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Chatterjee M, Evans MK, Bell R, Nguyen PK, Kamalitdinov TB, Korntner S, Kuo CK, Dyment NA, Andarawis-Puri N. Histological and immunohistochemical guide to tendon tissue. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:2114-2132. [PMID: 37321983 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tendons are unique dense connective tissues with discrete zones having specific structure and function. They are juxtaposed with other tissues (e.g., bone, muscle, and fat) with different compositional, structural, and mechanical properties. Additionally, tendon properties change drastically with growth and development, disease, aging, and injury. Consequently, there are unique challenges to performing high quality histological assessment of this tissue. To address this need, histological assessment was one of the breakout session topics at the 2022 Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS) Tendon Conference hosted at the University of Pennsylvania. The purpose of the breakout session was to discuss needs from members of the ORS Tendon Section related to histological procedures, data presentation, knowledge dissemination, and guidelines for future work. Therefore, this review provides a brief overview of the outcomes of this discussion and provides a set of guidelines, based on the perspectives from our laboratories, for histological assessment to assist researchers in their quest to utilize these techniques to enhance the outcomes and interpretations of their studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monideepa Chatterjee
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Mary K Evans
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebecca Bell
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Phong K Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Timur B Kamalitdinov
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stefanie Korntner
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine K Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nelly Andarawis-Puri
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
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Ma R, Xie X, Xu C, Shi P, Wu Y, Wang J. Loss of β-catenin causes cementum hypoplasia by hampering cementogenic differentiation of Axin2-expressing cells. J Periodontal Res 2023; 58:414-421. [PMID: 36691857 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Although cementum plays an essential role in tooth attachment and adaptation to occlusal force, the regulatory mechanisms of cementogenesis remain largely unknown. We have previously reported that Axin2-expressing (Axin2+ ) mesenchymal cells in periodontal ligament (PDL) are the main cell source for cementum growth, and constitutive activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in Axin2+ cells results in hypercementosis. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to further evaluate the effects of β-catenin deletion in Axin2+ cells on cementogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We generated triple transgenic mice to conditionally delete β-catenin in Axin2-lineage cells by crossing Axin2CreERT2/+ ; R26RtdTomato/+ mice with β-cateninflox/flox mice. Multiple approaches, including X-ray analysis, micro-CT, histological stainings, and immunostaining assays, were used to analyze cementum phenotypes and molecular mechanisms. RESULTS Our data revealed that loss of β-catenin in Axin2+ cells led to a cementum hypoplasia phenotype characterized by a sharp reduction in the formation of both acellular and cellular cementum. Mechanistically, we found that conditional removal of β-catenin in Axin2+ cells severely impaired the secretion of cementum matrix proteins, for example, bone sialoprotein (BSP), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) and osteopontin (OPN), and markedly inhibited the differentiation of Axin2+ mesenchymal cells into osterix+ cementoblasts. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm the vital role of Axin2+ mesenchymal PDL cells in cementum growth and demonstrate that Wnt/β-catenin signaling shows a positive correlation with cementogenic differentiation of Axin2+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- Department of Periodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Med-X Center for Materials, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xudong Xie
- Department of Periodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Med-X Center for Materials, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunmei Xu
- Department of Periodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Med-X Center for Materials, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peilei Shi
- Department of Periodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Med-X Center for Materials, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yafei Wu
- Department of Periodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Med-X Center for Materials, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Periodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Med-X Center for Materials, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Chai W, Hao W, Liu J, Han Z, Chang S, Cheng L, Sun M, Yan G, Liu Z, Liu Y, Zhang G, Xing L, Chen H, Liu P. Visualizing Cathepsin K-Cre Expression at the Single-Cell Level with GFP Reporters. JBMR Plus 2022; 7:e10706. [PMID: 36699636 PMCID: PMC9850439 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cre/lox system is a fundamental tool for functional genomic studies, and a number of Cre lines have been generated to target genes of interest spatially and temporally in defined cells or tissues; this approach has greatly expanded our knowledge of gene functions. However, the limitations of this system have recently been recognized, and we must address the challenge of so-called nonspecific/off-target effects when a Cre line is utilized to investigate a gene of interest. For example, cathepsin K (Ctsk) has been used as a specific osteoclast marker, and Cre driven by its promoter is widely utilized for osteoclast investigations. However, Ctsk-Cre expression has recently been identified in other cell types, such as osteocytes, periosteal stem cells, and tenocytes. To better understand Ctsk-Cre expression and ensure appropriate use of this Cre line, we performed a comprehensive analysis of Ctsk-Cre expression at the single-cell level in major organs and tissues using two green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporters (ROSA nT-nG and ROSA tdT) and a tissue clearing technique in young and aging mice. The expression profile was further verified by immunofluorescence staining and droplet digital RT-PCR. The results demonstrate that Ctsk-Cre is expressed not only in osteoclasts but also at various levels in osteoblast lineage cells and other major organs/tissues, particularly in the brain, kidney, pancreas, and blood vessels. Furthermore, Ctsk-Cre expression increases markedly in the bone marrow, skeletal muscle, and intervertebral discs in aging mice. These data will be valuable for accurately interpreting data obtained from in vivo studies using Ctsk-Cre mice to avoid potentially misleading conclusions. © 2022 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhuan Chai
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Weiwei Hao
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Jintao Liu
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Zhenglin Han
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Shiyu Chang
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Liben Cheng
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Mingxin Sun
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Guofang Yan
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Zemin Liu
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Yin Liu
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Li Xing
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Hongqian Chen
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Peng Liu
- Laboratory of Bone & Adipose BiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
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PHEXL222P Mutation Increases Phex Expression in a New ENU Mouse Model for XLH Disease. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081356. [PMID: 36011266 PMCID: PMC9407253 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PhexL222P mouse is a new ENU mouse model for XLH disease due to Leu to Pro amino acid modification at position 222. PhexL222P mouse is characterized by growth retardation, hypophosphatemia, hypocalcemia, reduced body bone length, and increased epiphyseal growth plate thickness and femur diameter despite the increase in PHEXL222P expression. Actually, PhexL222P mice show an increase in Fgf23, Dmp1, and Mepe and Slc34a1 (Na-Pi IIa cotransporter) mRNA expression similar to those observed in Hyp mice. Femoral osteocalcin and sclerostin and Slc34a1 do not show any significant variation in PhexL222P mice. Molecular dynamics simulations support the experimental data. P222 might locally break the E217-Q224 β-sheet, which in turn might disrupt inter-β-sheet interactions. We can thus expect local protein misfolding, which might be responsible for the experimentally observed PHEXL222P loss of function. This model could be a valuable addition to the existing XLH model for further comprehension of the disease occurrence and testing of new therapies.
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Jacox LA, Tang N, Li Y, Bocklage C, Graves C, Coats S, Miao M, Glesener T, Kwon J, Giduz N, Lin FC, Martinez J, Ko CC. Orthodontic loading activates cell-specific autophagy in a force-dependent manner. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2022; 161:423-436.e1. [PMID: 35039202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) relies on bone remodeling and controlled aseptic inflammation. Autophagy, a conserved homeostatic pathway, has been shown to play a role in bone turnover. We hypothesize that autophagy participates in regulating bone remodeling during OTM in a force-dependent and cell type-specific manner. METHODS A split-mouth design was used to load molars with 1 of 3 force levels (15, 30, or 45 g of force) in mice carrying a green fluorescent protein-LC3 transgene to detect cellular autophagy. Fluorescent microscopy and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses were used to evaluate autophagy activation and its correlation with force level. Cell type-specific antibodies were used to identify cells with green fluorescent protein-positive puncta (autophagosomes) in periodontal tissues. RESULTS Autophagic activity increased shortly after loading with moderate force and was associated with the expression of bone turnover, inflammatory, and autophagy markers. Different load levels resulted in altered degrees of autophagic activation, gene expression, and osteoclast recruitment. Autophagy was specifically induced by loading in macrophages and osteoclasts found in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Data suggest autophagy participates in regulating bone turnover during OTM. CONCLUSIONS Autophagy is induced in macrophage lineage cells by orthodontic loading in a force-dependent manner and plays a role during OTM, possibly through modulation of osteoclast bone resorption. Exploring the roles of autophagy in OTM is medically relevant, given that autophagy is associated with oral and systemic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Anne Jacox
- Division of Craniofacial and Surgical Care, and Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Na Tang
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC Department of Oral Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yina Li
- Division of Craniofacial and Surgical Care, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Clare Bocklage
- Division of Craniofacial and Surgical Care, and Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Christina Graves
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Michael Miao
- Curriculum in Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Tim Glesener
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jane Kwon
- Division of Craniofacial and Surgical Care, and Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Natalie Giduz
- Division of Craniofacial and Surgical Care, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Feng-Chang Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC
| | - Ching-Chang Ko
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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Reinhardt JW, Breuer CK. Fibrocytes: A Critical Review and Practical Guide. Front Immunol 2021; 12:784401. [PMID: 34975874 PMCID: PMC8718395 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.784401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrocytes are hematopoietic-derived cells that directly contribute to tissue fibrosis by producing collagen following injury, during disease, and with aging. The lack of a fibrocyte-specific marker has led to the use of multiple strategies for identifying these cells in vivo. This review will detail how past studies were performed, report their findings, and discuss their strengths and limitations. The motivation is to identify opportunities for further investigation and promote the adoption of best practices during future study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Reinhardt
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Christopher K. Breuer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
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Detecting Green Fluorescent Protein-tagged Cryptococcus neoformans by Immunofluorescence on Paraffin-embedded Brain Sections. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2021; 30:72-77. [PMID: 34534990 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is an important pathogen causing opportunistic fungal meningitis. The pathogenic mechanism of cryptococcal meningitis remains unclear. We aimed to describe a practical approach for studying the pathologic features of cryptococcal central nervous system infection by immunofluorescence on paraffin-embedded brain of mice using different antigen retrieval methods. After 14 days of intratracheal inoculation of green fluorescent protein-tagged C. neoformans (H99-GFP), C57BL/6J mice brains were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Antigen retrieval methods such as microwaves, 1% sodium lauryl sulfate, 1 N HCl, pepsase, and tryptase were used on 5-μm paraffin sections and the effects were compared. The green fluorescence of H99-GFP persisted with antigen retrieval using 1% sodium lauryl sulfate. After immunofluorescent staining, H99-GFP, glial fibrillary acidic protein-tagged astrocytes, and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1-tagged microglia could be observed clearly. Based on our results, we provide a practical approach for the further study of the interaction between C. neoformans and brain cells.
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Li Y, Jacox LA, Coats S, Kwon J, Xue P, Tang N, Rui Z, Wang X, Kim YI, Wu TJ, Lee YT, Wong SW, Chien CH, Cheng CW, Gross R, Lin FC, Tseng H, Martinez J, Ko CC. Roles of autophagy in orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2021; 159:582-593. [PMID: 33771430 PMCID: PMC10911631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) relies on efficient remodeling of alveolar bone. While a well-controlled inflammatory response is essential during OTM, the mechanism regulating inflammation is unknown. Autophagy, a conserved catabolic pathway, has been shown to protect cells from excess inflammation in disease states. We hypothesize that autophagy plays a role in regulating inflammation during OTM. METHODS A split-mouth design was used to force load molars in adult male mice, carrying a GFP-LC3 transgene for in vivo detection of autophagy. Confocal microscopy, Western blot, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses were used to evaluate autophagy activation in tissues of loaded and control molars at time points after force application. Rapamycin, a Food and Drug Administration-approved immunosuppressant, was injected to evaluate induction of autophagy. RESULTS Autophagy activity increases shortly after loading, primarily on the compression side of the tooth, and is closely associated with inflammatory cytokine expression and osteoclast recruitment. Daily administration of rapamycin, an autophagy activator, led to reduced tooth movement and osteoclast recruitment, suggesting that autophagy downregulates the inflammatory response and bone turnover during OTM. CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration that shows that autophagy is induced by orthodontic loading and plays a role during OTM, likely via negative regulation of inflammatory response and bone turnover. Exploring roles of autophagy in OTM holds great promise, as aberrant autophagy is associated with periodontal disease and its related systemic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Nc
| | - Laura Anne Jacox
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Nc
| | - Shannon Coats
- Duke University Medical Center Greenspace, Durham, Nc
| | - Jane Kwon
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Nc
| | - Peng Xue
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Nc
| | - Na Tang
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Nc Department of Oral Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zou Rui
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Nc Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Nc Department of Dentistry, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Il Kim
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Nc Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Te Ju Wu
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Nc Department of Orthodontics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ting Lee
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Nc
| | - Sing Wai Wong
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Nc
| | - Chia Hui Chien
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Nc Division of Prosthodontics, Department of Dentistry, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Cheng
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Nc Division of Prosthodontics, Department of Dentistry, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ryan Gross
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Nc
| | - Feng-Chang Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Nc
| | - Henry Tseng
- Duke University Medical Center Greenspace and Glaucoma Division, Duke Eye Center, Durham, Nc
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Ma National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, Nc
| | - Ching-Chang Ko
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Nc.
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Xie X, Xu C, Zhao H, Wang J, Feng JQ. A Biphasic Feature of Gli1 +-Mesenchymal Progenitors during Cementogenesis That Is Positively Controlled by Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. J Dent Res 2021; 100:1289-1298. [PMID: 33853427 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211007429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cementum, a specialized bony layer covering an entire molar root surface, anchors teeth into alveolar bone. Gli1, a key transcriptional activator in Hedgehog signaling, has been identified as a mesenchymal progenitor cell marker in various tissues, including the periodontal ligament (PDL). To address the mechanisms by which Gli1+ progenitor cells contribute to cementogenesis, we used the Gli1lacZ/+ knock-in line to mark Gli1+ progenitors and the Gli1CreERT2/+; R26RtdTomato/+ line (named Gli1Lin) to trace Gli1 progeny cells during cementogenesis. Our data unexpectedly displayed a biphasic feature of Gli1+ PDL progenitor cells and cementum growth: a negative relationship between Gli1+ progenitor cell number and cementogenesis but a positive correlation between Gli1-derived acellular and cellular cementoblast cell number and cementum growth. DTA-ablation of Gli1Lin cells led to a cementum hypoplasia, including a significant reduction of both acellular and cellular cementoblast cells. Gain-of-function studies (by constitutive stabilization of β-catenin in Gli1Lin cells) revealed a cementum hyperplasia. A loss of function (by conditional deletion of β-catenin in Gli1+ cells) resulted in a reduction of postnatal cementum growth. Together, our studies support a vital role of Gli1+ progenitor cells in contribution to both types of cementum, in which canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling positively regulates the differentiation of Gli1+ progenitors to cementoblasts during cementogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Xie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C Xu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
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Kaźmierczak Z, Majewska J, Milczarek M, Owczarek B, Dąbrowska K. Circulation of Fluorescently Labelled Phage in a Murine Model. Viruses 2021; 13:297. [PMID: 33672895 PMCID: PMC7917791 DOI: 10.3390/v13020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between bacteriophages and mammals strongly affect possible applications of bacteriophages. This has created a need for tools that facilitate studies of phage circulation and deposition in tissues. Here, we propose red fluorescent protein (RFP)-labelled E. coli lytic phages as a new tool for the investigation of phage interactions with cells and tissues. The interaction of RFP-labelled phages with living eukaryotic cells (macrophages) was visualized after 20 min of co-incubation. RFP-labeled phages were applied in a murine model of phage circulation in vivo. Phages administered by three different routes (intravenously, orally, rectally) were detected through the course of time. The intravenous route of administration was the most efficient for phage delivery to multiple body compartments: 20 min after administration, virions were detected in lymph nodes, lungs, and liver; 30 min after administration, they were detectable in muscles; and 1 h after administration, phages were detected in spleen and lymph nodes. Oral and rectal administration of RFP-labelled phages allowed for their detection in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Kaźmierczak
- Research and Development Center, Regional Specialist Hospital, Kamieńskiego 73a, 51-154 Wroclaw, Poland
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.M.); (B.O.); (K.D.)
| | - Joanna Majewska
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.M.); (B.O.); (K.D.)
| | - Magdalena Milczarek
- Laboratory of Experimental Anticancer Therapy, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Barbara Owczarek
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.M.); (B.O.); (K.D.)
| | - Krystyna Dąbrowska
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.M.); (B.O.); (K.D.)
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11
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Ma C, Jing Y, Li H, Wang K, Wang Z, Xu C, Sun X, Kaji D, Han X, Huang A, Feng J. Scx Lin cells directly form a subset of chondrocytes in temporomandibular joint that are sharply increased in Dmp1-null mice. Bone 2021; 142:115687. [PMID: 33059101 PMCID: PMC7749445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been assumed that the secondary cartilage in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), which is the most complex and mystery joint and expands rapidly after birth, is formed by periochondrium-derived chondrocytes. The TMJ condyle has rich attachment sites of tendon, which is thought to be solely responsible for joint movement with a distinct cell lineage. Here, we used a Scx-Cre ERT2 mouse line (the tracing line for progenitor and mature tendon cells) to track the fate of tendon cells during TMJ postnatal growth. Our data showed a progressive differentiation of Scx lineage cells started at tendon and the fibrous layer, to cells at the prechondroblasts (Sox9 -/Col I +), and then to cells at the chondrocytic layer (Sox9 +/Col I -). Importantly, the Scx + chondrocytes remained as "permanent" chondrocytes to maintain cartilage mass with no further cell trandifferentiation to bone cells. This notion was substantiated in an assessment of these cells in Dmp1 -null mice (a hypophosphatemic rickets model), where there was a significant increase in the number of Scx lineage cells in response to hypophosphatemia. In addition, we showed the origin of disc, which is derived from Scx + cells. Thus, we propose Scx lineage cells play an important role in TMJ postnatal growth by forming the disc and a new subset of Scx + chondrocytes that do not undergo osteogenesis as the Scx - chondrocytes and are sensitive to the level of phosphorous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yan Jing
- Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
- Corresponding authors Yan Jing, Assistant professor, Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Tx, USA, , 2143707237, Jian Feng, Professor, Department of Biomedical sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Tx, USA, , 2143707235
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chunmei Xu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA; Zhongshan Affiliated Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Deepak Kaji
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Xianglong Han
- Department of Orthodontics & Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Alice Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
- Corresponding authors Yan Jing, Assistant professor, Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Tx, USA, , 2143707237, Jian Feng, Professor, Department of Biomedical sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Tx, USA, , 2143707235
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12
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Yang H, Wang L, Turajane K, Wang L, Yang W. A method for colocalizing lineage tracing reporter and RNAscope signals on skeletal tissue section. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 27:rna.077958.120. [PMID: 33277438 PMCID: PMC7901837 DOI: 10.1261/rna.077958.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent reporters have been widely used in modern biology as a powerful tool in cell lineage tracing during development and in studying the pathogenesis of diseases. RNAscope is a recently developed RNA in situ hybridization method with high specificity and sensitivity. Combined application of these two techniques on skeletal tissue is difficult and has not been done before; the reporter fluorophores in the tissue specimen bleach quickly and mRNAs degrade rapidly due to the decalcification process typically used in processing skeletal samples. Therefore, we developed a method that can simultaneously detect and colocalize both the fluorescent lineage tracing reporter signal and the RNAscope signal in the same skeletal section without compromising the fidelity, sensitivity, and specificity of lineage tracing and RNAscope. This was achieved by cryosectioning bone and cartilage tissue without decalcification, thus allowing the fluorescent reporter signal and RNA in the sections to be well-preserved so that RNAscope can be carried out in situ, and these two signals can be colocalized. Our method of colocalization has versatile applications, e.g., determination of gene knockout efficacy at the mRNA level in a specific cell lineage in situ, detection of alterations in target gene transcripts in reporter-positive cells caused by a specific gene mutation, studies of the disease pathology by examining the transcript-level expression of genes of interest in the cell lineage in vivo.
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13
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Yu L, Rowe DW, Perera IP, Zhang J, Suib SL, Xin X, Wei M. Intrafibrillar Mineralized Collagen-Hydroxyapatite-Based Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:18235-18249. [PMID: 32212615 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
As one of the major challenges in the field of tissue engineering, large skeletal defects have attracted wide attention from researchers. Collagen (Col) and hydroxyapatite (HA), the most abundant protein and the main component in natural bone, respectively, are usually used as a biomimetic composite material in tissue engineering due to their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this study, novel intrafibrillar mineralized Col-HA-based scaffolds, constructed in either cellular or lamellar microstructures, were established through a biomimetic method to enhance the new bone-regenerating capability of tissue engineering scaffolds. Moreover, iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), two of the essential trace elements in the body, were successfully incorporated into the lamellar scaffold to further improve the osteoinductivity of these biomaterials. It was found that the lamellar scaffolds demonstrated better osteogenic abilities compared to both in-house and commercial Col-HA-based cellular scaffolds in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, Fe/Mn incorporation further amplified the osteogenic promotion of the lamellar scaffolds. More importantly, a synergistic effect was observed in the Fe and Mn dual-element-incorporated lamellar scaffolds for both in vitro osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and in vivo bone regeneration loaded with fresh bone marrow cells. This study provides a simple but practical strategy for the creation of functional scaffolds for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - David W Rowe
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, United States
| | | | | | | | - Xiaonan Xin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, United States
| | - Mei Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
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14
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Yang Y, Liu Q, Zhang L, Fu X, Chen J, Hong D. A modified tape transfer approach for rapidly preparing high-quality cryosections of undecalcified adult rodent bones. J Orthop Translat 2020; 26:92-100. [PMID: 33437628 PMCID: PMC7773961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Histology-based analyses are important tools to dissect cellular and molecular mechanisms of skeletal homeostasis, diseases, and regeneration. The success of these efforts is highly dependent on rapidly obtaining high-quality sections of mineralized skeletal tissues suitable for various analyses. However, the current techniques for preparing such sections are still far from satisfactory. This study aimed to develop a new approach for preparing high-quality undecalcified bone sections applicable to various histological analyses. Methods Two important modifications were made to the conventional Cryojane Tape-Transfer System, including utilization of an optimized adhesive to prepare adhesive glass slides for improving the transfer efficiency, and a cheap conventional benchtop UV transilluminator for UV curing. Cryosections of undecalcified rodent bones were prepared using this modified tape transfer approach, and their tissue morphology and structural integrity were visually examined. A variety of histological analyses, including calcein labeling, Von kossa staining, immunofluorescence, and enzymatic activity staining as well as 5-Ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU) and TUNEL assays, were performed on these sections. Results We developed a modified version of tape transfer approach that can prepare cryosections of undecalcified rodent adult bones within 4 days at a low cost. Bone sections prepared by this approach exhibited good tissue morphology and structural integrity. Moreover, these sections were applicable to a variety of histological analyses, including calcein labeling, Von kossa staining, immunofluorescence, and enzymatic activity staining as well as EdU and TUNEL assays. Conclusion The tape transfer approach we developed provides a rapid, affordable, and easy learning method for preparing high-quality undecalcified bone sections valuable for bone research. The translational potential of this article Our research provides a rapid, affordable, and easy learning method for preparing high-quality undecalcified bone sections that can be potentially used for accurate diagnosis of various bone disorders and evaluation of the efficacy of different therapies in the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Yang
- Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingbai Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Lianshui County People's Hospital, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Orthopedic Department, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuejie Fu
- Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianquan Chen
- Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dun Hong
- Orthopedic Department, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
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15
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Möhrmann L, Zowada MK, Strakerjahn H, Siegl C, Kopp-Schneider A, Krunic D, Strunk D, Schneider M, Kriegsmann M, Kriegsmann K, Herbst F, Ball CR, Glimm H, Dieter SM. A perivascular niche in the bone marrow hosts quiescent and proliferating tumorigenic colorectal cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:519-531. [PMID: 32077087 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Disseminated tumor cells (dTCs) can frequently be detected in the bone marrow (BM) of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, raising the possibility that the BM serves as a reservoir for metastatic tumor cells. Identification of dTCs in BM aspirates harbors the potential of assessing therapeutic outcome and directing therapy intensity with limited risk and effort. Still, the functional and prognostic relevance of dTCs is not fully established. We have previously shown that CRC cell clones can be traced to the BM of mice carrying patient-derived xenografts. However, cellular interactions, proliferative state and tumorigenicity of dTCs remain largely unknown. Here, we applied a coculture system modeling the microvascular niche and used immunofluorescence imaging of the murine BM to show that primary CRC cells migrate toward endothelial tubes. dTCs in the BM were rare, but detectable in mice with xenografts from most patient samples (8/10) predominantly at perivascular sites. Comparable to primary tumors, a substantial fraction of proliferating dTCs was detected in the BM. However, most dTCs were found as isolated cells, indicating that dividing dTCs rather separate than aggregate to metastatic clones-a phenomenon frequently observed in the microvascular niche model. Clonal tracking identified subsets of self-renewing tumor-initiating cells in the BM that formed tumors out of BM transplants, including one subset that did not drive primary tumor growth. Our results indicate an important role of the perivascular BM niche for CRC cell dissemination and show that dTCs can be a potential source for tumor relapse and tumor heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lino Möhrmann
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Dresden, Germany.,Center for Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden at TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Translational Functional Cancer Genomics, NCT and DKFZ Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina K Zowada
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Dresden, Germany.,Translational Functional Cancer Genomics, NCT and DKFZ Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Strakerjahn
- Department of Translational Oncology, NCT and DKFZ Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Siegl
- Department of Translational Oncology, NCT and DKFZ Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Damir Krunic
- Light Microscopy Facility, DKFZ Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Strunk
- Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark Kriegsmann
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friederike Herbst
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Dresden, Germany.,Translational Functional Cancer Genomics, NCT and DKFZ Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia R Ball
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Dresden, Germany.,Center for Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden at TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Translational Functional Cancer Genomics, NCT and DKFZ Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanno Glimm
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Dresden, Germany.,Center for Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden at TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Translational Functional Cancer Genomics, NCT and DKFZ Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Dieter
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Dresden, Germany.,Translational Functional Cancer Genomics, NCT and DKFZ Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Li H, Jing Y, Zhang R, Zhang Q, Wang J, Martin A, Feng JQ. Hypophosphatemic rickets accelerate chondrogenesis and cell trans-differentiation from TMJ chondrocytes into bone cells via a sharp increase in β-catenin. Bone 2020; 131:115151. [PMID: 31751752 PMCID: PMC6930687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) is primarily expressed in osteocytes, although a low level of DMP1 is also detected in chondrocytes. Removing Dmp1 in mice or a mutation in humans leads to hypophosphatemic rickets (identical to X-linked hypophosphatemia). The deformed skeletons were currently thought to be a consequence of an inhibition of chondrogenesis (leading to an accumulation of hypertrophic chondrocytes and a failure in the replacement of cartilage by bone). To precisely study the mechanisms by which DMP1 and phosphorus control temporomandibular condyle formation, we first showed severe malformed condylar phenotypes in Dmp1-null mice (great expansions of deformed cartilage layers and subchondral bone), which worst as aging. Next, we excluded the direct role of DMP1 in condylar hypertrophic-chondrogenesis by conditionally deleting Dmp1 in hypertrophic chondrocytes using Col10a1-Cre and Dmp1 loxP mice (displaying no apparent phosphorous changes and condylar phenotype). To address the mechanism by which the onset of endochondral phenotypes takes place, we generated two sets of tracing lines in the Dmp1 KO background: AggrecanCreERT2-ROSA-tdTomato and Col 10a1-Cre-ROSA-tdTomato, respectively. Both tracing lines displayed an acceleration of chondrogenesis and cell trans-differentiation from chondrocytes into bone cells in the Dmp1 KO. Next, we showed that administrations of neutralizing fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) antibodies in Dmp1-null mice restored hypophosphatemic condylar cartilage phenotypes. In further addressing the rescue mechanism, we generated compound mice containing Col10a1-Cre with ROSA-tdTomato and Dmp1 KO lines with and without a high Pi diet starting at day 10 for 39 days. We demonstrated that hypophosphatemia leads to an acceleration of chondrogenesis and trans-differentiation of chondrocytes to bone cells, which were largely restored under a high Pi diet. Finally, we identified the causative molecule (β-catenin). Together, this study demonstrates that the Dmp1-null caused hypophosphatemia, leading to acceleration (instead of inhibition) of chondrogenesis and bone trans-differentiation from chondrocytes but inhibition of bone cell maturation due to a sharp increase in β-catenin. These findings will aid in the future treatment of hypophosphatemic rickets with FGF23 neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Traumatic and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan Jing
- Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; Faculty of Medicine, Northwest University, #229 Taibai North Rd, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Aline Martin
- Center for Translational Metabolism and Health, Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
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17
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Daneshmandi L, Laurencin CT. Regenerative engineered vascularized bone mediated by calcium peroxide. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:1045-1057. [PMID: 31925886 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the main challenges hindering the clinical translation of bone tissue engineering scaffolds is the lack of establishment of functional vasculature. Insufficient vascularization and poor oxygen supply limit cell survival within the constructs resulting in poor osseointegration with the host tissue and eventually leading to inadequate bone regeneration. Inspired by cues from developmental biology, we regenerative engineered a composite matrix by incorporating calcium peroxide (CaO2 ) into poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microsphere-based matrices and sought to assess whether the delivery of the byproducts of CaO2 decomposition, namely O2 , Ca2+ , and H2 O2 could enhance the regeneration of vascularized bone tissue. The composite microspheres were successfully fabricated via the oil-in-water emulsion method. The presence and encapsulation of CaO2 was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray powder diffraction. The microspheres were further heat sintered into three-dimensional porous scaffolds and characterized for their degradation and release of byproducts. The in vitro cytocompatibility of the matrices and their ability to support osteogenic differentiation was confirmed using human adipose-derived stem cells. Lastly, an in vivo study was performed in a mouse critical-sized calvarial defect model to evaluate the capacity of these matrices in supporting vascularized bone regeneration. Results demonstrated that the presence of CaO2 increased cellularization and biological activity throughout the matrices. There was greater migration of host cells to the interior of the matrices and greater survival and persistence of donor cells after 8 weeks, which in synergy with the composite matrices led to enhanced vascularized bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Daneshmandi
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut.,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Cato T Laurencin
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut.,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut.,Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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18
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Chander V, Gangenahalli G. Pluronic-F127/Platelet Microvesicles nanocomplex delivers stem cells in high doses to the bone marrow and confers post-irradiation survival. Sci Rep 2020; 10:156. [PMID: 31932650 PMCID: PMC6957521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet microvesicles (pMVs) are submicron-sized heterogeneous vesicles released upon activation and contain several membrane receptors and proteins (CD41, CD61, CD62, CXCR4, PAR-1, etc.). We have revealed their ability to adhere to the triblock copolymer pluronic-F127 (PF127) and form a platelet microvesicular nanocloud which has the potential to enhance the transvascular migration of hematopoietic stem cells across the sinusoidal endothelium to the bone marrow. Besides, the pMVs nanoclouds bestow survival benefits when present on the cells used for infusion, particularly with PF127-stabilized with chitosan-alginate (PF127-CA HSCs). The vesicles were found to be firmly associated with PF127 in the nanocloud, which was detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The abrogation of CXCR4/SDF-1 axis regulating the transmigration of the cells by antagonist AMD3100 revealed that the enriched CXCR4 receptors on pMVs robustize the transmigration of the infused cells. The homing of the cells led to effective engraftment and faster regeneration of the critical blood lineages, which elicited 100% survival of the mice receiving lethal doses of radiation. The Human Long-Term Culture Initiating Cells (LTC-ICs), Severe Combined Immunodeficient (SCID) - Repopulating Cells (SRCs) and Colony Forming Cells (CFCs) responsible for the regeneration, but present in extremely low numbers in the infused cell dose, have enabled the cells to reach the bone marrow in high numbers. This potential of the PF127 to sequester the pMVs and its application to achieve over 10-fold delivery of HSCs across the trans-endothelial checkpoint has so far not been reported. Thus, this mechanistic innovation is a potential post-exposure life-saving regimen capable of circumventing the irreparable damage to the bone marrow caused by lethal doses of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Chander
- Division of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Research, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Gurudutta Gangenahalli
- Division of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Research, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Delhi, 110054, India.
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19
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Xie X, Wang J, Wang K, Li C, Zhang S, Jing D, Xu C, Wang X, Zhao H, Feng J. Axin2 +-Mesenchymal PDL Cells, Instead of K14 + Epithelial Cells, Play a Key Role in Rapid Cementum Growth. J Dent Res 2019; 98:1262-1270. [PMID: 31454276 PMCID: PMC6755721 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519871021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, attempts to regenerate functional periodontal tissues (including cementum) are largely unsuccessful due to a lack of full understanding about the cellular origin (epithelial or mesenchymal cells) essential for root cementum growth. To address this issue, we first identified a rapid cementum growth window from the ages of postnatal day 28 (P28) to P56. Next, we showed that expression patterns of Axin2 and β-catenin within cementum-forming periodontal ligament (PDL) cells are negatively associated with rapid cementum growth. Furthermore, cell lineage tracing studies revealed that the Axin2+-mesenchymal PDL cells and their progeny rapidly expand and directly contribute to postnatal acellular and cellular cementum growth. In contrast, the number of K14+ epithelial cells, which were initially active at early stages of development, was reduced during rapid cementum formation from P28 to P56. The in vivo cell ablation of these Axin2+ cells using Axin2CreERT2/+; R26RDTA/+ mice led to severe cementum hypoplasia, whereas constitutive activation of β-catenin in the Axin2+ cells resulted in an acceleration in cellular cementogenesis plus a transition from acellular cementum to cellular cementum. Thus, we conclude that Axin2+-mesenchymal PDL cells, instead of K14+ epithelial cells, significantly contribute to rapid cementum growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases,
National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics,
West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas
A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases,
National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics,
West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas
A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - K. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas
A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - C. Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas
A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Oral Implantology, School
and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center
of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - S. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases,
National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics,
West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas
A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - D. Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases,
National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics,
West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas
A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - C. Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases,
National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics,
West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas
A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - X. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas
A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - H. Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas
A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J.Q. Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas
A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
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20
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Serowoky MA, Patel DD, Hsieh JW, Mariani FV. The use of commercially available adhesive tapes to preserve cartilage and bone tissue integrity during cryosectioning. Biotechniques 2019; 65:191-196. [PMID: 30284932 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2018-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of fluorescent tags to monitor protein expression and to lineage-trace cells has become a standard complement to standard histological techniques in the fields of embryology, pathology and regenerative medicine. Unfortunately, traditional paraffin embedding protocols can substantially diminish or abolish the native emission signal of the fluorophore of interest. To preserve the fluorescent signal, an alternative is to use cryosectioning; however, this can often result in undesirable artefacts such as tearing or shattering - particularly for mineralized tissues such as bone and cartilage. Here we present a method of using a commercially available tape to stabilize murine femur tissue, thus allowing for cryosectioning of cartilage and bone tissues carrying fluorescent tags without the need for demineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell A Serowoky
- Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, USA
| | - Divya D Patel
- Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, USA
| | - Jason W Hsieh
- Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, USA
| | - Francesca V Mariani
- Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, USA
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21
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Zheng T, Feng Z, Wang X, Jiang T, Jin R, Zhao P, Luo T, Gong H, Luo Q, Yuan J. Review of micro-optical sectioning tomography (MOST): technology and applications for whole-brain optical imaging [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:4075-4096. [PMID: 31452996 PMCID: PMC6701528 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.004075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating connectivity and functionality at the whole-brain level is one of the most challenging research goals in neuroscience. Various whole-brain optical imaging technologies with submicron lateral resolution have been developed to reveal the fine structures of brain-wide neural and vascular networks at the mesoscopic level. Among them, micro-optical sectioning tomography (MOST) is attracting increasing attention, as a variety of technological variations and solutions tailored toward different biological applications have been optimized. Here, we summarize the recent development of MOST technology in whole-brain imaging and anticipate future improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Britton Chance Center and MOE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Equal contribution
| | - Zhao Feng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Britton Chance Center and MOE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Equal contribution
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Britton Chance Center and MOE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- HUST–Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Rui Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Britton Chance Center and MOE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Peilin Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Britton Chance Center and MOE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Britton Chance Center and MOE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Britton Chance Center and MOE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- HUST–Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Qingming Luo
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Britton Chance Center and MOE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- HUST–Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Britton Chance Center and MOE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- HUST–Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
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22
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Zhanmu O, Zhao P, Yang Y, Yang X, Gong H, Li X. Maintenance of Fluorescence During Paraffin Embedding of Fluorescent Protein-Labeled Specimens. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:752. [PMID: 31396038 PMCID: PMC6664058 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraffin embedding is widely used in microscopic imaging for preparing biological specimens. However, owing to significant fluorescence quenching during the embedding process, it is not compatible with fluorescent-labeling techniques, such as transgenic and viral labeling using green fluorescent protein (GFP). Here, we investigate the quenching mechanism and optimize the embedding process to improve the preservation of fluorescence intensity. The results show that dehydration is the main reason for fluorescence quenching during paraffin embedding, caused by the full denaturation of GFP molecules in ethyl alcohol. To evaluate fluorescent and morphological preservation, we modified the embedding process using tertiary butanol (TBA) instead of ethyl alcohol. Fluorescence intensity following TBA dehydration increased 12.08-fold of that observed in the traditional method. We obtained uniform fluorescence maintenance throughout the whole mouse brain, while the continuous apical dendrites, spines, and axon terminals were shown evenly within the cortex, hippocampus, and the amygdala. Moreover, we embedded a whole rat brain labeled with AAV in the prelimbic cortex (Prl). With the axon terminals in different areas, such as the caudate putamen, thalamus, and pyramidal tract, the results showed a continuous tract of Prl neurons throughout the whole brain. This method was also suitable for tdTomota labeled samples. These findings indicate that this modified embedding method could be compatible with GFP and provides a potential turning point for applications in the fluorescent labeling of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouyang Zhanmu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peilin Zhao
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoquan Yang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiangning Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, China
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23
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Horb M, Wlizla M, Abu-Daya A, McNamara S, Gajdasik D, Igawa T, Suzuki A, Ogino H, Noble A, Robert J, James-Zorn C, Guille M. Xenopus Resources: Transgenic, Inbred and Mutant Animals, Training Opportunities, and Web-Based Support. Front Physiol 2019; 10:387. [PMID: 31073289 PMCID: PMC6497014 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Two species of the clawed frog family, Xenopus laevis and X. tropicalis, are widely used as tools to investigate both normal and disease-state biochemistry, genetics, cell biology, and developmental biology. To support both frog specialist and non-specialist scientists needing access to these models for their research, a number of centralized resources exist around the world. These include centers that hold live and frozen stocks of transgenic, inbred and mutant animals and centers that hold molecular resources. This infrastructure is supported by a model organism database. Here, we describe much of this infrastructure and encourage the community to make the best use of it and to guide the resource centers in developing new lines and libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Horb
- National Xenopus Resource, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Marcin Wlizla
- National Xenopus Resource, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Anita Abu-Daya
- European Xenopus Resource Centre, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Sean McNamara
- National Xenopus Resource, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Dominika Gajdasik
- School of Biological Sciences, King Henry Building, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Takeshi Igawa
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Hajime Ogino
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Anna Noble
- European Xenopus Resource Centre, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Christina James-Zorn
- Xenbase, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Matthew Guille
- European Xenopus Resource Centre, Portsmouth, United Kingdom.,School of Biological Sciences, King Henry Building, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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24
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Jacome-Galarza CE, Percin GI, Muller JT, Mass E, Lazarov T, Eitler J, Rauner M, Yadav VK, Crozet L, Bohm M, Loyher PL, Karsenty G, Waskow C, Geissmann F. Developmental origin, functional maintenance and genetic rescue of osteoclasts. Nature 2019; 568:541-545. [PMID: 30971820 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are multinucleated giant cells that resorb bone, ensuring development and continuous remodelling of the skeleton and the bone marrow haematopoietic niche. Defective osteoclast activity leads to osteopetrosis and bone marrow failure1-9, whereas excess activity can contribute to bone loss and osteoporosis10. Osteopetrosis can be partially treated by bone marrow transplantation in humans and mice11-18, consistent with a haematopoietic origin of osteoclasts13,16,19 and studies that suggest that they develop by fusion of monocytic precursors derived from haematopoietic stem cells in the presence of CSF1 and RANK ligand1,20. However, the developmental origin and lifespan of osteoclasts, and the mechanisms that ensure maintenance of osteoclast function throughout life in vivo remain largely unexplored. Here we report that osteoclasts that colonize fetal ossification centres originate from embryonic erythro-myeloid progenitors21,22. These erythro-myeloid progenitor-derived osteoclasts are required for normal bone development and tooth eruption. Yet, timely transfusion of haematopoietic-stem-cell-derived monocytic cells in newborn mice is sufficient to rescue bone development in early-onset autosomal recessive osteopetrosis. We also found that the postnatal maintenance of osteoclasts, bone mass and the bone marrow cavity involve iterative fusion of circulating blood monocytic cells with long-lived osteoclast syncytia. As a consequence, parabiosis or transfusion of monocytic cells results in long-term gene transfer in osteoclasts in the absence of haematopoietic-stem-cell chimerism, and can rescue an adult-onset osteopetrotic phenotype caused by cathepsin K deficiency23,24. In sum, our results identify the developmental origin of osteoclasts and a mechanism that controls their maintenance in bones after birth. These data suggest strategies to rescue osteoclast deficiency in osteopetrosis and to modulate osteoclast activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Jacome-Galarza
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gulce I Percin
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis and Animal Models in Hematopoiesis, Institute for Immunology, Dresden, Germany.,Regeneration in Hematopoiesis, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - James T Muller
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elvira Mass
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Developmental Biology of the Innate Immune System, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tomi Lazarov
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiri Eitler
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis and Animal Models in Hematopoiesis, Institute for Immunology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Department of Medicine III, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vijay K Yadav
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lucile Crozet
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mathieu Bohm
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pierre-Louis Loyher
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gerard Karsenty
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claudia Waskow
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis and Animal Models in Hematopoiesis, Institute for Immunology, Dresden, Germany. .,Regeneration in Hematopoiesis, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany. .,Department of Medicine III, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Frederic Geissmann
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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25
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Xin X, Jiang X, Wang L, Mikael P, McCarthy MB, Chen L, Mazzocca AD, Nukavarapu S, Lichtler AC, Rowe DW. Histological Criteria that Distinguish Human and Mouse Bone Formed Within a Mouse Skeletal Repair Defect. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:401-417. [PMID: 30848692 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419836436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of autologous cell-based skeletal repair continues to be controversial in part because in vitro predictors of in vivo human bone formation by cultured human progenitor cells are not reliable. To assist in the development of in vivo assays of human osteoprogenitor potential, a fluorescence-based histology of nondecalcified mineralized tissue is presented that provides multiple criteria to distinguish human and host osteoblasts, osteocytes, and accumulated bone matrix in a mouse calvarial defect model. These include detection of an ubiquitously expressed red fluorescent protein reporter by the implanted human cells, antibodies specific to human bone sialoprotein and a human nuclear antigen, and expression of a bone/fibroblast restricted green fluorescent protein reporter in the host tissue. Using low passage bone marrow-derived stromal cells, robust human bone matrix formation was obtained. However, a striking feature is the lack of mouse bone marrow investment and osteoclasts within the human bone matrix. This deficiency may account for the accumulation of a disorganized human bone matrix that has not undergone extensive remodeling. These features, which would not be appreciated by traditional decalcified paraffin histology, indicate the human bone matrix is not undergoing active remodeling and thus the full differentiation potential of the implanted human cells within currently used mouse models is not being realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Xin
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Xi Jiang
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Paiyz Mikael
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Mary Beth McCarthy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Augustus D Mazzocca
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Syam Nukavarapu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Alexander C Lichtler
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - David W Rowe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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26
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Raz Y, Cohen N, Shani O, Bell RE, Novitskiy SV, Abramovitz L, Levy C, Milyavsky M, Leider-Trejo L, Moses HL, Grisaru D, Erez N. Bone marrow-derived fibroblasts are a functionally distinct stromal cell population in breast cancer. J Exp Med 2018; 215:3075-3093. [PMID: 30470719 PMCID: PMC6279405 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Raz et al. demonstrate that the expression of PDGFRα distinguishes two functional CAF populations in breast tumors and lung metastases and identify a subpopulation of CAFs that are specifically recruited to the tumor microenvironment from mesenchymal stromal cells in the BM. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are highly prominent in breast tumors, but their functional heterogeneity and origin are still largely unresolved. We report that bone marrow (BM)–derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are recruited to primary breast tumors and to lung metastases and differentiate to a distinct subpopulation of CAFs. We show that BM-derived CAFs are functionally important for tumor growth and enhance angiogenesis via up-regulation of Clusterin. Using newly generated transgenic mice and adoptive BM transplantations, we demonstrate that BM-derived fibroblasts are a substantial source of CAFs in the tumor microenvironment. Unlike resident CAFs, BM-derived CAFs do not express PDGFRα, and their recruitment resulted in a decrease in the percentage of PDGFRα-expressing CAFs. Strikingly, decrease in PDGFRα in breast cancer patients was associated with worse prognosis, suggesting that BM-derived CAFs may have deleterious effects on survival. Therefore, PDGFRα expression distinguishes two functionally unique CAF populations in breast tumors and metastases and may have important implications for patient stratification and precision therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Raz
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Cohen
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ophir Shani
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rachel E Bell
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sergey V Novitskiy
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Lilach Abramovitz
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Carmit Levy
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Milyavsky
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Leonor Leider-Trejo
- Department of Pathology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Harold L Moses
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Dan Grisaru
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Neta Erez
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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27
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Schindeler A, Mills RJ, Bobyn JD, Little DG. Preclinical models for orthopedic research and bone tissue engineering. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:832-840. [PMID: 29205478 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we broadly define and discuss the preclinical rodent models that are used for orthopedics and bone tissue engineering. These range from implantation models typically used for biocompatibility testing and high-throughput drug screening, through to fracture and critical defect models used to model bone healing and severe orthopedic injuries. As well as highlighting the key methods papers describing these techniques, we provide additional commentary based on our substantive practical experience with animal surgery and in vivo experimental design. This review also briefly touches upon the descriptive and functional outcome measures and power calculations that are necessary for an informative study. Obtaining informative and relevant research outcomes can be very dependent on the model used, and we hope this evaluation of common models will serve as a primer for new researchers looking to undertake preclinical bone studies. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:832-840, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Schindeler
- Orthopedic Research and Biotechnology Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,Discipline of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Mills
- Orthopedic Research and Biotechnology Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
| | - Justin D Bobyn
- Orthopedic Research and Biotechnology Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,Discipline of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David G Little
- Orthopedic Research and Biotechnology Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,Discipline of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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28
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Uster S, Coelho FM, Aeberli D, Stein JV, Hofstetter W, Engelhardt B, Seitz M. TNFα blockade mediates bone protection in antigen-induced arthritis by reducing osteoclast precursor supply. Bone 2018; 107:56-65. [PMID: 29081378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bone protective effects of TNFα inhibition in rheumatoid arthritis are thought to be mediated by inhibiting synovial osteoclast differentiation and activity. However, it has not been addressed, if TNFα inhibitors alter the pool of peripheral osteoclast precursor cells (OPCs). Here, we blocked TNFα function in C57BL/6 mice with antigen induced arthritis (AIA) using the soluble TNFα receptor etanercept. Synovial bone lesions and osteoclasts were markedly reduced upon Etanercept in the early chronic phase of AIA. Unexpectedly this was not associated with a reduced recruitment of circulating OPCs to the arthritic joint nor to reduced synovial inflammation. In contrast we found that OPC numbers in bone marrow and blood were significantly reduced. Overall our study suggests that arrest of osteoclast mediated bone lesions upon inhibition of TNFα is, at least initially, based on reduced OPC availability in the periphery, and not on OPC recruitment or local anti-inflammatory effects in the arthritic joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Uster
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology & Allergology, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland; Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel Aeberli
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology & Allergology, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jens V Stein
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wilhelm Hofstetter
- Group of Bone Biology & Orthopedic Research, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael Seitz
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology & Allergology, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.
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29
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Aravamudhan A, Ramos DM, Nip J, Kalajzic I, Kumbar SG. Micro-Nanostructures of Cellulose-Collagen for Critical Sized Bone Defect Healing. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:10.1002/mabi.201700263. [PMID: 29178402 PMCID: PMC5835266 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering strategies utilize biodegradable polymeric matrices alone or in combination with cells and factors to provide mechanical support to bone, while promoting cell proliferation, differentiation, and tissue ingrowth. The performance of mechanically competent, micro-nanostructured polymeric matrices, in combination with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), is evaluated in a critical sized bone defect. Cellulose acetate (CA) is used to fabricate a porous microstructured matrix. Type I collagen is then allowed to self-assemble on these microstructures to create a natural polymer-based, micro-nanostructured matrix (CAc). Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) matrices with identical microstructures serve as controls. Significantly higher number of implanted host cells are distributed in the natural polymer based micro-nanostructures with greater bone density and more uniform cell distribution. Additionally, a twofold increase in collagen content is observed with natural polymer based scaffolds. This study establishes the benefits of natural polymer derived micro-nanostructures in combination with donor derived BMSCs to repair and regenerate critical sized bone defects. Natural polymer based materials with mechanically competent micro-nanostructures may serve as an alternative material platform for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aja Aravamudhan
- Skeletal Cranial Biology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT-06030, US
| | - Daisy M. Ramos
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT-06269, US
| | - Jonathan Nip
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT-06269, US
| | - Ivo Kalajzic
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Uconn Health, Farmington, CT-06030, US
| | - Sangamesh G. Kumbar
- Skeletal Cranial Biology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT-06030, US
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT-06269, US
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT-06269, US
- Department of Orthopaedics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT-06030, US
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Gohil SV, Wang L, Rowe DW, Nair LS. Spatially controlled rhBMP-2 mediated calvarial bone formation in a transgenic mouse model. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 106:1159-1165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jing Y, Jing J, Wang K, Chan K, Harris SE, Hinton RJ, Feng JQ. Vital Roles of β-catenin in Trans-differentiation of Chondrocytes to Bone Cells. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1-9. [PMID: 29483820 PMCID: PMC5821044 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.23165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent breakthrough showing that direct trans-differentiation of chondrocytes into bone cells commonly occurs during endochondral bone formation in the growth plate, articular cartilage, and mandibular condylar cartilage suggests that chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are likely one continuous biological process instead of two separate processes. Yet, gene regulation of this cell transformation is largely unclear. Here, we employed cartilage-specific β-catenin loss-of-function (β-catenin fx/fx ) and gain-of-function (β-catenin fx(exon3)/ fx(exon3) ) models in the R26RTomato background (for better tracing the cell fate of chondrocytes) to study the role of β-catenin in cell trans-differentiation. Using histological, immunohistochemical, and radiological methods combined with cell lineage tracing techniques, we showed that deletion of β-catenin by either Acan-CreERT2 or Col10a1-Cre resulted in greatly reduced cell trans-differentiation with a significant decrease in subchondral bone volume during mandibular condylar growth. Molecular studies demonstrated severe defects in cell proliferation and differentiation in both chondrocytes and bone cells. The gain of function studies (constitutive activation of β-catenin with Acan-CreERT2 at ages of postnatal day 7, 4-weeks and 6-months) led to more bone cell trans-differentiation of chondrocytes in the mandibular condyle due to increased proliferation and accelerated chondrocyte differentiation with incipient osteogenic changes within the cartilage matrix, resulting in an increased volume of poorly-formed immature subchondral bone. These results support the notion that chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are one continuous process, in which β-catenin signaling plays an essential role in the cell trans-differentiation of chondrocytes into bone cells during mandibular condylar development and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jing
- Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Junjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, 610041
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Kevin Chan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Stephen E Harris
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Robert J Hinton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
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32
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Chartier SR, Mitchell SA, Majuta LA, Mantyh PW. Immunohistochemical localization of nerve growth factor, tropomyosin receptor kinase A, and p75 in the bone and articular cartilage of the mouse femur. Mol Pain 2017; 13:1744806917745465. [PMID: 29166838 PMCID: PMC5724636 DOI: 10.1177/1744806917745465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequestration of nerve growth factor (NGF) significantly attenuates skeletal pain in both animals and humans. However, relatively little is known about the specific cell types that express NGF or its cognate receptors tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) and p75 in the intact bone and articular cartilage. In the present study, antibodies raised against NGF, TrkA, and p75 (also known as CD271) were used to explore the expression of these antigens in the non-decalcified young mouse femur. In general, all three antigens displayed a remarkably restricted expression in bone and cartilage with less than 2% of all DAPI+ cells in the femur displaying expression of any one of the three antigens. Robust NGF immunoreactivity was found in mostly CD-31− blood vessel-associated cells, a small subset of CD-31+ endothelial cells, an unidentified group of cells located at the subchondral bone/articular cartilage interface, and a few isolated, single cells in the bone marrow. In contrast, p75 and TrkA were almost exclusively expressed by nerve fibers located nearby NGF+ blood vessels. The only non-neuronal expression of either p75 or TrkA in the femur was the expression of p75 by a subset of cells located in the deep and middle zone of the articular cartilage. Understanding the factors that tightly regulate the basal level of expression in normal bone and how the expression of NGF, TrkA, and p75 change in injury, disease, and aging may provide insights into novel therapies that can reduce skeletal pain and improve skeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa A Majuta
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick W Mantyh
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,2 Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Otsuka F, Zhao X, Trout HH, Qiao Y, Wasserman BA, Nakano M, Macphee CH, Brandt M, Krug-Gourley S, Guo L, Ladich ER, Cheng Q, Davis HR, Finn AV, Virmani R, Kolodgie FD. Community-based statins and advanced carotid plaque: Role of CD163 positive macrophages in lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A 2 activity in atherosclerotic plaque. Atherosclerosis 2017; 267:78-89. [PMID: 29101839 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), an enzymatic inflammatory biomarker primarily bound to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, is associated with an approximate twofold increased risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke. Despite indications that circulating Lp-PLA2 is sensitive to statins, it remains largely unknown whether statin usage exerts local effects on Lp-PLA2 expression at the site of atheromatous plaque. METHODS Carotid plaques (n = 38) were prospectively collected from symptomatic (n = 18) and asymptomatic (n = 20) patients with (n = 20) or without (n = 18) documented statin history. In all cases, endarterectomy was performed where the primary stenosis was removed in an undisturbed manner. Serial cryosections of the presenting lesion were assessed histologically for macrophages, Lp-PLA2, and cell death (apoptotic index). RESULTS Symptomatic lesions exhibited less calcification, with greater inflammation characterized by increased expression of CD68+ and CD163+ macrophage subsets, and Lp-PLA2. Symptomatic plaques also exhibited greater necrotic core area and increased apoptosis, as compared with asymptomatic lesions. In contrast, statin treatment did not appear to influence any of these parameters, except for the extent of apoptosis, which was less in statin treated as compared with statin naïve lesions. Overall, Lp-PLA2 expression correlated positively with necrotic core area, CD68+ and CD163+ macrophage area, and cell death. Finally, in vitro assays and dual immunofluorescence staining confirmed CD163-expressing monocytes/macrophages are also a major source of Lp-PLA2. CONCLUSIONS Statin treatment has no effect on local atherosclerotic lesion Lp-PLA2 activity, therefore, the addition of anti-inflammatory treatments to further decrease macrophage Lp-PLA2 expression in atherosclerotic lesions may reduce lesional inflammation and cell death, and prevent necrotic core expansion and lesion progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hugh H Trout
- Department of Surgery, Suburban Hospital, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ye Qiao
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bruce A Wasserman
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Liang Guo
- CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Qi Cheng
- CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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34
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Chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are one continuous developmental and lineage defined biological process. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28855706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598‐017‐10048‐z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are considered as two separate processes during endochondral bone formation after birth, recent studies have demonstrated the direct cell transformation from chondrocytes into bone cells in postnatal bone growth. Here we use cell lineage tracing and multiple in vivo approaches to study the role of Bmpr1a in endochondrogenesis. Our data showed profound changes in skeletal shape, size and structure when Bmpr1a was deleted using Aggrecan-Cre ERT2 in early cartilage cells with a one-time tamoxifen injection. We observed the absence of lineage progression of chondrocyte-derived bone cells to form osteoblasts and osteocytes in metaphyses. Furthermore, we demonstrated the key contribution of growth plate chondrocytes and articular chondrocytes, not only for long bone growth, but also for bone remodeling. In contrast, deleting Bmpr1a in early osteoblasts with 3.6 Col 1-Cre had little impact on skeletal shape and size except for a sharp increase in osteoblasts and osteocytes, leading to a profound increase in bone volume. We conclude that chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are one continuous developmental and lineage-defined biological process, in which Bmpr1a signaling in chondrocytes is necessary for the formation of a pool or niche of osteoprogenitors that then contributes in a major way to overall bone formation and growth.
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35
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Jing Y, Jing J, Ye L, Liu X, Harris SE, Hinton RJ, Feng JQ. Chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are one continuous developmental and lineage defined biological process. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10020. [PMID: 28855706 PMCID: PMC5577112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are considered as two separate processes during endochondral bone formation after birth, recent studies have demonstrated the direct cell transformation from chondrocytes into bone cells in postnatal bone growth. Here we use cell lineage tracing and multiple in vivo approaches to study the role of Bmpr1a in endochondrogenesis. Our data showed profound changes in skeletal shape, size and structure when Bmpr1a was deleted using Aggrecan-CreERT2 in early cartilage cells with a one-time tamoxifen injection. We observed the absence of lineage progression of chondrocyte-derived bone cells to form osteoblasts and osteocytes in metaphyses. Furthermore, we demonstrated the key contribution of growth plate chondrocytes and articular chondrocytes, not only for long bone growth, but also for bone remodeling. In contrast, deleting Bmpr1a in early osteoblasts with 3.6 Col 1-Cre had little impact on skeletal shape and size except for a sharp increase in osteoblasts and osteocytes, leading to a profound increase in bone volume. We conclude that chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are one continuous developmental and lineage-defined biological process, in which Bmpr1a signaling in chondrocytes is necessary for the formation of a pool or niche of osteoprogenitors that then contributes in a major way to overall bone formation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jing
- Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.
| | - Junjun Jing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ling Ye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.,Department of Dental Research, Naval Post-Graduate Dental School, Navy Medicine Professional Development Center Walter Reed National Military Medical Center; Postgraduate Dental College Uniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, 8955 Wood Road Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Stephen E Harris
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Robert J Hinton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.
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36
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Dyment NA, Jiang X, Chen L, Hong SH, Adams DJ, Ackert-Bicknell C, Shin DG, Rowe DW. High-Throughput, Multi-Image Cryohistology of Mineralized Tissues. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27684089 DOI: 10.3791/54468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing need for efficient phenotyping and histopathology of a variety of tissues. This phenotyping need is evident with the ambitious projects to disrupt every gene in the mouse genome. The research community needs rapid and inexpensive means to phenotype tissues via histology. Histological analyses of skeletal tissues are often time consuming and semi-quantitative at best, regularly requiring subjective interpretation of slides from trained individuals. Here, we present a cryohistological paradigm for efficient and inexpensive phenotyping of mineralized tissues. First, we present a novel method of tape-stabilized cryosectioning that preserves the morphology of mineralized tissues. These sections are then adhered rigidly to glass slides and imaged repeatedly over several rounds of staining. The resultant images are then aligned either manually or via computer software to yield composite stacks of several layered images. The protocol allows for co-localization of numerous molecular signals to specific cells within a given section. In addition, these fluorescent signals can be quantified objectively via computer software. This protocol overcomes many of the shortcomings associated with histology of mineralized tissues and can serve as a platform for high-throughput, high-content phenotyping of musculoskeletal tissues moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel A Dyment
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center;
| | - Xi Jiang
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center
| | - Seung-Hyun Hong
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut
| | - Douglas J Adams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center
| | | | - Dong-Guk Shin
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut
| | - David W Rowe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center;
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Kaul R, O’Brien MH, Dutra E, Lima A, Utreja A, Yadav S. The Effect of Altered Loading on Mandibular Condylar Cartilage. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160121. [PMID: 27472059 PMCID: PMC4966927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to delineate the cellular, mechanical and morphometric effects of altered loading on the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) and subchondral bone. We hypothesized that altered loading will induce differentiation of cells by accelerating the lineage progression of the MCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four-week-old male Dkk3 XCol2A1XCol10A1 mice were randomly divided into two groups: (1) Loaded-Altered loading of MCC was induced by forced mouth opening using a custom-made spring; (2) Control-served as an unloaded group. Mice were euthanized and flow cytometery based cell analysis, micro-CT, gene expression analysis, histology and morphometric measurements were done to assess the response. RESULTS Our flow cytometery data showed that altered loading resulted in a significant increase in a number of Col2a1-positive (blue) and Col10a1-positive (red) expressing cells. The gene expression analysis showed significant increase in expression of BMP2, Col10a1 and Sox 9 in the altered loading group. There was a significant increase in the bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness, but a decrease in the trabecular spacing of the subchondral bone with the altered loading. Morphometric measurements revealed increased mandibular length, increased condylar length and increased cartilage width with altered loading. Our histology showed increased mineralization/calcification of the MCC with 5 days of loading. An unexpected observation was an increase in expression of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity in the fibrocartilaginous region with loading. CONCLUSION Altered loading leads to mineralization of fibrocartilage and drives the lineage towards differentiation/maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Kaul
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States of America
| | - Mara H. O’Brien
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States of America
| | - Eliane Dutra
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States of America
| | - Alexandro Lima
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States of America
| | - Achint Utreja
- Division of Orthodontics, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Sumit Yadav
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhang DM, Cui DX, Xu RS, Zhou YC, Zheng LW, Liu P, Zhou XD. Phenotypic research on senile osteoporosis caused by SIRT6 deficiency. Int J Oral Sci 2016; 8:84-92. [PMID: 27357320 PMCID: PMC4932771 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2015.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a serious public bone metabolic disease. However, the mechanisms underlying bone loss combined with ageing, which is known as senile osteoporosis, remains unknown. Here we show the detailed phenotype of this disease caused by SIRT6 knock out (KO) in mice. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal that SIRT6 is expressed in both bone marrow stroma cells and bone-related cells in both mouse and human models, which suggests that SIRT6 is an important regulator in bone metabolism. SIRT6-KO mice exhibit a significant decrease in body weight and remarkable dwarfism. The skeleton of the SIRT6-KO mouse is deficient in cartilage and mineralized bone tissue. Moreover, the osteocalcin concentration in blood is lower, which suggests that bone mass is markedly lost. Besides, the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP5b) concentration is much higher, which suggests that bone resorption is overactive. Both trabecular and cortical bones exhibit severe osteopenia, and the bone mineral density is decreased. Moreover, double-labelling analysis shows that bone formation is much slower. To determine whether SIRT6 directly regulates bone metabolism, we cultured primary bone marrow stromal cells for osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis separately to avoid indirect interference in vivo responses such as inflammation. Taken together, these results show that SIRT6 can directly regulate osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, resulting in attenuation in mineralization. Furthermore, SIRT6 can directly regulate osteoclast differentiation and results in a higher number of small osteoclasts, which may be related to overactive bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Mao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di-Xin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruo-Shi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Chuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue-Dong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Bose S, Tarafder S, Bandyopadhyay A. Effect of Chemistry on Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis Towards Bone Tissue Engineering Using 3D Printed Scaffolds. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 45:261-272. [PMID: 27287311 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1646-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The functionality or survival of tissue engineering constructs depends on the adequate vascularization through oxygen transport and metabolic waste removal at the core. This study reports the presence of magnesium and silicon in direct three dimensional printed (3DP) tricalcium phosphate (TCP) scaffolds promotes in vivo osteogenesis and angiogenesis when tested in rat distal femoral defect model. Scaffolds with three different interconnected macro pore sizes were fabricated using direct three dimensional printing. In vitro ion release in phosphate buffer for 30 days showed sustained Mg2+ and Si4+ release from these scaffolds. Histolomorphology and histomorphometric analysis from the histology tissue sections revealed a significantly higher bone formation, between 14 and 20% for 4-16 weeks, and blood vessel formation, between 3 and 6% for 4-12 weeks, due to the presence of magnesium and silicon in TCP scaffolds compared to bare TCP scaffolds. The presence of magnesium in these 3DP TCP scaffolds also caused delayed TRAP activity. These results show that magnesium and silicon incorporated 3DP TCP scaffolds with multiscale porosity have huge potential for bone tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Bose
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Solaiman Tarafder
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Amit Bandyopadhyay
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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Abstract
Notch controls skeletogenesis, but its role in the remodeling of adult bone remains conflicting. In mature mice, the skeleton can become osteopenic or osteosclerotic depending on the time point at which Notch is activated or inactivated. Using adult EGFP reporter mice, we find that Notch expression is localized to osteocytes embedded within bone matrix. Conditional activation of Notch signaling in osteocytes triggers profound bone formation, mainly due to increased mineralization, which rescues both age-associated and ovariectomy-induced bone loss and promotes bone healing following osteotomy. In parallel, mice rendered haploinsufficient in γ-secretase presenilin-1 (Psen1), which inhibits downstream Notch activation, display almost-absent terminal osteoblast differentiation. Consistent with this finding, pharmacologic or genetic disruption of Notch or its ligand Jagged1 inhibits mineralization. We suggest that stimulation of Notch signaling in osteocytes initiates a profound, therapeutically relevant, anabolic response.
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Bougioukli S, Jain A, Sugiyama O, Tinsley BA, Tang AH, Tan MH, Adams DJ, Kostenuik PJ, Lieberman JR. Combination therapy with BMP-2 and a systemic RANKL inhibitor enhances bone healing in a mouse critical-sized femoral defect. Bone 2016; 84:93-103. [PMID: 26723577 PMCID: PMC4903101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) is a potent osteoinductive agent, but has been associated not only with bone formation, but also osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a RANKL inhibitor that blocks differentiation and function of osteoclasts. We hypothesized that the combination of local BMP-2 (recombinant protein or a product of gene therapy) plus systemic OPG-Fc is more effective than BMP-2 alone in promoting bone repair. To test this hypothesis we used a mouse critical-sized femoral defect model. Col2.3eGFP (osteoblastic marker) male mice were treated with rhBMP-2 (group I), rhBMP-2 and systemic OPG (group II), rhBMP-2 and delayed administration of OPG (group III), mouse BM cells transduced with a lentiviral vector containing the BMP-2 gene (LV-BMP-2; group IV), LV-BMP-2 and systemic OPG (group V), a carrier alone (group VI) and administration of OPG alone (group VII). All bone defects treated with BMP-2 (alone or combined with OPG) healed, whereas minimal bone formation was noted in animals treated with the carrier alone or OPG alone. MicroCT analysis showed that bone volume (BV) in rhBMP-2+OPG and LV-BMP-2+OPG groups was significantly higher compared to rhBMP-2 alone (p<0.01) and LV-BMP-2 alone (p<0.001). Similar results were observed in histomorphometry, with rhBMP-2 alone defects exhibiting significantly lower bone area (B.Ar) compared to rhBMP-2+OPG defects (p<0.005) and LV-BMP-2 defects having a significantly lower B.Ar compared to all BMP-2+OPG treated groups (p≤0.01). TRAP staining demonstrated a major osteoclast response in the groups that did not receive OPG (rhBMP-2, LV-BMP-2 and sponge alone) beginning as early as 7days post-operatively. In conclusion, we demonstrated that locally delivered BMP-2 (recombinant protein or gene therapy) in combination with systemically administered OPG improved bone healing compared to BMP-2 alone in a mouse critical-sized bone defect. These data indicate that osteoclasts can diminish healing responses to BMP-2 and that RANKL inhibition may thus accentuate BMP-2 efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Bougioukli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ashish Jain
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Osamu Sugiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brian A Tinsley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Amy H Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew H Tan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Douglas J Adams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Paul J Kostenuik
- Phylon Pharma Services, Newbury Park, CA, USA; Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jay R Lieberman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Preparation and evaluation of polyethylenimine-functionalized carbon nanotubes tagged with 5TR1 aptamer for targeted delivery of Bcl-xL shRNA into breast cancer cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 140:28-39. [PMID: 26731195 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were covalently attached to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and polyethylenimine (PEI) 10 kDa, or its derivatives, to fabricate efficient carriers for gene delivery. PEI 10 kDa was modified by alkylcarboxylation of its primary amines with a series of ω-bromo-alkylcarboxylic acids to provide a range of vectors with increased lipophilicity. PEI 10 kDa or its alkylcarboxylate derivatives were conjugated to SWCNT-PEG to develop vectors possessing effective DNA condensation ability which can interact with cell membrane via both nano-needle mechanism and electrostatic interactions produced by SWCNT and PEI, respectively. The results demonstrated that SWCNT-PEG-PEI and SWCNT-PEG-derivatives of PEI could condense DNA into particle size less than 150 nm with positive surface charges between 6.3-30.8 mV. To improve the antitumor efficacy, we developed a targeted gene delivery system using a 5 TR1 aptamer. The most efficient vector, which was prepared by attachment of SWCNT-PEG to modified PEI 10 kDa with 10-bromodecanoic acid (10%), showed 8.5-10 folds enhancement in transfection activity at C/P ratio 6 as compared to the gold standard PEI 25 kDa at C/P ratio of 0.8. We also showed that the selected polyplex could efficiently and selectively transfer plasmid shRNA to MUC1 positive cells.
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Jing Y, Zhou X, Han X, Jing J, von der Mark K, Wang J, de Crombrugghe B, Hinton RJ, Feng JQ. Chondrocytes Directly Transform into Bone Cells in Mandibular Condyle Growth. J Dent Res 2015; 94:1668-75. [PMID: 26341973 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515598135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, it has been widely accepted that hypertrophic chondrocytes undergo apoptosis prior to endochondral bone formation. However, very recent studies in long bone suggest that chondrocytes can directly transform into bone cells. Our initial in vivo characterization of condylar hypertrophic chondrocytes revealed modest numbers of apoptotic cells but high levels of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 expression, some dividing cells, and clear alkaline phosphatase activity (early bone marker). Ex vivo culture of newborn condylar cartilage on a chick chorioallantoic membrane showed that after 5 d the cells on the periphery of the explants had begun to express Col1 (bone marker). The cartilage-specific cell lineage-tracing approach in triple mice containing Rosa 26(tdTomato) (tracing marker), 2.3 Col1(GFP) (bone cell marker), and aggrecan Cre(ERT2) (onetime tamoxifen induced) or Col10-Cre (activated from E14.5 throughout adult stage) demonstrated the direct transformation of chondrocytes into bone cells in vivo. This transformation was initiated at the inferior portion of the condylar cartilage, in contrast to the initial ossification site in long bone, which is in the center. Quantitative data from the Col10-Cre compound mice showed that hypertrophic chondrocytes contributed to ~80% of bone cells in subchondral bone, ~70% in a somewhat more inferior region, and ~40% in the most inferior part of the condylar neck (n = 4, P < 0.01 for differences among regions). This multipronged approach clearly demonstrates that a majority of chondrocytes in the fibrocartilaginous condylar cartilage, similar to hyaline cartilage in long bones, directly transform into bone cells during endochondral bone formation. Moreover, ossification is initiated from the inferior portion of mandibular condylar cartilage with expansion in one direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Jing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - X Zhou
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - X Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - J Jing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - K von der Mark
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - B de Crombrugghe
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R J Hinton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
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Krishnan L, Priddy LB, Esancy C, Li MTA, Stevens HY, Jiang X, Tran L, Rowe DW, Guldberg RE. Hydrogel-based Delivery of rhBMP-2 Improves Healing of Large Bone Defects Compared With Autograft. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2015; 473:2885-97. [PMID: 25917422 PMCID: PMC4523508 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-015-4312-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous bone grafting remains the gold standard in the treatment of large bone defects but is limited by tissue availability and donor site morbidity. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2), delivered with a collagen sponge, is clinically used to treat large bone defects and complications such as delayed healing or nonunion. For the same dose of rhBMP-2, we have shown that a hybrid nanofiber mesh-alginate (NMA-rhBMP-2) delivery system provides longer-term release and increases functional bone regeneration in critically sized rat femoral bone defects compared with a collagen sponge. However, no comparisons of healing efficiencies have been made thus far between this hybrid delivery system and the gold standard of using autograft. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We compared the efficacy of the NMA-rhBMP-2 hybrid delivery system to morselized autograft and hypothesized that the functional regeneration of large bone defects observed with sustained BMP delivery would be at least comparable to autograft treatment as measured by total bone volume and ex vivo mechanical properties. METHODS Bilateral critically sized femoral bone defects in rats were treated with either live autograft or with the NMA-rhBMP-2 hybrid delivery system such that each animal received one treatment per leg. Healing was monitored by radiography and histology at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Defects were evaluated for bone formation by longitudinal micro-CT scans over 12 weeks (n = 14 per group). The bone volume, bone density, and the total new bone formed beyond 2 weeks within the defect were calculated from micro-CT reconstructions and values compared for the 2-, 4-, 8-, and 12-week scans within and across the two treatment groups. Two animals were used for bone labeling with subcutaneously injected dyes at 4, 8, and 12 weeks followed by histology at 12 weeks to identify incremental new bone formation. Functional recovery was measured by ex vivo biomechanical testing (n = 9 per group). Maximum torque and torsional stiffness calculated from torsion testing of the femurs at 12 weeks were compared between the two groups. RESULTS The NMA-rhBMP-2 hybrid delivery system resulted in greater bone formation and improved biomechanical properties compared with autograft at 12 weeks. Comparing new bone volume within each group, the NMA-rhBMP-2-treated group had higher volume (p < 0.001) at 12 weeks (72.59 ± 18.34 mm(3)) compared with 8 weeks (54.90 ± 16.14) and 4 weeks (14.22 ± 9.59). The new bone volume was also higher at 8 weeks compared with 4 weeks (p < 0.001). The autograft group showed higher (p <0.05) new bone volume at 8 weeks (11.19 ± 8.59 mm(3)) and 12 weeks (14.64 ± 10.36) compared with 4 weeks (5.15 ± 4.90). Between groups, the NMA-rhBMP-2-treated group had higher (p < 0.001) new bone volume than the autograft group at both 8 and 12 weeks. Local mineralized matrix density in the NMA-rhBMP-2-treated group was lower than that of the autograft group at all time points (p < 0.001). Presence of nuclei within the lacunae of the autograft and early appositional bone formation seen in representative histology sections suggested that the bone grafts remained viable and were functionally engrafted within the defect. The bone label distribution from representative sections also revealed more diffuse mineralization in the defect in the NMA-rhBMP-2-treated group, whereas more localized distribution of new mineral was seen at the edges of the graft pieces in the autograft group. The NMA-rhBMP-2-treated group also revealed higher torsional stiffness (0.042 ± 0.019 versus 0.020 ± 0.022 N-m/°; p = 0.037) and higher maximum torque (0.270 ± 0.108 versus 0.125 ± 0.137 N-m; p = 0.024) compared with autograft. CONCLUSIONS The NMA-rhBMP-2 hybrid delivery system improved bone formation and restoration of biomechanical function of rat segmental bone defects compared with autograft treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Delivery systems that allow prolonged availability of BMP may provide an effective clinical alternative to autograft treatment for repair of segmental bone defects. Future studies in a large animal model comparing mixed cortical-trabecular autograft and the NMA-rhBMP-2 hybrid delivery system are the next step toward clinical translation of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxminarayanan Krishnan
- />Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363 USA
| | - Lauren B. Priddy
- />Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363 USA
- />Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Camden Esancy
- />Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363 USA
| | - Mon-Tzu Alice Li
- />Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363 USA
- />Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
- />Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Hazel Y. Stevens
- />Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363 USA
- />George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- />University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT USA
| | | | - David W. Rowe
- />University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT USA
| | - Robert E. Guldberg
- />Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363 USA
- />Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
- />George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
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Nakagawa A, Alt KV, Lillemoe KD, Castillo CFD, Warshaw AL, Liss AS. A method for fixing and paraffin embedding tissue to retain the natural fluorescence of reporter proteins. Biotechniques 2015; 59:153-5. [PMID: 26345508 DOI: 10.2144/000114328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its derivatives are routinely employed as surrogate markers for gene expression and lineage tracing in genetically engineered mice. Tissues from these mice are commonly formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) for histological studies. However, this results in inactivation of the natural fluorescence of these proteins, requiring their detection by immunological techniques. Here we present an ethanol fixation protocol that allows for the direct visualization of the natural fluorescence of reporter proteins while maintaining excellent tissue histology. We demonstrate the utility of this method for visualizing green and red fluorescent proteins in a wide range of murine tissues using both cytoplasmic and membrane-localized fluorescent reporter proteins. Tissues fixed by this method also allow for immunohistochemical studies, providing a single method to visualize the natural fluorescence of reporter proteins with subsequent detection of cellular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Nakagawa
- Department of Surgery and the Andrew L Warshaw, MD, Institute for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kate Von Alt
- Department of Surgery and the Andrew L Warshaw, MD, Institute for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Keith D Lillemoe
- Department of Surgery and the Andrew L Warshaw, MD, Institute for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Carlos Fernández-Del Castillo
- Department of Surgery and the Andrew L Warshaw, MD, Institute for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew L Warshaw
- Department of Surgery and the Andrew L Warshaw, MD, Institute for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew S Liss
- Department of Surgery and the Andrew L Warshaw, MD, Institute for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Pensak M, Hong SH, Dukas A, Bayron J, Tinsley B, Jain A, Tang A, Rowe D, Lieberman JR. Combination therapy with PTH and DBM cannot heal a critical sized murine femoral defect. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:1242-9. [PMID: 25877402 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Orthopaedic surgeons continue to search for cost-effective bone graft substitutes to enhance bone repair. Teriparatide (PTH 1-34) and demineralized bone matrix (DBM) have been used in patients to promote bone healing. We evaluated the efficacy of PTH and DBM in healing a critical sized femoral defect in three lineage-specific transgenic mice expressing Col3.6GFPtopaz (pre-osteoblastic marker), Col2.3GFPemerald (osteoblastic marker) and α-SMA-Cherry (pericyte/myofibroblast marker). Mid-diaphyseal defects measuring 2 mm in length were created in the central 1/3 of mice femora using a circular saw and stabilized with an alveolar distractor device and cerclage wires. Three groups were evaluated: Group I, PTH 30 μg/kg injection daily, Group II, PTH 30 μg/kg injection daily + DBM, and Group III, DBM + 30μL saline injection. PTH was given for 28 days or until the time of sacrifice. Animals were sacrificed at 7, 14, 28, and 56 days. Radiographs at the time of sacrifice were evaluated using a 5-point scaled scoring system. Radiographs showed a lack of healing across all treatment groups at all time points: Group I, 1.57 +/- 0.68; Group II, 3.00 +/- 1.29; and Group III, 2.90 +/- 1.03. Bone formation in the defect as measured by radiographic healing score was significantly better at 56 days in Groups II (p = 0.01) and III (p < 0.01) compared to Group I. Across all treatment groups and time points the defects were largely absent of osteoprogenitor cells based on gross observation of frozen histology and quantitation of cellular based histomorphometric parameters. Quantitation of frozen histologic slides showed a limited osteoprogenitor response to PTH and DBM. Our results suggest that the anabolic agent teriparatide is unable to induce healing in a critical sized mouse femoral defect when given alone or in combination with the DBM preparation we used as a local bone graft substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pensak
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | | | - Alex Dukas
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Jennifer Bayron
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Brian Tinsley
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | | | - Amy Tang
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Rowe
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Jay R Lieberman
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Pinskiy V, Jones J, Tolpygo AS, Franciotti N, Weber K, Mitra PP. High-Throughput Method of Whole-Brain Sectioning, Using the Tape-Transfer Technique. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0102363. [PMID: 26181725 PMCID: PMC4504703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryostat sectioning is a popular but labor-intensive method for preparing histological brain sections. We have developed a modification of the commercially available CryoJane tape collection method that significantly improves the ease of collection and the final quality of the tissue sections. The key modification involves an array of UVLEDs to achieve uniform polymerization of the glass slide and robust adhesion between the section and slide. This report presents system components and detailed procedural steps, and provides examples of end results; that is, 20μm mouse brain sections that have been successfully processed for routine Nissl, myelin staining, DAB histochemistry, and fluorescence. The method is also suitable for larger brains, such as rat and monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Pinskiy
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jamie Jones
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexander S. Tolpygo
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Neil Franciotti
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Kevin Weber
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Partha P. Mitra
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
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Hagiwara Y, Dyment N, Jiang X, Huang J, Ackert-Bicknell C, Adams D, Rowe D. Fixation stability dictates the differentiation pathway of periosteal progenitor cells in fracture repair. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:948-56. [PMID: 25639792 PMCID: PMC4891973 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study compared fracture repair stabilized by intramedullary pin (IMP) or external fixation (EF) in GFP reporter mice. A modified IMP was used as control while EF utilized six needles inserted transversely through the tibia and into a segment of a syringe barrel. X-rays taken at days 0, 14, and 35 showed that IMP resulted in significant three-dimensional deformity with a large callus while EF showed minimal deformity and callus formation. Cryohistological analysis of IMP at day 14 confirmed a large ColX-RFPchry+ callus surrounded by woven bone (Col3.6-GFPcyan) and TRAP+ osteoclasts with mature bone (hOC-GFPtpz) at the base. By day 35, cartilaginous components had been resorbed and an outer cortical shell (OCS) showed evidence of inward modeling. In contrast, the EF at day 14 showed no evidence of cartilage formation. Instead, periosteal-derived osteoblasts (Col3.6-GFPcyan) entered the fracture cleft and formed woven bone that spanned the marrow space. By day 35, mature bone had formed that was contiguous with the opposing cortical bone. Fracture site stability greatly affects the cellular response during repair and must be considered in the preclinical models that test therapies for improving fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Hagiwara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo 113, JAPAN
| | | | | | | | - C. Ackert-Bicknell
- Dept. Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - D.J. Adams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
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Smith SE, White RA, Grant DA, Grant SA. Fluorescence imaging preparation methods for tissue scaffolds implanted into a green fluorescent protein porcine model. Transgenic Res 2015; 24:911-9. [PMID: 26109094 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-015-9891-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) animal models have become increasingly popular due to their potential to enhance in vivo imaging and their application to many fields of study. We have developed a technique to observe host tissue integration into scaffolds using GFP expressing swine and fluorescence imaging. Current fluorescence imaging preparation methods cannot be translated to a full GFP animal model due to several challenges and limitations that are investigated here. We have implanted tissue scaffolds into GFP expressing swine and have prepared explanted scaffolds for fluorescence imaging using four different methods including formalin fixation and paraffin embedding, vapor fixation, freshly prepared paraformaldehyde fixation, and fresh frozen tissue. Explanted scaffolds and tissue were imaged using confocal microscopy with spectral separation to evaluate the GFP animal model for visualization of host tissue integration into explanted scaffolds. All methods except fresh frozen tissue induced autofluorescence of the scaffold, preventing visualization of detail between host tissue and scaffold fibers. Fresh frozen tissue preparation allowed for the most reliable visualization of fluorescent host tissue integration into non-fluorescent scaffolds. It was concluded that fresh frozen tissue preparation is the best method for fluorescence imaging preparation when using scaffolds implanted into GFP whole animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, 250 Agricultural Engineering Building, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Richard A White
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, 250 Agricultural Engineering Building, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - David A Grant
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, 250 Agricultural Engineering Building, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Sheila A Grant
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, 250 Agricultural Engineering Building, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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Gohil SV, Brittain SB, Kan HM, Drissi H, Rowe DW, Nair LS. Evaluation of enzymatically crosslinked injectable glycol chitosan hydrogel. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:5511-5522. [PMID: 32262522 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00663e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatically cross-linkable phenol-conjugated glycol chitosan was prepared by reacting glycol chitosan with 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (HPP). The chemical modification was confirmed by FTIR, 1H-NMR and UV spectroscopy. Glycol chitosan hydrogels (HPP-GC) with or without rhBMP-2 were prepared by the oxidative coupling of the substituted phenol groups in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and horse radish peroxidase. Rheological characterization demonstrated the feasibility of developing hydrogels with varying storage moduli by changing the polymer concentration. The gel presented a microporous structure with pore sizes ranging from 50-350 μm. The good viability of encapsulated 7F2 osteoblasts indicated non-toxicity of the gelation conditions. In vitro release of rhBMP-2 in phosphate buffer solution showed ∼11% release in 360 h. The ability of the hydrogel to maintain the in vivo bioactivity of rhBMP-2 was evaluated in a bilateral critical size calvarial bone defect model in Col3.6 transgenic fluorescent reporter mice. The presence of fluorescent green osteoblast cells with overlying red alizarin complexone and yellow stain indicating osteoclast TRAP activity confirmed active cell-mediated mineralization and remodelling process at the implantation site. The complete closure of the defect site at 4 and 8 weeks post implantation demonstrated the potent osteoinductivity of the rhBMP-2 containing gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini V Gohil
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, E-7041, MC-3711, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA.
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