1
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Mowla A, Hepburn MS, Li J, Vahala D, Amos SE, Hirvonen LM, Sanderson RW, Wijesinghe P, Maher S, Choi YS, Kennedy BF. Multimodal mechano-microscopy reveals mechanical phenotypes of breast cancer spheroids in three dimensions. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:036113. [PMID: 39257700 PMCID: PMC11387014 DOI: 10.1063/5.0213077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell invasion relies on an equilibrium between cell deformability and the biophysical constraints imposed by the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, there is little consensus on the nature of the local biomechanical alterations in cancer cell dissemination in the context of three-dimensional (3D) tumor microenvironments (TMEs). While the shortcomings of two-dimensional (2D) models in replicating in situ cell behavior are well known, 3D TME models remain underutilized because contemporary mechanical quantification tools are limited to surface measurements. Here, we overcome this major challenge by quantifying local mechanics of cancer cell spheroids in 3D TMEs. We achieve this using multimodal mechano-microscopy, integrating optical coherence microscopy-based elasticity imaging with confocal fluorescence microscopy. We observe that non-metastatic cancer spheroids show no invasion while showing increased peripheral cell elasticity in both stiff and soft environments. Metastatic cancer spheroids, however, show ECM-mediated softening in a stiff microenvironment and, in a soft environment, initiate cell invasion with peripheral softening associated with early metastatic dissemination. This exemplar of live-cell 3D mechanotyping supports that invasion increases cell deformability in a 3D context, illustrating the power of multimodal mechano-microscopy for quantitative mechanobiology in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Danielle Vahala
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Sebastian E Amos
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Liisa M Hirvonen
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | | | - Philip Wijesinghe
- Centre of Biophotonics, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Maher
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Yu Suk Choi
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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2
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Kang YG, Canoy RJE, Jang Y, Santos ARMP, Son I, Kim BM, Park Y. Optical coherence microscopy with a split-spectrum image reconstruction method for temporal-dynamics contrast-based imaging of intracellular motility. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:577-592. [PMID: 36874497 PMCID: PMC9979675 DOI: 10.1364/boe.478264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical researchers use optical coherence microscopy (OCM) for its high resolution in real-time label-free tomographic imaging. However, OCM lacks bioactivity-related functional contrast. We developed an OCM system that can measure changes in intracellular motility (indicating cellular process states) via pixel-wise calculations of intensity fluctuations from metabolic activity of intracellular components. To reduce image noise, the source spectrum is split into five using Gaussian windows with 50% of the full bandwidth. The technique verified that F-actin fiber inhibition by Y-27632 reduces intracellular motility. This finding could be used to search for other intracellular-motility-associated therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guk Kang
- BK21 Four Institute of Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Raymart Jay E. Canoy
- Department of Biomicro System Technology, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yongjun Jang
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ana Rita M. P. Santos
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Inwoo Son
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Beop-Min Kim
- BK21 Four Institute of Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongdoo Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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3
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Leartprapun N, Adie SG. Recent advances in optical elastography and emerging opportunities in the basic sciences and translational medicine [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:208-248. [PMID: 36698669 PMCID: PMC9842001 DOI: 10.1364/boe.468932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Optical elastography offers a rich body of imaging capabilities that can serve as a bridge between organ-level medical elastography and single-molecule biophysics. We review the methodologies and recent developments in optical coherence elastography, Brillouin microscopy, optical microrheology, and photoacoustic elastography. With an outlook toward maximizing the basic science and translational clinical impact of optical elastography technologies, we discuss potential ways that these techniques can integrate not only with each other, but also with supporting technologies and capabilities in other biomedical fields. By embracing cross-modality and cross-disciplinary interactions with these parallel fields, optical elastography can greatly increase its potential to drive new discoveries in the biomedical sciences as well as the development of novel biomechanics-based clinical diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichaluk Leartprapun
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Present affiliation: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Steven G. Adie
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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4
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Mowla A, Li J, Hepburn MS, Maher S, Chin L, Yeoh GC, Choi YS, Kennedy BF. Subcellular mechano-microscopy: high resolution three-dimensional elasticity mapping using optical coherence microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:3303-3306. [PMID: 35776611 DOI: 10.1364/ol.451681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The importance of cellular-scale mechanical properties is well-established, yet it is challenging to map subcellular elasticity in three dimensions. We present subcellular mechano-microscopy, an optical coherence microscopy (OCM)-based variant of three-dimensional (3-D) compression optical coherence elastography (OCE) that provides an elasticity system resolution of 5 × 5 × 5 µm: a 7-fold improvement in system resolution over previous OCE studies of cells. The improved resolution is achieved through a ∼5-fold improvement in optical resolution, refinement of the strain estimation algorithm, and demonstration that mechanical deformation of subcellular features provides feature resolution far greater than that demonstrated previously on larger features with diameter >250 µm. We use mechano-microscopy to image adipose-derived stem cells encapsulated in gelatin methacryloyl. We compare our results with compression OCE and demonstrate that mechano-microscopy can provide contrast from subcellular features not visible using OCE.
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5
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Wu M, Liu S, Leartprapun N, Adie S. Investigation of multiple scattering in space and spatial-frequency domains: with application to the analysis of aberration-diverse optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:7478-7499. [PMID: 35003847 PMCID: PMC8713691 DOI: 10.1364/boe.439395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Optical microscopy suffers from multiple scattering (MS), which limits the optical imaging depth into scattering media. We previously demonstrated aberration-diverse optical coherence tomography (AD-OCT) for MS suppression, based on the principle that for datasets acquired with different aberration states of the imaging beam, MS backgrounds become decorrelated while single scattering (SS) signals remain correlated, so that a simple coherent average can be used to enhance the SS signal over the MS background. Here, we propose a space/spatial-frequency domain analysis framework for the investigation of MS in OCT, and apply the framework to compare AD-OCT (using astigmatic beams) to standard Gaussian-beam OCT via experiments in scattering tissue phantoms. Utilizing this framework, we found that increasing the astigmatic magnitude produced a large drop in both MS background and SS signal, but the decay experienced by the MS background was larger than the SS signal. Accounting for the decay in both SS signal and MS background, the overall signal-to-background ratio (SBR) of AD-OCT was similar to the Gaussian control after about 10 coherent averages, when deeper line foci was positioned at the plane-of-interest and the line foci spacing was smaller than or equal to 80 µm. For an even larger line foci spacing of 160 µm, AD-OCT resulted in a lower SBR than the Gaussian-beam control. This work provides an analysis framework to gain deeper levels of understanding and insights for the future study of MS and MS suppression in both the space and spatial-frequency domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Wu
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Siyang Liu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Nichaluk Leartprapun
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Steven Adie
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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6
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Matveyev AL, Matveev LA, Moiseev AA, Sovetsky AA, Gelikonov GV, Zaitsev VY. Simulating scan formation in multimodal optical coherence tomography: angular-spectrum formulation based on ballistic scattering of arbitrary-form beams. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:7599-7615. [PMID: 35003855 PMCID: PMC8713662 DOI: 10.1364/boe.440739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a computationally highly efficient full-wave spectral model of OCT-scan formation with the following features: allowance of arbitrary phase-amplitude profile of illuminating beams; absence of paraxial approximation; utilization of broadly used approximation of ballistic scattering by discrete scatterers without limitations on their density/location and scattering strength. The model can easily incorporate the wave decay, dispersion, measurement noises with given signal-to-noise ratios and arbitrary inter-scan displacements of scatterers. We illustrate several of such abilities, including comparative simulations of OCT-scans for Bessel versus Gaussian beams, presence of arbitrary aberrations at the tissue boundary and various scatterer motions. The model flexibility and computational efficiency allow one to accurately study various properties of OCT-scans for developing new methods of their processing in various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L. Matveyev
- Federal Research Center Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanov Str., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Lev A. Matveev
- Federal Research Center Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanov Str., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Aleksandr A. Moiseev
- Federal Research Center Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanov Str., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Sovetsky
- Federal Research Center Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanov Str., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Grigory V. Gelikonov
- Federal Research Center Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanov Str., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Vladimir Y. Zaitsev
- Federal Research Center Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanov Str., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
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7
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Zaitsev VY, Matveyev AL, Matveev LA, Sovetsky AA, Hepburn MS, Mowla A, Kennedy BF. Strain and elasticity imaging in compression optical coherence elastography: The two-decade perspective and recent advances. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202000257. [PMID: 32749033 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative mapping of deformation and elasticity in optical coherence tomography has attracted much attention of researchers during the last two decades. However, despite intense effort it took ~15 years to demonstrate optical coherence elastography (OCE) as a practically useful technique. Similarly to medical ultrasound, where elastography was first realized using the quasi-static compression principle and later shear-wave-based systems were developed, in OCE these two approaches also developed in parallel. However, although the compression OCE (C-OCE) was proposed historically earlier in the seminal paper by J. Schmitt in 1998, breakthroughs in quantitative mapping of genuine local strains and the Young's modulus in C-OCE have been reported only recently and have not yet obtained sufficient attention in reviews. In this overview, we focus on underlying principles of C-OCE; discuss various practical challenges in its realization and present examples of biomedical applications of C-OCE. The figure demonstrates OCE-visualization of complex transient strains in a corneal sample heated by an infrared laser beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Y Zaitsev
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexander L Matveyev
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Lev A Matveev
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexander A Sovetsky
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Matt S Hepburn
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alireza Mowla
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan F Kennedy
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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8
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Kennedy KM, Zilkens R, Allen WM, Foo KY, Fang Q, Chin L, Sanderson RW, Anstie J, Wijesinghe P, Curatolo A, Tan HEI, Morin N, Kunjuraman B, Yeomans C, Chin SL, DeJong H, Giles K, Dessauvagie BF, Latham B, Saunders CM, Kennedy BF. Diagnostic Accuracy of Quantitative Micro-Elastography for Margin Assessment in Breast-Conserving Surgery. Cancer Res 2020; 80:1773-1783. [PMID: 32295783 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Inadequate margins in breast-conserving surgery (BCS) are associated with an increased likelihood of local recurrence of breast cancer. Currently, approximately 20% of BCS patients require repeat surgery due to inadequate margins at the initial operation. Implementation of an accurate, intraoperative margin assessment tool may reduce this re-excision rate. This study determined, for the first time, the diagnostic accuracy of quantitative micro-elastography (QME), an optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based elastography technique that produces images of tissue microscale elasticity, for detecting tumor within 1 mm of the margins of BCS specimens. Simultaneous OCT and QME were performed on the margins of intact, freshly excised specimens from 83 patients undergoing BCS and on dissected specimens from 7 patients undergoing mastectomy. The resulting three-dimensional images (45 × 45 × 1 mm) were coregistered with postoperative histology to determine tissue types present in each scan. Data from 12 BCS patients and the 7 mastectomy patients served to build a set of images for reader training. One hundred and fifty-four subimages (10 × 10 × 1 mm) from the remaining 71 BCS patients were included in a blinded reader study, which resulted in 69.0% sensitivity and 79.0% specificity using OCT images, versus 92.9% sensitivity and 96.4% specificity using elasticity images. The quantitative nature of QME also facilitated development of an automated reader, which resulted in 100.0% sensitivity and 97.7% specificity. These results demonstrate high accuracy of QME for detecting tumor within 1 mm of the margin and the potential for this technique to improve outcomes in BCS. SIGNIFICANCE: An optical imaging technology probes breast tissue elasticity to provide accurate assessment of tumor margin involvement in breast-conserving surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Kennedy
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Renate Zilkens
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Wes M Allen
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ken Y Foo
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Qi Fang
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Lixin Chin
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Rowan W Sanderson
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - James Anstie
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Philip Wijesinghe
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Andrea Curatolo
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Hsern Ern I Tan
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | | | - Chris Yeomans
- PathWest, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Synn Lynn Chin
- Breast Centre, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Helen DeJong
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Benjamin F Dessauvagie
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,PathWest, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Bruce Latham
- PathWest, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Christobel M Saunders
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Breast Centre, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Australia.,Breast Clinic, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Brendan F Kennedy
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. .,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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9
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Sanderson RW, Fang Q, Curatolo A, Adams W, Lakhiani DD, Ismail HM, Foo KY, Dessauvagie BF, Latham B, Yeomans C, Saunders CM, Kennedy BF. Camera-based optical palpation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15951. [PMID: 32994500 PMCID: PMC7524728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72603-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical elastography is undergoing extensive development as an imaging tool to map mechanical contrast in tissue. Here, we present a new platform for optical elastography by generating sub-millimetre-scale mechanical contrast from a simple digital camera. This cost-effective, compact and easy-to-implement approach opens the possibility to greatly expand applications of optical elastography both within and beyond the field of medical imaging. Camera-based optical palpation (CBOP) utilises a digital camera to acquire photographs that quantify the light intensity transmitted through a silicone layer comprising a dense distribution of micro-pores (diameter, 30-100 µm). As the transmission of light through the micro-pores increases with compression, we deduce strain in the layer directly from intensity in the digital photograph. By pre-characterising the relationship between stress and strain of the layer, the measured strain map can be converted to an optical palpogram, a map of stress that visualises mechanical contrast in the sample. We demonstrate a spatial resolution as high as 290 µm in CBOP, comparable to that achieved using an optical coherence tomography-based implementation of optical palpation. In this paper, we describe the fabrication of the micro-porous layer and present experimental results from structured phantoms containing stiff inclusions as small as 0.5 × 0.5 × 1 mm. In each case, we demonstrate high contrast between the inclusion and the base material and validate both the contrast and spatial resolution achieved using finite element modelling. By performing CBOP on freshly excised human breast tissue, we demonstrate the capability to delineate tumour from surrounding benign tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan W Sanderson
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia. .,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Qi Fang
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Andrea Curatolo
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,Visual Optics and Biophotonics Group, Instituto de Óptica "Daza de Valdés", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IO, CSIC), C/Serrano, 121, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wayne Adams
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Devina D Lakhiani
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Hina M Ismail
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ken Y Foo
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Benjamin F Dessauvagie
- PathWest, Fiona Stanley Hospital, 11 Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.,Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Bruce Latham
- PathWest, Fiona Stanley Hospital, 11 Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.,The University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA, 6160, Australia
| | - Chris Yeomans
- PathWest, Fiona Stanley Hospital, 11 Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Christobel M Saunders
- Division of Surgery, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,Breast Centre, Fiona Stanley Hospital, 11 Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.,Breast Clinic, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington Street, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia
| | - Brendan F Kennedy
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Melbourne, Australia
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10
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Hepburn MS, Wijesinghe P, Major LG, Li J, Mowla A, Astell C, Park HW, Hwang Y, Choi YS, Kennedy BF. Three-dimensional imaging of cell and extracellular matrix elasticity using quantitative micro-elastography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:867-884. [PMID: 32133228 PMCID: PMC7041482 DOI: 10.1364/boe.383419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies in mechanobiology have revealed the importance of cellular and extracellular mechanical properties in regulating cellular function in normal and disease states. Although it is established that cells should be investigated in a three-dimensional (3-D) environment, most techniques available to study mechanical properties on the microscopic scale are unable to do so. In this study, for the first time, we present volumetric images of cellular and extracellular elasticity in 3-D biomaterials using quantitative micro-elastography (QME). We achieve this by developing a novel strain estimation algorithm based on 3-D linear regression to improve QME system resolution. We show that QME can reveal elevated elasticity surrounding human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) embedded in soft hydrogels. We observe, for the first time in 3-D, further elevation of extracellular elasticity around ASCs with overexpressed TAZ; a mechanosensitive transcription factor which regulates cell volume. Our results demonstrate that QME has the potential to study the effects of extracellular mechanical properties on cellular functions in a 3-D micro-environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt S. Hepburn
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35, Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Philip Wijesinghe
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35, Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Current address: SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Luke G. Major
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Jiayue Li
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35, Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Australia
| | - Alireza Mowla
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35, Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Chrissie Astell
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Hyun Woo Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Yongsung Hwang
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31538, South Korea
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31151, South Korea
| | - Yu Suk Choi
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Brendan F. Kennedy
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35, Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Australia
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11
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Li Q, Karnowski K, Untracht G, Noble PB, Cense B, Villiger M, Sampson DD. Vectorial birefringence imaging by optical coherence microscopy for assessing fibrillar microstructures in the cornea and limbus. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:1122-1138. [PMID: 32206403 PMCID: PMC7041478 DOI: 10.1364/boe.382755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The organization of fibrillar tissue on the micrometer scale carries direct implications for health and disease but remains difficult to assess in vivo. Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography measures birefringence, which relates to the microscopic arrangement of fibrillar tissue components. Here, we demonstrate a critical improvement in leveraging this contrast mechanism by employing the improved spatial resolution of focus-extended optical coherence microscopy (1.4 µm axially in air and 1.6 µm laterally, over more than 70 µm depth of field). Vectorial birefringence imaging of sheep cornea ex vivo reveals its lamellar organization into thin sections with distinct local optic axis orientations, paving the way to resolving similar features in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Li
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Karol Karnowski
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gavrielle Untracht
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Peter B. Noble
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Barry Cense
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Martin Villiger
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David D. Sampson
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Surrey Biophotonics, School of Physics and School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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12
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Tsai MT, Huang BH, Lei KF. Quantitative Monitoring of the Response of Tumor Spheroids Cultured in 3D Environment by Optical Coherence Tomography. IEEE ACCESS 2020; 8:28360-28366. [DOI: 10.1109/access.2020.2972620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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13
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Lin Y, Leartprapun N, Adie SG. Spectroscopic photonic force optical coherence elastography. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:4897-4900. [PMID: 31568470 PMCID: PMC6980340 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.004897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate spectroscopic photonic force optical coherence elastography (PF-OCE). Oscillations of microparticles embedded in viscoelastic hydrogels were induced by harmonically modulated optical radiation pressure and measured by phase-sensitive spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. PF-OCE can detect microparticle displacements with pico- to nano-meter sensitivity and millimeter-scale volumetric coverage. With spectroscopic PF-OCE, we quantified viscoelasticity over a broad frequency range from 1 Hz to 7 kHz, revealing rich microstructural dynamics of polymer networks across multiple microrheological regimes. Reconstructed frequency-dependent loss moduli of polyacrylamide hydrogels were observed to follow a general power scaling law G''∼ω0.75, consistent with that of semiflexible polymer networks. Spectroscopic PF-OCE provides an all-optical approach to microrheological studies with high sensitivity and high spatiotemporal resolution, and could be especially beneficial for time-lapse and volumetric mechanical characterization of viscoelastic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechuan Lin
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Nichaluk Leartprapun
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Steven G. Adie
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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14
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Jaiswal D, Moscato Z, Tomizawa Y, Claffey KP, Hoshino K. Elastography of multicellular spheroids using 3D light microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:2409-2418. [PMID: 31143496 PMCID: PMC6524572 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.002409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated a new method of 3D elastography based on 3D light microscopy and micro-scale manipulation. We used custom-built micromanipulators to apply a mechanical force onto multicellular tumor spheroids (200-300 µm in size) and recorded the induced compression with a differential interference contrast (DIC)/confocal microscope to obtain a 4D (x, y, z, and indentation steps) image sequence. Deformation analysis made through 3D pattern tracking without using fluorescence revealed 3D structural and spatial heterogeneity in tumor spheroids. We observed a 20-30 µm-sized spot of locally-induced large deformation within a tumor spheroid. We also found solid fibroblast cores formed in a tumor-fibroblast co-culture spheroid to be stiffer than surrounding cancer cells, which would not have been discovered using only conventional fluorescence. Our new method of 3D elastography may be used to better understand structural composition in multicellular spheroids through analysis of mechanical heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devina Jaiswal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Rd, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Western New England University, 1215 Wilbraham Rd, Springfield, Massachusetts 01119, USA
| | - Zoe Moscato
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Rd, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Yuji Tomizawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Rd, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Kevin P. Claffey
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - Kazunori Hoshino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Rd, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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15
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Hepburn MS, Wijesinghe P, Chin L, Kennedy BF. Analysis of spatial resolution in phase-sensitive compression optical coherence elastography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:1496-1513. [PMID: 30891363 PMCID: PMC6420276 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.001496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence elastography (OCE) is emerging as a method to image the mechanical properties of tissue on the microscale. However, the spatial resolution, a main advantage of OCE, has not been investigated and is not trivial to evaluate. To address this, we present a framework to analyze resolution in phase-sensitive compression OCE that incorporates the three main determinants of resolution: mechanical deformation of the sample, detection of this deformation using optical coherence tomography (OCT), and signal processing to estimate local axial strain. We demonstrate for the first time, through close correspondence between experiment and simulation of structured phantoms, that resolution in compression OCE is both spatially varying and sample dependent, which we link to the discrepancies between the model of elasticity and the mechanical deformation of the sample. We demonstrate that resolution is dependent on factors such as feature size and mechanical contrast. We believe that the analysis of image formation provided by our framework can expedite the development of compression OCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt S. Hepburn
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35, Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Philip Wijesinghe
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35, Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Current address: SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Lixin Chin
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35, Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Brendan F. Kennedy
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35, Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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16
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Zhu J, He X, Chen Z. Acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography for elasticity assessment of soft tissues. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY REVIEWS 2019; 54:457-481. [PMID: 31749516 PMCID: PMC6867804 DOI: 10.1080/05704928.2018.1467436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Biomechanical properties of soft tissues are important indicators of tissue functions which can be used for clinical diagnosis and disease monitoring. Elastography, incorporating the principles of elasticity measurements into imaging modalities, provides quantitative assessment of elastic properties of biological tissues. Benefiting from high-resolution, noninvasive and three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (OCT), optical coherence elastography (OCE) is an emerging optical imaging modality to characterize and map biomechanical properties of soft tissues. Recently, acoustic radiation force (ARF) OCE has been developed for elasticity measurements of ocular tissues, detection of vascular lesions and monitoring of blood coagulation based on remote and noninvasive ARF excitation to both internal and superficial tissues. Here, we describe the advantages of the ARF-OCE technique, the measurement methods in ARF-OCE, the applications in biomedical detection, current challenges and advances. ARF-OCE technology has the potential to become a powerful tool for in vivo elasticity assessment of biological samples in a non-contact, non-invasive and high-resolution nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - Xingdao He
- Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Test (Ministry of Education), Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
- Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Test (Ministry of Education), Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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17
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Chen WJ, Chang YY, Shen SC, Tzeng YL, Lee HC, Yang CH, Tsai MT. In vivo detection of UV-induced acute skin effects using optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:4235-4245. [PMID: 30615717 PMCID: PMC6157765 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.004235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) rays have been identified as a carcinogen with long-term irradiation and are an important risk factor for skin cancer. Here, we report the use of optical coherence tomography/optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT/OCTA) to study acute UV-induced effects on skin in vivo. To understand the relationship between the acute effects and irradiated UV power density, three groups were irradiated with different power densities in our experiments. Furthermore, the same skin area was repeatedly scanned with OCT during UV irradiation to investigate the progress of the induced acute effects and after irradiation for observation of skin recovery. Subsequently, the OCT/OCTA results were quantitatively analyzed to acquire skin thickness and blood-vessel density for comparison. UV-induced acute effects on morphology and microcirculation can be identified from OCT/OCTA results, which showed the increases in the skin thickness and blood-vessel density and even severe damage types such as blisters. The results of quantitative analyses also illustrated that the severity of damage induced by UV irradiation can be distinguished and the skin recovery can be monitored with OCT. Our results indicate that OCT can be a promising tool for early detection of UV-induced acute skin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ju Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- These authors equally contributed to this work
| | - Yao-Yu Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou and Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- These authors equally contributed to this work
| | - Su-Chin Shen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yua-Lan Tzeng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chieh Lee
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou and Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Tsan Tsai
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou and Taipei, Taiwan
- Medical Imaging Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
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18
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Gong P, Yu DY, Wang Q, Yu PK, Karnowski K, Heisler M, Francke A, An D, Sarunic MV, Sampson DD. Label-free volumetric imaging of conjunctival collecting lymphatics ex vivo by optical coherence tomography lymphangiography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201800070. [PMID: 29920959 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We employ optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence microscopy (OCM) to study conjunctival lymphatics in porcine eyes ex vivo. This study is a precursor to the development of in vivo imaging of the collecting lymphatics for potentially guiding and monitoring glaucoma filtration surgery. OCT scans at 1300 nm and higher-resolution OCM scans at 785 nm reveal the lymphatic vessels via their optical transparency. Equivalent signal characteristics are also observed from blood vessels largely free of blood (and devoid of flow) in the ex vivo conjunctiva. In our lymphangiography, vessel networks were segmented by compensating the depth attenuation in the volumetric OCT/OCM signal, projecting the minimum intensity in two dimensions and thresholding to generate a three-dimensional vessel volume. Vessel segmentation from multiple locations of a range of porcine eyes (n = 21) enables visualization of the vessel networks and indicates the varying spatial distribution of patent lymphatics. Such visualization provides a new tool to investigate conjunctival vessels in tissue ex vivo without need for histological tissue processing and a valuable reference on vessel morphology for the in vivo label-free imaging studies of lymphatics to follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijun Gong
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Dao-Yi Yu
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Qiang Wang
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Paula K Yu
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Karol Karnowski
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Morgan Heisler
- Biomedical Optics Research Group, School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Ashley Francke
- Biomedical Optics Research Group, School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Dong An
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Marinko V Sarunic
- Biomedical Optics Research Group, School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - David D Sampson
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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19
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Liu S, Mulligan JA, Adie SG. Volumetric optical coherence microscopy with a high space-bandwidth- time product enabled by hybrid adaptive optics. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:3137-3152. [PMID: 29984088 PMCID: PMC6033577 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.003137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) is a promising modality for high resolution imaging, but has limited ability to capture large-scale volumetric information about dynamic biological processes with cellular resolution. To enhance the throughput of OCM, we implemented a hybrid adaptive optics (hyAO) approach that combines computational adaptive optics with an intentionally aberrated imaging beam generated via hardware adaptive optics. Using hyAO, we demonstrate the depth-equalized illumination and collection ability of an astigmatic beam compared to a Gaussian beam for cellular-resolution imaging. With this advantage, we achieved volumetric OCM with a higher space-bandwidth-time product compared to Gaussian-beam acquisition that employed focus-scanning across depth. HyAO was also used to perform volumetric time-lapse OCM imaging of cellular dynamics over a 1mm × 1mm × 1mm field-of-view with 2 μm isotropic spatial resolution and 3-minute temporal resolution. As hyAO is compatible with both spectral-domain and swept-source beam-scanning OCM systems, significant further improvements in absolute volumetric throughput are possible by use of ultrahigh-speed swept sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Liu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Mulligan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Steven G. Adie
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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20
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Gillies D, Gamal W, Downes A, Reinwald Y, Yang Y, El Haj AJ, Bagnaninchi PO. Real-time and non-invasive measurements of cell mechanical behaviour with optical coherence phase microscopy. Methods 2018; 136:126-133. [PMID: 29080739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell mechanical behaviour is increasingly recognised as a central biophysical parameter in cancer and stem cell research, and methods of investigating their mechanical behaviour are therefore needed. We have developed a novel qualitative method based on quantitative phase imaging which is capable of investigating cell mechanical behaviour in real-time at cellular resolution using optical coherence phase microscopy (OCPM), and stimulating the cells non-invasively using hydrostatic pressure. The method was exemplified to distinguish between cells with distinct mechanical properties, and transient change induced by Cytochalasin D. We showed the potential of quantitative phase imaging to detect nanoscale intracellular displacement induced by varying hydrostatic pressure in microfluidic channels, reflecting cell mechanical behaviour. Further physical modelling is required to yield quantitative mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gillies
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK; Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, UK
| | - W Gamal
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - A Downes
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, UK
| | - Y Reinwald
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Y Yang
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - A J El Haj
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - P O Bagnaninchi
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
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21
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Wijesinghe P, Johansen NJ, Curatolo A, Sampson DD, Ganss R, Kennedy BF. Ultrahigh-Resolution Optical Coherence Elastography Images Cellular-Scale Stiffness of Mouse Aorta. Biophys J 2018; 113:2540-2551. [PMID: 29212007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular-scale imaging of the mechanical properties of tissue has helped to reveal the origins of disease; however, cellular-scale resolution is not readily achievable in intact tissue volumes. Here, we demonstrate volumetric imaging of Young's modulus using ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence elastography, and apply it to characterizing the stiffness of mouse aortas. We achieve isotropic resolution of better than 15 μm over a 1-mm lateral field of view through the entire depth of an intact aortic wall. We employ a method of quasi-static compression elastography that measures volumetric axial strain and uses a compliant, transparent layer to measure surface axial stress. This combination is used to estimate Young's modulus throughout the volume. We demonstrate differentiation by stiffness of individual elastic lamellae and vascular smooth muscle. We observe stiffening of the aorta in regulator of G protein signaling 5-deficient mice, a model that is linked to vascular remodeling and fibrosis. We observe increased stiffness with proximity to the heart, as well as regions with micro-structural and micro-mechanical signatures characteristic of fibrous and lipid-rich tissue. High-resolution imaging of Young's modulus with optical coherence elastography may become an important tool in vascular biology and in other fields concerned with understanding the role of mechanics within the complex three-dimensional architecture of tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wijesinghe
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Niloufer J Johansen
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Research Department, St John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrea Curatolo
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David D Sampson
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ruth Ganss
- Vascular Biology and Stromal Targeting, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan F Kennedy
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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22
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Fang Q, Curatolo A, Wijesinghe P, Yeow YL, Hamzah J, Noble PB, Karnowski K, Sampson DD, Ganss R, Kim JK, Lee WM, Kennedy BF. Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence elastography through a micro-endoscope: towards in vivo imaging of cellular-scale mechanics. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:5127-5138. [PMID: 29188108 PMCID: PMC5695958 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.005127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe a technique capable of visualizing mechanical properties at the cellular scale deep in living tissue, by incorporating a gradient-index (GRIN)-lens micro-endoscope into an ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence elastography system. The optical system, after the endoscope, has a lateral resolution of 1.6 µm and an axial resolution of 2.2 µm. Bessel beam illumination and Gaussian mode detection are used to provide an extended depth-of-field of 80 µm, which is a 4-fold improvement over a fully Gaussian beam case with the same lateral resolution. Using this system, we demonstrate quantitative elasticity imaging of a soft silicone phantom containing a stiff inclusion and a freshly excised malignant murine pancreatic tumor. We also demonstrate qualitative strain imaging below the tissue surface on in situ murine muscle. The approach we introduce here can provide high-quality extended-focus images through a micro-endoscope with potential to measure cellular-scale mechanics deep in tissue. We believe this tool is promising for studying biological processes and disease progression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fang
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009,
Australia
- School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009,
Australia
| | - Andrea Curatolo
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009,
Australia
- School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009,
Australia
| | - Philip Wijesinghe
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009,
Australia
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009,
Australia
| | - Yen Ling Yeow
- Targeted Drug Delivery, Imaging and Therapy, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009,
Australia
| | - Juliana Hamzah
- Targeted Drug Delivery, Imaging and Therapy, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009,
Australia
| | - Peter B. Noble
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009,
Australia
- Centre for Neonatal Research & Education, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009,
Australia
| | - Karol Karnowski
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009,
Australia
| | - David D. Sampson
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009,
Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation & Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009,
Australia
| | - Ruth Ganss
- Vascular Biology and Stromal Targeting, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009,
Australia
| | - Jun Ki Kim
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 138-736,
South Korea
| | - Woei M. Lee
- Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200,
Australia
- The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The Australian National University, ACT 2601,
Australia
| | - Brendan F. Kennedy
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009,
Australia
- School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009,
Australia
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23
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Multi-functional Ultrasonic Micro-elastography Imaging System. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1230. [PMID: 28450709 PMCID: PMC5430777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical decision making, in addition to anatomical information, biomechanical properties of soft tissues may provide additional clues for disease diagnosis. Given the fact that most of diseases are originated from micron sized structures, an elastography imaging system of fine resolution (~100 µm) and deep penetration depth capable of providing both qualitative and quantitative measurements of biomechanical properties is desired. Here, we report a newly developed multi-functional ultrasonic micro-elastography imaging system in which acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI) and shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI) are implemented. To accomplish this, the 4.5 MHz/40 MHz transducer were used as the excitation/detection source, respectively. The imaging system was tested with tissue-mimicking phantoms and an ex vivo chicken liver through 2D/3D imaging. The measured lateral/axial elastography resolution and field of view are 223.7 ± 20.1/109.8 ± 6.9 µm and 1.5 mm for ARFI, 543.6 ± 39.3/117.6 ± 8.7 µm and 2 mm for SWEI, respectively. These results demonstrate that the promising capability of this high resolution elastography imaging system for characterizing tissue biomechanical properties at microscale level and its translational potential into clinical practice.
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24
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Wijesinghe P, Sampson DD, Kennedy BF. Computational optical palpation: a finite-element approach to micro-scale tactile imaging using a compliant sensor. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:20160878. [PMID: 28250098 PMCID: PMC5378127 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High-resolution tactile imaging, superior to the sense of touch, has potential for future biomedical applications such as robotic surgery. In this paper, we propose a tactile imaging method, termed computational optical palpation, based on measuring the change in thickness of a thin, compliant layer with optical coherence tomography and calculating tactile stress using finite-element analysis. We demonstrate our method on test targets and on freshly excised human breast fibroadenoma, demonstrating a resolution of up to 15-25 µm and a field of view of up to 7 mm. Our method is open source and readily adaptable to other imaging modalities, such as ultrasonography and confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wijesinghe
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, 6 Verdun Street, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - David D Sampson
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Brendan F Kennedy
- School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, 6 Verdun Street, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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25
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Kennedy KM, Bhaw-Luximon A, Jhurry D. Cell-matrix mechanical interaction in electrospun polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering: Implications for scaffold design and performance. Acta Biomater 2017; 50:41-55. [PMID: 28011142 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Engineered scaffolds produced by electrospinning of biodegradable polymers offer a 3D, nanofibrous environment with controllable structural, chemical, and mechanical properties that mimic the extracellular matrix of native tissues and have shown promise for a number of tissue engineering applications. The microscale mechanical interactions between cells and electrospun matrices drive cell behaviors including migration and differentiation that are critical to promote tissue regeneration. Recent developments in understanding these mechanical interactions in electrospun environments are reviewed, with emphasis on how fiber geometry and polymer structure impact on the local mechanical properties of scaffolds, how altering the micromechanics cues cell behaviors, and how, in turn, cellular and extrinsic forces exerted on the matrix mechanically remodel an electrospun scaffold throughout tissue development. Techniques used to measure and visualize these mechanical interactions are described. We provide a critical outlook on technological gaps that must be overcome to advance the ability to design, assess, and manipulate the mechanical environment in electrospun scaffolds toward constructs that may be successfully applied in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Tissue engineering requires design of scaffolds that interact with cells to promote tissue development. Electrospinning is a promising technique for fabricating fibrous, biomimetic scaffolds. Effects of electrospun matrix microstructure and biochemical properties on cell behavior have been extensively reviewed previously; here, we consider cell-matrix interaction from a mechanical perspective. Micromechanical properties as a driver of cell behavior has been well established in planar substrates, but more recently, many studies have provided new insights into mechanical interaction in fibrillar, electrospun environments. This review provides readers with an overview of how electrospun scaffold mechanics and cell behavior work in a dynamic feedback loop to drive tissue development, and discusses opportunities for improved design of mechanical environments that are conducive to tissue development.
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26
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Larin KV, Sampson DD. Optical coherence elastography - OCT at work in tissue biomechanics [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:1172-1202. [PMID: 28271011 PMCID: PMC5330567 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.001172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence elastography (OCE), as the use of OCT to perform elastography has come to be known, began in 1998, around ten years after the rest of the field of elastography - the use of imaging to deduce mechanical properties of tissues. After a slow start, the maturation of OCT technology in the early to mid 2000s has underpinned a recent acceleration in the field. With more than 20 papers published in 2015, and more than 25 in 2016, OCE is growing fast, but still small compared to the companion fields of cell mechanics research methods, and medical elastography. In this review, we describe the early developments in OCE, and the factors that led to the current acceleration. Much of our attention is on the key recent advances, with a strong emphasis on future prospects, which are exceptionally bright.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V Larin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Blvd., Houston, Texas 77204-5060, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA;
| | - David D Sampson
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation & Analysis, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
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27
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Chen Y, Glaser A, Liu JT. Bessel-beam illumination in dual-axis confocal microscopy mitigates resolution degradation caused by refractive heterogeneities. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:68-74. [PMID: 27667127 PMCID: PMC5243863 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
One of the main challenges for laser-scanning microscopy of biological tissues with refractive heterogeneities is the degradation in spatial resolution that occurs as a result of beam steering and distortion. This challenge is particularly significant for dual-axis confocal (DAC) microscopy, which achieves improved spatial-filtering and optical-sectioning performance over traditional confocal microscopy through off-axis illumination and collection of light with low-numerical aperture (NA) beams that must intersect precisely at their foci within tissues. DAC microscope image quality is sensitive to positional changes and distortions of these illumination- and collection-beam foci. Previous studies have shown that Bessel beams display improved positional stability and beam quality than Gaussian beams when propagating through tissues with refractive heterogeneities, which suggests that Bessel-beam illumination may enhance DAC microscopy of such tissues. Here, we utilize both Gaussian and Bessel illumination in a point-scanned DAC microscope and quantify the resultant degradation in resolution when imaging within heterogeneous optical phantoms and fresh tissues. Results indicate that DAC microscopy with Bessel illumination exhibits reduced resolution degradation from microscopic tissue heterogeneities compared to DAC microscopy with conventional Gaussian illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Adam Glaser
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jonathan T.C. Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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28
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Kennedy KM, Chin L, Wijesinghe P, McLaughlin RA, Latham B, Sampson DD, Saunders CM, Kennedy BF. Investigation of optical coherence micro-elastography as a method to visualize micro-architecture in human axillary lymph nodes. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:874. [PMID: 27829404 PMCID: PMC5103493 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2911-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Evaluation of lymph node involvement is an important factor in detecting metastasis and deciding whether to perform axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in breast cancer surgery. As ALND is associated with potentially severe long term morbidity, the accuracy of lymph node assessment is imperative in avoiding unnecessary ALND. The mechanical properties of malignant lymph nodes are often distinct from those of normal nodes. A method to image the micro-scale mechanical properties of lymph nodes could, thus, provide diagnostic information to aid in the assessment of lymph node involvement in metastatic cancer. In this study, we scan axillary lymph nodes, freshly excised from breast cancer patients, with optical coherence micro-elastography (OCME), a method of imaging micro-scale mechanical strain, to assess its potential for the intraoperative assessment of lymph node involvement. Methods Twenty-six fresh, unstained lymph nodes were imaged from 15 patients undergoing mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery with axillary clearance. Lymph node specimens were bisected to allow imaging of the internal face of each node. Co-located OCME and optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans were taken of each sample, and the results compared to standard post-operative hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained histology. Results The optical backscattering signal provided by OCT alone may not provide reliable differentiation by inspection between benign and malignant lymphoid tissue. Alternatively, OCME highlights local changes in tissue strain that correspond to malignancy and are distinct from strain patterns in benign lymphoid tissue. The mechanical contrast provided by OCME complements the optical contrast provided by OCT and aids in the differentiation of malignant tumor from uninvolved lymphoid tissue. Conclusion The combination of OCME and OCT images represents a promising method for the identification of malignant lymphoid tissue. This method shows potential to provide intraoperative assessment of lymph node involvement, thus, preventing unnecessary removal of uninvolved tissues and improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Kennedy
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Lixin Chin
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia. .,BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, 6 Verdun St, Nedlands, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Philip Wijesinghe
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, 6 Verdun St, Nedlands, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Robert A McLaughlin
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Bruce Latham
- PathWest, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - David D Sampson
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation & Analysis, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Christobel M Saunders
- School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Breast Clinic, Royal Perth Hospital, 197 Wellington Street, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia
| | - Brendan F Kennedy
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, 6 Verdun St, Nedlands, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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29
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3D mapping of elastic modulus using shear wave optical micro-elastography. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35499. [PMID: 27762276 PMCID: PMC5071855 DOI: 10.1038/srep35499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastography provides a powerful tool for histopathological identification and clinical diagnosis based on information from tissue stiffness. Benefiting from high resolution, three-dimensional (3D), and noninvasive optical coherence tomography (OCT), optical micro-elastography has the ability to determine elastic properties with a resolution of ~10 μm in a 3D specimen. The shear wave velocity measurement can be used to quantify the elastic modulus. However, in current methods, shear waves are measured near the surface with an interference of surface waves. In this study, we developed acoustic radiation force (ARF) orthogonal excitation optical coherence elastography (ARFOE-OCE) to visualize shear waves in 3D. This method uses acoustic force perpendicular to the OCT beam to excite shear waves in internal specimens and uses Doppler variance method to visualize shear wave propagation in 3D. The measured propagation of shear waves agrees well with the simulation results obtained from finite element analysis (FEA). Orthogonal acoustic excitation allows this method to measure the shear modulus in a deeper specimen which extends the elasticity measurement range beyond the OCT imaging depth. The results show that the ARFOE-OCE system has the ability to noninvasively determine the 3D elastic map.
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30
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Yao J, Thompson KP, Ma B, Ponting M, Rolland JP. Volumetric rendering and metrology of spherical gradient refractive index lens imaged by angular scan optical coherence tomography system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:19388-19404. [PMID: 27557217 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.019388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we develop the methodology, including the refraction correction, geometrical thickness correction, coordinate transformation, and layer segmentation algorithms, for 3D rendering and metrology of a layered spherical gradient refractive index (S-GRIN) lens based on the imaging data collected by an angular scan optical coherence tomography (OCT) system. The 3D mapping and rendering enables direct 3D visualization and internal defect inspection of the lens. The metrology provides assessment of the surface geometry, the lens thickness, the radii of curvature of the internal layer interfaces, and the misalignment of the internal S-GRIN distribution with respect to the lens surface. The OCT metrology results identify the manufacturing defects, and enable targeted process development for optimizing the manufacturing parameters. The newly fabricated S-GRIN lenses show up to a 7x spherical aberration reduction that allows a significantly increased utilizable effective aperture.
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31
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Pokharel D, Wijesinghe P, Oenarto V, Lu JF, Sampson DD, Kennedy BF, Wallace VP, Bebawy M. Deciphering Cell-to-Cell Communication in Acquisition of Cancer Traits: Extracellular Membrane Vesicles Are Regulators of Tissue Biomechanics. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 20:462-9. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2016.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deep Pokharel
- Discipline of Pharmacy, The Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Philip Wijesinghe
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Vici Oenarto
- Discipline of Pharmacy, The Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Jamie F. Lu
- Discipline of Pharmacy, The Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - David D. Sampson
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan F. Kennedy
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Vincent P. Wallace
- School of Physics, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mary Bebawy
- Discipline of Pharmacy, The Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
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32
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Tuchin VV. Polarized light interaction with tissues. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:71114. [PMID: 27121763 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.7.071114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This tutorial-review introduces the fundamentals of polarized light interaction with biological tissues and presents some of the recent key polarization optical methods that have made possible the quantitative studies essential for biomedical diagnostics. Tissue structures and the corresponding models showing linear and circular birefringence, dichroism, and chirality are analyzed. As the basis for a quantitative description of the interaction of polarized light with tissues, the theory of polarization transfer in a random medium is used. This theory employs the modified transfer equation for Stokes parameters to predict the polarization properties of single- and multiple-scattered optical fields. The near-order of scatterers in tissues is accounted for to provide an adequate description of tissue polarization properties. Biomedical diagnostic techniques based on polarized light detection, including polarization imaging and spectroscopy, amplitude and intensity light scattering matrix measurements, and polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography are described. Examples of biomedical applications of these techniques for early diagnostics of cataracts, detection of precancer, and prediction of skin disease are presented. The substantial reduction of light scattering multiplicity at tissue optical clearing that leads to a lesser influence of scattering on the measured intrinsic polarization properties of the tissue and allows for more precise quantification of these properties is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery V Tuchin
- Saratov National Research State University, Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, 83 Astrakhanskaya street, Saratov 410012, RussiabInstitute of Precision Mechanics and Control of Russian Academy of Sciences, 24 Rabochaya street, Sarat
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