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Lioret V, Bellaye PS, Bernhard Y, Moreau M, Guillemin M, Drouet C, Collin B, Decréau RA. Cherenkov Radiation induced photodynamic therapy - repurposing older photosensitizers, and radionuclides. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103816. [PMID: 37783257 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Old-generation photosensitizers are minimally used in current photodynamic therapy (PDT) because they absorb in the UV/blue/green region of the spectrum where biological tissues are generally highly absorbing. The UV/blue light of Cherenkov Radiation (CR) from nuclear disintegration of beta-emitter radionuclides shows promise as an internal light source to activate these photosensitizers within tissue. Outline of the study: 1) radionuclide choice and Cherenkov Radiation, 2) Photosensitizer choice, synthesis and radiolabeling, 3) CR-induced fluorescence, 4) Verification of ROS formation, 5) CR-induced PDT with either free eosine and free CR emitter, or with radiolabelled eosin. RESULTS Cherenkov Radiation Energy Transfer (CRET) from therapeutic radionuclides (90Y) and PET imaging radionuclides (18F, 68Ga) to eosin was shown by spectrofluorimetry and in vitro, and was shown to result in a PDT process. The feasibility of CR-induced PDT (CR-PDT) was demonstrated in vitro on B16F10 murine melanoma cells mixing free eosin (λabs = 524 nm, ΦΔ 0.67) with free CR-emitter [18F]-FDG under their respective intrinsic toxicity levels (0.5 mM/8 MBq) and by trapping singlet oxygen with diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF). An eosin-DOTAGA-chelate conjugate 1 was synthesized and radiometallated with CR-emitter [68Ga] allowed to reach 25 % cell toxicity at 0.125 mM/2 MBq, i.e. below the toxicity threshold of each component measured on controls. Incubation time was carefully examined, especially for CR emitters, in light of its toxicity, and its CR-emitting yield expected to be 3 times as much for 68Ga than 18F (considering their β particle energy) per radionuclide decay, while its half-life is about twice as small. PERSPECTIVE This study showed that in complete darkness, as it is at depth in tissues, PDT could proceed relying on CR emission from radionuclides only. Interestingly, this study also repurposed PET imaging radionuclides, such as 68Ga, to trigger a therapeutic event (PDT), albeit in a modest extent. Moreover, although it remains modest, such a PDT approach may be used to achieve additional tumoricidal effect to RIT treatment, where radionuclides, such as 90Y, are strong CR emitters, i.e. very potent light source for photosensitizer activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Lioret
- ICMUB Institute (Chemistry Department) Sciences Mirande, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, Dijon 21078, France
| | | | - Yann Bernhard
- ICMUB Institute (Chemistry Department) Sciences Mirande, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, Dijon 21078, France
| | - Mathieu Moreau
- ICMUB Institute (Chemistry Department) Sciences Mirande, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, Dijon 21078, France
| | - Mélanie Guillemin
- Centre George François Leclerc, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, Dijon 21079, France
| | - Camille Drouet
- Centre George François Leclerc, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, Dijon 21079, France
| | - Bertrand Collin
- ICMUB Institute (Chemistry Department) Sciences Mirande, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, Dijon 21078, France; Centre George François Leclerc, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, Dijon 21079, France
| | - Richard A Decréau
- ICMUB Institute (Chemistry Department) Sciences Mirande, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, Dijon 21078, France.
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Practical Guidance for Developing Small-Molecule Optical Probes for In Vivo Imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:240-264. [PMID: 36745354 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01800-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The WMIS Education Committee (2019-2022) reached a consensus that white papers on molecular imaging could be beneficial for practitioners of molecular imaging at their early career stages and other scientists who are interested in molecular imaging. With this consensus, the committee plans to publish a series of white papers on topics related to the daily practice of molecular imaging. In this white paper, we aim to provide practical guidance that could be helpful for optical molecular imaging, particularly for small molecule probe development and validation in vitro and in vivo. The focus of this paper is preclinical animal studies with small-molecule optical probes. Near-infrared fluorescence imaging, bioluminescence imaging, chemiluminescence imaging, image-guided surgery, and Cerenkov luminescence imaging are discussed in this white paper.
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Gonzalez‐Montoro A, Vera‐Donoso CD, Konstantinou G, Sopena P, Martinez M, Ortiz JB, Carles M, Benlloch JM, Gonzalez AJ. Nuclear-medicine probes: Where we are and where we are going. Med Phys 2022; 49:4372-4390. [PMID: 35526220 PMCID: PMC9545507 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear medicine probes turned into the key for the identification and precise location of sentinel lymph nodes and other occult lesions (i.e., tumors) by using the systemic administration of radiotracers. Intraoperative nuclear probes are key in the surgical management of some malignancies as well as in the determination of positive surgical margins, thus reducing the extent and potential surgery morbidity. Depending on their application, nuclear probes are classified into two main categories, namely, counting and imaging. Although counting probes present a simple design, are handheld (to be moved rapidly), and provide only acoustic signals when detecting radiation, imaging probes, also known as cameras, are more hardware-complex and also able to provide images but at the cost of an increased intervention time as displacing the camera has to be done slowly. This review article begins with an introductory section to highlight the relevance of nuclear-based probes and their components as well as the main differences between ionization- (semiconductor) and scintillation-based probes. Then, the most significant performance parameters of the probe are reviewed (i.e., sensitivity, contrast, count rate capabilities, shielding, energy, and spatial resolution), as well as the different types of probes based on the target radiation nature, namely: gamma (γ), beta (β) (positron and electron), and Cherenkov. Various available intraoperative nuclear probes are finally compared in terms of performance to discuss the state-of-the-art of nuclear medicine probes. The manuscript concludes by discussing the ideal probe design and the aspects to be considered when selecting nuclear-medicine probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gonzalez‐Montoro
- Instituto de Instrumentación para Imagen Molecular (I3M)Centro Mixto CSIC Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValenciaSpain
| | | | | | - Pablo Sopena
- Servicio de Medicina NuclearÁrea clínica de Imagen Médica, La Fe HospitalValenciaSpain
| | | | | | | | - Jose Maria Benlloch
- Instituto de Instrumentación para Imagen Molecular (I3M)Centro Mixto CSIC Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValenciaSpain
| | - Antonio Javier Gonzalez
- Instituto de Instrumentación para Imagen Molecular (I3M)Centro Mixto CSIC Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValenciaSpain
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Serkova NJ, Glunde K, Haney CR, Farhoud M, De Lille A, Redente EF, Simberg D, Westerly DC, Griffin L, Mason RP. Preclinical Applications of Multi-Platform Imaging in Animal Models of Cancer. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1189-1200. [PMID: 33262127 PMCID: PMC8026542 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In animal models of cancer, oncologic imaging has evolved from a simple assessment of tumor location and size to sophisticated multimodality exploration of molecular, physiologic, genetic, immunologic, and biochemical events at microscopic to macroscopic levels, performed noninvasively and sometimes in real time. Here, we briefly review animal imaging technology and molecular imaging probes together with selected applications from recent literature. Fast and sensitive optical imaging is primarily used to track luciferase-expressing tumor cells, image molecular targets with fluorescence probes, and to report on metabolic and physiologic phenotypes using smart switchable luminescent probes. MicroPET/single-photon emission CT have proven to be two of the most translational modalities for molecular and metabolic imaging of cancers: immuno-PET is a promising and rapidly evolving area of imaging research. Sophisticated MRI techniques provide high-resolution images of small metastases, tumor inflammation, perfusion, oxygenation, and acidity. Disseminated tumors to the bone and lung are easily detected by microCT, while ultrasound provides real-time visualization of tumor vasculature and perfusion. Recently available photoacoustic imaging provides real-time evaluation of vascular patency, oxygenation, and nanoparticle distributions. New hybrid instruments, such as PET-MRI, promise more convenient combination of the capabilities of each modality, enabling enhanced research efficacy and throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Serkova
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
- Animal Imaging Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kristine Glunde
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, and the Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chad R Haney
- Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | | | | | | | - Dmitri Simberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David C Westerly
- Animal Imaging Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lynn Griffin
- Department of Radiology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Ralph P Mason
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
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Pratt EC, Tamura R, Grimm J. Cerenkov Imaging. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Cao X, Li K, Xu XL, Deneen KMV, Geng GH, Chen XL. Development of tomographic reconstruction for three-dimensional optical imaging: From the inversion of light propagation to artificial intelligence. Artif Intell Med Imaging 2020; 1:78-86. [DOI: 10.35711/aimi.v1.i2.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical molecular tomography (OMT) is an imaging modality which uses an optical signal, especially near-infrared light, to reconstruct the three-dimensional information of the light source in biological tissue. With the advantages of being low-cost, noninvasive and having high sensitivity, OMT has been applied in preclinical and clinical research. However, due to its serious ill-posedness and ill-condition, the solution of OMT requires heavy data analysis and the reconstruction quality is limited. Recently, the artificial intelligence (commonly known as AI)-based methods have been proposed to provide a different tool to solve the OMT problem. In this paper, we review the progress on OMT algorithms, from conventional methods to AI-based methods, and we also give a prospective towards future developments in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cao
- School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kang Li
- School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xue-Li Xu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Karen M von Deneen
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, and School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an 710126, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guo-Hua Geng
- School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xue-Li Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, and School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an 710126, Shaanxi Province, China
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Lioret V, Bellaye PS, Arnould C, Collin B, Decréau RA. Dual Cherenkov Radiation-Induced Near-Infrared Luminescence Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy toward Tumor Resection. J Med Chem 2020; 63:9446-9456. [PMID: 32706253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cherenkov radiation (CR), the blue light seen in nuclear reactors, is emitted by some radiopharmaceuticals. This study showed that (1) a portion of CR could be transferred in the region of the optical spectrum, where biological tissues are most transparent: as a result, upon radiance amplification in the near-infrared window, the detection of light could occur twice deeper in tissues than during classical Cherenkov luminescence imaging and (2) Cherenkov-photodynamic therapy (CR-PDT) on cells could be achieved under conditions mimicking unlimited depth using the CR-embarked light source, which is unlike standard PDT, where light penetration depth is limited in biological tissues. Both results are of utmost importance for simultaneous applications in tumor resection and post-resection treatment of remaining unresected margins, thanks to a molecular construct designed to raise its light collection efficiency (i.e., CR energy transfer) by conjugation with multiple CR-absorbing (water-soluble) antenna followed by intramolecular-FRET/TBET energy transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Lioret
- ICMUB Institute (Chemistry Department) Sciences Mirande, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, Dijon 21078, France
| | | | | | - Bertrand Collin
- Centre George François Leclerc, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, Dijon 21079, France
| | - Richard A Decréau
- ICMUB Institute (Chemistry Department) Sciences Mirande, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, Dijon 21078, France
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Ferreira CA, Ni D, Rosenkrans ZT, Cai W. Radionuclide-Activated Nanomaterials and Their Biomedical Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13232-13252. [PMID: 30779286 PMCID: PMC6698437 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Radio-nanomedicine, or the use of radiolabeled nanoparticles in nuclear medicine, has attracted much attention in the last few decades. Since the discovery of Cerenkov radiation and its employment in Cerenkov luminescence imaging, the combination of nanomaterials and Cerenkov radiation emitters has been revolutionizing the way nanomaterials are perceived in the field: from simple inert carriers of radioactivity to activatable nanomaterials for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on the types of nanomaterials that have been used to interact with Cerenkov radiation and the gamma and beta scintillation of radionuclides, as well as on their biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina A. Ferreira
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Dalong Ni
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary T. Rosenkrans
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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Ferreira CA, Ni D, Rosenkrans ZT, Cai W. Radionuklidaktivierte Nanomaterialien und ihre biomedizinische Anwendung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina A. Ferreira
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – Madison Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
| | - Dalong Ni
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – Madison Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
| | - Zachary T. Rosenkrans
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – Madison Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – Madison Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
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Zheng S, Zhang Z, Qu Y, Zhang X, Guo H, Shi X, Cai M, Cao C, Hu Z, Liu H, Tian J. Radiopharmaceuticals and Fluorescein Sodium Mediated Triple-Modality Molecular Imaging Allows Precise Image-Guided Tumor Surgery. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900159. [PMID: 31380183 PMCID: PMC6662088 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Radical resection is the most effective method for malignant tumor treatments. However, conventional imaging cannot fully satisfy the clinical needs of surgical navigation. This study presents a novel triple-modality positron emission tomography (PET)-Cerenkov radiation energy transfer (CRET)-confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) imaging strategy for intraoperative tumor imaging and surgical navigation. Using clinical radiopharmaceuticals and fluorescein sodium (FS), this strategy can accurately detect the tumor and guide the tumor surgery. The FS emission property under Cerenkov radiation excitation is investigated using 2-deoxy-2-18F-fluoroglucose and 11C-choline. Performances of the PET-CRET-CLE imaging and the CRET-CLE image-guided surgery are evaluated on mouse models. The CRET signal at 8 mm depth is stronger than the Cerenkov luminescence at 1 mm depth in phantoms. In vivo experiments indicate that 0.5 mL kg-1 of 10% FS generates the strongest CRET signal, which can be observed immediately after FS injection. A surgical navigation study shows that the tumors are precisely detected and resected using intraoperative CRET-CLE. In summary, a PET-CRET-CLE triple-modality imaging strategy is developed. This strategy can detect the tumors and precisely guide the tumor resection using clinical pharmaceuticals. This triple-modality imaging shows high potential in surgical navigation research and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zheng
- Department of GastroenterologyThe Third Medical CentreChinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100039China
- Department of GastroenterologyAnhui No.2 Provincial People's HospitalHefei230041China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular ImagingBeijing Key Laboratory of Molecular ImagingThe State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex SystemsInstitute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- School of Life Science and TechnologyXidian UniversityXi'an710071China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular ImagingBeijing Key Laboratory of Molecular ImagingThe State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex SystemsInstitute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Yawei Qu
- Department of GastroenterologyThe Third Medical CentreChinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100039China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Department of Nuclear MedicineChinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100853China
| | - Hongbo Guo
- School of Information Sciences and TechnologyNorthwest UniversityXi'an710127China
| | - Xiaojing Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular ImagingBeijing Key Laboratory of Molecular ImagingThe State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex SystemsInstitute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Meishan Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular ImagingBeijing Key Laboratory of Molecular ImagingThe State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex SystemsInstitute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Caiguang Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular ImagingBeijing Key Laboratory of Molecular ImagingThe State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex SystemsInstitute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Zhenhua Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular ImagingBeijing Key Laboratory of Molecular ImagingThe State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex SystemsInstitute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Department of GastroenterologyThe Third Medical CentreChinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100039China
| | - Jie Tian
- School of Life Science and TechnologyXidian UniversityXi'an710071China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular ImagingBeijing Key Laboratory of Molecular ImagingThe State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex SystemsInstitute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
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Black PJ, Velten C, Wang YF, Na YH, Wuu CS. An investigation of clinical treatment field delivery verification using cherenkov imaging: IMRT positioning shifts and field matching. Med Phys 2018; 46:302-317. [PMID: 30346639 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cherenkov light emission has been shown to correlate with ionizing radiation dose delivery in solid tissue. An important clinical application of Cherenkov light is the real-time verification of radiation treatment delivery in vivo. To test the feasibility of treatment field verification, Cherenkov light images were acquired concurrent with radiation beam delivery to standard and anthropomorphic phantoms. Specifically, we tested two clinical treatment scenarios: (a) Observation of field overlaps or gaps in matched 3D fields and (b) Patient positioning shifts during intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) field delivery. Further development of this technique would allow real-time detection of treatment delivery errors on the order of millimeters so that patient safety and treatment quality can be improved. METHODS Cherenkov light emission was captured using a PI-MAX4 intensified charge coupled device (ICCD) system (Princeton Instruments). All radiation delivery was performed using a Varian Trilogy linear accelerator (linac) operated at 6 MV or 18 MV for photon and 6 MeV or 16 MeV for electron studies. Field matching studies were conducted with photon and electron beams at gantry angles of 0°, 15°, and 45°. For each modality and gantry angle, a total of three data sets were acquired. Overlap and gap distances of 0, 2, 5, and 10 mm were tested and delivered to solid phantom material of 30 × 30 × 5 cm3 . Phantom materials used were white plastic water and brown solid water. Tests were additionally performed on an anthropomorphic phantom with an irregular surface. Positioning shift studies were performed using IMRT fields delivered to a thoracic anthropomorphic phantom. For thoracic phantom measurements, the camera was placed laterally to observe the entire right side of the phantom. Fields were delivered with known translational patient positioning shifts in four directions. Changes in the Cherenkov fluence were evaluated through the generation of difference maps from unshifted Cherenkov images. All images were evaluated using ImageJ, Python, and MATLAB software packages. RESULTS For matched fields, Cherenkov images were able to quantitate matched field separations with discrepancies between 2 and 4 mm, depending on gantry angle and beam energy or modality. For all photon and electron beams delivered at a gantry angle of 0°, image analysis indicated average discrepancies of less than 2 mm for all field gaps and overlaps, with 83% of matched fields exhibiting discrepancies less than 1 mm. Beams delivered obliquely to the phantom surface exhibited average discrepancies as high as 4 mm for electron beams delivered at large oblique angles. Finally, for IMRT field delivery, vertical and lateral patient positioning shifts of 2 mm were detected in some cases, indicating the potential detectability threshold of using this technique alone. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that Cherenkov imaging can be used to support and bolster current treatment delivery verification techniques, improving our ability to recognize and rectify millimeter-scale delivery and positioning errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Black
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Novant Health, Winston-Salem, NC, 27103, USA
| | - Christian Velten
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Yi-Fang Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Yong Hum Na
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Cheng-Shie Wuu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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Habte F, Natarajan A, Paik DS, Gambhir SS. Quantification of Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI) Comparable With 3-D PET Standard Measurements. Mol Imaging 2018; 17:1536012118788637. [PMID: 30043654 PMCID: PMC6077879 DOI: 10.1177/1536012118788637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is commonly performed using two-dimensional (2-D) conventional optical imaging systems for its cost-effective solution. However, quantification of CLI comparable to conventional three-dimensional positron emission tomography (PET) is challenging using these systems due to both the high attenuation of Cerenkov radiation (CR) on mouse tissue and nonexisting depth resolution of CLI using 2-D imaging systems (2-D CLI). In this study, we developed a model that estimates effective tissue attenuation coefficient and corrects the tissue attenuation of CLI signal intensity independent of tissue depth and size. To evaluate this model, we used several thin slices of ham as a phantom and placed a radionuclide (89Zr and 64Cu) inside the phantom at different tissue depths and sizes (2, 7, and 12 mm). We performed 2-D CLI and MicroPET/CT (Combined small animal PET and Computed Tomography (CT)) imaging of the phantom and in vivo mouse model after administration of 89Zr tracer. Estimates of the effective tissue attenuation coefficient (μeff) for 89Zr and 64Cu were ∼2.4 and ∼2.6 cm−1, respectively. The computed unit conversion factor to %ID/g from 2-D CLI signal was 2.74 × 10−3 μCi/radiance estimated from phantom study. After applying tissue attenuation correction and unit conversion to the in vivo animal study, an average quantification difference of 10% for spleen and 35% for liver was obtained compared to PET measurements. The proposed model provides comparable quantification accuracy to standard PET system independent of deep tissue CLI signal attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frezghi Habte
- 1 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arutselvan Natarajan
- 1 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David S Paik
- 1 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- 1 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Boschi F, De Sanctis F, Ugel S, Spinelli AE. T-cell tracking using Cerenkov and radioluminescence imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201800093. [PMID: 29770603 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is a promising strategy based on the ability of the immune system to kill selected cells. In the development of an effective T-cell therapy, the noninvasive cell tracking methods play a crucial role. Here, we investigate the potentialities of T-cell marked with radionuclides in order to detect their localization with imaging techniques in small animal rodents. A protocol to label T-cells with 32 P-ATP was tested and evaluated. The homing of 32 P-ATP labeled T lymphocytes was investigated by Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) and radioluminescence imaging (RLI). The first approach relies on the acquisition of Cerenkov photons produced by the beta particles emitted by the 32 P internalized by lymphocytes; the second one on the detection of photons coming from the conversion of radioactive energy in light done by scintillator crystals layered on the animals. The results show that T-cell biodistribution can be optically observed by both CLI and RLI in small animal rodents in in vivo and ex vivo acquisitions. T-cell localization in the tumor mass was definitively confirmed by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Boschi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco De Sanctis
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Section, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Ugel
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Section, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
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14
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Pogue BW, Wilson BC. Optical and x-ray technology synergies enabling diagnostic and therapeutic applications in medicine. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-17. [PMID: 30350489 PMCID: PMC6197862 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.12.121610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
X-ray and optical technologies are the two central pillars for human imaging and therapy. The strengths of x-rays are deep tissue penetration, effective cytotoxicity, and the ability to image with robust projection and computed-tomography methods. The major limitations of x-ray use are the lack of molecular specificity and the carcinogenic risk. In comparison, optical interactions with tissue are strongly scatter dominated, leading to limited tissue penetration, making imaging and therapy largely restricted to superficial or endoscopically directed tissues. However, optical photon energies are comparable with molecular energy levels, thereby providing the strength of intrinsic molecular specificity. Additionally, optical technologies are highly advanced and diversified, being ubiquitously used throughout medicine as the single largest technology sector. Both have dominant spatial localization value, achieved with optical surface scanning or x-ray internal visualization, where one often is used with the other. Therapeutic delivery can also be enhanced by their synergy, where radio-optical and optical-radio interactions can inform about dose or amplify the clinical therapeutic value. An emerging trend is the integration of nanoparticles to serve as molecular intermediates or energy transducers for imaging and therapy, requiring careful design for the interaction either by scintillation or Cherenkov light, and the nanoscale design is impacted by the choices of optical interaction mechanism. The enhancement of optical molecular sensing or sensitization of tissue using x-rays as the energy source is an important emerging field combining x-ray tissue penetration in radiation oncology with the molecular specificity and packaging of optical probes or molecular localization. The ways in which x-rays can enable optical procedures, or optics can enable x-ray procedures, provide a range of new opportunities in both diagnostic and therapeutic medicine. Taken together, these two technologies form the basis for the vast majority of diagnostics and therapeutics in use in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W. Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Brian C. Wilson
- University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Practical Guidelines for Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging with Clinically Relevant Isotopes. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1790:197-208. [PMID: 29858793 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7860-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is a relatively new imaging modality that utilizes conventional optical imaging instrumentation to detect Cerenkov radiation derived from standard and often clinically approved radiotracers. Its research versatility, low cost, and ease of use have increased its popularity within the molecular imaging community and at institutions that are interested in conducting radiotracer-based molecular imaging research, but that lack the necessary resources and infrastructure. Here, we provide a description of the materials and procedures necessary to conduct a Cerenkov luminescence imaging experiment using a variety of imaging instrumentation, radionuclides, and animal models.
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16
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Bernhard Y, Collin B, Decréau RA. Redshifted Cherenkov Radiation for in vivo Imaging: Coupling Cherenkov Radiation Energy Transfer to multiple Förster Resonance Energy Transfers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45063. [PMID: 28338043 PMCID: PMC5364485 DOI: 10.1038/srep45063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cherenkov Radiation (CR), this blue glow seen in nuclear reactors, is an optical light originating from energetic β-emitter radionuclides. CR emitter 90Y triggers a cascade of energy transfers in the presence of a mixed population of fluorophores (which each other match their respective absorption and emission maxima): Cherenkov Radiation Energy Transfer (CRET) first, followed by multiple Förster Resonance Energy transfers (FRET): CRET ratios were calculated to give a rough estimate of the transfer efficiency. While CR is blue-weighted (300–500 nm), such cascades of Energy Transfers allowed to get a) fluorescence emission up to 710 nm, which is beyond the main CR window and within the near-infrared (NIR) window where biological tissues are most transparent, b) to amplify this emission and boost the radiance on that window: EMT6-tumor bearing mice injected with both a radionuclide and a mixture of fluorophores having a good spectral overlap, were shown to have nearly a two-fold radiance boost (measured on a NIR window centered on the emission wavelength of the last fluorophore in the Energy Transfer cascade) compared to a tumor injected with the radionuclide only. Some CR embarked light source could be converted into a near-infrared radiation, where biological tissues are most transparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Bernhard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, ICMUB CNRS UMR6302, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Bertrand Collin
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, ICMUB CNRS UMR6302, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France.,Centre George-François Leclerc (CGFL), 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21079, Dijon, France
| | - Richard A Decréau
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, ICMUB CNRS UMR6302, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
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17
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Ciarrocchi E, Belcari N. Cerenkov luminescence imaging: physics principles and potential applications in biomedical sciences. EJNMMI Phys 2017; 4:14. [PMID: 28283990 PMCID: PMC5346099 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-017-0181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is a novel imaging modality to study charged particles with optical methods by detecting the Cerenkov luminescence produced in tissue. This paper first describes the physical processes that govern the production and transport in tissue of Cerenkov luminescence. The detectors used for CLI and their most relevant specifications to optimize the acquisition of the Cerenkov signal are then presented, and CLI is compared with the other optical imaging modalities sharing the same data acquisition and processing methods. Finally, the scientific work related to CLI and the applications for which CLI has been proposed are reviewed. The paper ends with some considerations about further perspectives for this novel imaging modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Ciarrocchi
- Department of Physics "E. Fermi", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. .,INFN, section of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Nicola Belcari
- Department of Physics "E. Fermi", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,INFN, section of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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18
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Andreozzi JM, Zhang R, Gladstone DJ, Williams BB, Glaser AK, Pogue BW, Jarvis LA. Cherenkov imaging method for rapid optimization of clinical treatment geometry in total skin electron beam therapy. Med Phys 2016; 43:993-1002. [PMID: 26843259 DOI: 10.1118/1.4939880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A method was developed utilizing Cherenkov imaging for rapid and thorough determination of the two gantry angles that produce the most uniform treatment plane during dual-field total skin electron beam therapy (TSET). METHODS Cherenkov imaging was implemented to gather 2D measurements of relative surface dose from 6 MeV electron beams on a white polyethylene sheet. An intensified charge-coupled device camera time-gated to the Linac was used for Cherenkov emission imaging at sixty-two different gantry angles (1° increments, from 239.5° to 300.5°). Following a modified Stanford TSET technique, which uses two fields per patient position for full body coverage, composite images were created as the sum of two beam images on the sheet; each angle pair was evaluated for minimum variation across the patient region of interest. Cherenkov versus dose correlation was verified with ionization chamber measurements. The process was repeated at source to surface distance (SSD) = 441, 370.5, and 300 cm to determine optimal angle spread for varying room geometries. In addition, three patients receiving TSET using a modified Stanford six-dual field technique with 6 MeV electron beams at SSD = 441 cm were imaged during treatment. RESULTS As in previous studies, Cherenkov intensity was shown to directly correlate with dose for homogenous flat phantoms (R(2) = 0.93), making Cherenkov imaging an appropriate candidate to assess and optimize TSET setup geometry. This method provided dense 2D images allowing 1891 possible treatment geometries to be comprehensively analyzed from one data set of 62 single images. Gantry angles historically used for TSET at their institution were 255.5° and 284.5° at SSD = 441 cm; however, the angles optimized for maximum homogeneity were found to be 252.5° and 287.5° (+6° increase in angle spread). Ionization chamber measurements confirmed improvement in dose homogeneity across the treatment field from a range of 24.4% at the initial angles, to only 9.8% with the angles optimized. A linear relationship between angle spread and SSD was observed, ranging from 35° at 441 cm, to 39° at 300 cm, with no significant variation in percent-depth dose at midline (R(2) = 0.998). For patient studies, factors influencing in vivo correlation between Cherenkov intensity and measured surface dose are still being investigated. CONCLUSIONS Cherenkov intensity correlates to relative dose measured at depth of maximum dose in a uniform, flat phantom. Imaging of phantoms can thus be used to analyze and optimize TSET treatment geometry more extensively and rapidly than thermoluminescent dosimeters or ionization chambers. This work suggests that there could be an expanded role for Cherenkov imaging as a tool to efficiently improve treatment protocols and as a potential verification tool for routine monitoring of unique patient treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rongxiao Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - David J Gladstone
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766
| | - Benjamin B Williams
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766
| | - Adam K Glaser
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Lesley A Jarvis
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766
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19
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Removing Noises Induced by Gamma Radiation in Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging Using a Temporal Median Filter. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:7948432. [PMID: 27648450 PMCID: PMC5015013 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7948432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) can provide information of medical radionuclides used in nuclear imaging based on Cerenkov radiation, which makes it possible for optical means to image clinical radionuclide labeled probes. However, the exceptionally weak Cerenkov luminescence (CL) from Cerenkov radiation is susceptible to lots of impulse noises introduced by high energy gamma rays generating from the decays of radionuclides. In this work, a temporal median filter is proposed to remove this kind of impulse noises. Unlike traditional CLI collecting a single CL image with long exposure time and smoothing it using median filter, the proposed method captures a temporal sequence of CL images with shorter exposure time and employs a temporal median filter to smooth a temporal sequence of pixels. Results of in vivo experiments demonstrated that the proposed temporal median method can effectively remove random pulse noises induced by gamma radiation and achieve a robust CLI image.
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20
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Grootendorst MR, Cariati M, Kothari A, Tuch DS, Purushotham A. Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) for image-guided cancer surgery. Clin Transl Imaging 2016; 4:353-366. [PMID: 27738626 PMCID: PMC5037157 DOI: 10.1007/s40336-016-0183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is a novel molecular optical imaging technique based on the detection of optical Cerenkov photons emitted by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents. The ability to use clinically approved tumour-targeted tracers in combination with small-sized imaging equipment makes CLI a particularly interesting technique for image-guided cancer surgery. The past few years have witnessed a rapid increase in proof-of-concept preclinical studies in this field, and several clinical trials are currently underway. This article provides an overview of the basic principles of Cerenkov radiation and outlines the challenges of CLI-guided surgery for clinical use. The preclinical and clinical trial literature is examined including applications focussed on image-guided lymph node detection and Cerenkov luminescence endoscopy, and the ongoing clinical studies and technological developments are highlighted. By intraoperatively guiding the oncosurgeon towards more accurate and complete resections, CLI has the potential to transform current surgical practice, and improve oncological and cosmetic outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Grootendorst
- Department of Research Oncology, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT UK
- Department of Breast Surgery, 3rd Floor Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - M. Cariati
- Department of Research Oncology, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT UK
- Department of Breast Surgery, 3rd Floor Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - A. Kothari
- Department of Breast Surgery, 3rd Floor Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - D. S. Tuch
- Lightpoint Medical Ltd, The Island, Moor Road, HP5 1NZ Chesham, UK
| | - A. Purushotham
- Department of Research Oncology, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT UK
- Department of Breast Surgery, 3rd Floor Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, London, SE1 9RT UK
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21
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Sy M, Nonat A, Hildebrandt N, Charbonnière LJ. Lanthanide-based luminescence biolabelling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5080-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00922k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiplexing, time-resolution, FRET…lanthanide-based biolabels reveal exceptional spectroscopic properties for bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamadou Sy
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie Moléculaire Appliquée à l'Analyse
- IPHC
- UMR 7178 CNRS
- Université de Strasbourg
- ECPM
| | - Aline Nonat
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie Moléculaire Appliquée à l'Analyse
- IPHC
- UMR 7178 CNRS
- Université de Strasbourg
- ECPM
| | - Niko Hildebrandt
- NanoBioPhotonics, Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale
- Université Paris-Saclay
- Université Paris-Sud
- CNRS
- Orsay
| | - Loïc J. Charbonnière
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie Moléculaire Appliquée à l'Analyse
- IPHC
- UMR 7178 CNRS
- Université de Strasbourg
- ECPM
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22
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Darafsheh A, Zhang R, Kanick SC, Pogue BW, Finlay JC. Spectroscopic separation of Čerenkov radiation in high-resolution radiation fiber dosimeters. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:095001. [PMID: 26334972 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.9.095001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated Čerenkov radiation generated in phosphor-based optical fiber dosimeters irradiated with clinical electron beams. We fabricated two high-spatial resolution fiber-optic probes, with 200 and 400 μm core diameters, composed of terbium-based phosphor tips. A generalizable spectroscopic method was used to separate Čerenkov radiation from the transmitted signal by the fiber based on the assumption that the recorded signal is a linear superposition of two basis spectra: characteristic luminescence of the phosphor medium and Čerenkov radiation. We performed Monte Carlo simulations of the Čerenkov radiation generated in the fiber and found a strong dependence of the recorded Čerenkov radiation on the numerical aperture of the fiber at shallow phantom depths; however, beyond the depth of maximum dose that dependency is minimal. The simulation results agree with the experimental results for Čerenkov radiation generated in fibers. The spectroscopic technique used in this work can be used for development of high-spatial resolution fiber micro dosimeters and for optical characterization of various scintillating materials, such as phosphor nanoparticles, in ionizing radiation fields of high energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Darafsheh
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Radiation Oncology, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Rongxiao Zhang
- Dartmouth College, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Stephen Chad Kanick
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United StatescDartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Jarod C Finlay
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Radiation Oncology, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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23
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Tanha K, Pashazadeh AM, Pogue BW. Review of biomedical Čerenkov luminescence imaging applications. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3053-65. [PMID: 26309766 PMCID: PMC4541530 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Čerenkov radiation is a fascinating optical signal, which has been exploited for unique diagnostic biological sensing and imaging, with significantly expanded use just in the last half decade. Čerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI) has desirable capabilities for niche applications, using specially designed measurement systems that report on radiation distributions, radiotracer and nanoparticle concentrations, and are directly applied to procedures such as medicine assessment, endoscopy, surgery, quality assurance and dosimetry. When compared to the other imaging tools such as PET and SPECT, CLI can have the key advantage of lower cost, higher throughput and lower imaging time. CLI can also provide imaging and dosimetry information from both radioisotopes and linear accelerator irradiation. The relatively short range of optical photon transport in tissue means that direct Čerenkov luminescence imaging is restricted to small animals or near surface human use. Use of Čerenkov-excitation for additional molecular probes, is now emerging as a key tool for biosensing or radiosensitization. This review evaluates these new improvements in CLI for both medical value and biological insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Tanha
- Persian Gulf Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Ali Mahmoud Pashazadeh
- Persian Gulf Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Department of Surgery in the Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755 USA
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24
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Song T, Liu X, Qu Y, Liu H, Bao C, Leng C, Hu Z, Wang K, Tian J. A Novel Endoscopic Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging System for Intraoperative Surgical Navigation. Mol Imaging 2015. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2015.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Song
- From the School of Automation, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Liu
- From the School of Automation, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Yawei Qu
- From the School of Automation, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Haixiao Liu
- From the School of Automation, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Chengpeng Bao
- From the School of Automation, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Chengcai Leng
- From the School of Automation, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Hu
- From the School of Automation, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Wang
- From the School of Automation, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Tian
- From the School of Automation, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
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25
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Cao X, Chen X, Kang F, Zhan Y, Cao X, Wang J, Liang J, Tian J. Intensity Enhanced Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging Using Terbium-Doped Gd2O2S Microparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:11775-11782. [PMID: 25992597 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Weak intensity and poor penetration depth are two big obstacles toward clinical use of Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI). In this proof-of-concept study, we overcame these limitations by using lanthanides-based radioluminescent microparticles (RLMPs), called terbium doped Gd2O2S. The characterization experiment showed that the emission excited by Cerenkov luminescence can be neglected whereas the spectrum experiment demonstrated that the RLMPs can actually be excited by γ-rays. A series of in vitro experiments demonstrated that RLMPs significantly improve the intensity and the penetration capacity of CLI, which has been extended to as deep as 15 mm. In vivo pseudotumor study further prove the huge potential of this enhancement strategy for Cerenkov luminescence imaging in living animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fei Kang
- ‡Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | | | | | - Jing Wang
- ‡Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | | | - Jie Tian
- §Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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26
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Komarov S, Zhou D, Liu Y, Tai YC. Cherenkov luminescence imaging in transparent media and the imaging of thin or shallow sources. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:036011. [PMID: 25789422 PMCID: PMC4365802 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.3.036011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrated the possibility of high spatial resolution Cherenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) for objects in transparent media. We also demonstrated the possibility of the CLI of thin opaque objects using optical transducers. Results demonstrate that submillimeter resolution CLI is achievable for beta-emitting radionuclides, including ⁷⁶Br that emits positrons of very high energy. The imaging of beta-emitters through scintillation detectors exhibits lower resolution when compared to CLI of the same sources. The application of optical transducers for the CLI was demonstrated using plants labeled with ¹¹CO₂ and phantoms containing beta-emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Komarov
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Dong Zhou
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Yuan-Chuan Tai
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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27
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Spinelli AE, Boschi F. Novel biomedical applications of Cerenkov radiation and radioluminescence imaging. Phys Med 2014; 31:120-9. [PMID: 25555905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goals of this review is to provide an up-to-date account of the different uses of Cerenkov radiation (CR) and radioluminescence imaging for pre-clinical small animal imaging. We will focus on new emerging applications such as the use of Cerenkov imaging for monitoring radionuclide and external radiotherapy in humans. Another novel application that will be described is the monitoring of radiochemical synthesis using microfluidic chips. Several pre-clinical aspects of CR will be discussed such as the development of 3D reconstruction methods for Cerenkov images and the use of CR as excitation source for nanoparticles or for endoscopic imaging. We will also include a discussion on radioluminescence imaging that is a more general method than Cerenkov imaging for the detection using optical methods of alpha and gamma emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello E Spinelli
- Medical Physics Department, Centre for Experimental Imaging, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20182, Italy.
| | - Federico Boschi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona 37134, Italy
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Zhang X, Kuo C, Moore A, Ran C. Cerenkov luminescence imaging of interscapular brown adipose tissue. J Vis Exp 2014:e51790. [PMID: 25349986 PMCID: PMC4841298 DOI: 10.3791/51790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT), widely known as a “good fat” plays pivotal roles for thermogenesis in mammals. This special tissue is closely related to metabolism and energy expenditure, and its dysfunction is one important contributor for obesity and diabetes. Contrary to previous belief, recent PET/CT imaging studies indicated the BAT depots are still present in human adults. PET imaging clearly shows that BAT has considerably high uptake of 18F-FDG under certain conditions. In this video report, we demonstrate that Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) with 18F-FDG can be used to optically image BAT in small animals. BAT activation is observed after intraperitoneal injection of norepinephrine (NE) and cold treatment, and depression of BAT is induced by long anesthesia. Using multiple-filter Cerenkov luminescence imaging, spectral unmixing and 3D imaging reconstruction are demonstrated. Our results suggest that CLI with 18F-FDG is a practical technique for imaging BAT in small animals, and this technique can be used as a cheap, fast, and alternative imaging tool for BAT research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Zhang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School; Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University
| | | | - Anna Moore
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School;
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Thorek DL, Das S, Grimm J. Molecular imaging using nanoparticle quenchers of Cerenkov luminescence. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:3729-34. [PMID: 24861843 PMCID: PMC4167912 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence (CL) imaging is an emerging technique that collects the visible photons produced by radioisotopes. Here, molecular imaging strategies are investigated that switch the CL signal off. The noninvasive molecularly specific detection of cancer is demonstrated utilizing a combination of clinically approved agents, and their analogues. CL is modulated in vitro in a dose dependent manner using approved small molecules (Lymphazurin), as well as the clinically approved Feraheme and other preclinical superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO). To evaluate the quenching of CL in vivo, two strategies are pursued. [(18) F]-FDG is imaged by PET and CL in tumors prior to and following accumulation of nanoparticles. Initially, non-targeted particles are administered to mice bearing tumors in order to attenuate CL. For targeted imaging, a dual tumor model (expressing the human somatostatin receptor subtype-2 (hSSTr2) and a control negative cell line) is used. Targeting hSSTr2 with octreotate-conjugated SPIO, quenched CL enabling non-invasive distinction between tumors' molecular expression profiles is demonstrated. In this work, the quenching of Cerenkov emissions is demonstrated in several proof of principle models using a combination of approved agents and nanoparticle platforms to provide disease relevant information including tumor vascularity and specific antigen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L.J. Thorek
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205
| | - Sudeep Das
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10021. USA
| | - Jan Grimm
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10021. USA
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Bernhard Y, Collin B, Decréau RA. Inter/intramolecular Cherenkov radiation energy transfer (CRET) from a fluorophore with a built-in radionuclide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:6711-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01690d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Some radionuclides emit optical light, the Cherenkov radiation (CR, i.e. the blue glow in nuclear reactors), which activates fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Bernhard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB)
- UMR 6302 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne
- Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Bertrand Collin
- Comprehensive Cancer Center George-François Leclerc (CGFL)
- Nuclear Medicine Department
- Preclinical Imaging Platform
- 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Richard A. Decréau
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB)
- UMR 6302 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne
- Dijon Cedex, France
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Zhang J, Hu H, Liang S, Yin J, Hui X, Hu S, He M, Wang J, Wang B, Nie Y, Wu K, Ding J. Targeted radiotherapy with tumor vascular homing trimeric GEBP11 peptide evaluated by multimodality imaging for gastric cancer. J Control Release 2013; 172:322-329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ma X, Kang F, Xu F, Feng A, Zhao Y, Lu T, Yang W, Wang Z, Lin M, Wang J. Enhancement of Cerenkov luminescence imaging by dual excitation of Er(3+),Yb(3+)-doped rare-earth microparticles. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77926. [PMID: 24205030 PMCID: PMC3808356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) has been successfully utilized in various fields of preclinical studies; however, CLI is challenging due to its weak luminescent intensity and insufficient penetration capability. Here, we report the design and synthesis of a type of rare-earth microparticles (REMPs), which can be dually excited by Cerenkov luminescence (CL) resulting from the decay of radionuclides to enhance CLI in terms of intensity and penetration. METHODS Yb(3+)- and Er(3+)- codoped hexagonal NaYF4 hollow microtubes were synthesized via a hydrothermal route. The phase, morphology, and emission spectrum were confirmed for these REMPs by power X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and spectrophotometry, respectively. A commercial CCD camera equipped with a series of optical filters was employed to quantify the intensity and spectrum of CLI from radionuclides. The enhancement of penetration was investigated by imaging studies of nylon phantoms and nude mouse pseudotumor models. RESULTS the REMPs could be dually excited by CL at the wavelengths of 520 and 980 nm, and the emission peaks overlaid at 660 nm. This strategy approximately doubled the overall detectable intensity of CLI and extended its maximum penetration in nylon phantoms from 5 to 15 mm. The penetration study in living animals yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS this study demonstrated that CL can dually excite REMPs and that the overlaid emissions in the range of 660 nm could significantly enhance the penetration and intensity of CL. The proposed enhanced CLI strategy may have promising applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Fei Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Ailing Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Ying Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Tianjian Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Weidong Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Min Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
- * E-mail: (JW); (ML)
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, PR China
- * E-mail: (JW); (ML)
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Zhang X, Kuo C, Moore A, Ran C. In vivo optical imaging of interscapular brown adipose tissue with (18)F-FDG via Cerenkov luminescence imaging. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62007. [PMID: 23637947 PMCID: PMC3634850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Brown adipose tissue (BAT), a specialized tissue for thermogenesis, plays important roles for metabolism and energy expenditure. Recent studies validated BAT’s presence in human adults, making it an important re-emerging target for various pathologies. During this validation, PET images with 18F-FDG showed significant uptake of 18F-FDG by BAT under certain conditions. Here, we demonstrated that Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) using 18F-FDG could be utilized for in vivo optical imaging of BAT in mice. Methods Mice were injected with 18F-FDG and imaged 60 minutes later with open filter and 2 minute acquisition. In vivo activation of BAT was performed by norepinephrine and cold treatment under isoflurane or ketamine anesthesia. Spectral unmixing and 3D imaging reconstruction were conducted with multiple-filter CLI images. Results 1) It was feasible to use CLI with 18F-FDG to image interscapular BAT in mice, with the majority of the signal (>85%) at the interscapular site originating from BAT; 2) The method was reliable because excellent correlations between in vivo CLI, ex vivo CLI, and ex vivo radioactivity were observed; 3) CLI could be used for monitoring BAT activation under different conditions; 4) CLI signals from the group under short-term isoflurane anesthesia were significantly higher than that from the group under long-term anesthesia; 5) The CLI spectrum of 18F-FDG with a peak at 640 nm in BAT after spectral unmixing reflected the actual context of BAT; 6) Finally 3D reconstruction images showed excellent correlation between the source of the light signal and the location and physical shape of BAT. Conclusion CLI with 18F-FDG is a feasible and reliable method for imaging BAT in mice. Compared to PET imaging, CLI is significantly cheaper, faster for 2D planar imaging and easier to use. We believe that this method could be used as an important tool for researchers investigating BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Zhang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaincy Kuo
- Caliper, a Perkin Elmer Company, Alameda, California, United States of America
| | - Anna Moore
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CR); (AM)
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CR); (AM)
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In vivo photoactivation without "light": use of Cherenkov radiation to overcome the penetration limit of light. Mol Imaging Biol 2012; 14:156-62. [PMID: 21538154 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-011-0489-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The poor tissue penetration of visible light has been a major barrier for optical imaging, photoactivatable conversions, and photodynamic therapy for in vivo targets with depths beyond 10 mm. In this report, as a proof-of-concept, we demonstrated that a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer, 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose ((18)FDG), could be used as an alternative light source for photoactivation. PROCEDURES We utilized (18)FDG, which is a metabolic activity-based PET probe, as a source of light to photoactivate caged luciferin in a breast cancer animal model expressing luciferase. RESULTS Bioluminescence produced from luciferin allowed for the real-time monitoring of Cherenkov radiation-promoted uncaging of the substrate. CONCLUSION The proposed method may provide a very important option for in vivo photoactivation, in particular for activation of photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy and eventually for combining radioisotope therapy and photodynamic therapy.
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35
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Liu H, Carpenter CM, Jiang H, Pratx G, Sun C, Buchin MP, Gambhir SS, Xing L, Cheng Z. Intraoperative imaging of tumors using Cerenkov luminescence endoscopy: a feasibility experimental study. J Nucl Med 2012; 53:1579-84. [PMID: 22904353 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.098541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is an emerging new molecular imaging modality that is relatively inexpensive, easy to use, and has high throughput. CLI can image clinically available PET and SPECT probes using optical instrumentation. Cerenkov luminescence endoscopy (CLE) is one of the most intriguing applications that promise potential clinical translation. We developed a prototype customized fiberscopic Cerenkov imaging system to investigate the potential in guiding minimally invasive surgical resection. METHODS All experiments were performed in a dark chamber. Cerenkov luminescence from (18)F-FDG samples containing decaying radioactivity was transmitted through an optical fiber bundle and imaged by an intensified charge-coupled device camera. Phantoms filled with (18)F-FDG were used to assess the imaging spatial resolution. Finally, mice bearing subcutaneous C6 glioma cells were injected intravenously with (18)F-FDG to determine the feasibility of in vivo imaging. The tumor tissues were exposed, and CLI was performed on the mouse before and after surgical removal of the tumor using the fiber-based imaging system and compared with a commercial optical imaging system. RESULTS The sensitivity of this particular setup was approximately 45 kBq (1.21 μCi)/300 μL. The 3 smallest sets of cylindric holes in a commercial SPECT phantom were identifiable via this system, demonstrating that the system has a resolution better than 1.2 mm. Finally, the in vivo tumor imaging study demonstrated the feasibility of using CLI to guide the resection of tumor tissues. CONCLUSION This proof-of-concept study explored the feasibility of using fiber-based CLE for the detection of tumor tissue in vivo for guided surgery. With further improvements of the imaging sensitivity and spatial resolution of the current system, CLE may have a significant application in the clinical setting in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Liu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Zhong J, Tian J, Yang X, Qin C. L1-regularized Cerenkov luminescence tomography with a SP3 method and CT fusion. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2012; 2011:6158-61. [PMID: 22255745 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6091521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Imaging modality of radionuclides has been enriched by an optical approach, Cerenkov luminescence tomography (CLT). Referred to the traditional radionuclide imaging, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), any incremental improvement of CLT imaging is consistent with the application to information needs. In this contribution, the paper presents an l(1)-regularized imaging method for CLT problem. After utilizing the Vavilov-Cerenkov effect via third-order simplified spherical harmonics (SP(3)) approximation, we establish the large-scale linear equations in the CLT framework. The derived linear problem is seriously ill-posed, and transformed into an l(1)-regularized least squares program. The inverse solution to these equations is the three-dimensional radioisotope recovery data by an interior-point method. In the physical phantom and the in vivo mouse experiment, results demonstrate that the proposed technique produces better imaging quality and improves the reconstruction efficacy, compared with those from diffusion approximation with the Tikhonov regularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Zhong
- Intelligent Medical Research Center, Institute of Automation, ChineseAcademy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Carpenter CM, Sun C, Pratx G, Liu H, Cheng Z, Xing L. Radioluminescent nanophosphors enable multiplexed small-animal imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:11598-604. [PMID: 22714145 PMCID: PMC3482915 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.011598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the ability to image multiple nanoparticle-based contrast agents simultaneously using a nanophosphor platform excited by either radiopharmaceutical or X-ray irradiation. These radioluminescent nanoparticles emit optical light at unique wavelengths depending on their lanthanide dopant, enabling multiplexed imaging. This study demonstrates the separation of two distinct nanophosphor contrast agents in gelatin phantoms with a recovered phosphor separation correlation of -0.98. The ability to distinguish the two nanophosphors and a Cerenkov component is then demonstrated in a small animal phantom. Combined with the high-resolution potential of low-scattering X-ray excitation, this imaging technique may be a promising method to probe molecular processes in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Carpenter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA 94305
USA
| | - Conroy Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA 94305
USA
| | - Guillem Pratx
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA 94305
USA
| | - Hongguang Liu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, California, 94305-5344
USA
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, California, 94305-5344
USA
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA 94305
USA
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Spinelli AE, Boschi F. Optimizing in vivo small animal Cerenkov luminescence imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:040506. [PMID: 22559672 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.4.040506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In vivo Cerenkov luminescence imaging is a rapidly growing molecular imaging research field based on the detection of Cerenkov radiation induced by beta particles when traveling though biological tissues. We investigated theoretically the possibility of enhancing the number of the detected Cerenkov photons in the near infrared (NIR) region of the spectrum. The analysis is based on applying a photon propagation diffusion model to Cerenkov photons in the tissue. Results show that despite the smaller number of Cerenkov photons in the NIR region, the fraction exiting the tissues is greater than in the visible range, and thus, a charge-coupled device detector optimized for the NIR range will allow to obtain a higher signal. The comparison was performed considering Cerenkov point sources located at different depths inside the animal. We concluded that the improvement can be up to 35% and is more significant when the Cerenkov source to be imaged is located deeper inside the animal.
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Thorek DLJ, Robertson R, Bacchus WA, Hahn J, Rothberg J, Beattie BJ, Grimm J. Cerenkov imaging - a new modality for molecular imaging. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2012; 2:163-173. [PMID: 23133811 PMCID: PMC3477724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is an emerging hybrid modality that utilizes the light emission from many commonly used medical isotopes. Cerenkov radiation (CR) is produced when charged particles travel through a dielectric medium faster than the speed of light in that medium. First described in detail nearly 100 years ago, CR has only recently applied for biomedical imaging purposes. The modality is of considerable interest as it enables the use of widespread luminescence imaging equipment to visualize clinical diagnostic (all PET radioisotopes) and many therapeutic radionuclides. The amount of light detected in CLI applications is significantly lower than other that in other optical imaging techniques such as bioluminescence and fluorescence. However, significant advantages include the use of approved radiotracers and lack of an incident light source, resulting in high signal to background ratios. As well, multiple subjects may be imaged concurrently (up to 5 in common bioluminescent equipment), conferring both cost and time benefits. This review summarizes the field of Cerenkov luminescence imaging to date. Applications of CLI discussed include intraoperative radionuclide-guided surgery, monitoring of therapeutic efficacy, tomographic optical imaging capabilities, and the ability to perform multiplexed imaging using fluorophores excited by the Cerenkov radiation. While technical challenges still exist, Cerenkov imaging has materialized as an important molecular imaging modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel LJ Thorek
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, New York
| | - Robbie Robertson
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, The Takeda Company, Biomedical Imaging GroupCambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Wassifa A Bacchus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, City University of New York160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York
| | - Jaeseung Hahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, City University of New York160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York
| | - Julie Rothberg
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, New York
| | - Bradley J Beattie
- Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jan Grimm
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, New York
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, New York
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Axelsson J, Glaser AK, Gladstone DJ, Pogue BW. Quantitative Cherenkov emission spectroscopy for tissue oxygenation assessment. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:5133-42. [PMID: 22418319 PMCID: PMC3500100 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.005133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of Cherenkov emission in tissue during radiation therapy are shown to enable estimation of hemoglobin oxygen saturation non-invasively, through spectral fitting of the spontaneous emissions from the treated tissue. Tissue oxygenation plays a critical role in the efficacy of radiation therapy to kill tumor tissue. Yet in-vivo measurement of this has remained elusive in routine use because of the complexity of oxygen measurement techniques. There is a spectrally broad emission of Cherenkov light that is induced during the time of irradiation, and as this travels through tissue from the point of the radiation deposition, the tissue absorption and scatter impart spectral changes. These changes can be quantified by diffuse spectral fitting of the signal. Thus Cherenkov emission spectroscopy is demonstrated for the first time quantitatively in vitro and qualitatively in vivo, and has potential for real-time online tracking of tissue oxygen during radiation therapy when fully characterized and developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Axelsson
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755,
USA
- Current address: Lund University, Department of Physics, Lund,
Sweden
| | - Adam K. Glaser
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755,
USA
| | - David J. Gladstone
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766,
USA
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755,
USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766,
USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755,
USA
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41
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Boschi F, Spinelli AE. Quantum dots excitation using pure beta minus radioisotopes emitting Cerenkov radiation. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra22101b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Mitchell GS, Gill RK, Boucher DL, Li C, Cherry SR. In vivo Cerenkov luminescence imaging: a new tool for molecular imaging. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2011; 369:4605-19. [PMID: 22006909 PMCID: PMC3263789 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cerenkov radiation is a phenomenon where optical photons are emitted when a charged particle moves faster than the speed of light for the medium in which it travels. Recently, we and others have discovered that measurable visible light due to the Cerenkov effect is produced in vivo following the administration of β-emitting radionuclides to small animals. Furthermore, the amounts of injected activity required to produce a detectable signal are consistent with small-animal molecular imaging applications. This surprising observation has led to the development of a new hybrid molecular imaging modality known as Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI), which allows the spatial distribution of biomolecules labelled with β-emitting radionuclides to be imaged in vivo using sensitive charge-coupled device cameras. We review the physics of Cerenkov radiation as it relates to molecular imaging, present simulation results for light intensity and spatial distribution, and show an example of CLI in a mouse cancer model. CLI allows many common radiotracers to be imaged in widely available in vivo optical imaging systems, and, more importantly, provides a pathway for directly imaging β(-)-emitting radionuclides that are being developed for therapeutic applications in cancer and that are not readily imaged by existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Molecular and Genomic Imaging, University of California at Davis, , One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Axelsson J, Davis SC, Gladstone DJ, Pogue BW. Cerenkov emission induced by external beam radiation stimulates molecular fluorescence. Med Phys 2011; 38:4127-32. [PMID: 21859013 DOI: 10.1118/1.3592646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cerenkov emission is induced when a charged particle moves faster than the speed of light in a given medium. Both x-ray photons and electrons produce optical Cerenkov photons in everyday radiation therapy of tissue; yet, this phenomenon has never been fully documented. This study quantifies the emissions and also demonstrates that the Cerenkov emission can excite a fluorophore, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), embedded in biological phantoms. METHODS In this study, Cerenkov emission induced by radiation from a clinical linear accelerator is investigated. Biological mimicking phantoms were irradiated with x-ray photons, with energies of 6 or 18 MV, or electrons at energies 6, 9, 12, 15, or 18 MeV. The Cerenkov emission and the induced molecular fluorescence were detected by a camera or a spectrometer equipped with a fiber optic cable. RESULTS It is shown that both x-ray photons and electrons, at MeV energies, produce optical Cerenkov photons in tissue mimicking media. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the Cerenkov emission can excite a fluorophore, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), embedded in biological phantoms. CONCLUSIONS The results here indicate that molecular fluorescence monitoring during external beam radiotherapy is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Axelsson
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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Kobayashi H, Longmire MR, Ogawa M, Choyke PL. Rational chemical design of the next generation of molecular imaging probes based on physics and biology: mixing modalities, colors and signals. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:4626-48. [PMID: 21607237 PMCID: PMC3417232 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15077d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, numerous in vivo molecular imaging probes have been developed. As a consequence, much has been published on the design and synthesis of molecular imaging probes focusing on each modality, each type of material, or each target disease. More recently, second generation molecular imaging probes with unique, multi-functional, or multiplexed characteristics have been designed. This critical review focuses on (i) molecular imaging using combinations of modalities and signals that employ the full range of the electromagnetic spectra, (ii) optimized chemical design of molecular imaging probes for in vivo kinetics based on biology and physiology across a range of physical sizes, (iii) practical examples of second generation molecular imaging probes designed to extract complementary data from targets using multiple modalities, color, and comprehensive signals (277 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bldg. 10, Room B3B69, MSC 1088, 10 Center Dr Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, USA.
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Spinelli AE, Kuo C, Rice BW, Calandrino R, Marzola P, Sbarbati A, Boschi F. Multispectral Cerenkov luminescence tomography for small animal optical imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:12605-18. [PMID: 21716501 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.012605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quite recently Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) has been introduced as a novel pre-clinical imaging for the in vivo imaging of small animals such as mice. The CLI method is based on the detection of Cerenkov radiation (CR) generated by beta particles as they travel into the animal tissues with an energy such that Cerenkov emission condition is satisfied. This paper describes an image reconstruction method called multi spectral diffuse Cerenkov luminescence tomography (msCLT) in order to obtain 3D images from the detection of CR. The multispectral approach is based on a set of 2D planar images acquired using a number of narrow bandpass filters, and the distinctive information content at each wavelength is used in the 3D image reconstruction process. The proposed msCLT method was tested both in vitro and in vivo using 32P-ATP and all the images were acquired by using the IVIS 200 small animal optical imager (Caliper Life Sciences, Alameda USA). Source depth estimation and spatial resolution measurements were performed using a small capillary source placed between several slices of chicken breast. The theoretical Cerenkov emission spectrum and optical properties of chicken breast were used in the modelling of photon propagation. In vivo imaging was performed by injecting control nude mice with 10 MBq of 32P-ATP and the 3D tracer bio-distribution was reconstructed. Whole body MRI was acquired to provide an anatomical localization of the Cerenkov emission. The spatial resolution obtained from the msCLT reconstructed images of the capillary source showed that the FWHM is about 1.5 mm for a 6 mm depth. Co-registered MRI images showed that the Cerenkov emission regions matches fairly well with anatomical regions, such as the brain, heart and abdomen. Ex vivo imaging of the different organs such as intestine, brain, heart and ribs further confirms these findings. We conclude that in vivo 3D bio-distribution of a pure beta-minus emitting radiopharmaceutical such as 32P-ATP can be obtained using the msCLT reconstruction approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello E Spinelli
- Medical Physics Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina N. 60, Milan, Italy.
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