical advances will continue to enable application to less accessible organs and more complex systems in the body. Lateral and axial resolutions down to 0.5 and 3 μm, respectively, field of view as large as 800 × 450 μm, and objective lens and total probe outer diameters down to 0.35 and 1.25 mm, respectively, have been achieved. We provide a review of the historical developments of confocal imaging in vivo, the evolution of endomicroscope instrumentation, and the medical applications of confocal endomicroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey M Jabbour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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17
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Kang D, Yoo H, Jillella P, Bouma BE, Tearney GJ. Comprehensive volumetric confocal microscopy with adaptive focusing. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 2:1412-22. [PMID: 21698005 PMCID: PMC3114210 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.001412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive microscopy of distal esophagus could greatly improve the screening and surveillance of esophageal diseases such as Barrett's esophagus by providing histomorphologic information over the entire region at risk. Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy (SECM) is a high-speed reflectance confocal microscopy technology that can be configured to image the entire distal esophagus by helically scanning the beam using optics within a balloon-centering probe. It is challenging to image the human esophagus in vivo with balloon-based SECM, however, because patient motion and anatomic tissue surface irregularities decenter the optics, making it difficult to keep the focus at a predetermined location within the tissue as the beam is scanned. In this paper, we present a SECM probe equipped with an adaptive focusing mechanism that can compensate for tissue surface irregularity and dynamic focal variation. A tilted arrangement of the objective lens is employed in the SECM probe to provide feedback signals to an adaptive focusing mechanism. The tilted configuration also allows the probe to obtain reflectance confocal data from multiple depth levels, enabling the acquisition of three-dimensional volumetric data during a single scan of the probe. A tissue phantom with a surface area of 12.6 cm(2) was imaged using the new SECM probe, and 8 large-area reflectance confocal microscopy images were acquired over the depth range of 56 μm in 20 minutes. Large-area SECM images of excised swine small intestine tissue were also acquired, enabling the visualization of villous architecture, epithelium, and lamina propria. The adaptive focusing mechanism was demonstrated to enable acquisition of in-focus images even when the probe was not centered and the tissue surface was irregular.
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Affiliation(s)
- DongKyun Kang
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hongki Yoo
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Priyanka Jillella
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Brett E. Bouma
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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18
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Kang DK, Suter MJ, Boudoux C, Yachimski PS, Puricelli WP, Nishioka NS, Mino-Kenudson M, Lauwers GY, Bouma BE, Tearney GJ. Co-registered spectrally encoded confocal microscopy and optical frequency domain imaging system. J Microsc 2010; 239:87-91. [PMID: 20629914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2010.03367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy and optical frequency domain imaging are two non-contact optical imaging technologies that provide images of tissue cellular and architectural morphology, which are both used for histopathological diagnosis. Although spectrally encoded confocal microscopy has better transverse resolution than optical frequency domain imaging, optical frequency domain imaging can penetrate deeper into tissues, which potentially enables the visualization of different morphologic features. We have developed a co-registered spectrally encoded confocal microscopy and optical frequency domain imaging system and have obtained preliminary images from human oesophageal biopsy samples to compare the capabilities of these imaging techniques for diagnosing oesophageal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Kang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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19
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Abramov A, Minai L, Yelin D. Multiple-channel spectrally encoded imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:14745-51. [PMID: 20639960 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.014745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Spectrally encoded endoscopy (SEE) uses miniature diffractive optics to encode space with wavelength, allowing video-rate three-dimensional imaging through sub-millimeter, flexible endoscopic probes. Here we present a new approach for SEE in which the illumination and the collection channels are separated in space, and spectral encoding is present only in the collection channel. Bench-top experiments using spatially incoherent white light illumination reveal significant improvement in image quality and considerable reduction of speckle noise compared to conventional techniques, and show that the new system is capable of high sensitivity fluorescence imaging of single cells. The presented new approach would allow improved functionality and usability of SEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Abramov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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20
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Lee CM, Engelbrecht CJ, Soper TD, Helmchen F, Seibel EJ. Scanning fiber endoscopy with highly flexible, 1 mm catheterscopes for wide-field, full-color imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2010; 3:385-407. [PMID: 20336702 PMCID: PMC3163080 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.200900087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In modern endoscopy, wide field of view and full color are considered necessary for navigating inside the body, inspecting tissue for disease and guiding interventions such as biopsy or surgery. Current flexible endoscope technologies suffer from reduced resolution when device diameter shrinks. Endoscopic procedures today, using coherent fiber-bundle technology on the scale of 1 mm, are performed with such poor image quality that the clinician's vision meets the criteria for legal blindness. Here, we review a new and versatile scanning fiber-imaging technology and describe its implementation for ultrathin and flexible endoscopy. This scanning fiber endoscope (SFE) or catheterscope enables high-quality, laser-based, video imaging for ultrathin clinical applications, while also providing new options for in vivo biological research of subsurface tissue and high resolution fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron M Lee
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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21
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Strupler M, Montigny ED, Morneau D, Boudoux C. Rapid spectrally encoded fluorescence imaging using a wavelength-swept source. OPTICS LETTERS 2010; 35:1737-9. [PMID: 20517399 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.001737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We present rapid imaging of fluorescent samples using spectral encoding (SE). A near-IR wavelength-swept source in used to preserve the SE of the position, despite Stokes shifts. To validate this approach, we imaged fluorescent PbS quantum dot solutions at concentrations down to 0.5+/-0.1micromol/L. This simple configuration allowed acquisition rates of up to 9920 lines of 1024 pixels per second to create high-resolution images. This spectrally encoded setup could be easily miniaturized for endoscopy, thus combining high-resolution fluorescence with confocal reflectance imaging at unmatched acquisition speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Strupler
- Engineering Physics Department, Ecole Polytechnique Montréal,2900, Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montreal, Quebec, H3C3A7, Canada
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22
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Lemire-Renaud S, Rivard M, Strupler M, Morneau D, Verpillat F, Daxhelet X, Godbout N, Boudoux C. Double-clad fiber coupler for endoscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:9755-64. [PMID: 20588826 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.009755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We present a double-clad fiber coupler (DCFC) for use in endoscopy to reduce speckle contrast, increase signal collection and depth of field. The DCFC is made by fusing and tapering two all silica double-clad fiber (DCF) and allows achromatic transmission of >95% of core illumination (1265nm - 1325nm) as well as collection of >42% of inner cladding diffuse light. Its potential for endoscopy is demonstrated in a spectrally encoded imaging setup which shows speckle reduction by a factor 5, increased signal collection by a factor 9 and enhanced depth of field by 1.8 times. Separation by the DCFC of single- and multi-mode signals allows combining low-speckle reflectance images (25.5 fps) with interferometrically measured depth profiles (post-processed) for of small three-dimensional (3D) features through an all-fiber low loss instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lemire-Renaud
- Centre d'Optique, Photonique et Laser, Engineering Physics Department, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, Station Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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23
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Kang JW, Kim P, Alonzo CA, Park H, Yun SH. Two-photon microscopy by wavelength-swept pulses delivered through single-mode fiber. OPTICS LETTERS 2010; 35:181-3. [PMID: 20081961 PMCID: PMC2884992 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear microscopy through flexible fiber-optic catheters has potential in clinical diagnostic applications. Here, we demonstrate a new approach based on wavelength-swept narrowband pulses that permits simple fiber-optic delivery without need of the dispersion management and allows nonmechanical beam scanning. Using 0.86 ps pulses rapidly tuned from 789 nm to 822 nm at a sweep rate of 200 Hz, we demonstrate two-photon fluorescence and second-harmonic generation imaging through a 5-m-long standard single-mode fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeon Woong Kang
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, BAR-8, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Pilhan Kim
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, BAR-8, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Carlo Amadeo Alonzo
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, BAR-8, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Hyunsung Park
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, BAR-8, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and WCU Program, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Seok H. Yun
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, BAR-8, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and WCU Program, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
- Corresponding author:
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24
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Kang D, Suter MJ, Boudoux C, Yoo H, Yachimski PS, Puricelli WP, Nishioka NS, Mino-Kenudson M, Lauwers GY, Bouma BE, Tearney GJ. Comprehensive imaging of gastroesophageal biopsy samples by spectrally encoded confocal microscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71:35-43. [PMID: 19922916 PMCID: PMC3135336 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2009.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy (SECM) is a high-speed reflectance confocal microscopy technique that has the potential to be used for acquiring comprehensive images of the entire distal esophagus endoscopically with subcellular resolution. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to demonstrate large-area SECM in upper GI tissues and to determine whether the images contain microstructural information that is useful for pathologic diagnosis. DESIGN A feasibility study. SETTING Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital. PATIENTS Fifty biopsy samples from 36 patients undergoing routine EGD were imaged by SECM, in their entirety, immediately after their removal. RESULTS The microstructure seen in the SECM images was similar to that seen by histopathology. Gastric cardia mucosa was clearly differentiated from squamous mucosa. Gastric fundic/body type mucosa showed more tightly packed glands than gastric cardia mucosa. Fundic gland polyps showed cystically dilated glands lined with cuboidal epithelium. The presence of intraepithelial eosinophils was detected with the cells demonstrating a characteristic bilobed nucleus. Specialized intestinal metaplasia was identified by columnar epithelium and the presence of goblet cells. Barrett's esophagus (BE) with dysplasia was differentiated from specialized intestinal metaplasia by the loss of nuclear polarity and disorganized glandular architecture. LIMITATIONS Ex vivo, descriptive study. CONCLUSIONS Large-area SECM images of gastroesophageal biopsy samples enabled the visualization of both subcellular and architectural features of various upper GI mucosal types and were similar to the corresponding histopathologic slides. These results suggest that the development of an endoscopic SECM probe is merited.
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25
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Merman M, Abramov A, Yelin D. Theoretical analysis of spectrally encoded endoscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:24045-59. [PMID: 20052117 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.024045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Using a single optical fiber and miniature distal optics, spectrally-encoded endoscopy (SEE) has been demonstrated as a promising, three-dimensional endoscopic imaging method with a large number of resolvable points and high frame rates. We present a detailed theoretical study of the SEE prototype system and probe. Several key imaging parameters of SEE are thoroughly derived and formulated, including the three-dimensional point-spread function and field of view, as well as the system's optical aberrations and fundamental limits. We find that the point-spread function of the SEE system maintains a unique relation between its transverse and axial shapes, discuss the asymmetry of the volumetric field of view, determine that the number of lateral resolvable points is nearly twice than what was previously accepted, and derive an expression for the upper limit for the total number of resolvable points in the cross-sectional image plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Merman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
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26
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Udovich JA, Besselsen DG, Gmitro AF. Assessment of acridine orange and SYTO 16 for in vivo imaging of the peritoneal tissues in mice. J Microsc 2009; 234:124-9. [PMID: 19397741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of peritoneal injection of acridine orange and SYTO 16 in mice was investigated. Images of peritoneal tissues stained with these dyes and obtained through a confocal micro-endoscope are presented. Seventy-five Balb/c mice were split into five groups and given peritoneal injections of dye or saline. The proportions of negative outcomes in each group were compared using confidence intervals and the Fisher's exact statistical test. A statistically significant increase in adverse events due to dye injection was not observed. These data provide an initial investigation into the safety of acridine orange and SYTO 16 for in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Udovich
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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27
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Preliminary evaluation of noninvasive microscopic imaging techniques for the study of vocal fold development. J Voice 2008; 23:269-76. [PMID: 18346865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding pediatric voice development and laryngeal pathology is predicated on a detailed knowledge of the microanatomy of the layered structure of the vocal fold. Our current knowledge of this microanatomy and its temporal evolution is limited by the lack of pediatric specimen availability. By providing the capability to image pediatric vocal folds in vivo, a noninvasive microscopy technique could greatly expand the existing database of pediatric laryngeal microanatomy and could furthermore make longitudinal studies possible. A variety of natural-contrast optical imaging technologies, including optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI), full-field optical coherence microscopy (FF-OCM), and spectrally encoded confocal microscopy (SECM) have been recently developed for noninvasive diagnosis in adult patients. In this paper, we demonstrate the potential of these three techniques for laryngeal investigation by obtaining images of excised porcine vocal fold samples. In our study, OFDI allowed visualization of the vocal fold architecture deep within the tissue, from the superficial mucosa to the vocalis muscle. The micron-level resolution of SECM allowed investigation of cells and extracellular matrix fibrils from the superficial mucosa to the intermediate layer of the lamina propria (LP) (350 microm penetration depth). The large field of view (up to 700 microm), penetration depth (up to 500 microm), and resolution (2x2x1microm [XxYxZ]) of FF-OCM enabled comprehensive three-dimensional evaluation of the layered structure of the LP. Our results suggest that these techniques provide important and complementary cellular and structural information, which may be useful for investigating pediatric vocal fold maturation in vivo.
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28
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Shin HJ, Pierce MC, Lee D, Ra H, Solgaard O, Richards-Kortum R. Fiber-optic confocal microscope using a MEMS scanner and miniature objective lens. OPTICS EXPRESS 2007; 15:9113-22. [PMID: 19547251 DOI: 10.1364/oe.15.009113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We designed and constructed a single-fiber-optic confocal microscope (SFCM) with a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) scanner and a miniature objective lens. Axial and lateral resolution values for the system were experimentally measured to be 9.55 mum and 0.83 mum respectively, in good agreement with theoretical predictions. Reflectance images were acquired at a rate of 8 frames per second, over a 140 mum x 70 mum field-of-view. In anticipation of future applications in oral cancer detection, we imaged ex vivo and in vivo human oral tissue with the SFCM, demonstrating the ability of the system to resolve cellular detail.
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