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de Oliveira M, Piccardo M, Eslami S, Aglieri V, Toma A, Ambrosio A. Radially and Azimuthally Pure Vortex Beams from Phase-Amplitude Metasurfaces. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:290-297. [PMID: 36691429 PMCID: PMC9853941 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To exploit the full potential of the transverse spatial structure of light using the Laguerre-Gaussian basis, it is necessary to control the azimuthal and radial components of the photons. Vortex phase elements are commonly used to generate these modes of light, offering precise control over the azimuthal index but neglecting the radially dependent amplitude term, which defines their associated corresponding transverse profile. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the generation of high-purity Laguerre-Gaussian beams with a single-step on-axis transformation implemented with a dielectric phase-amplitude metasurface. By vectorially structuring the input beam and projecting it onto an orthogonal polarization basis, we can sculpt any vortex beam in phase and amplitude. We characterize the azimuthal and radial purities of the generated vortex beams, reaching a purity of 98% for a vortex beam with l =50 and p = 0. Furthermore, we comparatively show that the purity of the generated vortex beams outperforms those generated with other well-established phase-only metasurface approaches. In addition, we highlight the formation of "ghost" orbital angular momentum orders from azimuthal gratings (analogous to ghost orders in ruled gratings), which have not been widely studied to date. Our work brings higher-order vortex beams and their unlimited potential within reach of wide adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael de Oliveira
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Physics
Department, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Piccardo
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sahand Eslami
- Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Aglieri
- Clean
Room Facility, Fondazione Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Toma
- Clean
Room Facility, Fondazione Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Ambrosio
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy
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3
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He C, Shen Y, Forbes A. Towards higher-dimensional structured light. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:205. [PMID: 35790711 PMCID: PMC9256673 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00897-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Structured light refers to the arbitrarily tailoring of optical fields in all their degrees of freedom (DoFs), from spatial to temporal. Although orbital angular momentum (OAM) is perhaps the most topical example, and celebrating 30 years since its connection to the spatial structure of light, control over other DoFs is slowly gaining traction, promising access to higher-dimensional forms of structured light. Nevertheless, harnessing these new DoFs in quantum and classical states remains challenging, with the toolkit still in its infancy. In this perspective, we discuss methods, challenges, and opportunities for the creation, detection, and control of multiple DoFs for higher-dimensional structured light. We present a roadmap for future development trends, from fundamental research to applications, concentrating on the potential for larger-capacity, higher-security information processing and communication, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.
| | - Yijie Shen
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Andrew Forbes
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.
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Smith D, Gopinath S, Arockiaraj FG, Reddy ANK, Balasubramani V, Kumar R, Dubey N, Ng SH, Katkus T, Selva SJ, Renganathan D, Kamalam MBR, John Francis Rajeswary AS, Navaneethakrishnan S, Inbanathan SR, Valdma SM, Praveen PA, Amudhavel J, Kumar M, Ganeev RA, Magistretti PJ, Depeursinge C, Juodkazis S, Rosen J, Anand V. Nonlinear Reconstruction of Images from Patterns Generated by Deterministic or Random Optical Masks-Concepts and Review of Research. J Imaging 2022; 8:174. [PMID: 35735973 PMCID: PMC9225382 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging8060174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Indirect-imaging methods involve at least two steps, namely optical recording and computational reconstruction. The optical-recording process uses an optical modulator that transforms the light from the object into a typical intensity distribution. This distribution is numerically processed to reconstruct the object's image corresponding to different spatial and spectral dimensions. There have been numerous optical-modulation functions and reconstruction methods developed in the past few years for different applications. In most cases, a compatible pair of the optical-modulation function and reconstruction method gives optimal performance. A new reconstruction method, termed nonlinear reconstruction (NLR), was developed in 2017 to reconstruct the object image in the case of optical-scattering modulators. Over the years, it has been revealed that the NLR can reconstruct an object's image modulated by an axicons, bifocal lenses and even exotic spiral diffractive elements, which generate deterministic optical fields. Apparently, NLR seems to be a universal reconstruction method for indirect imaging. In this review, the performance of NLR isinvestigated for many deterministic and stochastic optical fields. Simulation and experimental results for different cases are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Smith
- Optical Sciences Center and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Optical Sciences Center, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (D.S.); (S.H.N.); (T.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Shivasubramanian Gopinath
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Thiagarajar College, Madurai 625009, India; (S.G.); (D.R.); (S.N.)
| | - Francis Gracy Arockiaraj
- PG & Research Department of Physics, The American College, Madurai 625009, India; (F.G.A.); (S.J.S.); (M.B.R.K.); (S.R.I.)
| | - Andra Naresh Kumar Reddy
- Hee Photonic Labs, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia;
- Laboratory of Nonlinear Optics, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Vinoth Balasubramani
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (V.B.); (P.J.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Ravi Kumar
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (R.K.); (N.D.); (J.R.)
| | - Nitin Dubey
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (R.K.); (N.D.); (J.R.)
| | - Soon Hock Ng
- Optical Sciences Center and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Optical Sciences Center, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (D.S.); (S.H.N.); (T.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Tomas Katkus
- Optical Sciences Center and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Optical Sciences Center, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (D.S.); (S.H.N.); (T.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Shakina Jothi Selva
- PG & Research Department of Physics, The American College, Madurai 625009, India; (F.G.A.); (S.J.S.); (M.B.R.K.); (S.R.I.)
| | - Dhanalakshmi Renganathan
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Thiagarajar College, Madurai 625009, India; (S.G.); (D.R.); (S.N.)
| | - Manueldoss Beaula Ruby Kamalam
- PG & Research Department of Physics, The American College, Madurai 625009, India; (F.G.A.); (S.J.S.); (M.B.R.K.); (S.R.I.)
| | | | | | - Stephen Rajkumar Inbanathan
- PG & Research Department of Physics, The American College, Madurai 625009, India; (F.G.A.); (S.J.S.); (M.B.R.K.); (S.R.I.)
| | - Sandhra-Mirella Valdma
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (A.S.J.F.R.); (S.-M.V.); (P.A.P.); (J.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Periyasamy Angamuthu Praveen
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (A.S.J.F.R.); (S.-M.V.); (P.A.P.); (J.A.); (M.K.)
- Organic Optoelectronics Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Jayavel Amudhavel
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (A.S.J.F.R.); (S.-M.V.); (P.A.P.); (J.A.); (M.K.)
- School of Computing Science and Engineering, VIT Bhopal University, Bhopal 466114, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (A.S.J.F.R.); (S.-M.V.); (P.A.P.); (J.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Rashid A. Ganeev
- Laboratory of Nonlinear Optics, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia;
- Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, National Research University, Kori Niyozov Str. 39, Tashkent 100000, Uzbekistan
| | - Pierre J. Magistretti
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (V.B.); (P.J.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Christian Depeursinge
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (V.B.); (P.J.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- Optical Sciences Center and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Optical Sciences Center, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (D.S.); (S.H.N.); (T.K.); (S.J.)
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Joseph Rosen
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (R.K.); (N.D.); (J.R.)
| | - Vijayakumar Anand
- Optical Sciences Center and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Optical Sciences Center, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (D.S.); (S.H.N.); (T.K.); (S.J.)
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (A.S.J.F.R.); (S.-M.V.); (P.A.P.); (J.A.); (M.K.)
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Scholes S, Rodríguez-Fajardo V, Forbes A. Lossless reshaping of structured light. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2020; 37:C80-C85. [PMID: 33175735 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.394807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Structured light concerns the control of light in its spatial degrees of freedom (amplitude, phase, and polarization), and has proven instrumental in many applications. The creation of structured light usually involves the conversion of a Gaussian mode to a desired structure in a single step, while the detection is often the reverse process, both fundamentally lossy or imperfect. Here we show how to ideally reshape structured light in a lossless manner in a simple two-step process using conformal mapping. We outline the core theoretical arguments, and experimentally demonstrate reshaping of arbitrary structured light patterns with correlations in excess of 90%. Further, we highlight when the technique is applicable and when not, and how best to implement it. This work will be a useful addition to the structured light toolkit, and particularly relevant to those wishing to use the spatial modes of light as a basis in classical and quantum communication.
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Guo PL, Dong C, He Y, Jing F, He WT, Ren BC, Li CY, Deng FG. Efficient quantum key distribution against collective noise using polarization and transverse spatial mode of photons. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:4611-4624. [PMID: 32121695 DOI: 10.1364/oe.374292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Channel noise is the main issue which reduces the efficiency of quantum communication. Here we present an efficient scheme for quantum key distribution against collective-rotation channel noise using polarization and transverse spatial mode of photons. Exploiting the two single-photon Bell states and two-photon hyperentangled Bell states in the polarization and the transverse spatial mode degrees of freedom (DOFs), the mutually unbiased bases can be encoded for logical qubits against the collective-rotation noise. Our scheme shows noiseless subspaces can be made up of two DOFs of two photons instead of multiple photons, which will reduce the resources required for noiseless subspaces and depress the photonic loss sensitivity. Moreover, the two single-photon Bell states and two-photon hyperentangled Bell states are symmetrical to the two photons, which means the relative order of the two photons is not required in our scheme, so the receiver only needs to measure the state of each photon, which makes our protocol easy to execute in experiment than the previous works.
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Suzuki M, Yamane K, Oka K, Toda Y, Morita R. Comprehensive quantitative analysis of vector beam states based on vector field reconstruction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9979. [PMID: 31292480 PMCID: PMC6620324 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46390-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a comprehensive quantitative analysis of vector beam states (VBSs) by using a vector field reconstruction (VFR) technique integrating interferometry and imaging polarimetry, where the analysis is given by a cylindrically polarized Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) mode expansion of VBSs. From test examples of cylindrically polarized LG mode beams, we obtain the complex amplitude distributions of VBSs and perform their quantitative evaluations both in radial and azimuthal directions. The results show that we generated (l, p) = (1, 0) LG radially polarized state with a high purity of 98%. We also argue that the cylindrically polarized LG modal decomposition is meaningful for the detail discussion of experimental results, such as analyses of mode purities and mode contaminations. Thus the VFR technique is significant for analyses of polarization structured beams generated by lasers and converters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Suzuki
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Keisaku Yamane
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Oka
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Yasunori Toda
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Ryuji Morita
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.
- Laboratoire de photonique quantique et moléculaire, École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, 61, avenue du Président Wilson, 94235, Cachan, Cedex, France.
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Pichugin KN, Maksimov DN, Sadreev AF. Goos-Hänchen and Imbert-Fedorov shifts of higher-order Laguerre-Gaussian beams reflected from a dielectric slab. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2018; 35:1324-1329. [PMID: 30110294 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.35.001324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We consider reflection of the Laguerre-Gaussian light beams by a dielectric slab. In view of the unified operator approach, the higher-order Laguerre-Gaussian beams represent a parametric family with the transverse beam profile given by an arbitrary generating parameter. Relying on the Fourier expansion in the focal plane of the beam, we compute the Goos-Hänchen and the Imbert-Fedorov shifts for light beams with non-zero order and azimuthal index. It is demonstrated that both shifts exhibit resonant behavior as functions of the angle of incidence due to the interference between the waves reflected from the upper and lower interfaces. The centroid shifts strongly depend on the order and azimuthal index of the beam. Most interestingly, it is found that the generating parameter of the higher-order beam families strongly affects the shifts. Thus, reshaping of the incident wavefront with fixed order and azimuthal index changes the linear Goos-Hänchen shift up to one half of the beam radius, both negative and positive.
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