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Timofeeva AM, Shayakhmetova LS, Nikitin AO, Sedykh TA, Matveev AL, Shanshin DV, Volosnikova EA, Merkuleva IA, Shcherbakov DN, Tikunova NV, Sedykh SE, Nevinsky GA. Natural Antibodies Produced in Vaccinated Patients and COVID-19 Convalescents Hydrolyze Recombinant RBD and Nucleocapsid (N) Proteins. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1007. [PMID: 38790969 PMCID: PMC11118737 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are protein molecules whose primary function is to recognize antigens. However, recent studies have demonstrated their ability to hydrolyze specific substrates, such as proteins, oligopeptides, and nucleic acids. In 2023, two separate teams of researchers demonstrated the proteolytic activity of natural plasma antibodies from COVID-19 convalescents. These antibodies were found to hydrolyze the S-protein and corresponding oligopeptides. Our study shows that for antibodies with affinity to recombinant structural proteins of the SARS-CoV-2: S-protein, its fragment RBD and N-protein can only hydrolyze the corresponding protein substrates and are not cross-reactive. By using strict criteria, we have confirmed that this proteolytic activity is an intrinsic property of antibodies and is not caused by impurities co-eluting with them. This discovery suggests that natural proteolytic antibodies that hydrolyze proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus may have a positive impact on disease pathogenesis. It is also possible for these antibodies to work in combination with other antibodies that bind specific epitopes to enhance the process of virus neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Timofeeva
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia (S.E.S.)
- Advanced Engineering School, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Artem O. Nikitin
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia (S.E.S.)
- Advanced Engineering School, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatyana A. Sedykh
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia (S.E.S.)
| | - Andrey L. Matveev
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia (S.E.S.)
| | - Daniil V. Shanshin
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia (D.N.S.)
| | | | - Iuliia A. Merkuleva
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia (D.N.S.)
| | - Dmitriy N. Shcherbakov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia (D.N.S.)
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Altay State University, 656049 Barnaul, Russia
| | - Nina V. Tikunova
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia (S.E.S.)
- Advanced Engineering School, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey E. Sedykh
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia (S.E.S.)
- Advanced Engineering School, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Georgy A. Nevinsky
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia (S.E.S.)
- Advanced Engineering School, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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2
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McConnell SA, Sachithanandham J, Mudrak NJ, Zhu X, Farhang PA, Cordero RJB, Wear MP, Shapiro JR, Park HS, Klein SL, Tobian AAR, Bloch EM, Sullivan DJ, Pekosz A, Casadevall A. Spike-protein proteolytic antibodies in COVID-19 convalescent plasma contribute to SARS-CoV-2 neutralization. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:726-738.e4. [PMID: 37354908 PMCID: PMC10288624 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 is critical in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on previous reports of antibody catalysis, we investigated the proteolysis of spike (S) by antibodies in COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) and its contribution to viral neutralization. Quenched fluorescent peptides were designed based on S epitopes to sensitively detect antibody-mediated proteolysis. We observed epitope cleavage by CCP from different donors which persisted when plasma was heat-treated or when IgG was isolated from plasma. Further, purified CCP antibodies proteolyzed recombinant S domains, as well as authentic viral S. Cleavage of S variants suggests CCP antibody-mediated proteolysis is a durable phenomenon despite antigenic drift. We differentiated viral neutralization occurring via direct interference with receptor binding from that occurring by antibody-mediated proteolysis, demonstrating that antibody catalysis enhanced neutralization. These results suggest that antibody-catalyzed damage of S is an immunologically relevant function of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A McConnell
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jaiprasath Sachithanandham
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nathan J Mudrak
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xianming Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Parsa Alba Farhang
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Radames J B Cordero
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Maggie P Wear
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Janna R Shapiro
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Han-Sol Park
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - David J Sullivan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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3
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Liang J, Tran VNN, Hemez C, Abel Zur Wiesch P. Current Approaches of Building Mechanistic Pharmacodynamic Drug-Target Binding Models. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2385:1-17. [PMID: 34888713 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1767-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic pharmacodynamic models that incorporate the binding kinetics of drug-target interactions have several advantages in understanding target engagement and the efficacy of a drug dose. However, guidelines on how to build and interpret mechanistic pharmacodynamic drug-target binding models considering both biological and computational factors are still missing in the literature. In this chapter, current approaches of building mechanistic PD models and their advantages are discussed. We also present a methodology on how to select a suitable model considering both biological and computational perspectives, as well as summarize the challenges of current mechanistic PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Vi Ngoc-Nha Tran
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Colin Hemez
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pia Abel Zur Wiesch
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, Blindern, Oslo, Norway.
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4
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Capraz T, Kienzl NF, Laurent E, Perthold JW, Föderl-Höbenreich E, Grünwald-Gruber C, Maresch D, Monteil V, Niederhöfer J, Wirnsberger G, Mirazimi A, Zatloukal K, Mach L, Penninger JM, Oostenbrink C, Stadlmann J. Structure-guided glyco-engineering of ACE2 for improved potency as soluble SARS-CoV-2 decoy receptor. eLife 2021; 10:e73641. [PMID: 34927585 PMCID: PMC8730730 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection and viral entry of SARS-CoV-2 crucially depends on the binding of its Spike protein to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) presented on host cells. Glycosylation of both proteins is critical for this interaction. Recombinant soluble human ACE2 can neutralize SARS-CoV-2 and is currently undergoing clinical tests for the treatment of COVID-19. We used 3D structural models and molecular dynamics simulations to define the ACE2 N-glycans that critically influence Spike-ACE2 complex formation. Engineering of ACE2 N-glycosylation by site-directed mutagenesis or glycosidase treatment resulted in enhanced binding affinities and improved virus neutralization without notable deleterious effects on the structural stability and catalytic activity of the protein. Importantly, simultaneous removal of all accessible N-glycans from recombinant soluble human ACE2 yields a superior SARS-CoV-2 decoy receptor with promise as effective treatment for COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tümay Capraz
- Institute for Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)ViennaAustria
| | - Nikolaus F Kienzl
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)ViennaAustria
| | - Elisabeth Laurent
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Core Facility Biomolecular & Cellular Analysis, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)ViennaAustria
| | - Jan W Perthold
- Institute for Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)ViennaAustria
| | | | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Vanessa Monteil
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Laboratory MedicineStockholmSweden
| | | | | | - Ali Mirazimi
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Laboratory MedicineStockholmSweden
- National Veterinary InstituteUppsalaSweden
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Lukas Mach
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)ViennaAustria
| | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA - Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. BohrViennaAustria
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Institute for Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)ViennaAustria
| | - Johannes Stadlmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
- IMBA - Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. BohrViennaAustria
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5
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Mast FD, Fridy PC, Ketaren NE, Wang J, Jacobs EY, Olivier JP, Sanyal T, Molloy KR, Schmidt F, Rutkowska M, Weisblum Y, Rich LM, Vanderwall ER, Dambrauskas N, Vigdorovich V, Keegan S, Jiler JB, Stein ME, Olinares PDB, Herlands L, Hatziioannou T, Sather DN, Debley JS, Fenyö D, Sali A, Bieniasz PD, Aitchison JD, Chait BT, Rout MP. Highly synergistic combinations of nanobodies that target SARS-CoV-2 and are resistant to escape. eLife 2021; 10:e73027. [PMID: 34874007 PMCID: PMC8651292 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants threatens current vaccines and therapeutic antibodies and urgently demands powerful new therapeutics that can resist viral escape. We therefore generated a large nanobody repertoire to saturate the distinct and highly conserved available epitope space of SARS-CoV-2 spike, including the S1 receptor binding domain, N-terminal domain, and the S2 subunit, to identify new nanobody binding sites that may reflect novel mechanisms of viral neutralization. Structural mapping and functional assays show that indeed these highly stable monovalent nanobodies potently inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection, display numerous neutralization mechanisms, are effective against emerging variants of concern, and are resistant to mutational escape. Rational combinations of these nanobodies that bind to distinct sites within and between spike subunits exhibit extraordinary synergy and suggest multiple tailored therapeutic and prophylactic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred D Mast
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Peter C Fridy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Natalia E Ketaren
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Junjie Wang
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Erica Y Jacobs
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Chemistry, St. John’s UniversityQueensUnited States
| | - Jean Paul Olivier
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Tanmoy Sanyal
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Kelly R Molloy
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Fabian Schmidt
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Magdalena Rutkowska
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Yiska Weisblum
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Lucille M Rich
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Elizabeth R Vanderwall
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Nicholas Dambrauskas
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Vladimir Vigdorovich
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Sarah Keegan
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Jacob B Jiler
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Milana E Stein
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Paul Dominic B Olinares
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | | | | | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research InstituteSeattleUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Jason S Debley
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research InstituteSeattleUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Seattle Children’s HospitalSeattleUnited States
| | - David Fenyö
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Andrej Sali
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - John D Aitchison
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research InstituteSeattleUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Brian T Chait
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Michael P Rout
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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6
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Manenti A, Molesti E, Maggetti M, Torelli A, Lapini G, Montomoli E. The theory and practice of the viral dose in neutralization assay: Insights on SARS-CoV-2 "doublethink" effect. J Virol Methods 2021; 297:114261. [PMID: 34403775 PMCID: PMC8364219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The neutralization assays are considered the gold-standard being capable of evaluating and detecting, functional antibodies. To date, many different protocols exist for micro-neutralization (MN) assay which varies in several steps: cell number and seeding conditions, virus amount used in the infection step, virus-serum-cells incubation time and read out. The aim of the present preliminary study was to carry out SARS-CoV-2 wild type MN assay in order to investigate which optimal tissue culture infective dose 50 (TCID50) infective dose in use is the most adequate choice for implementation in terms of reproducibility, standardization possibilities and comparability of results. Therefore, we assessed the MN by using two viral infective doses: the “standard” dose of 100 TCID50/well and a reduced dose of 25 TCID50/well. The results obtained, yielded by MN on using the lower infective dose (25 TCID50), were higher respect to those obtained with the standard infective dose. This suggests that the lower dose can potentially have a positive impact on the detection and estimation of real amount of neutralizing antibodies present in a given sample, showing higher sensitivity maintaining high specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi s.r.l., Siena, Italy; VisMederi Research s.r.l., Siena, Italy; Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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7
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Mast FD, Fridy PC, Ketaren NE, Wang J, Jacobs EY, Olivier JP, Sanyal T, Molloy KR, Schmidt F, Rutkowska M, Weisblum Y, Rich LM, Vanderwall ER, Dambrauskas N, Vigdorovich V, Keegan S, Jiler JB, Stein ME, Olinares PDB, Hatziioannou T, Sather DN, Debley JS, Fenyö D, Sali A, Bieniasz PD, Aitchison JD, Chait BT, Rout MP. Nanobody Repertoires for Exposing Vulnerabilities of SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.04.08.438911. [PMID: 33851164 PMCID: PMC8043454 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.08.438911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the great promise of vaccines, the COVID-19 pandemic is ongoing and future serious outbreaks are highly likely, so that multi-pronged containment strategies will be required for many years. Nanobodies are the smallest naturally occurring single domain antigen binding proteins identified to date, possessing numerous properties advantageous to their production and use. We present a large repertoire of high affinity nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein with excellent kinetic and viral neutralization properties, which can be strongly enhanced with oligomerization. This repertoire samples the epitope landscape of the Spike ectodomain inside and outside the receptor binding domain, recognizing a multitude of distinct epitopes and revealing multiple neutralization targets of pseudoviruses and authentic SARS-CoV-2, including in primary human airway epithelial cells. Combinatorial nanobody mixtures show highly synergistic activities, and are resistant to mutational escape and emerging viral variants of concern. These nanobodies establish an exceptional resource for superior COVID-19 prophylactics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred D Mast
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter C Fridy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Natalia E Ketaren
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Junjie Wang
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Erica Y Jacobs
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jean Paul Olivier
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tanmoy Sanyal
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, Byers Hall, 1700 4th Street, Suite 503B, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kelly R Molloy
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Fabian Schmidt
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Magda Rutkowska
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Yiska Weisblum
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Lucille M Rich
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Vanderwall
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicolas Dambrauskas
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Vladimir Vigdorovich
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sarah Keegan
- Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacob B Jiler
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Milana E Stein
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Paul Dominic B Olinares
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Theodora Hatziioannou
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jason S Debley
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David Fenyö
- Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrej Sali
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, Byers Hall, 1700 4th Street, Suite 503B, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - John D Aitchison
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brian T Chait
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Michael P Rout
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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8
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Clarelli F, Liang J, Martinecz A, Heiland I, Abel Zur Wiesch P. Multi-scale modeling of drug binding kinetics to predict drug efficacy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:381-394. [PMID: 31768605 PMCID: PMC7010620 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Optimizing drug therapies for any disease requires a solid understanding of pharmacokinetics (the drug concentration at a given time point in different body compartments) and pharmacodynamics (the effect a drug has at a given concentration). Mathematical models are frequently used to infer drug concentrations over time based on infrequent sampling and/or in inaccessible body compartments. Models are also used to translate drug action from in vitro to in vivo conditions or from animal models to human patients. Recently, mathematical models that incorporate drug-target binding and subsequent downstream responses have been shown to advance our understanding and increase predictive power of drug efficacy predictions. We here discuss current approaches of modeling drug binding kinetics that aim at improving model-based drug development in the future. This in turn might aid in reducing the large number of failed clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Clarelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jingyi Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Antal Martinecz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ines Heiland
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pia Abel Zur Wiesch
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, Blindern, P.O. Box 1137, 0318, Oslo, Norway.
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9
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Lourenço J, Tennant W, Faria NR, Walker A, Gupta S, Recker M. Challenges in dengue research: A computational perspective. Evol Appl 2018; 11:516-533. [PMID: 29636803 PMCID: PMC5891037 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The dengue virus is now the most widespread arbovirus affecting human populations, causing significant economic and social impact in South America and South-East Asia. Increasing urbanization and globalization, coupled with insufficient resources for control, misguided policies or lack of political will, and expansion of its mosquito vectors are some of the reasons why interventions have so far failed to curb this major public health problem. Computational approaches have elucidated on dengue's population dynamics with the aim to provide not only a better understanding of the evolution and epidemiology of the virus but also robust intervention strategies. It is clear, however, that these have been insufficient to address key aspects of dengue's biology, many of which will play a crucial role for the success of future control programmes, including vaccination. Within a multiscale perspective on this biological system, with the aim of linking evolutionary, ecological and epidemiological thinking, as well as to expand on classic modelling assumptions, we here propose, discuss and exemplify a few major computational avenues-real-time computational analysis of genetic data, phylodynamic modelling frameworks, within-host model frameworks and GPU-accelerated computing. We argue that these emerging approaches should offer valuable research opportunities over the coming years, as previously applied and demonstrated in the context of other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Warren Tennant
- Centre for Mathematics and the EnvironmentUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
| | | | | | | | - Mario Recker
- Centre for Mathematics and the EnvironmentUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
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10
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Brandenberg OF, Magnus C, Rusert P, Günthard HF, Regoes RR, Trkola A. Predicting HIV-1 transmission and antibody neutralization efficacy in vivo from stoichiometric parameters. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006313. [PMID: 28472201 PMCID: PMC5417720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting the HIV-1 envelope trimer to prevent HIV-1 transmission has opened new avenues for therapies and vaccines. However, their implementation remains challenging and would profit from a deepened mechanistic understanding of HIV-antibody interactions and the mucosal transmission process. In this study we experimentally determined stoichiometric parameters of the HIV-1 trimer-antibody interaction, confirming that binding of one antibody is sufficient for trimer neutralization. This defines numerical requirements for HIV-1 virion neutralization and thereby enables mathematical modelling of in vitro and in vivo antibody neutralization efficacy. The model we developed accurately predicts antibody efficacy in animal passive immunization studies and provides estimates for protective mucosal antibody concentrations. Furthermore, we derive estimates of the probability for a single virion to start host infection and the risks of male-to-female HIV-1 transmission per sexual intercourse. Our work thereby delivers comprehensive quantitative insights into both the molecular principles governing HIV-antibody interactions and the initial steps of mucosal HIV-1 transmission. These insights, alongside the underlying, adaptable modelling framework presented here, will be valuable for supporting in silico pre-trial planning and post-hoc evaluation of HIV-1 vaccination or antibody treatment trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carsten Magnus
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rusert
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F. Günthard
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland R. Regoes
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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11
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Regoes RR, Magnus C. The role of chance in primate lentiviral infectivity: from protomer to host organism. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 129:327-51. [PMID: 25595809 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Infection is best described as a stochastic process. Whether a host becomes infected upon exposure has a strong random element. The same applies to cells exposed to virions. In this review, we show how the mathematical formalism for stochastic processes has been used to describe and understand the infection by the Human and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus on different levels. We survey quantitative studies on the establishment of infection in the host (the organismal level) and on the infection of target cells (the cellular and molecular level). We then discuss how a synthesis of the approaches across these levels could give rise to a predictive framework for assessing the efficacy of microbicides and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland R Regoes
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Carsten Magnus
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Mathematical model of multivalent virus-antibody complex formation in humans following acute and chronic HIV infections. J Math Biol 2014; 71:513-32. [PMID: 25190279 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-014-0826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies that bind viral surface proteins can limit the spread of the infection through neutralizing and non-neutralizing functions. During both acute and chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection, antibody-virion immune complexes are formed, but fail to ensure protection. In this study, we develop a mathematical model of multivalent antibody binding and use it to determine the dynamical interactions that lead to immune complexes formation and the role of complexes with increased numbers of bound antibodies in the pathogenesis of the disease. We compare our predictions with published temporal virus and immune complex data from acute infected patients. Finally, we derive quantitative and qualitative conditions needed for antibody-induced protection.
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13
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Ciupe SM, Ribeiro RM, Perelson AS. Antibody responses during hepatitis B viral infection. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003730. [PMID: 25078553 PMCID: PMC4117427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B is a DNA virus that infects liver cells and can cause both acute and chronic disease. It is believed that both viral and host factors are responsible for determining whether the infection is cleared or becomes chronic. Here we investigate the mechanism of protection by developing a mathematical model of the antibody response following hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We fitted the model to data from seven infected adults identified during acute infection and determined the ability of the virus to escape neutralization through overproduction of non-infectious subviral particles, which have HBs proteins on their surface, but do not contain nucleocapsid protein and viral nucleic acids. We showed that viral clearance can be achieved for high anti-HBV antibody levels, as in vaccinated individuals, when: (1) the rate of synthesis of hepatitis B subviral particles is slow; (2) the rate of synthesis of hepatitis B subviral particles is high but either anti-HBV antibody production is fast, the antibody affinity is high, or the levels of pre-existent HBV-specific antibody at the time of infection are high, as could be attained by vaccination. We further showed that viral clearance can be achieved for low equilibrium anti-HBV antibody levels, as in unvaccinated individuals, when a strong cellular immune response controls early infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanca M. Ciupe
- Department of Mathematics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ruy M. Ribeiro
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Alan S. Perelson
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
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14
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Modeling neutralization kinetics of HIV by broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in genital secretions coating the cervicovaginal mucosa. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100598. [PMID: 24967706 PMCID: PMC4072659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAb) in cervicovaginal mucus (CVM) represents a promising "first line of defense" strategy to reduce vaginal HIV transmission. However, it remains unclear what levels of bnAb must be present in CVM to effectively reduce infection. We approached this complex question by modeling the dynamic tally of bnAb coverage on HIV. This analysis introduces a critical, timescale-dependent competition: to protect, bnAb must accumulate at sufficient stoichiometry to neutralize HIV faster than virions penetrate CVM and reach target cells. We developed a model that incorporates concentrations and diffusivities of HIV and bnAb in semen and CVM, kinetic rates for binding (kon) and unbinding (koff) of select bnAb, and physiologically relevant thicknesses of CVM and semen layers. Comprehensive model simulations lead to robust conclusions about neutralization kinetics in CVM. First, due to the limited time virions in semen need to penetrate CVM, substantially greater bnAb concentrations than in vitro estimates must be present in CVM to neutralize HIV. Second, the model predicts that bnAb with more rapid kon, almost independent of koff, should offer greater neutralization potency in vivo. These findings suggest the fastest arriving virions at target cells present the greatest likelihood of infection. It also implies the marked improvements in in vitro neutralization potency of many recently discovered bnAb may not translate to comparable reduction in the bnAb dose needed to confer protection against initial vaginal infections. Our modeling framework offers a valuable tool to gaining quantitative insights into the dynamics of mucosal immunity against HIV and other infectious diseases.
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15
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Zhdanov VP. Physical aspects of the initial phase of endocytosis. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 88:064701. [PMID: 24483591 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.064701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The endocytotic mechanism of entry of virions into cells includes wrapping of a virion by the host membrane with subsequent formation of a vesicle covering a virion. The energy along this pathway depends on the ligand-receptor interaction and deformation of the cell membrane and underlying actin cytoskeleton. The available models describe the cytoskeleton deformation by using the conventional continuum theory of elasticity and predict that this factor often controls the repulsive part of the virion-cell interaction. This approach is, however, debatable because the size of virions is smaller than or comparable to the length scale characterizing the cytoskeleton structure. The author shows that the continuum theory appreciably (up to one order of magnitude) overestimates the cytoskeleton-deformation energy and that the scale of this energy is comparable to that of cell membrane bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir P Zhdanov
- Division of Biological Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, S-41296 Göteborg, Sweden and Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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