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Al-Bakry D, Athaide CE, Pathmarajan R, Kuhn T, Middleton LE, Au JS. Short-term vascular responses to spring and fall daylight savings time shifts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H1138-H1145. [PMID: 38426867 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00034.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Daylight saving time (DST) is a Western biannual time transition, setting the clock back 1 h in the fall and forward 1 h in the spring. There is an epidemiological link between DST and acute myocardial infarction risk in the first week following the spring shift; however, the mechanisms underlying the effect of DST on cardiovascular function remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the short-term cardiovascular changes induced by fall and spring shifts in DST in a convenience sample of healthy adults. We hypothesized that spring, but not fall, DST shifts would acutely increase central pulse wave velocity, the gold standard measurement of central arterial stiffness. Twenty-one individuals (fall: n = 10; spring: n = 11) participated in four visits, occurring 1 wk before and at +1, +3, and +5 days after spring and fall time transitions. Central, brachial, and radial pulse wave velocity as well as carotid augmentation index were assessed with applanation tonometry. Sleep quality and memory function were assessed via questionnaire and the Mnemonic Similarities Task, respectively. Neither fall or spring transition resulted in changes to cardiovascular variables (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, carotid-brachial pulse wave velocity, carotid-radial pulse wave velocity, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, or augmentation index), sleep quality, or cognitive function (all P > 0.05). Our findings do not provide evidence that DST shifts influence cardiovascular outcomes in healthy adults. This study emphasizes the need for further research to determine the mechanisms of increased cardiovascular disease risk with DST that help explain epidemiological trends.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The debate of whether to abolish daylight savings time (DST) is, in part, motivated by the population-level increase in all-cause mortality and incidence of cardiovascular events following DST; however, there is an absence of data to support a physiological basis for risk. We found no changes in pulse wave velocity or augmentation index during the subacute window of DST. Large multisite trials are necessary to address the small, but meaningful, effects brought on by a societal event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara Al-Bakry
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Chloe E Athaide
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Rishiga Pathmarajan
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Tara Kuhn
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Laura E Middleton
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Jason S Au
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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2
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Zhao S, Cao W, Liao G, Guo Z, Xu L, Shen C, Chang C, Liang X, Wang K, He D, Sun S, Chen R, Dominici F. All cause and cause specific mortality associated with transition to daylight saving time in US: nationwide, time series, observational study. BMJ MEDICINE 2024; 3:e000771. [PMID: 38464392 PMCID: PMC10921520 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmed-2023-000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Objectives To estimate the association between the transition to daylight saving time and the risks of all cause and cause specific mortality in the US. Design Nationwide time series observational study based on weekly data. Setting US state level mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics, with death counts from 50 US states and the District of Columbia, from the start of 2015 to the end of 2019. Population 13 912 837 reported deaths in the US. Main outcome measures Weekly counts of mortality for any cause, and for Alzheimer's disease, dementia, circulatory diseases, malignant neoplasms, and respiratory diseases. Results During the study period, 13 912 837 deaths were reported. The analysis found no evidence of an association between the transition to spring daylight saving time (when clocks are set forward by one hour on the second Sunday of March) and the risk of all cause mortality during the first eight weeks after the transition (rate ratio 1.003, 95% confidence interval 0.987 to 1.020). Autumn daylight saving time is defined in this study as the time when the clocks are set back by one hour (ie, return to standard time) on the first Sunday of November. Evidence indicating a substantial decrease in the risk of all cause mortality during the first eight weeks after the transition to autumn daylight saving time (0.974, 0.958 to 0.990). Overall, when considering the transition to both spring and autumn daylight saving time, no evidence of any effect of daylight saving time on all cause mortality was found (0.988, 0.972 to 1.005). These patterns of changes in mortality rates associated with transition to daylight saving time were consistent for Alzheimer's disease, dementia, circulatory diseases, malignant neoplasms, and respiratory diseases. The protective effect of the transition to autumn daylight saving time on the risk of mortality was more pronounced in elderly people aged ≥75 years, in the non-Hispanic white population, and in those residing in the eastern time zone. Conclusions In this study, transition to daylight saving time was found to affect mortality patterns in the US, but an association with additional deaths overall was not found. These findings might inform the ongoing debate on the policy of shifting daylight saving time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhao
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wangnan Cao
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Gengze Liao
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zihao Guo
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lufei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Human Resources, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Shen
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chun Chang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shengzhi Sun
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Chen
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Francesca Dominici
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Satterfield BA, Dikilitas O, Van Houten H, Yao X, Gersh BJ. Daylight Saving Time Practice and the Rate of Adverse Cardiovascular Events in the United States: A Probabilistic Assessment in a Large Nationwide Study. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes 2024; 8:45-52. [PMID: 38274333 PMCID: PMC10809088 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated the association of daylight saving time (DST) transitions with the rates of adverse cardiovascular events in a large, US-based nationwide study. The study cohort included 36,116,951 unique individuals from deidentified administrative claims data of the OptumLabs Data Warehouse. There were 74,722 total adverse cardiovascular events during DST transition and the control weeks (2 weeks before and after) in spring and autumn of 2015-2019. We used Bayesian hierarchical Poisson regression models to estimate event rate ratios representing the ratio of composite adverse cardiovascular event rates between DST transition and control weeks. There was an average increase of 3% (95% uncertainty interval, -3% to -10%) and 4% (95% uncertainty interval, -2% to -12%) in adverse cardiovascular event rates during Monday and Friday of the spring DST transition, respectively. The probability of this being associated with a moderate-to-large increase in the event rates (estimate event rate ratio, >1.10) was estimated to be less than 6% for Monday and Friday, and less than 1% for the remaining days. During autumn DST transition, the probability of any decrease in adverse cardiovascular event rates was estimated to be less than 46% and a moderate-to-large decrease in the event rates to be less than 4% across all days. Results were similar when adjusted by age. In conclusion, spring DST transition had a suggestive association with a minor increase in adverse cardiovascular event rates but with a very low estimated probability to be of clinical importance. Our findings suggest that DST transitions are unlikely to meaningfully impact the rate of cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ozan Dikilitas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Holly Van Houten
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- OptumLabs, Minnetonka, MN
| | - Xiaoxi Yao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Bernard J. Gersh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Rishi MA, Cheng JY, Strang AR, Sexton-Radek K, Ganguly G, Licis A, Flynn-Evans EE, Berneking MW, Bhui R, Creamer J, Kundel V, Namen AM, Spector AR, Olaoye O, Hashmi SD, Abbasi-Feinberg F, Abreu AR, Gurubhagavatula I, Kapur VK, Kuhlmann D, Martin J, Olson E, Patil S, Rowley J, Shelgikar A, Trotti LM, Wickwire EM, Sullivan SS. Permanent standard time is the optimal choice for health and safety: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement. J Clin Sleep Med 2024; 20:121-125. [PMID: 37904574 PMCID: PMC10758561 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.10898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
The period of the year from spring to fall, when clocks in most parts of the United States are set one hour ahead of standard time, is called daylight saving time, and its beginning and ending dates and times are set by federal law. The human biological clock is regulated by the timing of light and darkness, which then dictates sleep and wake rhythms. In daily life, the timing of exposure to light is generally linked to the social clock. When the solar clock is misaligned with the social clock, desynchronization occurs between the internal circadian rhythm and the social clock. The yearly change between standard time and daylight saving time introduces this misalignment, which has been associated with risks to physical and mental health and safety, as well as risks to public health. In 2020, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) published a position statement advocating for the elimination of seasonal time changes, suggesting that evidence best supports the adoption of year-round standard time. This updated statement cites new evidence and support for permanent standard time. It is the position of the AASM that the United States should eliminate seasonal time changes in favor of permanent standard time, which aligns best with human circadian biology. Evidence supports the distinct benefits of standard time for health and safety, while also underscoring the potential harms that result from seasonal time changes to and from daylight saving time. CITATION Rishi MA, Cheng JY, Strang AR, et al. Permanent standard time is the optimal choice for health and safety: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement. J Clin Sleep Med. 2024;20(1):121-125.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abigail R. Strang
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Nemours Children’s Hospital, Wilmington, Delaware
| | | | - Gautam Ganguly
- Neurology Consultants Medical Group, Whittier, California
| | - Amy Licis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Erin E. Flynn-Evans
- Fatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, Human Systems Integration Division, NASA Ames Research
| | | | - Raj Bhui
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jennifer Creamer
- Sleep Disorders Center at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Vaishnavi Kundel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Andrew R. Spector
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | - Alexandre Rocha Abreu
- Miller School of Medicine/Universisty of Miami UHealth Sleep Program, Miami, Florida
| | - Indira Gurubhagavatula
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vishesh K. Kapur
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - David Kuhlmann
- Sleep Medicine, Bothwell Regional Health Center, Sedalia, Missouri
| | - Jennifer Martin
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, California
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eric Olson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Susheel Patil
- Sleep Medicine Program, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - James Rowley
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anita Shelgikar
- University of Michigan Sleep Disorders Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lynn Marie Trotti
- Emory Sleep Center and Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Emerson M. Wickwire
- Sleep Disorders Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shannon S. Sullivan
- Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
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Reis DJ, Yen P, Tizenberg B, Gottipati A, Postolache SY, De Riggs D, Nance M, Dagdag A, Plater L, Federline A, Grassmeyer R, Dagdag A, Akram F, Ozorio Dutra SV, Gragnoli C, RachBeisel JA, Volkov J, Bahraini NH, Stiller JW, Brenner LA, Postolache TT. Longitude-based time zone partitions and rates of suicide. J Affect Disord 2023; 339:933-942. [PMID: 37481129 PMCID: PMC10870927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that conditions with decreased morning and increased evening light exposure, including shift work, daylight-saving time, and eveningness, are associated with elevated mortality and suicide risk. Given that the alignment between the astronomical, biological, and social time varies across a time zone, with later-shifted daylight exposure in the western partition, we hypothesized that western time zone partitions would have higher suicide rates than eastern partitions. METHODS United States (U.S.) county-level suicide and demographic data, from 2010 to 2018, were obtained from a Centers for Disease Control database. Using longitude and latitude, counties were sorted into the western, middle, or eastern partition of their respective time zones, as well as the northern and southern halves of the U.S. Linear regressions were used to estimate the associations between suicide rates and time zone partitions, adjusting for gender, race, ethnicity, age group, and unemployment rates. RESULTS Data were available for 2872 counties. Across the U.S., western partitions had statistically significantly higher rates of suicide compared to eastern partitions and averaged up to two additional yearly deaths per 100,000 people (p < .001). LIMITATIONS Ecological design and limited adjustment for socioeconomic factors. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study of the relationship between longitude-based time zone partitions and suicide. The results were consistent with the hypothesized elevated suicide rates in the western partitions, and concordant with previous reports on cancer mortality and transportation fatalities. The next step is to retest the hypothesis with individual-level data, accounting for latitude, photoperiodic changes, daylight-saving time, geoclimatic variables, physical and mental health indicators, as well as socioeconomic adversity and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Reis
- VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center for Veteran Suicide Prevention, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Poyu Yen
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Boris Tizenberg
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anurag Gottipati
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sonia Y Postolache
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Demitria De Riggs
- VISN 5 Capitol Health Care Network Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Morgan Nance
- VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center for Veteran Suicide Prevention, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alexandra Dagdag
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lynn Plater
- VISN 5 Capitol Health Care Network Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Federline
- VISN 5 Capitol Health Care Network Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Riley Grassmeyer
- VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center for Veteran Suicide Prevention, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aline Dagdag
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Faisal Akram
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Psychiatry Residency Training, Saint Elizabeth's Hospital, Department of Behavioral Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Claudia Gragnoli
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jill A RachBeisel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janna Volkov
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Psychiatry Residency Training, Saint Elizabeth's Hospital, Department of Behavioral Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nazanin H Bahraini
- VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center for Veteran Suicide Prevention, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John W Stiller
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Saint Elizabeth's Hospital, Neurology Consultation Service, Washington, DC, USA; Maryland State Athletic Commission, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lisa A Brenner
- VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center for Veteran Suicide Prevention, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Denver, CO, USA
| | - Teodor T Postolache
- VA Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center for Veteran Suicide Prevention, Aurora, CO, USA; Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; VISN 5 Capitol Health Care Network Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Denver, CO, USA
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6
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Zhou R, Li Y. Traffic crash changes following transitions between daylight saving time and standard time in the United States: New evidence for public policy making. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2022; 83:119-127. [PMID: 36481003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined the impact of daylight saving time changes on traffic crashes in the United States. Using a data-driven regression analysis approach, the study analyzed 2014-2016 crash data from six states spanning all four major time zones in the contiguous United States. METHOD The researchers developed regression models for a number of analysis scenarios and by days of week separately. Based on the crash data, the team used an eight-week impact period for the spring time change and a four-week impact period for the fall time change. RESULTS The regression analysis showed that the spring time change was followed by an overall crash reduction of 18% during the eight-week period immediately after the time change, with a considerably higher crash reduction for freeway crashes (24%), rural crashes (24%), or non-intersection crashes (21%). The time change back to SDT in fall was followed by a 6% overall crash increase during the following four weeks, with considerably higher increases for freeway crashes (15%), non-intersection crashes (9%), nighttime crashes (28%), single-vehicle crashes (28%), and crashes in urban areas (12%). This study provides additional insights, including in many cases more comprehensive knowledge on how the changes to and from DST each year affect roadway traffic crashes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The findings of this project further add to the current understanding on how the time changes affect public health in the form of traffic crashes. They also serve as additional evidence for public policy makers to better weigh the benefits and impacts associated with the time changes in the United States for relevant policy makings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihong Zhou
- College of Foreign Languages, Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics, China; Russian Department of Literature Studies, National University of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan.
| | - Yingfeng Li
- Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, 3500 Transportation Research Plaza, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
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Lévy L, Robine JM, Rey G, Méndez Turrubiates RF, Quijal-Zamorano M, Achebak H, Ballester J, Rodó X, Herrmann FR. Daylight saving time affects European mortality patterns. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6906. [PMID: 36372798 PMCID: PMC9659560 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Daylight saving time (DST) consists in a one-hour advancement of legal time in spring offset by a backward transition of the same magnitude in fall. It creates a minimal circadian misalignment that could disrupt sleep and homoeostasis in susceptible individuals and lead to an increased incidence of pathologies and accidents during the weeks immediately following both transitions. How this shift affects mortality dynamics on a large population scale remains, however, unknown. This study examines the impact of DST on all-cause mortality in 16 European countries for the period 1998-2012. It shows that mortality decreases in spring and increases in fall during the first two weeks following each DST transition. Moreover, the alignment of time data around DST transition dates revealed a septadian mortality pattern (lowest on Sundays, highest on Mondays) that persists all-year round, irrespective of seasonal variations, in men and women aged above 40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Lévy
- Medical School of the University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marie Robine
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France
- École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xavier Rodó
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - François R Herrmann
- Medical School of the University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Thônex, Switzerland.
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8
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Čulić V, Kantermann T. Acute Myocardial Infarction and Daylight Saving Time Transitions: Is There a Risk? Clocks Sleep 2021; 3:547-557. [PMID: 34842624 PMCID: PMC8628759 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep3040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Available evidence on the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the days after the spring daylight saving time (DST) transition suggests either a modest increase or no risk increase. Partial sleep deprivation and enhanced circadian clock misalignment have been implicated as the underlying mechanisms for increased AMI risk, probably via enhanced thrombo-inflammatory processes and activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Most of the studies, as we suggest as a perspective here, have used potentially inappropriate control periods, including the two post-transitional weeks, because adjustment after the spring DST transition lasts at least four weeks for all chronotypes and probably even beyond this period for late chronotypes. The most plausible conclusions, at the moment, for the risk of AMI after the spring DST transition are: (1) the risk is increased, (2) a relatively modest risk increase could be currently underestimated or in some studies undetected, (3) late chronotypes and/or individuals with high levels of social jetlag (a proxy for circadian clock misalignment) could be more affected by the phenomenon, and (4) underlying pathophysiological mechanisms should be further explored. As a significant part of world’s population continues to be affected by the biannual clock change, the question of increased AMI risk in the post-transitional period remains an intriguing public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Čulić
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Center Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Department of Clinical Propaedeutics, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-21-55-72-89; Fax: +385-21-55-73-85
| | - Thomas Kantermann
- Faculty for Health and Social Affairs, University of Applied Sciences for Economics and Management (FOM), 45127 Essen, Germany;
- SynOpus, 44799 Bochum, Germany
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Abstract
The original rationale for the adoption of daylight saving time (DST) was to conserve energy; however, the effects of DST on energy consumption are questionable or negligible. Conversely, there is substantial evidence that DST transitions have the cumulative effect on sleep deprivation with its adverse health effects. In light of current evidence, the European Commission in 2018 decided that biannual clock change in Europe would be abolished. Current indirect evidence supports the adoption of perennial standard time, which aligns best with the human circadian system and has the potential to produce benefits for public health and safety.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Allada
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston (R.A.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago (J.B.) - both in Illinois
| | - Joseph Bass
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston (R.A.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago (J.B.) - both in Illinois
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11
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Zhang H, Khan A. Risk of preventable injuries associated with Halloween. Public Health 2020; 189:94-96. [PMID: 33197732 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to investigate the potential health risks associated with Halloween festivities. STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective, population health study using insurance claims data between 2003-2014 representing more than 150 million unique Americans. METHODS We analyzed the entire spectrum of external cause of injuries and quantified the relative risk associated with Halloween celebrations by comparing the observed diagnosis rate during Halloween week with its statistical expectation. We further used the closest federal holiday in October, Columbus Day, as a comparison to further corroborate the effects of Halloween. RESULTS Our results indicate that no significant difference in relative risk for most conditions, like vehicle accidents, accidental poisoning and drowning, and adverse drug effects, during the Halloween season, when compared to the statistical expectation. However, we noticed a significant increase in the relative risk of accidental fall, self-inflicted injury, and injury inflicted by others, notably among young males. CONCLUSION Halloween is an exciting time of year for kids, families, and the entire community. A more vigilant approach toward celebration, including attempts to prevent fights and brawls, would help everyone have a safe and harmonious Halloween.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA; Department of Medicine, Section of Computational Biomedicine and Biomedical Data Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - A Khan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Computational Biomedicine and Biomedical Data Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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Daylight Saving Time and Spontaneous Deliveries: A Case-Control Study in Italy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17218091. [PMID: 33153052 PMCID: PMC7662372 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Although the current literature shows that daylight saving time (DST) may play a role in human health and behavior, this topic has been poorly investigated with reference to Obstetrics. The aim of this case–control study was to evaluate whether DST may influence the number of spontaneous deliveries. (2) Methods: A low-risk pregnancy cohort with spontaneous onset of labor (n = 7415) was analyzed from a single Italian region for the period 2016–2018. Primary outcome was the number of spontaneous deliveries. Secondary outcomes were: gestational age at delivery, type and time of delivery, use of analgesia, birth weight, and 5-min Apgar at delivery. We compared the outcomes in the two weeks after DST (cases) to the two weeks before DST (controls). (3) Results: Data showed no significant difference between the number of deliveries occurring before and after DST (Chi-square = 0.546, p = 0.46). Vaginal deliveries at any gestational age showed no statistical difference between the two groups (Chi-square = 0.120, p = 0.73). There were no significant differences in the secondary outcomes, as well. (4) Conclusions: DST has neither a significant impact on the number of deliveries nor on the obstetric variables investigated by this study.
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