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Oliveira-Garcia E, Hamilton AJ. A pharmacological approach to investigating effector translocation in rice- Magnaporthe oryzae interactions. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2350869. [PMID: 38722963 PMCID: PMC11085958 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2350869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens deliver effector proteins into living plant cells to suppress plant immunity and control plant processes that are needed for infection. During plant infection, the devastating rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, forms the specialized biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC), which is essential for effector translocation. Cytoplasmic effectors are first focally secreted into BICs, and subsequently packaged into dynamic membranous effector compartments (MECs), then translocated via clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) into the host cytoplasm. This study demonstrates that clathrin-heavy chain inhibitors endosidin-9 (ES9) and endosidin-9-17 (ES9-17) blocked the internalization of the fluorescently labeled effectors Bas1 and Pwl2 in rice cells, leading to swollen BICs lacking MECs. In contrast, ES9-17 treatment had no impact on the localization pattern of the apoplastic effector Bas4. This study provides further evidence that cytoplasmic effector translocation occurs by CME in BICs, suggesting a potential role for M. oryzae effectors in co-opting plant endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ely Oliveira-Garcia
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Allison Jane Hamilton
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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2
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Liu L, Li J, Wang Z, Zhou H, Wang Y, Qin W, Duan H, Zhao H, Ge X. Suppression of plant immunity by Verticillium dahliae effector Vd6317 through AtNAC53 association. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38924284 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae, a soil-borne fungal pathogen, compromises host innate immunity by secreting a plethora of effectors, thereby facilitating host colonization and causing substantial yield and quality losses. The mechanisms underlying the modulation of cotton immunity by V. dahliae effectors are predominantly unexplored. In this study, we identified that the V. dahliae effector Vd6317 inhibits plant cell death triggered by Vd424Y and enhances PVX viral infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. Attenuation of Vd6317 significantly decreased the virulence of V. dahliae, whereas ectopic expression of Vd6317 in Arabidopsis and cotton enhanced susceptibility to V. dahliae infection, underscoring Vd6317's critical role in pathogenicity. We observed that Vd6317 targeted the Arabidopsis immune regulator AtNAC53, thereby impeding its transcriptional activity on the defense-associated gene AtUGT74E2. Arabidopsis nac53 and ugt74e2 mutants exhibited heightened sensitivity to V. dahliae compared to wild-type plants. A mutation at the conserved residue 193L of Vd6317 abrogated its interaction with AtNAC53 and reduced the virulence of V. dahliae, which was partially attributable to a reduction in Vd6317 protein stability. Our findings unveil a hitherto unrecognized regulatory mechanism by which the V. dahliae effector Vd6317 directly inhibits the plant transcription factor AtNAC53 activity to suppress the expression of AtUGT74E2 and plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisen Liu
- Henan Normal University Research Base of National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Xinxiang, 453000, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Jianing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Zhaohan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Haodan Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Ye Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Wenqiang Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Hongying Duan
- Henan Normal University Research Base of National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Henan Normal University Research Base of National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Xinxiang, 453000, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Xiaoyang Ge
- Henan Normal University Research Base of National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Xinxiang, 453000, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, China
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3
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Mukhopadhyay S, Garvetto A, Neuhauser S, Pérez-López E. Decoding the Arsenal: Protist Effectors and Their Impact on Photosynthetic Hosts. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:498-506. [PMID: 38551366 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-23-0196-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Interactions between various microbial pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, and their plant hosts have traditionally been the focus of phytopathology. In recent years, a significant and growing interest in the study of eukaryotic microorganisms not classified among fungi or oomycetes has emerged. Many of these protists establish complex interactions with photosynthetic hosts, and understanding these interactions is crucial in understanding the dynamics of these parasites within traditional and emerging types of farming, including marine aquaculture. Many phytopathogenic protists are biotrophs with complex polyphasic life cycles, which makes them difficult or impossible to culture, a fact reflected in a wide gap in the availability of comprehensive genomic data when compared to fungal and oomycete plant pathogens. Furthermore, our ability to use available genomic resources for these protists is limited by the broad taxonomic distance that these organisms span, which makes comparisons with other genomic datasets difficult. The current rapid progress in genomics and computational tools for the prediction of protein functions and interactions is revolutionizing the landscape in plant pathology. This is also opening novel possibilities, specifically for a deeper understanding of protist effectors. Tools like AlphaFold2 enable structure-based function prediction of effector candidates with divergent protein sequences. In turn, this allows us to ask better biological questions and, coupled with innovative experimental strategies, will lead into a new era of effector research, especially for protists, to expand our knowledge on these elusive pathogens and their interactions with photosynthetic hosts. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Mukhopadhyay
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- L'Institute EDS, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrea Garvetto
- Institute of Microbiology, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- Institute of Microbiology, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Edel Pérez-López
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- L'Institute EDS, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Ali S, Tyagi A, Mir ZA. Plant Immunity: At the Crossroads of Pathogen Perception and Defense Response. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1434. [PMID: 38891243 PMCID: PMC11174815 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Plants are challenged by different microbial pathogens that affect their growth and productivity. However, to defend pathogen attack, plants use diverse immune responses, such as pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), RNA silencing and autophagy, which are intricate and regulated by diverse signaling cascades. Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors are the hallmarks of plant innate immunity because they can detect pathogen or related immunogenic signals and trigger series of immune signaling cascades at different cellular compartments. In plants, most commonly, PRRs are receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) that function as a first layer of inducible defense. In this review, we provide an update on how plants sense pathogens, microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or MAMPs), and effectors as a danger signals and activate different immune responses like PTI and ETI. Further, we discuss the role RNA silencing, autophagy, and systemic acquired resistance as a versatile host defense response against pathogens. We also discuss early biochemical signaling events such as calcium (Ca2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and hormones that trigger the activation of different plant immune responses. This review also highlights the impact of climate-driven environmental factors on host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Anshika Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Zahoor Ahmad Mir
- Department of Plant Science and Agriculture, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2M 0TB, Canada;
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Liu R, Tan X, Wang Y, Lin F, Li P, Rahman FU, Sun L, Jiang J, Fan X, Liu C, Zhang Y. The cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase CRK10 targeted by Coniella diplodiella effector CdE1 contributes to white rot resistance in grapevine. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3026-3039. [PMID: 38318854 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Grape white rot is a devastating fungal disease caused by Coniella diplodiella. The pathogen delivers effectors into the host cell that target crucial immune components to facilitate its infection. Here, we examined a secreted effector of C. diplodiella, known as CdE1, which has been found to inhibit Bax-triggered cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The expression of CdE1 was induced at 12-48 h after inoculation with C. diplodiella, and the transient overexpression of CdE1 led to increased susceptibility of grapevine to the fungus. Subsequent experiments revealed an interaction between CdE1 and Vitis davidii cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase 10 (VdCRK10) and suppression of VdCRK10-mediated immunity against C. diplodiella, partially by decreasing the accumulation of VdCRK10 protein. Furthermore, our investigation revealed that CRK10 expression was significantly higher and was up-regulated in the resistant wild grapevine V. davidii during C. diplodiella infection. The activity of the VdCRK10 promoter is induced by C. diplodiella and is higher than that of Vitis vitifera VvCRK10, indicating the involvement of transcriptional regulation in CRK10 gene expression. Taken together, our results highlight the potential of VdCRK10 as a resistant gene for enhancing white rot resistance in grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruitao Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453400, China
| | - Xibei Tan
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peng Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Faiz Ur Rahman
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Lei Sun
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Jianfu Jiang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Xiucai Fan
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Chonghuai Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453400, China
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Manser B, Zbinden H, Herren G, Steger J, Isaksson J, Bräunlich S, Wicker T, Keller B. Wheat zinc finger protein TaZF interacts with both the powdery mildew AvrPm2 protein and the corresponding wheat Pm2a immune receptor. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100769. [PMID: 37978798 PMCID: PMC11121201 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense responses to pathogens are induced after direct or indirect perception of effector proteins or their activity on host proteins. In fungal-plant interactions, relatively little is known about whether, in addition to avirulence effectors and immune receptors, other proteins contribute to specific recognition. The nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptor Pm2a in wheat recognizes the fungal powdery mildew effector AvrPm2. We found that the predicted wheat zinc finger TaZF interacts with both the fungal avirulence protein AvrPm2 and the wheat NLR Pm2a. We further demonstrated that the virulent AvrPm2-H2 variant does not interact with TaZF. TaZF silencing in wheat resulted in a reduction but not a loss of Pm2a-mediated powdery mildew resistance. Interaction studies showed that the leucine-rich repeat domain of Pm2a is the mediator of the interaction with TaZF. TaZF recruits both Pm2a and AvrPm2 from the cytosol to the nucleus, resulting in nuclear localization of Pm2a, TaZF, and AvrPm2 in wheat. We propose that TaZF acts as a facilitator of Pm2a-dependent AvrPm2 effector recognition. Our findings highlight the importance of identifying effector host targets for characterization of NLR-mediated effector recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Manser
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helen Zbinden
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Herren
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joel Steger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonatan Isaksson
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Bräunlich
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wicker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Talbi N, Blekemolen MC, Janevska S, Zendler D, van Tilbeurgh H, Fudal I, Takken FLW. Facilitation of Symplastic Effector Protein Mobility by Paired Effectors Is Conserved in Different Classes of Fungal Pathogens. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:304-314. [PMID: 37782126 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-23-0103-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been discovered that plant pathogens produce effectors that spread via plasmodesmata (PD) to allow modulation of host processes in distal uninfected cells. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) facilitates effector translocation by expansion of the size-exclusion limit of PD using the Six5/Avr2 effector pair. How other fungal pathogens manipulate PD is unknown. We recently reported that many fungal pathogens belonging to different families carry effector pairs that resemble the SIX5/AVR2 gene pair from Fol. Here, we performed structural predictions of three of these effector pairs from Leptosphaeria maculans (Lm) and tested their ability to manipulate PD and to complement the virulence defect of a Fol SIX5 knockout mutant. We show that the AvrLm10A homologs are structurally related to FolSix5 and localize at PD when they are expressed with their paired effectors. Furthermore, these effectors were found to complement FolSix5 function in cell-to-cell mobility assays and in fungal virulence. We conclude that distantly related fungal species rely on structurally related paired effector proteins to manipulate PD and facilitate effector mobility. The wide distribution of these effector pairs implies Six5-mediated effector translocation to be a conserved propensity among fungal plant pathogens. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nacera Talbi
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Mila C Blekemolen
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Science (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Slavica Janevska
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Science (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Zendler
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Science (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Herman van Tilbeurgh
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Isabelle Fudal
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Frank L W Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Science (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Schuster M, Schweizer G, Reißmann S, Happel P, Aßmann D, Rössel N, Güldener U, Mannhaupt G, Ludwig N, Winterberg S, Pellegrin C, Tanaka S, Vincon V, Presti LL, Wang L, Bender L, Gonzalez C, Vranes M, Kämper J, Seong K, Krasileva K, Kahmann R. Novel Secreted Effectors Conserved Among Smut Fungi Contribute to the Virulence of Ustilago maydis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:250-263. [PMID: 38416124 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-23-0139-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens deploy a set of molecules (proteins, specialized metabolites, and sRNAs), so-called effectors, to aid the infection process. In comparison to other plant pathogens, smut fungi have small genomes and secretomes of 20 Mb and around 500 proteins, respectively. Previous comparative genomic studies have shown that many secreted effector proteins without known domains, i.e., novel, are conserved only in the Ustilaginaceae family. By analyzing the secretomes of 11 species within Ustilaginaceae, we identified 53 core homologous groups commonly present in this lineage. By collecting existing mutants and generating additional ones, we gathered 44 Ustilago maydis strains lacking single core effectors as well as 9 strains containing multiple deletions of core effector gene families. Pathogenicity assays revealed that 20 of these 53 mutant strains were affected in virulence. Among the 33 mutants that had no obvious phenotypic changes, 13 carried additional, sequence-divergent, structurally similar paralogs. We report a virulence contribution of seven previously uncharacterized single core effectors and of one effector family. Our results help to prioritize effectors for understanding U. maydis virulence and provide genetic resources for further characterization. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Schuster
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Gabriel Schweizer
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Independent Data Lab UG, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reißmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Petra Happel
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Aßmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Rössel
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, 80636 München, Germany
| | - Gertrud Mannhaupt
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Ludwig
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Research & Development, Weed Control Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sarah Winterberg
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Clément Pellegrin
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Shigeyuki Tanaka
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Volker Vincon
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Libera Lo Presti
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lei Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lena Bender
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Phillips-University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Carla Gonzalez
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Miroslav Vranes
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Genetics, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jörg Kämper
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Genetics, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kyungyong Seong
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| | - Ksenia Krasileva
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| | - Regine Kahmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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Yan ZW, Chen FY, Zhang X, Cai WJ, Chen CY, Liu J, Wu MN, Liu NJ, Ma B, Wang MY, Chao DY, Gao CJ, Mao YB. Endocytosis-mediated entry of a caterpillar effector into plants is countered by Jasmonate. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6551. [PMID: 37848424 PMCID: PMC10582130 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects and pathogens release effectors into plant cells to weaken the host defense or immune response. While the imports of some bacterial and fungal effectors into plants have been previously characterized, the mechanisms of how caterpillar effectors enter plant cells remain a mystery. Using live cell imaging and real-time protein tracking, we show that HARP1, an effector from the oral secretions of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), enters plant cells via protein-mediated endocytosis. The entry of HARP1 into a plant cell depends on its interaction with vesicle trafficking components including CTL1, PATL2, and TET8. The plant defense hormone jasmonate (JA) restricts HARP1 import by inhibiting endocytosis and HARP1 loading into endosomes. Combined with the previous report that HARP1 inhibits JA signaling output in host plants, it unveils that the effector and JA establish a defense and counter-defense loop reflecting the robust arms race between plants and insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- University of CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang-Yan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- University of CAS, Shanghai, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CEMPS/SIPPE, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- University of CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Juan Cai
- Core Facility Center of CEMPS/SIPPE, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- University of CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Man-Ni Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- University of CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning-Jing Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CEMPS/SIPPE, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CEMPS/SIPPE, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Mu-Yang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Dai-Yin Chao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CEMPS/SIPPE, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Cai-Ji Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University (SCNU), Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Bo Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.
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10
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Andika IB, Cao X, Kondo H, Sun L. The intriguing phenomenon of cross-kingdom infections of plant and insect viruses to fungi: Can other animal viruses also cross-infect fungi? PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011726. [PMID: 37883353 PMCID: PMC10602238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi are highly widespread and commonly colonize multicellular organisms that live in natural environments. Notably, studies on viruses infecting plant-associated fungi have revealed the interesting phenomenon of the cross-kingdom transmission of viruses and viroids from plants to fungi. This implies that fungi, in addition to absorbing water, nutrients, and other molecules from the host, can acquire intracellular parasites that reside in the host. These findings further suggest that fungi can serve as suitable alternative hosts for certain plant viruses and viroids. Given the frequent coinfection of fungi and viruses in humans/animals, the question of whether fungi can also acquire animal viruses and serve as their hosts is very intriguing. In fact, the transmission of viruses from insects to fungi has been observed. Furthermore, the common release of animal viruses into the extracellular space (viral shedding) could potentially facilitate their acquisition by fungi. Investigations of the cross-infection of animal viruses in fungi may provide new insights into the epidemiology of viral diseases in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Bagus Andika
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinran Cao
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Shouguang International Vegetable Sci-tech Fair Management Service Center, Shouguang, China
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Liying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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11
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Andika IB, Tian M, Bian R, Cao X, Luo M, Kondo H, Sun L. Cross-Kingdom Interactions Between Plant and Fungal Viruses. Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:119-138. [PMID: 37406341 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-122539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The large genetic and structural divergences between plants and fungi may hinder the transmission of viruses between these two kingdoms to some extent. However, recent accumulating evidence from virus phylogenetic analyses and the discovery of naturally occurring virus cross-infection suggest the occurrence of past and current transmissions of viruses between plants and plant-associated fungi. Moreover, artificial virus inoculation experiments showed that diverse plant viruses can multiply in fungi and vice versa. Thus, virus cross-infection between plants and fungi may play an important role in the spread, emergence, and evolution of both plant and fungal viruses and facilitate the interaction between them. In this review, we summarize current knowledge related to cross-kingdom virus infection in plants and fungi and further discuss the relevance of this new virological topic in the context of understanding virus spread and transmission in nature as well as developing control strategies for crop plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Bagus Andika
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China;
| | - Mengyuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China;
| | - Ruiling Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China;
| | - Xinran Cao
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China;
| | - Ming Luo
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan;
| | - Liying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China;
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan;
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12
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Stuer N, Van Damme P, Goormachtig S, Van Dingenen J. Seeking the interspecies crosswalk for filamentous microbe effectors. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:1045-1059. [PMID: 37062674 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Both pathogenic and symbiotic microorganisms modulate the immune response and physiology of their host to establish a suitable niche. Key players in mediating colonization outcome are microbial effector proteins that act either inside (cytoplasmic) or outside (apoplastic) the plant cells and modify the abundance or activity of host macromolecules. We compile novel insights into the much-disputed processes of effector secretion and translocation of filamentous organisms, namely fungi and oomycetes. We report how recent studies that focus on unconventional secretion and effector structure challenge the long-standing image of effectors as conventionally secreted proteins that are translocated with the aid of primary amino acid sequence motifs. Furthermore, we emphasize the potential of diverse, unbiased, state-of-the-art proteomics approaches in the holistic characterization of fungal and oomycete effectomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Stuer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra Van Damme
- iRIP Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Judith Van Dingenen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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13
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Priyashantha AKH, Dai DQ, Bhat DJ, Stephenson SL, Promputtha I, Kaushik P, Tibpromma S, Karunarathna SC. Plant-Fungi Interactions: Where It Goes? BIOLOGY 2023; 12:809. [PMID: 37372094 PMCID: PMC10295453 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Fungi live different lifestyles-including pathogenic and symbiotic-by interacting with living plants. Recently, there has been a substantial increase in the study of phytopathogenic fungi and their interactions with plants. Symbiotic relationships with plants appear to be lagging behind, although progressive. Phytopathogenic fungi cause diseases in plants and put pressure on survival. Plants fight back against such pathogens through complicated self-defense mechanisms. However, phytopathogenic fungi develop virulent responses to overcome plant defense reactions, thus continuing their deteriorative impacts. Symbiotic relationships positively influence both plants and fungi. More interestingly, they also help plants protect themselves from pathogens. In light of the nonstop discovery of novel fungi and their strains, it is imperative to pay more attention to plant-fungi interactions. Both plants and fungi are responsive to environmental changes, therefore construction of their interaction effects has emerged as a new field of study. In this review, we first attempt to highlight the evolutionary aspect of plant-fungi interactions, then the mechanism of plants to avoid the negative impact of pathogenic fungi, and fungal strategies to overcome the plant defensive responses once they have been invaded, and finally the changes of such interactions under the different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. K. Hasith Priyashantha
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (A.K.H.P.); (D.-Q.D.)
| | - Dong-Qin Dai
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (A.K.H.P.); (D.-Q.D.)
| | - Darbhe J. Bhat
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Biology Division, Vishnugupta Vishwavidyapeetam, Gokarna 581326, India
| | - Steven L. Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Itthayakorn Promputtha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Prashant Kaushik
- Instituto de ConservaciónyMejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Saowaluck Tibpromma
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (A.K.H.P.); (D.-Q.D.)
| | - Samantha C. Karunarathna
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (A.K.H.P.); (D.-Q.D.)
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies (NIFS), Hantana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka
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14
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Breeze E, Vale V, McLellan H, Pecrix Y, Godiard L, Grant M, Frigerio L. A tell tail sign: a conserved C-terminal tail-anchor domain targets a subset of pathogen effectors to the plant endoplasmic reticulum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3188-3202. [PMID: 36860200 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the entry point to the secretory pathway and, as such, is critical for adaptive responses to biotic stress, when the demand for de novo synthesis of immunity-related proteins and signalling components increases significantly. Successful phytopathogens have evolved an arsenal of small effector proteins which collectively reconfigure multiple host components and signalling pathways to promote virulence; a small, but important, subset of which are targeted to the endomembrane system including the ER. We identified and validated a conserved C-terminal tail-anchor motif in a set of pathogen effectors known to localize to the ER from the oomycetes Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and Plasmopara halstedii (downy mildew of Arabidopsis and sunflower, respectively) and used this protein topology to develop a bioinformatic pipeline to identify putative ER-localized effectors within the effectorome of the related oomycete, Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato late blight. Many of the identified P. infestans tail-anchor effectors converged on ER-localized NAC transcription factors, indicating that this family is a critical host target for multiple pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Breeze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Victoria Vale
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Yann Pecrix
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (UMR C53), Ligne Paradis, 97410 St Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Laurence Godiard
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microbes Environnement (LIPME), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Murray Grant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Lorenzo Frigerio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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15
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Yang Y, An B, Guo Y, Luo H, He C, Wang Q. A Novel Effector, FSE1, Regulates the Pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 to Banana by Targeting the MYB Transcription Factor MaEFM-Like. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040472. [PMID: 37108926 PMCID: PMC10144757 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi secretes a range of effectors to manipulate plant defenses. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4) is a soil-borne pathogen that causes destructive banana wilt disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind Foc TR4 effectors and their regulation of pathogenicity is helpful for developing disease control strategies. In the present study, we identified a novel effector, Fusarium special effector 1 (FSE1), in Foc TR4. We constructed FSE1 knock-out and overexpression mutants and investigated the functions of this effector. In vitro assays revealed that FSE1 was not required for vegetative growth and conidiation of Foc TR4. However, inoculation analysis of banana plantlets demonstrated that knock-out of FSE1 increased the disease index, while overexpression of FSE1 decreased it. Microscope analysis suggested that FSE1 was distributed in the cytoplasm and nuclei of plant cells. Furthermore, we identified an MYB transcription factor, MaEFM-like, as the target of FSE1, and the two proteins physically interacted in the nuclei of plant cells. In addition, Transient expression of MaEFM-like induced cell death in tobacco leaves. Our findings suggest that FSE1 is involved in the pathogenicity of Foc TR4 by targeting MaEFM-like.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbao Yang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Bang An
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Yunfeng Guo
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hongli Luo
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Chaozu He
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Qiannan Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
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16
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Chandra Kaladhar V, Singh Y, Mohandas Nair A, Kumar K, Kumar Singh A, Kumar Verma P. A small cysteine-rich fungal effector, BsCE66 is essential for the virulence of Bipolaris sorokiniana on wheat plants. Fungal Genet Biol 2023; 166:103798. [PMID: 37059379 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The Spot Blotch (SB) caused by hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana is one of the most devastating wheat diseases leading to 15-100% crop loss. However, the biology of Triticum-Bipolaris interactions and host immunity modulation by secreted effector proteins remain underexplored. Here, we identified a total of 692 secretory proteins including 186 predicted effectors encoded by B. sorokiniana genome. Gene Ontology categorization showed that these proteins belong to cellular, metabolic and signaling processes, and exhibit catalytic and binding activities. Further, we functionally characterized a cysteine-rich, B. sorokiniana Candidate Effector 66 (BsCE66) that was induced at 24-96 hpi during host colonization. The Δbsce66 mutant did not show vegetative growth defects or stress sensitivity compared to wild-type, but developed drastically reduced necrotic lesions upon infection in wheat plants. The loss-of-virulence phenotype was rescued upon complementing the Δbsce66 mutant with BsCE66 gene. Moreover, BsCE66 does not form homodimer and conserved cysteine residues form intra-molecular disulphide bonds. BsCE66 localizes to the host nucleus and cytosol, and triggers a strong oxidative burst and cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Overall, our findings demonstrate that BsCE66 is a key virulence factor that is necessary for host immunity modulation and SB disease progression. These findings would significantly improve our understanding of Triticum-Bipolaris interactions and assist in the development of SB resistant wheat varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vemula Chandra Kaladhar
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India - 382030
| | - Yeshveer Singh
- Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India - 110067
| | - Athira Mohandas Nair
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India - 110067
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi, India - 110021
| | - Achuit Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India - 221305
| | - Praveen Kumar Verma
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India - 110067.
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17
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Lovelace AH, Dorhmi S, Hulin MT, Li Y, Mansfield JW, Ma W. Effector Identification in Plant Pathogens. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:637-650. [PMID: 37126080 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-22-0337-kd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Effectors play a central role in determining the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. As key virulence proteins, effectors are collectively indispensable for disease development. By understanding the virulence mechanisms of effectors, fundamental knowledge of microbial pathogenesis and disease resistance have been revealed. Effectors are also considered double-edged swords because some of them activate immunity in disease resistant plants after being recognized by specific immune receptors, which evolved to monitor pathogen presence or activity. Characterization of effector recognition by their cognate immune receptors and the downstream immune signaling pathways is instrumental in implementing resistance. Over the past decades, substantial research effort has focused on effector biology, especially concerning their interactions with virulence targets or immune receptors in plant cells. A foundation of this research is robust identification of the effector repertoire from a given pathogen, which depends heavily on bioinformatic prediction. In this review, we summarize methodologies that have been used for effector mining in various microbial pathogens which use different effector delivery mechanisms. We also discuss current limitations and provide perspectives on how recently developed analytic tools and technologies may facilitate effector identification and hence generation of a more complete vision of host-pathogen interactions. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Dorhmi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | | | - Yufei Li
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K
| | - John W Mansfield
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BX, U.K
| | - Wenbo Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K
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18
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Oliveira-Garcia E, Tamang TM, Park J, Dalby M, Martin-Urdiroz M, Rodriguez Herrero C, Vu AH, Park S, Talbot NJ, Valent B. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis facilitates the internalization of Magnaporthe oryzae effectors into rice cells. THE PLANT CELL 2023:koad094. [PMID: 36976907 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fungi and oomycetes deliver effectors into living plant cells to suppress defenses and control plant processes needed for infection. Little is known about the mechanism by which these pathogens translocate effector proteins across the plasma membrane into the plant cytoplasm. The blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae secretes cytoplasmic effectors into a specialized biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC) before translocation. Here we show that cytoplasmic effectors within BICs are packaged into punctate membranous effector compartments that are occasionally observed in the host cytoplasm. Live cell imaging with fluorescently labeled proteins in rice (Oryza sativa) showed that these effector puncta colocalize with the plant plasma membrane and with CLATHRIN LIGHT CHAIN 1, a component of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Inhibiting CME using virus-induced gene silencing and chemical treatments resulted in cytoplasmic effectors in swollen BICs lacking effector puncta. By contrast, fluorescent marker co-localization, gene silencing and chemical inhibitor studies failed to support a major role for clathrin-independent endocytosis in effector translocation. Effector localization patterns indicated that cytoplasmic effector translocation occurs underneath appressoria before invasive hyphal growth. Taken together, this study provides evidence that cytoplasmic effector translocation is mediated by clathrin-mediated endocytosis in BICs and suggests a role for M. oryzae effectors in co-opting plant endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ely Oliveira-Garcia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Tej Man Tamang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jungeun Park
- Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Melinda Dalby
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Clara Rodriguez Herrero
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - An Hong Vu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Sunghun Park
- Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Barbara Valent
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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19
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Roth MG, Westrick NM, Baldwin TT. Fungal biotechnology: From yesterday to tomorrow. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2023; 4:1135263. [PMID: 37746125 PMCID: PMC10512358 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2023.1135263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Fungi have been used to better the lives of everyday people and unravel the mysteries of higher eukaryotic organisms for decades. However, comparing progress and development stemming from fungal research to that of human, plant, and bacterial research, fungi remain largely understudied and underutilized. Recent commercial ventures have begun to gain popularity in society, providing a new surge of interest in fungi, mycelia, and potential new applications of these organisms to various aspects of research. Biotechnological advancements in fungal research cannot occur without intensive amounts of time, investments, and research tool development. In this review, we highlight past breakthroughs in fungal biotechnology, discuss requirements to advance fungal biotechnology even further, and touch on the horizon of new breakthroughs with the highest potential to positively impact both research and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell G. Roth
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Nathaniel M. Westrick
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Thomas T. Baldwin
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
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20
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Comparative Transcriptomics of Fusarium graminearum and Magnaporthe oryzae Spore Germination Leading up To Infection. mBio 2023; 14:e0244222. [PMID: 36598191 PMCID: PMC9973345 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02442-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For fungal plant pathogens, the germinating spore provides the first interaction with the host. Spore germlings move across the plant surface and use diverse penetration strategies for ingress into plant surfaces. Penetration strategies include pressurized melanized appressoria, which facilitate physically punching through the plant cuticle, and nonmelanized appressoria, which penetrate with the help of enzymes or cuticular damage to breach the plant surface. Two well-studied plant pathogens, Fusarium graminearum and Magnaporthe oryzae, are typical of these two modes of penetration. We applied comparative transcriptomics to Fusarium graminearum and Magnaporthe oryzae to characterize the genetic programming of the early host-pathogen interface. Four sequential stages of development following spore localization on the plant surface, from spore swelling to appressorium formation, were sampled for each species on culture medium and on barley sheaths, and transcriptomic analyses were performed. Gene expression in the prepenetration stages in both species and under both conditions was similar. In contrast, gene expression in the final stage was strongly influenced by the environment. Appressorium formation involved the greatest number of differentially expressed genes. Laser-dissection microscopy was used to perform detailed transcriptomics of initial infection points by F. graminearum. These analyses revealed new and important aspects of early fungal ingress in this species. Expression of the trichothecene genes involved in biosynthesis of deoxynivalenol by F. graminearum implies that toxisomes are not fully functional until after penetration and indicates that deoxynivalenol is not essential for penetration under our conditions. The use of comparative gene expression of divergent fungi promises to advance highly effective targets for antifungal strategies. IMPORTANCE Fusarium graminearum and Magnaporthe oryzae are two of the most important pathogens of cereal grains worldwide. Despite years of research, strong host resistance has not been identified for F. graminearum, so other methods of control are essential. The pathogen takes advantage of multiple entry points to infect the host, including breaches in the florets due to senescence of flower parts and penetration of the weakened trichome bases to breach the epidermis. In contrast, M. oryzae directly punctures leaves that it infects, and resistant cultivars have been characterized. The threat of either pathogen causing a major disease outbreak is ever present. Comparative transcriptomics demonstrated its potential to reveal novel and effective disease prevention strategies that affect the initial stages of disease. Shedding light on the basis of this diversity of infection strategies will result in development of increasingly specific control strategies.
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21
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Madina MH, Santhanam P, Asselin Y, Jaswal R, Bélanger RR. Progress and Challenges in Elucidating the Functional Role of Effectors in the Soybean- Phytophthora sojae Interaction. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010012. [PMID: 36675833 PMCID: PMC9866111 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae, the agent responsible for stem and root rot, is one of the most damaging plant pathogens of soybean. To establish a compatible-interaction, P. sojae secretes a wide array of effector proteins into the host cell. These effectors have been shown to act either in the apoplastic area or the cytoplasm of the cell to manipulate the host cellular processes in favor of the development of the pathogen. Deciphering effector-plant interactions is important for understanding the role of P. sojae effectors in disease progression and developing approaches to prevent infection. Here, we review the subcellular localization, the host proteins, and the processes associated with P. sojae effectors. We also discuss the emerging topic of effectors in the context of effector-resistance genes interaction, as well as model systems and recent developments in resources and techniques that may provide a better understanding of the soybean-P. sojae interaction.
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22
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Li GB, He JX, Wu JL, Wang H, Zhang X, Liu J, Hu XH, Zhu Y, Shen S, Bai YF, Yao ZL, Liu XX, Zhao JH, Li DQ, Li Y, Huang F, Huang YY, Zhao ZX, Zhang JW, Zhou SX, Ji YP, Pu M, Qin P, Li S, Chen X, Wang J, He M, Li W, Wu XJ, Xu ZJ, Wang WM, Fan J. Overproduction of OsRACK1A, an effector-targeted scaffold protein promoting OsRBOHB-mediated ROS production, confers rice floral resistance to false smut disease without yield penalty. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1790-1806. [PMID: 36245122 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Grain formation is fundamental for crop yield but is vulnerable to abiotic and biotic stresses. Rice grain production is threatened by the false smut fungus Ustilaginoidea virens, which specifically infects rice floral organs, disrupting fertilization and seed formation. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of the U. virens-rice interaction and the genetic basis of floral resistance. Here, we report that U. virens secretes a cytoplasmic effector, UvCBP1, to facilitate infection of rice flowers. Mechanistically, UvCBP1 interacts with the rice scaffold protein OsRACK1A and competes its interaction with the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase OsRBOHB, leading to inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Although the analysis of natural variation revealed no OsRACK1A variants that could avoid being targeted by UvCBP1, expression levels of OsRACK1A are correlated with field resistance against U. virens in rice germplasm. Overproduction of OsRACK1A restores the OsRACK1A-OsRBOHB association and promotes OsRBOHB phosphorylation to enhance ROS production, conferring rice floral resistance to U. virens without yield penalty. Taken together, our findings reveal a new pathogenic mechanism mediated by an essential effector from a flower-specific pathogen and provide a valuable genetic resource for balancing disease resistance and crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Bang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jia-Xue He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jin-Long Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shuai Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yi-Fei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zong-Lin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xin-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing-Hao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - De-Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhi-Xue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ji-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shi-Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yun-Peng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mei Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Peng Qin
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shigui Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Weitao Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xian-Jun Wu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zheng-Jun Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Jing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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23
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Lahfa M, Padilla A, de Guillen K, Pissarra J, Raji M, Cesari S, Kroj T, Gladieux P, Roumestand C, Barthe P. 1H, 13C, 15 N backbone and side-chain NMR assignments for three MAX effectors from Magnaporthe oryzae. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2022; 16:305-309. [PMID: 35657473 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-022-10095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Effectors are small and very diverse proteins secreted by fungi and translocated in plant cells during infection. Among them, MAX effectors (for Magnaporthe Avrs and ToxB) were identified as a family of effectors that share an identical fold topology despite having highly divergent sequences. They are mostly secreted by ascomycetes from the Magnaporthe genus, a fungus that causes the rice blast, a plant disease leading to huge crop losses. As rice is the first source of calories in many countries, especially in Asia and Africa, this constitutes a threat for world food security. Hence, a better understanding of these effectors, including structural and functional characterization, constitutes a strategic milestone in the fight against phytopathogen fungi and may give clues for the development of resistant varieties of rice. We report here the near complete 1H, 15 N and 13C NMR resonance assignment of three new putative MAX effectors (MAX47, MAX60 and MAX67). Secondary structure determination using TALOS-N and CSI.3 demonstrates a high content of β-strands in all the three proteins, in agreement with the canonic ß-sandwich structure of MAX effectors. This preliminary study provides foundations for further structural characterization, that will help in turn to improve sequence predictions of other MAX effectors through data mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Lahfa
- Centre de Biologie Structurale, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR 5048, Montpellier, France
| | - André Padilla
- Centre de Biologie Structurale, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR 5048, Montpellier, France
| | - Karine de Guillen
- Centre de Biologie Structurale, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR 5048, Montpellier, France
| | - Joana Pissarra
- Centre de Biologie Structurale, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR 5048, Montpellier, France
| | - Mouna Raji
- Centre de Biologie Structurale, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR 5048, Montpellier, France
| | - Stella Cesari
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Kroj
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Gladieux
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Christian Roumestand
- Centre de Biologie Structurale, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR 5048, Montpellier, France.
| | - Philippe Barthe
- Centre de Biologie Structurale, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR 5048, Montpellier, France
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24
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De Mandal S, Jeon J. Nuclear Effectors in Plant Pathogenic Fungi. MYCOBIOLOGY 2022; 50:259-268. [PMID: 36404902 PMCID: PMC9645283 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2022.2118928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear import of proteins is a fundamental process in the eukaryotes including plant. It has become evident that such basic process is exploited by nuclear effectors that contain nuclear localization signal (NLS) and are secreted into host cells by fungal pathogens of plants. However, only a handful of nuclear effectors have been known and characterized to date. Here, we first summarize the types of NLSs and prediction tools available, and then delineate examples of fungal nuclear effectors and their roles in pathogenesis. Based on the knowledge on NLSs and what has been gleaned from the known nuclear effectors, we point out the gaps in our understanding of fungal nuclear effectors that need to be filled in the future researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit De Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Junhyun Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Helliwell EE, Lafayette P, Kronmiller BN, Arredondo F, Duquette M, Co A, Vega-Arreguin J, Porter SS, Borrego EJ, Kolomiets MV, Parrott WA, Tyler BM. Transgenic Soybeans Expressing Phosphatidylinositol-3-Phosphate-Binding Proteins Show Enhanced Resistance Against the Oomycete Pathogen Phytophthora sojae. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:923281. [PMID: 35783378 PMCID: PMC9243418 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.923281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oomycete and fungal pathogens cause billions of dollars of damage to crops worldwide annually. Therefore, there remains a need for broad-spectrum resistance genes, especially ones that target pathogens but do not interfere with colonization by beneficial microbes. Motivated by evidence suggesting that phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) may be involved in the delivery of some oomycete and fungal virulence effector proteins, we created stable transgenic soybean plants that express and secrete two different PI3P-binding proteins, GmPH1 and VAM7, in an effort to interfere with effector delivery and confer resistance. Soybean plants expressing the two PI3P-binding proteins exhibited reduced infection by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora sojae compared to control lines. Measurements of nodulation by nitrogen-fixing mutualistic bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum, which does not produce PI3P, revealed that the two lines with the highest levels of GmPH1 transcripts exhibited reductions in nodulation and in benefits from nodulation. Transcriptome and plant hormone measurements were made of soybean lines with the highest transcript levels of GmPH1 and VAM7, as well as controls, following P. sojae- or mock-inoculation. The results revealed increased levels of infection-associated transcripts in the transgenic lines, compared to controls, even prior to P. sojae infection, suggesting that the plants were primed for increased defense. The lines with reduced nodulation exhibited elevated levels of jasmonate-isoleucine and of transcripts of a JAR1 ortholog encoding jasmonate-isoleucine synthetase. However, lines expressing VAM7 transgenes exhibited normal nodulation and no increases in jasmonate-isoleucine. Overall, together with previously published data from cacao and from P. sojae transformants, the data suggest that secretion of PI3P-binding proteins may confer disease resistance through a variety of mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Helliwell
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Emily E. Helliwell,
| | - Peter Lafayette
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brent N. Kronmiller
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Felipe Arredondo
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Madeleine Duquette
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Anna Co
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Julio Vega-Arreguin
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores – León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, León, Mexico
| | - Stephanie S. Porter
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, United States
| | - Eli J. Borrego
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Michael V. Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Wayne A. Parrott
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brett M. Tyler
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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26
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Iswanto ABB, Vu MH, Pike S, Lee J, Kang H, Son GH, Kim J, Kim SH. Pathogen effectors: What do they do at plasmodesmata? MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:795-804. [PMID: 34569687 PMCID: PMC9104267 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants perceive an assortment of external cues during their life cycle, including abiotic and biotic stressors. Biotic stress from a variety of pathogens, including viruses, oomycetes, fungi, and bacteria, is considered to be a substantial factor hindering plant growth and development. To hijack the host cell's defence machinery, plant pathogens have evolved sophisticated attack strategies mediated by numerous effector proteins. Several studies have indicated that plasmodesmata (PD), symplasmic pores that facilitate cell-to-cell communication between a cell and neighbouring cells, are one of the targets of pathogen effectors. However, in contrast to plant-pathogenic viruses, reports of fungal- and bacterial-encoded effectors that localize to and exploit PD are limited. Surprisingly, a recent study of PD-associated bacterial effectors has shown that a number of bacterial effectors undergo cell-to-cell movement via PD. Here we summarize and highlight recent advances in the study of PD-associated fungal/oomycete/bacterial effectors. We also discuss how pathogen effectors interfere with host defence mechanisms in the context of PD regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Minh Huy Vu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Sharon Pike
- Division of Plant SciencesChristopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant GroupUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Hobin Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Geon Hui Son
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jae‐Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
- Division of Life ScienceGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
- Division of Life ScienceGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
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27
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Tintor N, Nieuweboer GAM, Bakker IAW, Takken FLW. The Intracellularly Acting Effector Foa3 Suppresses Defense Responses When Infiltrated Into the Apoplast. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:813181. [PMID: 35677245 PMCID: PMC9169155 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.813181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens employ secreted proteins, among which are effectors, to manipulate and colonize their hosts. A large fraction of effectors is translocated into host cells, where they can suppress defense signaling. Bacterial pathogens directly inject effectors into host cells via the type three secretion system, but it is little understood how eukaryotic pathogens, such as fungi, accomplish this critical process and how their secreted effectors enter host cells. The root-infecting fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) secrets numerous effectors into the extracellular space. Some of these, such as Foa3, function inside the plant cell to suppress host defenses. Here, we show that Foa3 suppresses pattern-triggered defense responses to the same extent when it is produced in planta irrespective of whether the protein carries the PR1 secretory signal peptide or not. When a GFP-tagged Foa3 was targeted for secretion it localized, among other locations, to mobile subcellular structures of unknown identity. Furthermore, like the well-known cell penetrating peptide Arginine 9, Foa3 was found to deliver an orthotospovirus avirulence protein-derived peptide into the cytosol, resulting in the activation of the matching resistance protein. Finally, we show that infiltrating Foa3 into the apoplast results in strong suppression of the pattern-triggered immune responses, potentially indicating its uptake by the host cells in absence of a pathogen.
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28
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Prediction of effector proteins and their implications in pathogenicity of phytopathogenic filamentous fungi: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:188-202. [PMID: 35227707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi encode and secrete effector proteins to promote pathogenesis. In recent years, the important role of effector proteins in fungi and plant host interactions has become increasingly prominent. In this review, the functional characterization and molecular mechanisms by which fungal effector proteins modulate biological processes and suppress the defense of plant hosts are discussed, with an emphasis on cell localization during fungal infection. This paper also provides a comprehensive review of bioinformatic and experimental methods that are currently available for the identification of fungal effector proteins. We additionally summarize the secretion pathways and the methods for verifying the presence effector proteins in plant host cells. For future research, comparative genomic studies of different pathogens with varying life cycles will allow comprehensive and systematic identification of effector proteins. Additionally, functional analysis of effector protein interactions with a wider range of hosts (especially non-model crops) will provide more detailed repertoires of fungal effectors. Identifying effector proteins and verifying their functions will improve our understanding of their role in causing disease and in turn guide future strategies for combatting fungal infections.
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29
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Baruah IK, Ali SS, Shao J, Lary D, Bailey BA. Changes in Gene Expression in Leaves of Cacao Genotypes Resistant and Susceptible to Phytophthora palmivora Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:780805. [PMID: 35211126 PMCID: PMC8861199 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.780805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Black pod rot, caused by Phytophthora palmivora, is a devastating disease of Theobroma cacao L. (cacao) leading to huge losses for farmers and limiting chocolate industry supplies. To understand resistance responses of cacao leaves to P. palmivora, Stage 2 leaves of genotypes Imperial College Selection 1 (ICS1), Colección Castro Naranjal 51 (CCN51), and Pound7 were inoculated with zoospores and monitored for symptoms up to 48 h. Pound7 consistently showed less necrosis than ICS1 and CCN51 48 h after inoculation. RNA-Seq was carried out on samples 24 h post inoculation. A total of 24,672 expressed cacao genes were identified, and 2,521 transcripts showed induction in at least one P. palmivora-treated genotype compared to controls. There were 115 genes induced in the P. palmivora-treated samples in all three genotypes. Many of the differentially expressed genes were components of KEGG pathways important in plant defense signal perception (the plant MAPK signaling pathway, plant hormone signal transduction, and plant pathogen interactions), and plant defense metabolite biosynthesis (phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, α-linolenic acid metabolism, ethylene biosynthesis, and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis). A search of putative cacao resistance genes within the cacao transcriptome identified 89 genes with prominent leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains, 170 protein kinases encoding genes, 210 genes with prominent NB-ARC domains, 305 lectin-related genes, and 97 cysteine-rich RK genes. We further analyzed the cacao leaf transcriptome in detail focusing on gene families-encoding proteins important in signal transduction (MAP kinases and transcription factors) and direct plant defense (Germin-like, ubiquitin-associated, lectin-related, pathogenesis-related, glutathione-S-transferases, and proteases). There was a massive reprogramming of defense gene processes in susceptible cacao leaf tissue after infection, which was restricted in the resistant genotype Pound7. Most genes induced in Pound7 were induced in ICS1/CCN51. The level of induction was not always proportional to the infection level, raising the possibility that genes are responding to infection more strongly in Pound7. There were also defense-associated genes constitutively differentially expressed at higher levels in specific genotypes, possibly providing a prepositioned defense. Many of the defense genes occur in blocks where members are constitutively expressed at different levels, and some members are induced by Ppal infection. With further study, the identified candidate genes and gene blocks may be useful as markers for breeding disease-resistant cacao genotypes against P. palmivora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani K. Baruah
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Shahin S. Ali
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD, United States
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan Shao
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - David Lary
- Department of Physics, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Bryan A. Bailey
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD, United States
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30
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Yu DS, Outram MA, Crean E, Smith A, Sung YC, Darma R, Sun X, Ma L, Jones DA, Solomon PS, Williams SJ. Optimized Production of Disulfide-Bonded Fungal Effectors in Escherichia coli Using CyDisCo and FunCyDisCo Coexpression Approaches. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:109-118. [PMID: 34672679 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-21-0218-ta] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Effectors are a key part of the arsenal of plant-pathogenic fungi and promote pathogen virulence and disease. Effectors typically lack sequence similarity to proteins with known functional domains and motifs, limiting our ability to predict their functions and understand how they are recognized by plant hosts. As a result, cross-disciplinary approaches involving structural biology and protein biochemistry are often required to decipher and better characterize effector function. These approaches are reliant on high yields of relatively pure protein, which often requires protein production using a heterologous expression system. For some effectors, establishing an efficient production system can be difficult, particularly those that require multiple disulfide bonds to achieve their naturally folded structure. Here, we describe the use of a coexpression system within the heterologous host Escherichia coli, termed CyDisCo (cytoplasmic disulfide bond formation in E. coli) to produce disulfide bonded fungal effectors. We demonstrate that CyDisCo and a naturalized coexpression approach termed FunCyDisCo (Fungi CyDisCo) can significantly improve the production yields of numerous disulfide-bonded effectors from diverse fungal pathogens. The ability to produce large quantities of functional recombinant protein has facilitated functional studies and crystallization of several of these reported fungal effectors. We suggest this approach could be broadly useful in the investigation of the function and recognition of a broad range of disulfide bond-containing effectors.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Yu
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Megan A Outram
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Emma Crean
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ashley Smith
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yi-Chang Sung
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Reynaldi Darma
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Xizhe Sun
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding, China
| | - Lisong Ma
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - David A Jones
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Peter S Solomon
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Simon J Williams
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Fabro G. Oomycete intracellular effectors: specialised weapons targeting strategic plant processes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1074-1082. [PMID: 34705271 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oomycete phytopathogens have adapted to colonise plants using effectors as their molecular weapons. Intracellular effectors, mostly proteins but also small ribonucleic acids, are delivered by the pathogens into the host cell cytoplasm where they interfere with normal plant physiology. The diverse host processes emerging as 'victims' of these 'specialised bullets' include gene transcription and RNA-mediated silencing, cell death, protein stability, protein secretion and autophagy. Some effector targets are directly involved in defence execution, while others participate in fundamental metabolisms whose alteration collaterally affects defences. Other effector targets are susceptibility factors (SFs), that is host components that make plants vulnerable to pathogens. SFs are mostly negative regulators of immunity, but some seem necessary to sustain or promote pathogen colonisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Fabro
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC, CONICET and Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
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32
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Tariqjaveed M, Mateen A, Wang S, Qiu S, Zheng X, Zhang J, Bhadauria V, Sun W. Versatile effectors of phytopathogenic fungi target host immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1856-1873. [PMID: 34383388 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi secrete a large arsenal of effector molecules, including proteinaceous effectors, small RNAs, phytohormones and derivatives thereof. The pathogenicity of fungal pathogens is primarily determined by these effectors that are secreted into host cells to undermine innate immunity, as well as to facilitate the acquisition of nutrients for their in planta growth and proliferation. After conventional and non-conventional secretion, fungal effectors are translocated into different subcellular compartments of the host cells to interfere with various biological processes. In extracellular spaces, apoplastic effectors cope with physical and chemical barriers to break the first line of plant defenses. Intracellular effectors target essential immune components on the plasma membrane, in the cytosol, including cytosolic organelles, and in the nucleus to suppress host immunity and reprogram host physiology, favoring pathogen colonization. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the recent advances in fungal effector biology, with a focus on the versatile virulence functions of fungal effectors in promoting pathogen infection and colonization. A perspective of future research on fungal effector biology is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tariqjaveed
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Abdul Mateen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinhang Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Vijai Bhadauria
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
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33
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Wu D, Wang L, Zhang Y, Bai L, Yu F. Emerging roles of pathogen-secreted host mimics in plant disease development. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:1082-1095. [PMID: 34627670 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogens and parasites use multiple virulence factors to successfully infect plants. While most plant-pathogen interaction studies focus on pathogen effectors and their functions in suppressing plant immunity or interfering with normal cellular processes, other virulence factors likely also contribute. Here we highlight another important strategy used by pathogens to promote virulence: secretion of mimics of host molecules, including peptides, phytohormones, and small RNAs, which play diverse roles in plant development and stress responses. Pathogen-secreted mimics hijack the host endogenous signaling pathways, thereby modulating host cellular functions to the benefit of the pathogen and promoting infection. Understanding the mechanisms of pathogen-secreted host mimics will expand our knowledge of host-pathogen coevolution and interactions, while providing new targets for plant disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dousheng Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Lianyang Bai
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Feng Yu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
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Ai G, Zhu H, Fu X, Liu J, Li T, Cheng Y, Zhou Y, Yang K, Pan W, Zhang H, Wu Z, Dong S, Xia Y, Wang Y, Xia A, Wang Y, Dou D, Jing M. Phytophthora infection signals-induced translocation of NAC089 is required for endoplasmic reticulum stress response-mediated plant immunity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:67-80. [PMID: 34374485 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants deploy various immune receptors to recognize pathogen-derived extracellular signals and subsequently activate the downstream defense response. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a part in the plant defense response, known as ER stress-mediated immunity (ERSI), that halts pathogen infection. However, the mechanism for the ER stress response to signals of pathogen infection remains unclear. Here, we characterized the ER stress response regulator NAC089, which was previously reported to positively regulate programed cell death (PCD), functioning as an ERSI regulator. NAC089 translocated from the ER to the nucleus via the Golgi in response to Phytophthora capsici culture filtrate (CF), which is a mixture of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Plasma membrane localized co-receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) was required for the CF-mediated translocation of NAC089. The nuclear localization of NAC089, determined by the NAC domain, was essential for immune activation and PCD. Furthermore, NAC089 positively contributed to host resistance against the oomycete pathogen P. capsici and the bacteria pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. We also proved that NAC089-mediated immunity is conserved in Nicotiana benthamiana. Together, we found that PAMP signaling induces the activation of ER stress in plants, and that NAC089 is required for ERSI and plant resistance against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Ai
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hai Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaowei Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tianli Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weiye Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huanxin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zishan Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Saiyu Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yeqiang Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ai Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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35
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Liu L, Wang Z, Li J, Wang Y, Yuan J, Zhan J, Wang P, Lin Y, Li F, Ge X. Verticillium dahliae secreted protein Vd424Y is required for full virulence, targets the nucleus of plant cells, and induces cell death. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1109-1120. [PMID: 34233072 PMCID: PMC8358993 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens secrete effector proteins that regulate host immunity and can suppress basal defence mechanisms against colonization in plants. Verticillium dahliae is a widespread and destructive soilborne fungus that can cause vascular wilt disease and reduces plant yields. However, little is currently known about how the effectors secreted by V. dahliae function. In this study, we analysed and identified 34 candidate effectors in the V. dahliae secretome and found that Vd424Y, a glycoside hydrolase family 11 protein, was highly upregulated during the early stages of V. dahliae infection in cotton plants. This protein was located in the nucleus and its deletion compromised the virulence of the fungus. The transient expression of Vd424Y in Nicotiana benthamiana induced BAK1- and SOBIR1-dependent cell death and activated both salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signalling. This enhanced its resistance to the oomycetes Phytophthora capsici in a way that depended on its nuclear localization signal and signal peptides. Our results demonstrate that Vd424Y is an important effector protein targeting the host nucleus to regulate and activate effector-triggered immunity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisen Liu
- Institute of Cotton ResearchHenan Normal University Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zhaohan Wang
- Institute of Cotton ResearchHenan Normal University Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenanChina
| | - Jianing Li
- Institute of Cotton ResearchHenan Normal University Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenanChina
| | - Ye Wang
- Institute of Cotton ResearchHenan Normal University Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenanChina
| | - Jiachen Yuan
- Institute of Cotton ResearchHenan Normal University Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenanChina
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jingjing Zhan
- Institute of Cotton ResearchHenan Normal University Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenanChina
| | - Peng Wang
- Institute of Cotton ResearchHenan Normal University Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenanChina
| | - Yongjun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Fuguang Li
- Institute of Cotton ResearchHenan Normal University Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenanChina
| | - Xiaoyang Ge
- Institute of Cotton ResearchHenan Normal University Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenanChina
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
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36
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Rahman MS, Madina MH, Plourde MB, dos Santos KCG, Huang X, Zhang Y, Laliberté JF, Germain H. The Fungal Effector Mlp37347 Alters Plasmodesmata Fluxes and Enhances Susceptibility to Pathogen. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061232. [PMID: 34204123 PMCID: PMC8228402 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melampsora larici-populina (Mlp) is a devastating pathogen of poplar trees, causing the defoliating poplar leaf rust disease. Genomic studies have revealed that Mlp possesses a repertoire of 1184 small secreted proteins (SSPs), some of them being characterized as candidate effectors. However, how they promote virulence is still unclear. This study investigates the candidate effector Mlp37347’s role during infection. We developed a stable Arabidopsis transgenic line expressing Mlp37347 tagged with the green fluorescent protein (GFP). We found that the effector accumulated exclusively at plasmodesmata (PD). Moreover, the presence of the effector at plasmodesmata favors enhanced plasmodesmatal flux and reduced callose deposition. Transcriptome profiling and a gene ontology (GO) analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the effector revealed that the genes involved in glucan catabolic processes are up-regulated. This effector has previously been shown to interact with glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1), and in silico docking analysis supported the strong binding between Mlp37347 and GAD1 in this study. In infection assays, the effector promoted Hyalonoperospora arabidopsidis growth but not bacterial growth. Our investigation suggests that the effector Mlp37347 targets PD in host cells and promotes parasitic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Saifur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (M.S.R.); (M.H.M.); (M.B.P.); (K.C.G.d.S.)
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (X.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Mst Hur Madina
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (M.S.R.); (M.H.M.); (M.B.P.); (K.C.G.d.S.)
| | - Mélodie B. Plourde
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (M.S.R.); (M.H.M.); (M.B.P.); (K.C.G.d.S.)
| | - Karen Cristine Gonçalves dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (M.S.R.); (M.H.M.); (M.B.P.); (K.C.G.d.S.)
| | - Xiaoqiang Huang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (X.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (X.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jean-François Laliberté
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada;
| | - Hugo Germain
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (M.S.R.); (M.H.M.); (M.B.P.); (K.C.G.d.S.)
- Correspondence:
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37
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Mwangangi IM, Büchi L, Haefele SM, Bastiaans L, Runo S, Rodenburg J. Combining host plant defence with targeted nutrition: key to durable control of hemiparasitic Striga in cereals in sub-Saharan Africa? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:2164-2178. [PMID: 33577098 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Host plant defence mechanisms (resistance and tolerance) and plant nutrition are two of the most widely proposed components for the control of hemiparasitic weeds of the genus Striga in tropical cereal production systems. Neither of the two components alone is effective enough to prevent parasitism and concomitant crop losses. This review explores the potential of improved plant nutrition, being the chemical constituent of soil fertility, to fortify the expression of plant inherent resistance and tolerance against Striga. Beyond reviewing advances in parasitic plant research, we assess relevant insights from phytopathology and plant physiology in the broader sense to identify opportunities and knowledge gaps and to develop the way forward regarding research and development of combining genetics and plant nutrition for the durable control of Striga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immaculate M Mwangangi
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Lucie Büchi
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Stephan M Haefele
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Lammert Bastiaans
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6700 AK, the Netherlands
| | - Steven Runo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, 43844-0100, Kenya
| | - Jonne Rodenburg
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
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38
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Wang P, Jiang H, Boeren S, Dings H, Kulikova O, Bisseling T, Limpens E. A nuclear-targeted effector of Rhizophagus irregularis interferes with histone 2B mono-ubiquitination to promote arbuscular mycorrhisation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1142-1155. [PMID: 33507543 PMCID: PMC8048545 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Arguably, symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have the broadest host range of all fungi, being able to intracellularly colonise root cells in the vast majority of all land plants. This raises the question how AM fungi effectively deal with the immune systems of such a widely diverse range of plants. Here, we studied the role of a nuclear-localisation signal-containing effector from Rhizophagus irregularis, called Nuclear Localised Effector1 (RiNLE1), that is highly and specifically expressed in arbuscules. We showed that RiNLE1 is able to translocate to the host nucleus where it interacts with the plant core nucleosome protein histone 2B (H2B). RiNLE1 is able to impair the mono-ubiquitination of H2B, which results in the suppression of defence-related gene expression and enhanced colonisation levels. This study highlights a novel mechanism by which AM fungi can effectively control plant epigenetic modifications through direct interaction with a core nucleosome component. Homologues of RiNLE1 are found in a range of fungi that establish intimate interactions with plants, suggesting that this type of effector may be more widely recruited to manipulate host defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Henan Jiang
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen University & ResearchWageningen6708 WEthe Netherlands
| | - Harm Dings
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Olga Kulikova
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Ton Bisseling
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Erik Limpens
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
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39
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Wang Y, Zhou M, Zou Q, Xu L. Machine learning for phytopathology: from the molecular scale towards the network scale. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:6204793. [PMID: 33787847 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing volume of high-throughput sequencing data from a variety of omics techniques in the field of plant-pathogen interactions, sorting, retrieving, processing and visualizing biological information have become a great challenge. Within the explosion of data, machine learning offers powerful tools to process these complex omics data by various algorithms, such as Bayesian reasoning, support vector machine and random forest. Here, we introduce the basic frameworks of machine learning in dissecting plant-pathogen interactions and discuss the applications and advances of machine learning in plant-pathogen interactions from molecular to network biology, including the prediction of pathogen effectors, plant disease resistance protein monitoring and the discovery of protein-protein networks. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of advances in plant defense and pathogen infection and to indicate the important developments of machine learning in phytopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansu Wang
- Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Shenzhen Polytechnic, China
| | | | - Quan Zou
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
| | - Lei Xu
- Shenzhen Polytechnic, China
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40
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Dukowic-Schulze S, van der Linde K. Oxygen, secreted proteins and small RNAs: mobile elements that govern anther development. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2021; 34:1-19. [PMID: 33492519 PMCID: PMC7902584 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-020-00401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Correct anther development is essential for male fertility and subsequently agricultural yield. Defects in anther development range from the early stage of stamen formation until the late stage of tapetum degeneration. In particular, the specification of the four distinct somatic layers and the inner sporogenous cells need perfect orchestration relying on precise cell-cell communication. Up to now, several signals, which coordinate the anther´s developmental program, have been identified. Among the known signals are phytohormones, environmental conditions sensed via glutaredoxins, several receptor-like kinases triggered by ligands like MAC1, and small RNAs such as miRNAs and the monocot-prevalent reproductive phasiRNAs. Rather than giving a full review on anther development, here we discuss anther development with an emphasis on mobile elements like ROS/oxygen, secreted proteins and small RNAs (only briefly touching on phytohormones), how they might act and interact, and what the future of this research area might reveal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Dukowic-Schulze
- Department of Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Karina van der Linde
- Department of Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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41
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Huang J, Lu X, Wu H, Xie Y, Peng Q, Gu L, Wu J, Wang Y, Reddy ASN, Dong S. Phytophthora Effectors Modulate Genome-wide Alternative Splicing of Host mRNAs to Reprogram Plant Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1470-1484. [PMID: 32693165 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) of pre-mRNAs increases transcriptome and proteome diversity, regulates gene expression through multiple mechanisms, and plays important roles in plant development and stress responses. However, the prevalence of genome-wide plant AS changes during infection and the mechanisms by which pathogens modulate AS remain poorly understood. Here, we examined the global AS changes in tomato leaves infected with Phytophthora infestans, the infamous Irish famine pathogen. We show that more than 2000 genes exhibiting significant changes in AS are not differentially expressed, indicating that AS is a distinct layer of transcriptome reprogramming during plant-pathogen interactions. Furthermore, our results show that P. infestans subverts host immunity by repressing the AS of positive regulators of plant immunity and promoting the AS of susceptibility factors. To study the underlying mechanism, we established a luminescence-based AS reporter system in Nicotiana benthamiana to screen pathogen effectors modulating plant AS. We identified nine splicing regulatory effectors (SREs) from 87 P. infestans effectors. Further studies revealed that SRE3 physically binds U1-70K to manipulate the plant AS machinery and subsequently modulates AS-mediated plant immunity. Our study not only unveils genome-wide plant AS reprogramming during infection but also establishes a novel AS screening tool to identify SREs from a wide range of plant pathogens, providing opportunities to understand the splicing regulatory mechanisms through which pathogens subvert plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinyu Lu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuchen Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qian Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lianfeng Gu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Juyou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210095, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Anireddy S N Reddy
- Colorado State University, Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210095, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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42
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Wang J, Shen D, Ge C, Du Y, Lin L, Liu J, Bai T, Jing M, Qian G, Dou D. Filamentous Phytophthora Pathogens Deploy Effectors to Interfere With Bacterial Growth and Motility. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:581511. [PMID: 33101256 PMCID: PMC7554372 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.581511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora comprises a group of filamentous plant pathogens that cause serious crop diseases worldwide. It is widely known that a complex effector repertoire was secreted by Phytophthora pathogens to manipulate plant immunity and determine resistance and susceptibility. It is also recognized that Phytophthora pathogens may inhabit natural niches within complex environmental microbes, including bacteria. However, how Phytophthora pathogens interact with their cohabited microbes remains poorly understood. Here, we present such an intriguing case by using Phytophthora–bacteria interaction as a working system. We found that under co-culture laboratory conditions, several Phytophthora pathogens appeared to block the contact of an ecologically relevant bacterium, including Pseudomonas fluorescence and a model bacterium, Escherichia coli. We further observed that Phytophthora sojae utilizes a conserved Crinkler (CRN) effector protein, PsCRN63, to impair bacterial growth. Phytophthora capsici deploys another CRN effector, PcCRN173, to interfere with bacterial flagellum- and/or type IV pilus-mediated motility whereas a P. capsici-derived RxLR effector, PcAvh540, inhibits bacterial swimming motility, but not twitching motility and biofilm formation, suggesting functional diversification of effector-mediated Phytophthora–bacteria interactions. Thus, our studies provide a first case showing that the filamentous Phytophthora pathogens could deploy effectors to interfere with bacterial growth and motility, revealing an unprecedented effector-mediated inter-kingdom interaction between Phytophthora pathogens and bacterial species and thereby uncovering ecological significance of effector proteins in filamentous plant pathogens besides their canonical roles involving pathogen–plant interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengcheng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaxin Du
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Long Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Bai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoliang Qian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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43
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Tintor N, Paauw M, Rep M, Takken FLW. The root-invading pathogen Fusarium oxysporum targets pattern-triggered immunity using both cytoplasmic and apoplastic effectors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1479-1492. [PMID: 32323328 PMCID: PMC7496899 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens use effector proteins to promote host colonisation. The mode of action of effectors from root-invading pathogens, such as Fusarium oxysporum (Fo), is poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether Fo effectors suppress pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), and whether they enter host cells during infection. Eight candidate effectors of an Arabidopsis-infecting Fo strain were expressed with and without signal peptide for secretion in Nicotiana benthamiana and their effect on flg22-triggered and chitin-triggered reactive oxidative species (ROS) burst was monitored. To detect uptake, effector biotinylation by an intracellular Arabidopsis-produced biotin ligase was examined following root infection. Four effectors suppressed PTI signalling; two acted intracellularly and two apoplastically. Heterologous expression of a PTI-suppressing effector in Arabidopsis enhanced bacterial susceptibility. Consistent with an intracellular activity, host cell uptake of five effectors, but not of the apoplastically acting ones, was detected in Fo-infected Arabidopsis roots. Multiple Fo effectors targeted PTI signalling, uncovering a surprising overlap in infection strategies between foliar and root pathogens. Extracellular targeting of flg22 signalling by a microbial effector provides a new mechanism on how plant pathogens manipulate their host. Effector translocation appears independent of protein size, charge, presence of conserved motifs or the promoter driving its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Tintor
- Molecular Plant PathologySILSUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 942151090 GEAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Misha Paauw
- Molecular Plant PathologySILSUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 942151090 GEAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant PathologySILSUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 942151090 GEAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Frank L. W. Takken
- Molecular Plant PathologySILSUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 942151090 GEAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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Mentges M, Glasenapp A, Boenisch M, Malz S, Henrissat B, Frandsen RJ, Güldener U, Münsterkötter M, Bormann J, Lebrun M, Schäfer W, Martinez‐Rocha AL. Infection cushions of Fusarium graminearum are fungal arsenals for wheat infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1070-1087. [PMID: 32573086 PMCID: PMC7368127 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is one of the most destructive plant pathogens worldwide, causing fusarium head blight (FHB) on cereals. F. graminearum colonizes wheat plant surfaces with specialized unbranched hyphae called runner hyphae (RH), which develop multicelled complex appressoria called infection cushions (IC). IC generate multiple penetration sites, allowing the fungus to enter the plant cuticle. Complex infection structures are typical for several economically important plant pathogens, yet with unknown molecular basis. In this study, RH and IC formed on the surface of wheat paleae were isolated by laser capture microdissection. RNA-Seq-based transcriptomic analyses were performed on RH and IC and compared to mycelium grown in complete medium (MY). Both RH and IC displayed a high number of infection up-regulated genes (982), encoding, among others, carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes: 140), putative effectors (PE: 88), or secondary metabolism gene clusters (SMC: 12 of 67 clusters). RH specifically up-regulated one SMC corresponding to aurofusarin biosynthesis, a broad activity antibiotic. IC specifically up-regulated 248 genes encoding mostly putative virulence factors such as 7 SMC, including the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and the newly identified fusaoctaxin A, 33 PE, and 42 CAZymes. Furthermore, we studied selected candidate virulence factors using cellular biology and reverse genetics. Hence, our results demonstrate that IC accumulate an arsenal of proven and putative virulence factors to facilitate the invasion of epidermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mentges
- Molekulare PhytopathologieInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Anika Glasenapp
- Molekulare PhytopathologieInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Marike Boenisch
- Molekulare PhytopathologieInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Sascha Malz
- Molekulare PhytopathologieInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | | | - Rasmus J.N. Frandsen
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. LyngbyDenmark
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Department of BioinformaticsTechnical University of MunichTUM School of Life Sciences WeihenstephanFreisingGermany
| | - Martin Münsterkötter
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems BiologyMünchenGermany
- Present address:
Functional Genomics and BioinformaticsSopron UniversitySopronHungary
| | - Jörg Bormann
- Molekulare PhytopathologieInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | | | - Wilhelm Schäfer
- Molekulare PhytopathologieInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Ana Lilia Martinez‐Rocha
- Molekulare PhytopathologieInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
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Mukhi N, Gorenkin D, Banfield MJ. Exploring folds, evolution and host interactions: understanding effector structure/function in disease and immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:326-333. [PMID: 32239533 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in plant pathology, broadening our understanding of how pathogens colonize their hosts. To manipulate host cell physiology and subvert plant immune responses, pathogens secrete an array of effector proteins. A co-evolutionary arms-race drives the pathogen to constantly reinvent its effector repertoire to undermine plant immunity. In turn, hosts develop novel immune receptors to maintain effector recognition and mount defences. Understanding how effectors promote disease and how they are perceived by the plant's defence network persist as major subjects in the study of plant-pathogen interactions. Here, we focus on recent advances (over roughly the last two years) in understanding structure/function relationships in effectors from bacteria and filamentous plant pathogens. Structure/function studies of bacterial effectors frequently uncover diverse catalytic activities, while structure-informed similarity searches have enabled cataloguing of filamentous pathogen effectors. We also suggest how such advances have informed the study of plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Mukhi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Danylo Gorenkin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Mark J Banfield
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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MacWilliams JR, Dingwall S, Chesnais Q, Sugio A, Kaloshian I. AcDCXR Is a Cowpea Aphid Effector With Putative Roles in Altering Host Immunity and Physiology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:605. [PMID: 32499809 PMCID: PMC7243947 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata, is a crop that is essential to semiarid areas of the world like Sub-Sahara Africa. Cowpea is highly susceptible to cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora, infestation that can lead to major yield losses. Aphids feed on their host plant by inserting their hypodermal needlelike flexible stylets into the plant to reach the phloem sap. During feeding, aphids secrete saliva, containing effector proteins, into the plant to disrupt plant immune responses and alter the physiology of the plant to their own advantage. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to identify the salivary proteome of the cowpea aphid. About 150 candidate proteins were identified including diacetyl/L-xylulose reductase (DCXR), a novel enzyme previously unidentified in aphid saliva. DCXR is a member of short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases with dual enzymatic functions in carbohydrate and dicarbonyl metabolism. To assess whether cowpea aphid DCXR (AcDCXR) has similar functions, recombinant AcDCXR was purified and assayed enzymatically. For carbohydrate metabolism, the oxidation of xylitol to xylulose was tested. The dicarbonyl reaction involved the reduction of methylglyoxal, an α-β-dicarbonyl ketoaldehyde, known as an abiotic and biotic stress response molecule causing cytotoxicity at high concentrations. To assess whether cowpea aphids induce methylglyoxal in plants, we measured methylglyoxal levels in both cowpea and pea (Pisum sativum) plants and found them elevated transiently after aphid infestation. Agrobacterium-mediated transient overexpression of AcDCXR in pea resulted in an increase of cowpea aphid fecundity. Taken together, our results indicate that AcDCXR is an effector with a putative ability to generate additional sources of energy to the aphid and to alter plant defense responses. In addition, this work identified methylglyoxal as a potential novel aphid defense metabolite adding to the known repertoire of plant defenses against aphid pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R. MacWilliams
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie Dingwall
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | | | - Akiko Sugio
- INRAE, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
| | - Isgouhi Kaloshian
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Department of Nematology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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47
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Pelgrom AJE, Meisrimler CN, Elberse J, Koorman T, Boxem M, Van den Ackerveken G. Host interactors of effector proteins of the lettuce downy mildew Bremia lactucae obtained by yeast two-hybrid screening. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226540. [PMID: 32396563 PMCID: PMC7217486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogenic bacteria, fungi and oomycetes secrete effector proteins to manipulate host cell processes to establish a successful infection. Over the last decade the genomes and transcriptomes of many agriculturally important plant pathogens have been sequenced and vast candidate effector repertoires were identified using bioinformatic analyses. Elucidating the contribution of individual effectors to pathogenicity is the next major hurdle. To advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying lettuce susceptibility to the downy mildew Bremia lactucae, we mapped physical interactions between B. lactucae effectors and lettuce candidate target proteins. Using a lettuce cDNA library-based yeast-two-hybrid system, 61 protein-protein interactions were identified, involving 21 B. lactucae effectors and 46 unique lettuce proteins. The top ten interactors based on the number of independent colonies identified in the Y2H and two interactors that belong to gene families involved in plant immunity, were further characterized. We determined the subcellular localization of the fluorescently tagged lettuce proteins and their interacting effectors. Importantly, relocalization of effectors or their interactors to the nucleus was observed for four protein-pairs upon their co-expression, supporting their interaction in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J. E. Pelgrom
- Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joyce Elberse
- Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Koorman
- Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mike Boxem
- Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Zhou B, Benbow HR, Brennan CJ, Arunachalam C, Karki SJ, Mullins E, Feechan A, Burke JI, Doohan FM. Wheat Encodes Small, Secreted Proteins That Contribute to Resistance to Septoria Tritici Blotch. Front Genet 2020; 11:469. [PMID: 32477410 PMCID: PMC7235427 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During plant-pathogen interactions, pathogens secrete many rapidly evolving, small secreted proteins (SSPs) that can modify plant defense and permit pathogens to colonize plant tissue. The fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici is the causal agent of Septoria tritici blotch (STB), one of the most important foliar diseases of wheat, globally. Z. tritici is a strictly apoplastic pathogen that can secrete numerous proteins into the apoplast of wheat leaves to promote infection. We sought to determine if, during STB infection, wheat also secretes small proteins into the apoplast to mediate the recognition of pathogen proteins and/or induce defense responses. To explore this, we developed an SSP-discovery pipeline to identify small, secreted proteins from wheat genomic data. Using this pipeline, we identified 6,998 SSPs, representing 2.3% of all proteins encoded by the wheat genome. We then mined a microarray dataset, detailing a resistant and susceptible host response to STB, and identified 141 Z. tritici- responsive SSPs, representing 4.7% of all proteins encoded by Z. tritici - responsive genes. We demonstrate that a subset of these SSPs have a functional signal peptide and can interact with Z. tritici SSPs. Transiently silencing two of these wheat SSPs using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) shows an increase in susceptibility to STB, confirming their role in defense against Z. tritici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Zhou
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD O’Brien Centre for Science (East), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Harriet R. Benbow
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD O’Brien Centre for Science (East), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ciarán J. Brennan
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD O’Brien Centre for Science (East), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chanemougasoundharam Arunachalam
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD O’Brien Centre for Science (East), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sujit J. Karki
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ewen Mullins
- Department of Crop Science, Teagasc, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Angela Feechan
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James I. Burke
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona M. Doohan
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD O’Brien Centre for Science (East), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Zhao S, An B, Guo Y, Hou X, Luo H, He C, Wang Q. Label free proteomics and systematic analysis of secretome reveals effector candidates regulated by SGE1 and FTF1 in the plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:275. [PMID: 32245409 PMCID: PMC7119298 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6695-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytopathogens secreted effectors during host colonization to suppress or trigger plant immunity. Identification of new effectors is one of the research focuses in recent years. There is only a limited knowledge about effectors of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4), the causal agent of wilt disease in Cavendish banana. RESULTS Two transcription factors, SGE1 and FTF1, were constitutively over-expressed in Foc TR4 to partially mimic the in-planta state. Secreted proteins with high purity were prepared through a two-round extraction method. Then the secretome were analyzed via label free proteomics method. A total of 919 non-redundant proteins were detected, of which 74 proteins were predicted to be effector candidates. Among these candidates, 29 were up-regulated and 13 down-regulated in the strain over-expressing SGE1 and FTF1, 8 were up-regulated and 4 down-regulated in either SGE1 or FTF1 over expression strain. CONCLUSIONS Through label free proteomics analysis, a series of effector candidates were identified in secretome of Foc TR4. Our work put a foundation for functional research of these effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixue Zhao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Bang An
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Guo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingrong Hou
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, Hainan, 572022, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongli Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaozu He
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiannan Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China.
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50
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Abstract
Many filamentous pathogens invade plant cells through specialized hyphae called haustoria. These infection structures are enveloped by a newly synthesized plant-derived membrane called the extrahaustorial membrane (EHM). This specialized membrane is the ultimate interface between the plant and pathogen, and is key to the success or failure of infection. Strikingly, the EHM is reminiscent of host-derived membrane interfaces that engulf intracellular metazoan parasites. These perimicrobial interfaces are critical sites where pathogens facilitate nutrient uptake and deploy virulence factors to disarm cellular defenses mounted by their hosts. Although the mechanisms underlying the biogenesis and functions of these host-microbe interfaces are poorly understood, recent studies have provided new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. In this Cell Science at a Glance and the accompanying poster, we summarize these recent advances with a specific focus on the haustorial interfaces associated with filamentous plant pathogens. We highlight the progress in the field that fundamentally underpin this research topic. Furthermore, we relate our knowledge of plant-filamentous pathogen interfaces to those generated by other plant-associated organisms. Finally, we compare the similarities between host-pathogen interfaces in plants and animals, and emphasize the key questions in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga O Bozkurt
- Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences, London, UK
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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