1
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Khodaverdian V, Sano T, Maggs LR, Tomarchio G, Dias A, Tran M, Clairmont C, McVey M. REV1 coordinates a multi-faceted tolerance response to DNA alkylation damage and prevents chromosome shattering in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011181. [PMID: 39074150 PMCID: PMC11309488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
When replication forks encounter damaged DNA, cells utilize damage tolerance mechanisms to allow replication to proceed. These include translesion synthesis at the fork, postreplication gap filling, and template switching via fork reversal or homologous recombination. The extent to which these different damage tolerance mechanisms are utilized depends on cell, tissue, and developmental context-specific cues, the last two of which are poorly understood. To address this gap, we have investigated damage tolerance responses in Drosophila melanogaster. We report that tolerance of DNA alkylation damage in rapidly dividing larval tissues depends heavily on translesion synthesis. Furthermore, we show that the REV1 protein plays a multi-faceted role in damage tolerance in Drosophila. Larvae lacking REV1 are hypersensitive to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and have highly elevated levels of γ-H2Av (Drosophila γ-H2AX) foci and chromosome aberrations in MMS-treated tissues. Loss of the REV1 C-terminal domain (CTD), which recruits multiple translesion polymerases to damage sites, sensitizes flies to MMS. In the absence of the REV1 CTD, DNA polymerases eta and zeta become critical for MMS tolerance. In addition, flies lacking REV3, the catalytic subunit of polymerase zeta, require the deoxycytidyl transferase activity of REV1 to tolerate MMS. Together, our results demonstrate that Drosophila prioritize the use of multiple translesion polymerases to tolerate alkylation damage and highlight the critical role of REV1 in the coordination of this response to prevent genome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varandt Khodaverdian
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tokio Sano
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lara R. Maggs
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gina Tomarchio
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ana Dias
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mai Tran
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Connor Clairmont
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mitch McVey
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
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2
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Khodaverdian V, Sano T, Maggs L, Tomarchio G, Dias A, Clairmont C, Tran M, McVey M. REV1 Coordinates a Multi-Faceted Tolerance Response to DNA Alkylation Damage and Prevents Chromosome Shattering in Drosophila melanogaster. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.13.580051. [PMID: 38405884 PMCID: PMC10888836 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.13.580051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
When replication forks encounter damaged DNA, cells utilize DNA damage tolerance mechanisms to allow replication to proceed. These include translesion synthesis at the fork, postreplication gap filling, and template switching via fork reversal or homologous recombination. The extent to which these different damage tolerance mechanisms are utilized depends on cell, tissue, and developmental context-specific cues, the last two of which are poorly understood. To address this gap, we have investigated damage tolerance responses following alkylation damage in Drosophila melanogaster. We report that translesion synthesis, rather than template switching, is the preferred response to alkylation-induced damage in diploid larval tissues. Furthermore, we show that the REV1 protein plays a multi-faceted role in damage tolerance in Drosophila. Drosophila larvae lacking REV1 are hypersensitive to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and have highly elevated levels of γ-H2Av foci and chromosome aberrations in MMS-treated tissues. Loss of the REV1 C-terminal domain (CTD), which recruits multiple translesion polymerases to damage sites, sensitizes flies to MMS. In the absence of the REV1 CTD, DNA polymerases eta and zeta become critical for MMS tolerance. In addition, flies lacking REV3, the catalytic subunit of polymerase zeta, require the deoxycytidyl transferase activity of REV1 to tolerate MMS. Together, our results demonstrate that Drosophila prioritize the use of multiple translesion polymerases to tolerate alkylation damage and highlight the critical role of REV1 in the coordination of this response to prevent genome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varandt Khodaverdian
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
- Current address: Yarrow Biotechnology, New York, NY
| | - Tokio Sano
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Lara Maggs
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Gina Tomarchio
- Current address: Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ana Dias
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Connor Clairmont
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
- Current address: Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA
| | - Mai Tran
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Mitch McVey
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
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3
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Ito M, Fujita Y, Shinohara A. Positive and negative regulators of RAD51/DMC1 in homologous recombination and DNA replication. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 134:103613. [PMID: 38142595 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2023.103613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
RAD51 recombinase plays a central role in homologous recombination (HR) by forming a nucleoprotein filament on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to catalyze homology search and strand exchange between the ssDNA and a homologous double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). The catalytic activity of RAD51 assembled on ssDNA is critical for the DNA-homology-mediated repair of DNA double-strand breaks in somatic and meiotic cells and restarting stalled replication forks during DNA replication. The RAD51-ssDNA complex also plays a structural role in protecting the regressed/reversed replication fork. Two types of regulators control RAD51 filament formation, stability, and dynamics, namely positive regulators, including mediators, and negative regulators, so-called remodelers. The appropriate balance of action by the two regulators assures genome stability. This review describes the roles of positive and negative RAD51 regulators in HR and DNA replication and its meiosis-specific homolog DMC1 in meiotic recombination. We also provide future study directions for a comprehensive understanding of RAD51/DMC1-mediated regulation in maintaining and inheriting genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Ito
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yurika Fujita
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Akira Shinohara
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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4
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Güneş M, Yalçın B, Burgazlı AY, Tagorti G, Yavuz E, Akarsu E, Kaya N, Marcos R, Kaya B. Morphologically different hydroxyapatite nanoparticles exert differential genotoxic effects in Drosophila. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166556. [PMID: 37633389 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAP) occurs naturally in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and constitutes the hard structures in many organisms. Since synthetic nano-sized HAP (HAP-NPs) are used in orthopedic applications and for heavy metal remediation in aquatic and terrestrial media, both environment and humans are exposed to them. Due to the concerns about their potential hazards, the genotoxic effects that round/rod forms of HAP-NPs were investigated in Drosophila using the wing-spot and the comet assays. Furthermore, caspase activities were evaluated to examine the activation of cell death pathways. As a novelty, the expression of 36 genes involved in DNA repair was investigated, as a tool to indirectly determine DNA damage induction. Obtained sizes were 35-60 nm (roundHAP-NPs) and 45-90 nm (rodHAP-NPs) with a low Zeta-potential (-1.65 and 0.37 mV, respectively). Genotoxicity was detected in the wing-spot (round form), and in the comet assay (round and rod-like HA-NPs). In addition, increased expression of Caspases 3/7, 8, and 9 activities were observed. For both HAP forms, increased changes in the expression were observed for mismatch repair genes, while decreased expression was observed for genes involved in ATM, ATR, and cell cycle pathways. The observed changes in the repair pathways would reinforce the view that HAP-NPs have genotoxic potential, although more markedly in the round form. Thus, the environmental presence of engineered nanoparticles, including HAPs, raises concerns about potential effects on human health. It is essential that the effects of their use are carefully assessed and monitored to ensure safety and to mitigate any potential adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Güneş
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Burçin Yalçın
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | | | - Ghada Tagorti
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Emre Yavuz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Esin Akarsu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Nuray Kaya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Bülent Kaya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
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5
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Law S, Park H, Shany E, Sandhu S, Vallabhaneni M, Meyer D. Expression of human BRCA2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae complements the loss of RAD52 in double-strand break repair. Curr Genet 2023; 69:301-308. [PMID: 37934232 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-023-01278-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
BRCA2 is a tumor-suppressor gene that is normally expressed in the breast and ovarian tissue of mammals. The BRCA2 protein mediates the repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs) using homologous recombination, which is a conserved pathway in eukaryotes. Women who express missense mutations in the BRCA2 gene are predisposed to an elevated lifetime risk for both breast cancer and ovarian cancer. In the present study, the efficiency of human BRCA2 (hBRCA2) in DSB repair was investigated in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. While budding yeast does not possess a true BRCA2 homolog, they have a potential functional homolog known as Rad52, which is an essential repair protein involved in mediating homologous recombination using the same mechanism as BRCA2 in humans. Therefore, to examine the functional overlap between Rad52 in yeast and hBRCA2, we expressed the wild-type hBRCA2 gene in budding yeast with or without Rad52 and monitored ionizing radiation resistance and DSB repair efficiency. We found that the expression of hBRCA2 in rad52 mutants increases both radiation resistance and DSB repair frequency compared to cells not expressing BRCA2. Specifically, BRCA2 improved the protection against ionizing radiation by at least 1.93-fold and the repair frequency by 6.1-fold. In addition, our results show that homology length influences repair efficiency in rad52 mutant cells, which impacts BRCA2 mediated repair of DSBs. This study provides evidence that S. cerevisiae could be used to monitor BRCA2 function, which can help in understanding the genetic consequences of BRCA2 variants and how they may contribute to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherrice Law
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA
| | - Hannah Park
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA
| | - Eyar Shany
- Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Sumer Sandhu
- University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Mayukha Vallabhaneni
- College of Health Sciences, California Northstate University, Rancho Cordova, CA, 95670, USA
| | - Damon Meyer
- College of Health Sciences, California Northstate University, Rancho Cordova, CA, 95670, USA.
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6
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Ghouil R, Miron S, Sato K, Ristic D, van Rossum-Fikkert SE, Legrand P, Ouldali M, Winter JM, Ropars V, David G, Arteni AA, Wyman C, Knipscheer P, Kanaar R, Zelensky AN, Zinn-Justin S. BRCA2-HSF2BP oligomeric ring disassembly by BRME1 promotes homologous recombination. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi7352. [PMID: 37889963 PMCID: PMC10610910 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
In meiotic homologous recombination (HR), BRCA2 facilitates loading of the recombinases RAD51 and DMC1 at the sites of double-strand breaks (DSBs). The HSF2BP-BRME1 complex interacts with BRCA2. Its absence causes a severe reduction in recombinase loading at meiotic DSB. We previously showed that, in somatic cancer cells ectopically producing HSF2BP, DNA damage can trigger HSF2BP-dependent degradation of BRCA2, which prevents HR. Here, we report that, upon binding to BRCA2, HSF2BP forms octameric rings that are able to interlock into a large ring-shaped 24-mer. Addition of BRME1 leads to dissociation of both of these ring structures and cancels the disruptive effect of HSF2BP on cancer cell resistance to DNA damage. It also prevents BRCA2 degradation during interstrand DNA crosslink repair in Xenopus egg extracts. We propose that, during meiosis, the control of HSF2BPBRCA2 oligomerization by BRME1 ensures timely assembly of the ring complex that concentrates BRCA2 and controls its turnover, thus promoting HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Ghouil
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Simona Miron
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Koichi Sato
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute–KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dejan Ristic
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sari E. van Rossum-Fikkert
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pierre Legrand
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, HelioBio group, L’Orme des Merisiers, Gif sur-Yvette, France
| | - Malika Ouldali
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Virginie Ropars
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gabriel David
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, HelioBio group, L’Orme des Merisiers, Gif sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ana-Andreea Arteni
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Claire Wyman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Puck Knipscheer
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute–KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alex N. Zelensky
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sophie Zinn-Justin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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7
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Emmenecker C, Mézard C, Kumar R. Repair of DNA double-strand breaks in plant meiosis: role of eukaryotic RecA recombinases and their modulators. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2023; 36:17-41. [PMID: 35641832 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-022-00443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Homologous recombination during meiosis is crucial for the DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair that promotes the balanced segregation of homologous chromosomes and enhances genetic variation. In most eukaryotes, two recombinases RAD51 and DMC1 form nucleoprotein filaments on single-stranded DNA generated at DSB sites and play a central role in the meiotic DSB repair and genome stability. These nucleoprotein filaments perform homology search and DNA strand exchange to initiate repair using homologous template-directed sequences located elsewhere in the genome. Multiple factors can regulate the assembly, stability, and disassembly of RAD51 and DMC1 nucleoprotein filaments. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the meiotic functions of RAD51 and DMC1 and the role of their positive and negative modulators. We discuss the current models and regulators of homology searches and strand exchange conserved during plant meiosis. Manipulation of these repair factors during plant meiosis also holds a great potential to accelerate plant breeding for crop improvements and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Côme Emmenecker
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78000, Versailles, France
- University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Christine Mézard
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78000, Versailles, France.
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78000, Versailles, France.
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8
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Ruiz-Whalen DM, Aichele CP, Dyson ER, Gallen KC, Stark JV, Saunders JA, Simonet JC, Ventresca EM, Fuentes IM, Marmol N, Moise E, Neubert BC, Riggs DJ, Self AM, Alexander JI, Boamah E, Browne AJ, Correa I, Foster MJ, Harrington N, Holiday TJ, Henry RA, Lee EH, Longo SM, Lorenz LD, Martinez E, Nikonova A, Radu M, Smith SC, Steele LA, Strochlic TI, Archer NF, Aykit YJ, Bolotsky AJ, Boyle M, Criollo J, Eldor O, Cruz G, Fortuona VN, Gounder SD, Greenwood N, Ji KW, Johnson A, Lara S, Montanez B, Saurman M, Singh T, Smith DR, Stapf CA, Tondapu T, Tsiobikas C, Habas R, O'Reilly AM. Gaining Wings to FLY: Using Drosophila Oogenesis as an Entry Point for Citizen Scientists in Laboratory Research. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2626:399-444. [PMID: 36715918 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2970-3_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Citizen science is a productive approach to include non-scientists in research efforts that impact particular issues or communities. In most cases, scientists at advanced career stages design high-quality, exciting projects that enable citizen contribution, a crowdsourcing process that drives discovery forward and engages communities. The challenges of having citizens design their own research with no or limited training and providing access to laboratory tools, reagents, and supplies have limited citizen science efforts. This leaves the incredible life experiences and immersion of citizens in communities that experience health disparities out of the research equation, thus hampering efforts to address community health needs with a full picture of the challenges that must be addressed. Here, we present a robust and reproducible approach that engages participants from Grade 5 through adult in research focused on defining how diet impacts disease signaling. We leverage the powerful genetics, cell biology, and biochemistry of Drosophila oogenesis to define how nutrients impact phenotypes associated with genetic mutants that are implicated in cancer and diabetes. Participants lead the project design and execution, flipping the top-down hierarchy of the prevailing scientific culture to co-create research projects and infuse the research with cultural and community relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara M Ruiz-Whalen
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- eCLOSE Institute, Huntingdon Valley, PA, USA.
| | - Christopher P Aichele
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- eCLOSE Institute, Huntingdon Valley, PA, USA
| | - Ebony R Dyson
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- eCLOSE Institute, Huntingdon Valley, PA, USA
| | - Katherine C Gallen
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- eCLOSE Institute, Huntingdon Valley, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer V Stark
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jasmine A Saunders
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacqueline C Simonet
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Arcadia University, Glenside, PA, USA
| | - Erin M Ventresca
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Albright College, Reading, PA, USA
| | - Isabela M Fuentes
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nyellis Marmol
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emly Moise
- eCLOSE Institute, Huntingdon Valley, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin C Neubert
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Devon J Riggs
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- eCLOSE Institute, Huntingdon Valley, PA, USA
| | - Ava M Self
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer I Alexander
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- eCLOSE Institute, Huntingdon Valley, PA, USA
| | - Ernest Boamah
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amanda J Browne
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Iliana Correa
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- eCLOSE Institute, Huntingdon Valley, PA, USA
| | - Maya J Foster
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicole Harrington
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Troy J Holiday
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ryan A Henry
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA
| | - Eric H Lee
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sheila M Longo
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laurel D Lorenz
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Esteban Martinez
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna Nikonova
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Radu
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shannon C Smith
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lindsay A Steele
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Todd I Strochlic
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas F Archer
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Y James Aykit
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam J Bolotsky
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Megan Boyle
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Criollo
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Oren Eldor
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gabriela Cruz
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Valerie N Fortuona
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- eCLOSE Institute, Huntingdon Valley, PA, USA
| | - Shreeya D Gounder
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nyim Greenwood
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kayla W Ji
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aminah Johnson
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- eCLOSE Institute, Huntingdon Valley, PA, USA
| | - Sophie Lara
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Maxwell Saurman
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tanu Singh
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel R Smith
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Catherine A Stapf
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tarang Tondapu
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Raymond Habas
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alana M O'Reilly
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- eCLOSE Institute, Huntingdon Valley, PA, USA.
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9
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Feijão T, Marques B, Silva RD, Carvalho C, Sobral D, Matos R, Tan T, Pereira A, Morais-de-Sá E, Maiato H, DeLuca SZ, Martinho RG. Polycomb group (PcG) proteins prevent the assembly of abnormal synaptonemal complex structures during meiosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204701119. [PMID: 36215502 PMCID: PMC9586294 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204701119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The synaptonemal complex (SC) is a proteinaceous scaffold that is assembled between paired homologous chromosomes during the onset of meiosis. Timely expression of SC coding genes is essential for SC assembly and successful meiosis. However, SC components have an intrinsic tendency to self-organize into abnormal repetitive structures, which are not assembled between the paired homologs and whose formation is potentially deleterious for meiosis and gametogenesis. This creates an interesting conundrum, where SC genes need to be robustly expressed during meiosis, but their expression must be carefully regulated to prevent the formation of anomalous SC structures. In this manuscript, we show that the Polycomb group protein Sfmbt, the Drosophila ortholog of human MBTD1 and L3MBTL2, is required to avoid excessive expression of SC genes during prophase I. Although SC assembly is normal after Sfmbt depletion, SC disassembly is abnormal with the formation of multiple synaptonemal complexes (polycomplexes) within the oocyte. Overexpression of the SC gene corona and depletion of other Polycomb group proteins are similarly associated with polycomplex formation during SC disassembly. These polycomplexes are highly dynamic and have a well-defined periodic structure. Further confirming the importance of Sfmbt, germ line depletion of this protein is associated with significant metaphase I defects and a reduction in female fertility. Since transcription of SC genes mostly occurs during early prophase I, our results suggest a role of Sfmbt and other Polycomb group proteins in downregulating the expression of these and other early prophase I genes during later stages of meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tália Feijão
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135 Portugal
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute for Biomedicine, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Marques
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Rui D. Silva
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Célia Carvalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniel Sobral
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit (UCIBIO), Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, 2819-516 Portugal
| | - Ricardo Matos
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Tian Tan
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453
| | - António Pereira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135 Portugal
| | - Eurico Morais-de-Sá
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135 Portugal
| | - Hélder Maiato
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135 Portugal
| | | | - Rui Gonçalo Martinho
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute for Biomedicine, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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10
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Mishra AP, Hartford SA, Sahu S, Klarmann K, Chittela RK, Biswas K, Jeon AB, Martin BK, Burkett S, Southon E, Reid S, Albaugh ME, Karim B, Tessarollo L, Keller JR, Sharan SK. BRCA2-DSS1 interaction is dispensable for RAD51 recruitment at replication-induced and meiotic DNA double strand breaks. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1751. [PMID: 35365640 PMCID: PMC8975877 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29409-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between tumor suppressor BRCA2 and DSS1 is essential for RAD51 recruitment and repair of DNA double stand breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination (HR). We have generated mice with a leucine to proline substitution at position 2431 of BRCA2, which disrupts this interaction. Although a significant number of mutant mice die during embryogenesis, some homozygous and hemizygous mutant mice undergo normal postnatal development. Despite lack of radiation induced RAD51 foci formation and a severe HR defect in somatic cells, mutant mice are fertile and exhibit normal RAD51 recruitment during meiosis. We hypothesize that the presence of homologous chromosomes in close proximity during early prophase I may compensate for the defect in BRCA2-DSS1 interaction. We show the restoration of RAD51 foci in mutant cells when Topoisomerase I inhibitor-induced single strand breaks are converted into DSBs during DNA replication. We also partially rescue the HR defect by tethering the donor DNA to the site of DSBs using streptavidin-fused Cas9. Our findings demonstrate that the BRCA2-DSS1 complex is dispensable for RAD51 loading when the homologous DNA is close to the DSB. Mishra et al. have generated mice with a single amino acid substitution in BRCA2, which disrupts its interaction with DSS1 resulting in a severe HR defect. They show the interaction to be dispensable for HR at replication induced and meiotic DSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Prakash Mishra
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Suzanne A Hartford
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.,Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Sounak Sahu
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly Klarmann
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.,Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rajani Kant Chittela
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.,Applied Genomics Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Kajal Biswas
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Albert B Jeon
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Betty K Martin
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.,Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sandra Burkett
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Eileen Southon
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Susan Reid
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Mary E Albaugh
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.,Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Baktiar Karim
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan R Keller
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.,Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Shyam K Sharan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.
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11
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Ghouil R, Miron S, Koornneef L, Veerman J, Paul MW, Le Du MH, Sleddens-Linkels E, van Rossum-Fikkert SE, van Loon Y, Felipe-Medina N, Pendas AM, Maas A, Essers J, Legrand P, Baarends WM, Kanaar R, Zinn-Justin S, Zelensky AN. BRCA2 binding through a cryptic repeated motif to HSF2BP oligomers does not impact meiotic recombination. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4605. [PMID: 34326328 PMCID: PMC8322138 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24871-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA2 and its interactors are required for meiotic homologous recombination (HR) and fertility. Loss of HSF2BP, a BRCA2 interactor, disrupts HR during spermatogenesis. We test the model postulating that HSF2BP localizes BRCA2 to meiotic HR sites, by solving the crystal structure of the BRCA2 fragment in complex with dimeric armadillo domain (ARM) of HSF2BP and disrupting this interaction in a mouse model. This reveals a repeated 23 amino acid motif in BRCA2, each binding the same conserved surface of one ARM domain. In the complex, two BRCA2 fragments hold together two ARM dimers, through a large interface responsible for the nanomolar affinity - the strongest interaction involving BRCA2 measured so far. Deleting exon 12, encoding the first repeat, from mBrca2 disrupts BRCA2 binding to HSF2BP, but does not phenocopy HSF2BP loss. Thus, results herein suggest that the high-affinity oligomerization-inducing BRCA2-HSF2BP interaction is not required for RAD51 and DMC1 recombinase localization in meiotic HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Ghouil
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Uni Paris-Sud, Uni Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Simona Miron
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Uni Paris-Sud, Uni Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lieke Koornneef
- Department of Developmental Biology, Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Veerman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten W Paul
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Hélène Le Du
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Uni Paris-Sud, Uni Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Esther Sleddens-Linkels
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sari E van Rossum-Fikkert
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Loon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Felipe-Medina
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto M Pendas
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alex Maas
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Essers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Legrand
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Willy M Baarends
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sophie Zinn-Justin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Uni Paris-Sud, Uni Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Alex N Zelensky
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Li Q, Engebrecht J. BRCA1 and BRCA2 Tumor Suppressor Function in Meiosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:668309. [PMID: 33996823 PMCID: PMC8121103 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.668309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiosis is a specialized cell cycle that results in the production of haploid gametes for sexual reproduction. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are connected by chiasmata, the physical manifestation of crossovers. Crossovers are formed by the repair of intentionally induced double strand breaks by homologous recombination and facilitate chromosome alignment on the meiotic spindle and proper chromosome segregation. While it is well established that the tumor suppressors BRCA1 and BRCA2 function in DNA repair and homologous recombination in somatic cells, the functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in meiosis have received less attention. Recent studies in both mice and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have provided insight into the roles of these tumor suppressors in a number of meiotic processes, revealing both conserved and organism-specific functions. BRCA1 forms an E3 ubiquitin ligase as a heterodimer with BARD1 and appears to have regulatory roles in a number of key meiotic processes. BRCA2 is a very large protein that plays an intimate role in homologous recombination. As women with no indication of cancer but carrying BRCA mutations show decreased ovarian reserve and accumulated oocyte DNA damage, studies in these systems may provide insight into why BRCA mutations impact reproductive success in addition to their established roles in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyan Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - JoAnne Engebrecht
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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13
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Kar FM, Hochwagen A. Phospho-Regulation of Meiotic Prophase. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:667073. [PMID: 33928091 PMCID: PMC8076904 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.667073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ cells undergoing meiosis rely on an intricate network of surveillance mechanisms that govern the production of euploid gametes for successful sexual reproduction. These surveillance mechanisms are particularly crucial during meiotic prophase, when cells execute a highly orchestrated program of chromosome morphogenesis and recombination, which must be integrated with the meiotic cell division machinery to ensure the safe execution of meiosis. Dynamic protein phosphorylation, controlled by kinases and phosphatases, has emerged as one of the main signaling routes for providing readout and regulation of chromosomal and cellular behavior throughout meiotic prophase. In this review, we discuss common principles and provide detailed examples of how these phosphorylation events are employed to ensure faithful passage of chromosomes from one generation to the next.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda M Kar
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Andreas Hochwagen
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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14
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Carvajal-Garcia J, Crown KN, Ramsden DA, Sekelsky J. DNA polymerase theta suppresses mitotic crossing over. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009267. [PMID: 33750946 PMCID: PMC8016270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerase theta-mediated end joining (TMEJ) is a chromosome break repair pathway that is able to rescue the lethality associated with the loss of proteins involved in early steps in homologous recombination (e.g., BRCA1/2). This is due to the ability of polymerase theta (Pol θ) to use resected, 3' single stranded DNA tails to repair chromosome breaks. These resected DNA tails are also the starting substrate for homologous recombination. However, it remains unknown if TMEJ can compensate for the loss of proteins involved in more downstream steps during homologous recombination. Here we show that the Holliday junction resolvases SLX4 and GEN1 are required for viability in the absence of Pol θ in Drosophila melanogaster, and lack of all three proteins results in high levels of apoptosis. Flies deficient in Pol θ and SLX4 are extremely sensitive to DNA damaging agents, and mammalian cells require either Pol θ or SLX4 to survive. Our results suggest that TMEJ and Holliday junction formation/resolution share a common DNA substrate, likely a homologous recombination intermediate, that when left unrepaired leads to cell death. One major consequence of Holliday junction resolution by SLX4 and GEN1 is cancer-causing loss of heterozygosity due to mitotic crossing over. We measured mitotic crossovers in flies after a Cas9-induced chromosome break, and observed that this mutagenic form of repair is increased in the absence of Pol θ. This demonstrates that TMEJ can function upstream of the Holiday junction resolvases to protect cells from loss of heterozygosity. Our work argues that Pol θ can thus compensate for the loss of the Holliday junction resolvases by using homologous recombination intermediates, suppressing mitotic crossing over and preserving the genomic stability of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carvajal-Garcia
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - K. Nicole Crown
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dale A. Ramsden
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeff Sekelsky
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Integrative Program in Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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15
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Khan C, Muliyil S, Ayyub C, Rao BJ. spn-A/rad51 mutant exhibits enhanced genomic damage, cell death and low temperature sensitivity in somatic tissues. Chromosoma 2020; 130:3-14. [PMID: 33222024 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-020-00746-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is one of the key pathways to repair double-strand breaks (DSBs). Rad51 serves an important function of catalysing strand exchange between two homologous sequences in the HR pathway. In higher organisms, rad51 function is indispensable with its absence leading to early embryonic lethality, thus precluding any mechanistic probing of the system. In contrast, the absence of Drosophila rad51 (spn-A/rad51) has been associated with defects in the germline, without any reported detrimental consequences to Drosophila somatic tissues. In this study, we have performed a systematic analysis of developmental defects in somatic tissues of spn-A mutant flies by using genetic complementation between multiple spn-A alleles. Our current study, for the first time, uncovers a requirement for spn-A in somatic tissue maintenance during both larval and pupal stages. Also, we show that spn-A mutant exhibits patterning defects in abdominal cuticle in the stripes and bristles, while there appear to be only subtle defects in the adult wing and eye. Interestingly, spn-A mutant shows a discernible phenotype of low temperature sensitivity, suggesting a role of spn-A in temperature sensitive cellular processes. In summary, our study describes the important role played by spn-A/rad51 in Drosophila somatic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, 400005, India. .,Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Sonia Muliyil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, 400005, India.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Champakali Ayyub
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, 400005, India
| | - B J Rao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, 400005, India. .,Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Transit Campus, Sree Rama Engineering College, Tirupati, India.
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16
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Brandsma I, Sato K, van Rossum-Fikkert SE, van Vliet N, Sleddens E, Reuter M, Odijk H, van den Tempel N, Dekkers DHW, Bezstarosti K, Demmers JAA, Maas A, Lebbink J, Wyman C, Essers J, van Gent DC, Baarends WM, Knipscheer P, Kanaar R, Zelensky AN. HSF2BP Interacts with a Conserved Domain of BRCA2 and Is Required for Mouse Spermatogenesis. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3790-3798.e7. [PMID: 31242413 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor BRCA2 is essential for homologous recombination (HR), replication fork stability, and DNA interstrand crosslink repair in vertebrates. We identify HSF2BP, a protein previously described as testis specific and not characterized functionally, as an interactor of BRCA2 in mouse embryonic stem cells, where the 2 proteins form a constitutive complex. HSF2BP is transcribed in all cultured human cancer cell lines tested and elevated in some tumor samples. Inactivation of the mouse Hsf2bp gene results in male infertility due to a severe HR defect during spermatogenesis. The BRCA2-HSF2BP interaction is highly evolutionarily conserved and maps to armadillo repeats in HSF2BP and a 68-amino acid region between the BRC repeats and the DNA binding domain of human BRCA2 (Gly2270-Thr2337) encoded by exons 12 and 13. This region of BRCA2 does not harbor known cancer-associated missense mutations and may be involved in the reproductive rather than the tumor-suppressing function of BRCA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Brandsma
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Koichi Sato
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sari E van Rossum-Fikkert
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Sleddens
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Reuter
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hanny Odijk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nathalie van den Tempel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dick H W Dekkers
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karel Bezstarosti
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A A Demmers
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alex Maas
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joyce Lebbink
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Claire Wyman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Essers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dik C van Gent
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Willy M Baarends
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Puck Knipscheer
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Alex N Zelensky
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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17
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Genome-wide transcriptional effects of deletions of sulphur metabolism genes in Drosophila melanogaster. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101654. [PMID: 32769010 PMCID: PMC7414014 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the gasotransmitter hydrogen sulphide (H2S), produced by the transsulphuration pathway, has been recognized as a biological mediator playing an important role under normal conditions and in various pathologies in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The transsulphuration pathway (TSP) includes the conversion of homocysteine to cysteine following the breakdown of methionine. In Drosophila melanogaster and other eukaryotes, H2S is produced by cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase (MST). In the experiments performed in this study, we were able to explore the CRISPR/Cas9 technique to obtain single and double deletions in homozygotes of these three major genes responsible for H2S production in Drosophila melanogaster. In most cases, the deletion of one studied gene does not result in the compensatory induction of two other genes responsible for H2S production. Transcriptomic studies demonstrated that the deletions of the above CBS and CSE genes alter genome expression to different degrees, with a more pronounced effect being exerted by deletion of the CBS gene. Furthermore, the double deletion of both CBS and CSE resulted in a cumulative effect on transcription in the resulting strains. Overall, we found that the obtained deletions affect numerous genes involved in various biological pathways. Specifically, genes involved in the oxidative reduction process, stress-response genes, housekeeping genes, and genes participating in olfactory and reproduction are among the most strongly affected. Furthermore, characteristic differences in the response to the deletions of the studied genes are apparently organ-specific and have clear-cut sex-specific characteristics. Single and double deletions of the three genes responsible for the production of H2S helped to elucidate new aspects of the biological significance of this vital physiological mediator.
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Caburet S, Heddar A, Dardillac E, Creux H, Lambert M, Messiaen S, Tourpin S, Livera G, Lopez BS, Misrahi M. Homozygous hypomorphic BRCA2 variant in primary ovarian insufficiency without cancer or Fanconi anaemia trait. J Med Genet 2020; 58:jmedgenet-2019-106672. [PMID: 32482800 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) affects 1% of women under 40 years and is a public health problem. The genetic causes of POI are highly heterogeneous with isolated or syndromic forms. Recently, variants in genes involved in DNA repair have been shown to cause POI. Notably, syndromic POI with Fanconi anaemia (FA) traits related to biallelic BRCA2 truncated variants has been reported. Here, we report a novel phenotype of isolated POI with a BRCA2 variant in a consanguineous Turkish family. METHODS Exome sequencing (ES) was performed in the patient. We also performed functional studies, including a homologous recombination (HR) test, cell proliferation, radiation-induced RAD51 foci formation assays and chromosome breakage studies in primary and lymphoblastoid immortalised cells. The expression of BRCA2 in human foetal ovaries was studied. RESULTS ES identified a homozygous missense c.8524C>T/p.R2842C-BRCA2 variant. BRCA2 defects induce cancer predisposition and FA. Remarkably, neither the patient nor her family exhibited somatic pathologies. The patient's cells showed intermediate levels of chromosomal breaks, cell proliferation and radiation-induced RAD51 foci formation compared with controls and FA cells. R2842C-BRCA2 only partially complemented HR efficiency compared with wild type-BRCA2. BRCA2 is expressed in human foetal ovaries in pachytene stage oocytes, when meiotic HR occurs. CONCLUSION We describe the functional assessment of a homozygous hypomorphic BRCA2 variant in a patient with POI without cancer or FA trait. Our findings extend the phenotype of BRCA2 biallelic alterations to fully isolated POI. This study has a major impact on the management and genetic counselling of patients with POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Caburet
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Abdelkader Heddar
- Faculte de Medecine, Universite Paris Saclay, Hopital Bicêtre APHP, Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France
| | - Elodie Dardillac
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, UMR 8104 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Héléne Creux
- Service de Gynécologie et Médecine de la Reproduction, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Aquitaine, France
| | - Marie Lambert
- Service de Gynécologie et Médecine de la Reproduction, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Aquitaine, France
| | - Sébastien Messiaen
- UMR Stabilité Génétique, Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses, Île-de-France, France
| | - Sophie Tourpin
- UMR Stabilité Génétique, Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses, Île-de-France, France
| | - Gabriel Livera
- UMR Stabilité Génétique, Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses, Île-de-France, France
| | - Bernard S Lopez
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, UMR 8104 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Micheline Misrahi
- Faculte de Medecine, Universite Paris Saclay, Hopital Bicêtre APHP, Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France
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19
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Hinnant TD, Merkle JA, Ables ET. Coordinating Proliferation, Polarity, and Cell Fate in the Drosophila Female Germline. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:19. [PMID: 32117961 PMCID: PMC7010594 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gametes are highly specialized cell types produced by a complex differentiation process. Production of viable oocytes requires a series of precise and coordinated molecular events. Early in their development, germ cells are an interconnected group of mitotically dividing cells. Key regulatory events lead to the specification of mature oocytes and initiate a switch to the meiotic cell cycle program. Though the chromosomal events of meiosis have been extensively studied, it is unclear how other aspects of oocyte specification are temporally coordinated. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has long been at the forefront as a model system for genetics and cell biology research. The adult Drosophila ovary continuously produces germ cells throughout the organism’s lifetime, and many of the cellular processes that occur to establish oocyte fate are conserved with mammalian gamete development. Here, we review recent discoveries from Drosophila that advance our understanding of how early germ cells balance mitotic exit with meiotic initiation. We discuss cell cycle control and establishment of cell polarity as major themes in oocyte specification. We also highlight a germline-specific organelle, the fusome, as integral to the coordination of cell division, cell polarity, and cell fate in ovarian germ cells. Finally, we discuss how the molecular controls of the cell cycle might be integrated with cell polarity and cell fate to maintain oocyte production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor D Hinnant
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Julie A Merkle
- Department of Biology, University of Evansville, Evansville, IN, United States
| | - Elizabeth T Ables
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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20
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Schüpbach T. Genetic Screens to Analyze Pattern Formation of Egg and Embryo in Drosophila: A Personal History. Annu Rev Genet 2019; 53:1-18. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-112618-043708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In Drosophila development, the axes of the egg and future embryo are established during oogenesis. To learn about the underlying genetic and molecular pathways that lead to axis formation, I conducted a large-scale genetic screen at the beginning of my independent career. This led to the eventual understanding that both anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral pattern information is transmitted from the oocyte to the surrounding follicle cells and in turn from the follicle cells back to the oocyte. How I came to conduct this screen and what further insights were gained by studying the mutants isolated in the screen are the topics of this autobiographical article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudi Schüpbach
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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21
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Kocak E, Dykstra S, Nemeth A, Coughlin CG, Rodgers K, McVey M. The Drosophila melanogaster PIF1 Helicase Promotes Survival During Replication Stress and Processive DNA Synthesis During Double-Strand Gap Repair. Genetics 2019; 213:835-847. [PMID: 31537623 PMCID: PMC6827366 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PIF1 is a 5' to 3' DNA helicase that can unwind double-stranded DNA and disrupt nucleic acid-protein complexes. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pif1 plays important roles in mitochondrial and nuclear genome maintenance, telomere length regulation, unwinding of G-quadruplex structures, and DNA synthesis during break-induced replication. Some, but not all, of these functions are shared with other eukaryotes. To gain insight into the evolutionarily conserved functions of PIF1, we created pif1 null mutants in Drosophila melanogaster and assessed their phenotypes throughout development. We found that pif1 mutant larvae exposed to high concentrations of hydroxyurea, but not other DNA damaging agents, experience reduced survival to adulthood. Embryos lacking PIF1 fail to segregate their chromosomes efficiently during early nuclear divisions, consistent with a defect in DNA replication. Furthermore, loss of the BRCA2 protein, which is required for stabilization of stalled replication forks in metazoans, causes synthetic lethality in third instar larvae lacking either PIF1 or the polymerase delta subunit POL32. Interestingly, pif1 mutants have a reduced ability to synthesize DNA during repair of a double-stranded gap, but only in the absence of POL32. Together, these results support a model in which Drosophila PIF1 functions with POL32 during times of replication stress but acts independently of POL32 to promote synthesis during double-strand gap repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Kocak
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155
| | - Sarah Dykstra
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155
| | - Alexandra Nemeth
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155
| | | | - Kasey Rodgers
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155
| | - Mitch McVey
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155
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22
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Tudrej P, Kujawa KA, Cortez AJ, Lisowska KM. Characteristics of in Vivo Model Systems for Ovarian Cancer Studies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:E120. [PMID: 31540126 PMCID: PMC6787695 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the molecular pathogenesis and heterogeneity of ovarian cancer holds promise for the development of early detection strategies and novel, efficient therapies. In this review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of animal models available for basic and preclinical studies. The fruit fly model is suitable mainly for basic research on cellular migration, invasiveness, adhesion, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Higher-animal models allow to recapitulate the architecture and microenvironment of the tumor. We discuss a syngeneic mice model and the patient derived xenograft model (PDX), both useful for preclinical studies. Conditional knock-in and knock-out methodology allows to manipulate selected genes at a given time and in a certain tissue. Such models have built our knowledge about tumor-initiating genetic events and cell-of-origin of ovarian cancers; it has been shown that high-grade serous ovarian cancer may be initiated in both the ovarian surface and tubal epithelium. It is postulated that clawed frog models could be developed, enabling studies on tumor immunity and anticancer immune response. In laying hen, ovarian cancer develops spontaneously, which provides the opportunity to study the genetic, biochemical, and environmental risk factors, as well as tumor initiation, progression, and histological origin; this model can also be used for drug testing. The chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane is another attractive model and allows the study of drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Tudrej
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Aleksandra Kujawa
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Alexander Jorge Cortez
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Marta Lisowska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland.
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23
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The Fanconi Anemia Pathway and Fertility. Trends Genet 2019; 35:199-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Khan C, Muliyil S, Rao BJ. Genome Damage Sensing Leads to Tissue Homeostasis in Drosophila. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 345:173-224. [PMID: 30904193 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA repair is a critical cellular process required for the maintenance of genomic integrity. It is now well appreciated that cells employ several DNA repair pathways to take care of distinct types of DNA damage. It is also well known that a cascade of signals namely DNA damage response or DDR is activated in response to DNA damage which comprise cellular responses, such as cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and cell death, if the damage is irreparable. There is also emerging literature suggesting a cross-talk between DNA damage signaling and several signaling networks within a cell. Moreover, cell death players themselves are also well known to engage in processes outside their canonical function of apoptosis. This chapter attempts to build a link between DNA damage, DDR and signaling from the studies mainly conducted in mammals and Drosophila model systems, with a special emphasis on their relevance in overall tissue homeostasis and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Sonia Muliyil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - B J Rao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
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25
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A new role for Drosophila Aurora-A in maintaining chromosome integrity. Chromosoma 2019; 128:41-52. [PMID: 30612150 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-018-00687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aurora-A is a conserved mitotic kinase overexpressed in many types of cancer. Growing evidence shows that Aurora-A plays a crucial role in DNA damage response (DDR) although this aspect has been less characterized. We isolated a new aur-A mutation, named aur-A949, in Drosophila, and we showed that it causes chromosome aberrations (CABs). In addition, aur-A949 mutants were sensitive to X-ray treatment and showed impaired γ-H2Av foci dissolution kinetics. To identify the pathway in which Aur-A works, we conducted an epistasis analysis by evaluating CAB frequencies in double mutants carrying aur-A949 mutation combined to mutations in genes related to DNA damage response (DDR). We found that mutations in tefu (ATM) and in the histone variant H2Av were epistatic over aur-A949 indicating that Aur-A works in DDR and that it is required for γ-H2Av foci dissolution. More interestingly, we found that a mutation in lig4, a gene belonging to the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair pathway, was epistatic over aur-A949. Based on studies in other systems, which show that phosphorylation is important to target Lig4 for degradation, we hypothesized that in aur-A949 mutant cells, there is a persistence of Lig4 that could be, in the end, responsible for CABs. Finally, we observed a synergistic interaction between Aur-A and the homologous recombination (HR) repair system component Rad 51 in the process that converts chromatid deletions into isochromatid deletions. Altogether, these data indicate that Aur-A depletion can elicit chromosome damage. This conclusion should be taken into consideration, since some anticancer therapies are aimed at reducing Aurora-A expression.
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26
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Weinberg-Shukron A, Rachmiel M, Renbaum P, Gulsuner S, Walsh T, Lobel O, Dreifuss A, Ben-Moshe A, Zeligson S, Segel R, Shore T, Kalifa R, Goldberg M, King MC, Gerlitz O, Levy-Lahad E, Zangen D. Essential Role of BRCA2 in Ovarian Development and Function. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:1042-1049. [PMID: 30207912 PMCID: PMC6230262 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1800024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The causes of ovarian dysgenesis remain incompletely understood. Two sisters with XX ovarian dysgenesis carried compound heterozygous truncating mutations in the BRCA2 gene that led to reduced BRCA2 protein levels and an impaired response to DNA damage, which resulted in chromosomal breakage and the failure of RAD51 to be recruited to double-stranded DNA breaks. The sisters also had microcephaly, and one sister was in long-term remission from leukemia, which had been diagnosed when she was 5 years old. Drosophila mutants that were null for an orthologue of BRCA2 were sterile, and gonadal dysgenesis was present in both sexes. These results revealed a new role for BRCA2 and highlight the importance to ovarian development of genes that are critical for recombination during meiosis. (Funded by the Israel Science Foundation and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariella Weinberg-Shukron
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Mariana Rachmiel
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Paul Renbaum
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Suleyman Gulsuner
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Tom Walsh
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Orit Lobel
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Amatzia Dreifuss
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Avital Ben-Moshe
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Sharon Zeligson
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Reeval Segel
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Tikva Shore
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Rachel Kalifa
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Michal Goldberg
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Mary-Claire King
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Offer Gerlitz
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Ephrat Levy-Lahad
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - David Zangen
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
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27
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Misulovin Z, Pherson M, Gause M, Dorsett D. Brca2, Pds5 and Wapl differentially control cohesin chromosome association and function. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007225. [PMID: 29447171 PMCID: PMC5831647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cohesin complex topologically encircles chromosomes and mediates sister chromatid cohesion to ensure accurate chromosome segregation upon cell division. Cohesin also participates in DNA repair and gene transcription. The Nipped-B-Mau2 protein complex loads cohesin onto chromosomes and the Pds5-Wapl complex removes cohesin. Pds5 is also essential for sister chromatid cohesion, indicating that it has functions beyond cohesin removal. The Brca2 DNA repair protein interacts with Pds5, but the roles of this complex beyond DNA repair are unknown. Here we show that Brca2 opposes Pds5 function in sister chromatid cohesion by assaying precocious sister chromatid separation in metaphase spreads of cultured cells depleted for these proteins. By genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation we find that Pds5 facilitates SA cohesin subunit association with DNA replication origins and that Brca2 inhibits SA binding, mirroring their effects on sister chromatid cohesion. Cohesin binding is maximal at replication origins and extends outward to occupy active genes and regulatory sequences. Pds5 and Wapl, but not Brca2, limit the distance that cohesin extends from origins, thereby determining which active genes, enhancers and silencers bind cohesin. Using RNA-seq we find that Brca2, Pds5 and Wapl influence the expression of most genes sensitive to Nipped-B and cohesin, largely in the same direction. These findings demonstrate that Brca2 regulates sister chromatid cohesion and gene expression in addition to its canonical role in DNA repair and expand the known functions of accessory proteins in cohesin's diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziva Misulovin
- Edward A Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michelle Pherson
- Edward A Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Maria Gause
- Edward A Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dale Dorsett
- Edward A Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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28
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p53 and cyclin G cooperate in mediating genome stability in somatic cells of Drosophila. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17890. [PMID: 29263364 PMCID: PMC5738409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17973-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key players in genome surveillance is the tumour suppressor p53 mediating the adaptive response to a multitude of stress signals. Here we identify Cyclin G (CycG) as co-factor of p53-mediated genome stability. CycG has been shown before to be involved in double-strand break repair during meiosis. Moreover, it is also important for mediating DNA damage response in somatic tissue. Here we find it in protein complexes together with p53, and show that the two proteins interact physically in vitro and in vivo in response to ionizing irradiation. In contrast to mammals, Drosophila Cyclin G is no transcriptional target of p53. Genetic interaction data reveal that p53 activity during DNA damage response requires the presence of CycG. Morphological defects caused by overexpression of p53 are ameliorated in cycG null mutants. Moreover, using a p53 biosensor we show that p53 activity is impeded in cycG mutants. As both p53 and CycG are likewise required for DNA damage repair and longevity we propose that CycG plays a positive role in mediating p53 function in genome surveillance of Drosophila.
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29
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Merigliano C, Marzio A, Renda F, Somma MP, Gatti M, Vernì F. A Role for the Twins Protein Phosphatase (PP2A-B55) in the Maintenance of Drosophila Genome Integrity. Genetics 2017; 205:1151-1167. [PMID: 28040742 PMCID: PMC5340330 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.192781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a conserved heterotrimeric enzyme that regulates several cellular processes including the DNA damage response and mitosis. Consistent with these functions, PP2A is mutated in many types of cancer and acts as a tumor suppressor. In mammalian cells, PP2A inhibition results in DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and chromosome aberrations (CABs). However, the mechanisms through which PP2A prevents DNA damage are still unclear. Here, we focus on the role of the Drosophila twins (tws) gene in the maintenance of chromosome integrity; tws encodes the B regulatory subunit (B/B55) of PP2A. Mutations in tws cause high frequencies of CABs (0.5 CABs/cell) in Drosophila larval brain cells and lead to an abnormal persistence of γ-H2Av repair foci. However, mutations that disrupt the PP4 phosphatase activity impair foci dissolution but do not cause CABs, suggesting that a delayed foci regression is not clastogenic. We also show that Tws is required for activation of the G2/M DNA damage checkpoint while PP4 is required for checkpoint recovery, a result that points to a conserved function of these phosphatases from flies to humans. Mutations in the ATM-coding gene tefu are strictly epistatic to tws mutations for the CAB phenotype, suggesting that failure to dephosphorylate an ATM substrate(s) impairs DNA DSBs repair. In addition, mutations in the Ku70 gene, which do not cause CABs, completely suppress CAB formation in tws Ku70 double mutants. These results suggest the hypothesis that an improperly phosphorylated Ku70 protein can lead to DNA damage and CABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Merigliano
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin," Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185, Italy
| | - Antonio Marzio
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin," Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185, Italy
| | - Fioranna Renda
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin," Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185, Italy
| | - Maria Patrizia Somma
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gatti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin," Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185, Italy
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Vernì
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin," Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185, Italy
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30
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Nagel AC, Szawinski J, Zimmermann M, Preiss A. Drosophila Cyclin G Is a Regulator of the Notch Signalling Pathway during Wing Development. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151477. [PMID: 26963612 PMCID: PMC4786218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signalling regulates a multitude of differentiation processes during Drosophila development. For example, Notch activity is required for proper wing vein differentiation which is hampered in mutants of either the receptor Notch, the ligand Delta or the antagonist Hairless. Moreover, the Notch pathway is involved in several aspects of Drosophila oogenesis as well. We have identified Drosophila Cyclin G (CycG) as a molecular interaction partner of Hairless, the major antagonist in the Notch signalling pathway, in vitro and in vivo. Loss of CycG was shown before to cause female sterility and to disturb the architecture of the egg shell. Nevertheless, Notch dependent processes during oogenesis appeared largely unaffected in cycG mutant egg chambers. Loss of CycG modified the dominant wing phenotypes of Notch, Delta and Hairless mutants. Whereas the Notch loss of function phenotype was ameliorated by a loss of CycG, the phenotypes of either Notch gain of function or of Delta or Hairless loss of function were enhanced. In contrast, loss of CycG had only a minor effect on the wing vein phenotype of mutants affecting the EGFR signalling pathway emphasizing the specificity of the interaction of CycG and Notch pathway members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C. Nagel
- Institut für Genetik, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jutta Szawinski
- Institut für Genetik, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mirjam Zimmermann
- Institut für Genetik, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anette Preiss
- Institut für Genetik, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail:
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31
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Overcash JM, Aryan A, Myles KM, Adelman ZN. Understanding the DNA damage response in order to achieve desired gene editing outcomes in mosquitoes. Chromosome Res 2015; 23:31-42. [PMID: 25596822 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-014-9450-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are high-impact disease vectors with the capacity to transmit pathogenic agents that cause diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, chikungunya, and dengue. Continued growth in knowledge of genetic, molecular, and physiological pathways in mosquitoes allows for the development of novel control methods and for the continued optimization of existing ones. The emergence of site-specific nucleases as genomic engineering tools promises to expedite research of crucial biological pathways in these disease vectors. The utilization of these nucleases in a more precise and efficient manner is dependent upon knowledge and manipulation of the DNA repair pathways utilized by the mosquito. While progress has been made in deciphering DNA repair pathways in some model systems, research into the nature of the hierarchy of mosquito DNA repair pathways, as well as in mechanistic differences that may exist, is needed. In this review, we will describe progress in the use of site-specific nucleases in mosquitoes, along with the hierarchy of DNA repair in the context of mosquito chromosomal organization and structure, and how this knowledge may be manipulated to achieve precise chromosomal engineering in mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Overcash
- Fralin Life Science Institute and Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, 305 Fralin Life Science Institute, 360 West Campus Dr., Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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32
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Shaposhnikov M, Proshkina E, Shilova L, Zhavoronkov A, Moskalev A. Lifespan and Stress Resistance in Drosophila with Overexpressed DNA Repair Genes. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15299. [PMID: 26477511 PMCID: PMC4609912 DOI: 10.1038/srep15299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair declines with age and correlates with longevity in many animal species. In this study, we investigated the effects of GAL4-induced overexpression of genes implicated in DNA repair on lifespan and resistance to stress factors in Drosophila melanogaster. Stress factors included hyperthermia, oxidative stress, and starvation. Overexpression was either constitutive or conditional and either ubiquitous or tissue-specific (nervous system). Overexpressed genes included those involved in recognition of DNA damage (homologs of HUS1, CHK2), nucleotide and base excision repair (homologs of XPF, XPC and AP-endonuclease-1), and repair of double-stranded DNA breaks (homologs of BRCA2, XRCC3, KU80 and WRNexo). The overexpression of different DNA repair genes led to both positive and negative effects on lifespan and stress resistance. Effects were dependent on GAL4 driver, stage of induction, sex, and role of the gene in the DNA repair process. While the constitutive/neuron-specific and conditional/ubiquitous overexpression of DNA repair genes negatively impacted lifespan and stress resistance, the constitutive/ubiquitous and conditional/neuron-specific overexpression of Hus1, mnk, mei-9, mus210, and WRNexo had beneficial effects. This study demonstrates for the first time the effects of overexpression of these DNA repair genes on both lifespan and stress resistance in D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Shaposhnikov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Institute of Biology of Komi Science Center of Ural Branch of RAS, Syktyvkar, 167982, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Proshkina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Institute of Biology of Komi Science Center of Ural Branch of RAS, Syktyvkar, 167982, Russia
| | - Lyubov Shilova
- Institute of Biology of Komi Science Center of Ural Branch of RAS, Syktyvkar, 167982, Russia
| | - Alex Zhavoronkov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc, Johns Hopkins University, ETC, B301, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Alexey Moskalev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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33
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Franco-Duarte R, Bigey F, Carreto L, Mendes I, Dequin S, Santos MAS, Pais C, Schuller D. Intrastrain genomic and phenotypic variability of the commercialSaccharomyces cerevisiaestrain Zymaflore VL1 reveals microevolutionary adaptation to vineyard environments. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov063. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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34
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Alexander JL, Barrasa MI, Orr-Weaver TL. Replication fork progression during re-replication requires the DNA damage checkpoint and double-strand break repair. Curr Biol 2015; 25:1654-60. [PMID: 26051888 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Replication origins are under tight regulation to ensure activation occurs only once per cell cycle [1, 2]. Origin re-firing in a single S phase leads to the generation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and activation of the DNA damage checkpoint [2-7]. If the checkpoint is blocked, cells enter mitosis with partially re-replicated DNA that generates chromosome breaks and fusions [5]. These types of chromosomal aberrations are common in numerous human cancers, suggesting that re-replication events contribute to cancer progression. It was proposed that fork instability and DSBs formed during re-replication are the result of head-to-tail collisions and collapse of adjacent replication forks [3]. However, previously studied systems lack the resolution to determine whether the observed DSBs are generated at sites of fork collisions. Here, we utilize the Drosophila ovarian follicle cells, which exhibit re-replication under precise developmental control [8-10], to model the consequences of re-replication at actively elongating forks. Re-replication occurs from specific replication origins at six genomic loci, termed Drosophila amplicons in follicle cells (DAFCs) [10-12]. Precise developmental timing of DAFC origin firing permits identification of forks at defined points after origin initiation [13, 14]. Here, we show that DAFC re-replication causes fork instability and generates DSBs at sites of potential fork collisions. Immunofluorescence and ChIP-seq demonstrate the DSB marker γH2Av is enriched at elongating forks. Fork progression is reduced in the absence of DNA damage checkpoint components and nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ), but not homologous recombination. NHEJ appears to continually repair forks during re-replication to maintain elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Alexander
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 68-132, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M Inmaculada Barrasa
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Terry L Orr-Weaver
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 68-132, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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35
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Kusch T. Brca2-Pds5 complexes mobilize persistent meiotic recombination sites to the nuclear envelope. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:717-27. [PMID: 25588834 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.159988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination is required for reciprocal exchange between homologous chromosome arms during meiosis. Only select meiotic recombination events become chromosomal crossovers; the majority of recombination outcomes are noncrossovers. Growing evidence suggests that crossovers are repaired after noncrossovers. Here, I report that persisting recombination sites are mobilized to the nuclear envelope of Drosophila pro-oocytes during mid-pachytene. Their number correlates with the average crossover rate per meiosis. Proteomic and interaction studies reveal that the recombination mediator Brca2 associates with lamin and the cohesion factor Pds5 to secure persistent recombination sites at the nuclear envelope. In Rad51(-/-) females, all persistent DNA breaks are directed to the nuclear envelope. By contrast, a reduction of Pds5 or Brca2 levels abolishes the movement and has a negative impact on crossover rates. The data suggest that persistent meiotic DNA double-strand breaks might correspond to crossovers, which are mobilized to the nuclear envelope for their repair. The identification of Brca2-Pds5 complexes as key mediators of this process provides a first mechanistic explanation for the contribution of lamins and cohesins to meiotic recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kusch
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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36
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Li W, Klovstad M, Schüpbach T. Repression of Gurken translation by a meiotic checkpoint in Drosophila oogenesis is suppressed by a reduction in the dose of eIF1A. Development 2014; 141:3910-21. [PMID: 25231760 DOI: 10.1242/dev.109306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In Drosophila melanogaster, the anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (DV) axes of the oocyte and future embryo are established through the localization and translational regulation of gurken (grk) mRNA. This process involves binding of specific factors to the RNA during transport and a dynamic remodeling of the grk-containing ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes once they have reached their destination within the oocyte. In ovaries of spindle-class females, an activated DNA damage checkpoint causes inefficient Grk translation and ventralization of the oocyte. In a screen for modifiers of the oocyte DV patterning defects, we identified a mutation in the eIF1A gene as a dominant suppressor. We show that reducing the function of eIF1A in spnB ovaries suppresses the ventralized eggshell phenotype by restoring Grk expression. This suppression is not the result of more efficient DNA damage repair or of disrupted checkpoint activation, but is coupled to an increase in the amount of grk mRNA associated with polysomes. In spnB ovaries, the activated meiotic checkpoint blocks Grk translation by disrupting the accumulation of grk mRNA in a translationally competent RNP complex that contains the translational activator Oo18 RNA-binding protein (Orb); this regulation involves the translational repressor Squid (Sqd). We further propose that reduction of eIF1A allows more efficient Grk translation possibly because of the presence of specific structural features in the grk 5'UTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Martha Klovstad
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Trudi Schüpbach
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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37
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Girard C, Crismani W, Froger N, Mazel J, Lemhemdi A, Horlow C, Mercier R. FANCM-associated proteins MHF1 and MHF2, but not the other Fanconi anemia factors, limit meiotic crossovers. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:9087-95. [PMID: 25038251 PMCID: PMC4132730 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic recombination is important for generating diversity and to ensure faithful segregation of chromosomes at meiosis. However, few crossovers (COs) are formed per meiosis despite an excess of DNA double-strand break precursors. This reflects the existence of active mechanisms that limit CO formation. We previously showed that AtFANCM is a meiotic anti-CO factor. The same genetic screen now identified AtMHF2 as another player of the same anti-CO pathway. FANCM and MHF2 are both Fanconi Anemia (FA) associated proteins, prompting us to test the other FA genes conserved in Arabidopsis for a role in CO control at meiosis. This revealed that among the FA proteins tested, only FANCM and its two DNA-binding co-factors MHF1 and MHF2 limit CO formation at meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Girard
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559,Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences,RD10, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Wayne Crismani
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559,Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences,RD10, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Nicole Froger
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559,Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences,RD10, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Julien Mazel
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559,Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences,RD10, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Afef Lemhemdi
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559,Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences,RD10, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Christine Horlow
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559,Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences,RD10, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Raphael Mercier
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559,Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences,RD10, 78000 Versailles, France
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The Drosophila Werner exonuclease participates in an exonuclease-independent response to replication stress. Genetics 2014; 197:643-52. [PMID: 24709634 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.164228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the RecQ family of helicases are known for their roles in DNA repair, replication, and recombination. Mutations in the human RecQ helicases, WRN and BLM, cause Werner and Bloom syndromes, which are diseases characterized by genome instability and an increased risk of cancer. While WRN contains both a helicase and an exonuclease domain, the Drosophila melanogaster homolog, WRNexo, contains only the exonuclease domain. Therefore the Drosophila model system provides a unique opportunity to study the exonuclease functions of WRN separate from the helicase. We created a null allele of WRNexo via imprecise P-element excision. The null WRNexo mutants are not sensitive to double-strand break-inducing reagents, suggesting that the exonuclease does not play a key role in homologous recombination-mediated repair of DSBs. However, WRNexo mutant embryos have a reduced hatching frequency and larvae are sensitive to the replication fork-stalling reagent, hydroxyurea (HU), suggesting that WRNexo is important in responding to replication stress. The role of WRNexo in the HU-induced stress response is independent of Rad51. Interestingly, the hatching defect and HU sensitivity of WRNexo mutants do not occur in flies containing an exonuclease-dead copy of WRNexo, suggesting that the role of WRNexo in replication is independent of exonuclease activity. Additionally, WRNexo and Blm mutants exhibit similar sensitivity to HU and synthetic lethality in combination with mutations in structure-selective endonucleases. We propose that WRNexo and BLM interact to promote fork reversal following replication fork stalling and in their absence regressed forks are restarted through a Rad51-mediated process.
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Gaivão I, Rodríguez R, Sierra LM. Use of the Comet Assay to Study DNA Repair in Drosophila melanogaster. GENOTOXICITY AND DNA REPAIR 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1068-7_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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40
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Paul C, Nagano M, Robaire B. Aging Results in Molecular Changes in an Enriched Population of Undifferentiated Rat Spermatogonia1. Biol Reprod 2013; 89:147. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.112995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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41
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Chakraborty S. A fragmented alignment method detects a putative phosphorylation site and a putative BRC repeat in the Drosophila melanogaster BRCA2 protein. F1000Res 2013; 2:143. [PMID: 24627786 PMCID: PMC3924952 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-143.v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the BRCA2 tumor suppressor protein leave individuals susceptible to breast, ovarian and other cancers. The BRCA2 protein is a critical component of the DNA repair pathways in eukaryotes, and also plays an integral role in fostering genomic variability through meiotic recombination. Although present in many eukaryotes, as a whole the
BRCA2 gene is weakly conserved. Conserved fragments of 30 amino acids (BRC repeats), which mediate interactions with the recombinase RAD51, helped detect orthologs of this protein in other organisms. The carboxy-terminal of the human BRCA2 has been shown to be phosphorylated by checkpoint kinases (Chk1/Chk2) at T3387, which regulate the sequestration of RAD51 on DNA damage. However, apart from three BRC repeats, the
Drosophila melanogaster gene has not been annotated and associated with other functionally relevant sequence fragments in human BRCA2. In the current work, the carboxy-terminal phosphorylation threonine site (E=9.1e-4) and a new BRC repeat (E=17e-4) in
D. melanogaster has been identified, using a fragmented alignment methodology (FRAGAL). In a similar study, FRAGAL has also identified a novel half-a- tetratricopeptide (HAT) motif (E=11e-4), a helical repeat motif implicated in various aspects of RNA metabolism, in Utp6 from yeast. The characteristic three aromatic residues with conserved spacing are observed in this new HAT repeat, further strengthening my claim. The reference and target sequences are sliced into overlapping fragments of equal parameterized lengths. All pairs of fragments in the reference and target proteins are aligned, and the gap penalties are adjusted to discourage gaps in the middle of the alignment. The results of the best matches are sorted based on differing criteria to aid the detection of known and putative sequences. The source code for FRAGAL results on these sequences is available at
https://github.com/sanchak/FragalCode, while the database can be accessed at
www.sanchak.com/fragal.html.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 400 005, India
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42
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The development of a monoclonal antibody recognizing the Drosophila melanogaster phosphorylated histone H2A variant (γ-H2AV). G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2013; 3:1539-43. [PMID: 23833215 PMCID: PMC3755914 DOI: 10.1534/g3.113.006833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) using a phospho-specific antibody to the histone 2A variant has become the gold standard assay for DNA damage detection. Here we report on the development of the first monoclonal antibody to the phospho-specific form of Drosophila H2AV and characterize the specificity of this antibody to programmed DSBs in oocytes and rereplication sites in endocycling cells by immunofluorescence assays and to DSBs resulting from irradiation in both cell culture and whole tissue by Western blot assays. These studies show that the antibody derived in the study is highly specific for this modification that occurs at DSB sites, and therefore will be a new useful tool within the Drosophila community for the study of DNA damage response, DSB repair, meiotic recombination and chemical agents that cause DNA damage.
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The Smc5/Smc6/MAGE complex confers resistance to caffeine and genotoxic stress in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59866. [PMID: 23555814 PMCID: PMC3610895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The SMC5/6 protein complex consists of the Smc5, Smc6 and Non-Smc-Element (Nse) proteins and is important for genome stability in many species. To identify novel components in the DNA repair pathway, we carried out a genetic screen to identify mutations that confer reduced resistance to the genotoxic effects of caffeine, which inhibits the ATM and ATR DNA damage response proteins. This approach identified inactivating mutations in CG5524 and MAGE, homologs of genes encoding Smc6 and Nse3 in yeasts. The fact that Smc5 mutants are also caffeine-sensitive and that Mage physically interacts with Drosophila homologs of Nse proteins suggests that the structure of the Smc5/6 complex is conserved in Drosophila. Although Smc5/6 proteins are required for viability in S. cerevisiae, they are not essential under normal circumstances in Drosophila. However, flies carrying mutations in Smc5, Smc6 and MAGE are hypersensitive to genotoxic agents such as ionizing radiation, camptothecin, hydroxyurea and MMS, consistent with the Smc5/6 complex serving a conserved role in genome stability. We also show that mutant flies are not compromised for pre-mitotic cell cycle checkpoint responses. Rather, caffeine-induced apoptosis in these mutants is exacerbated by inhibition of ATM or ATR checkpoint kinases but suppressed by Rad51 depletion, suggesting a functional interaction involving homologous DNA repair pathways that deserves further scrutiny. Our insights into the SMC5/6 complex provide new challenges for understanding the role of this enigmatic chromatin factor in multi-cellular organisms.
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Gonzalez C. Drosophila melanogaster: a model and a tool to investigate malignancy and identify new therapeutics. Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13:172-83. [PMID: 23388617 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For decades, lower-model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster have often provided the first glimpse into the mechanism of action of human cancer-related proteins, thus making a substantial contribution to elucidating the molecular basis of the disease. More recently, D. melanogaster strains that are engineered to recapitulate key aspects of specific types of human cancer have been paving the way for the future role of this 'workhorse' of biomedical research, helping to further investigate the process of malignancy, and serving as platforms for therapeutic drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayetano Gonzalez
- IRB-Barcelona, c/Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona, Spain. gonzalez@ irbbarcelona.org
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Common variants of Drosophila melanogaster Cyp6d2 cause camptothecin sensitivity and synergize with loss of Brca2. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2013; 3:91-9. [PMID: 23316441 PMCID: PMC3538347 DOI: 10.1534/g3.112.003996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many chemotherapeutic agents selectively target rapidly dividing cells, including cancer cells, by causing DNA damage that leads to genome instability and cell death. We used Drosophila melanogaster to study how mutations in key DNA repair genes affect an organism's response to chemotherapeutic drugs. In this study, we focused on camptothecin and its derivatives, topotecan and irinotecan, which are type I topoisomerase inhibitors that create DNA double-strand breaks in rapidly dividing cells. Here, we describe two polymorphisms in Drosophila Cyp6d2 that result in extreme sensitivity to camptothecin but not topotecan or irinotecan. We confirmed that the sensitivity was due to mutations in Cyp6d2 by rescuing the defect with a wild-type copy of Cyp6d2. In addition, we showed that combining a cyp6d2 mutation with mutations in Drosophila brca2 results in extreme sensitivity to camptothecin. Given the frequency of the Cyp6d2 polymorphisms in publcly available Drosophila stocks, our study demonstrates the need for caution when interpreting results from drug sensitivity screens in Drosophila and other model organisms. Furthermore, our findings illustrate how genetic background effects can be important when determining the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents in various DNA repair mutants.
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46
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Lok BH, Powell SN. Molecular pathways: understanding the role of Rad52 in homologous recombination for therapeutic advancement. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:6400-6. [PMID: 23071261 PMCID: PMC3513650 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-3150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Rad52 protein was largely ignored in humans and other mammals when the mouse knockout revealed a largely "no-effect" phenotype. However, using synthetic lethal approaches to investigate context-dependent function, new studies have shown that Rad52 plays a key survival role in cells lacking the function of the breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1)-BRCA2 pathway of homologous recombination. Biochemical studies also showed significant differences between yeast and human Rad52 (hRad52), in which yeast Rad52 can promote strand invasion of replication protein A (RPA)-coated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in the presence of Rad51 but hRad52 cannot. This results in the paradox of how is hRad52 providing Rad51 function: presumably there is something missing in the biochemical assays that exists in vivo, but the nature of this missing factor is currently unknown. Recent studies have suggested that Rad52 provides back-up Rad51 function for all members of the BRCA1-BRCA2 pathway, suggesting that Rad52 may be a target for therapy in BRCA pathway-deficient cancers. Screening for ways to inhibit Rad52 would potentially provide a complementary strategy for targeting BRCA-deficient cancers in addition to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H. Lok
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
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47
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Langley CH, Stevens K, Cardeno C, Lee YCG, Schrider DR, Pool JE, Langley SA, Suarez C, Corbett-Detig RB, Kolaczkowski B, Fang S, Nista PM, Holloway AK, Kern AD, Dewey CN, Song YS, Hahn MW, Begun DJ. Genomic variation in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2012; 192:533-98. [PMID: 22673804 PMCID: PMC3454882 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.142018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This report of independent genome sequences of two natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster (37 from North America and 6 from Africa) provides unique insight into forces shaping genomic polymorphism and divergence. Evidence of interactions between natural selection and genetic linkage is abundant not only in centromere- and telomere-proximal regions, but also throughout the euchromatic arms. Linkage disequilibrium, which decays within 1 kbp, exhibits a strong bias toward coupling of the more frequent alleles and provides a high-resolution map of recombination rate. The juxtaposition of population genetics statistics in small genomic windows with gene structures and chromatin states yields a rich, high-resolution annotation, including the following: (1) 5'- and 3'-UTRs are enriched for regions of reduced polymorphism relative to lineage-specific divergence; (2) exons overlap with windows of excess relative polymorphism; (3) epigenetic marks associated with active transcription initiation sites overlap with regions of reduced relative polymorphism and relatively reduced estimates of the rate of recombination; (4) the rate of adaptive nonsynonymous fixation increases with the rate of crossing over per base pair; and (5) both duplications and deletions are enriched near origins of replication and their density correlates negatively with the rate of crossing over. Available demographic models of X and autosome descent cannot account for the increased divergence on the X and loss of diversity associated with the out-of-Africa migration. Comparison of the variation among these genomes to variation among genomes from D. simulans suggests that many targets of directional selection are shared between these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Langley
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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48
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Nagel AC, Fischer P, Szawinski J, La Rosa MK, Preiss A. Cyclin G is involved in meiotic recombination repair in Drosophila melanogaster. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5555-63. [PMID: 22976300 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin G (CycG) belongs to the atypical cyclins, which have diverse cellular functions. The two mammalian CycG genes, CycG1 and CycG2, regulate the cell cycle in response to cell stress. Detailed analyses of the role of the single Drosophila cycG gene have been hampered by the lack of a mutant. We generated a null mutant in the Drosophila cycG gene that is female sterile and produces ventralised eggs. This phenotype is typical of the downregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling during oogenesis. Ventralised eggs are also observed in mutants (for example, mutants of the spindle class) that are defective in meiotic DNA double-strand break repair. Double-strand breaks (DSBs) induce a meiotic checkpoint by activating Mei-41 kinase (the Drosophila ATR homologue), thereby indirectly causing dorsoventral patterning defects. We provide evidence for the role of CycG in meiotic checkpoint control. The increased incidence of DSBs in cycG mutant germaria may reflect inefficient DSB repair. Therefore, the downregulation of Mei-W68 (an endonuclease that induces meiotic DSBs), Mei-41, or Drosophila melanogaster Chk2 (a downstream kinase that initiates the meiotic checkpoint) rescues the cycG mutant eggshell phenotype. In vivo, CycG associates with Rad9 and BRCA2. These two proteins are components of the 9-1-1 complex, which is involved in sensing DSBs and in activating meiotic checkpoint control. Therefore, we propose that CycG has a role in an early step of meiotic recombination repair, thereby affecting EGFR-mediated patterning processes during oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C Nagel
- Institut für Genetik, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Lake CM, Hawley RS. The molecular control of meiotic chromosomal behavior: events in early meiotic prophase in Drosophila oocytes. Annu Rev Physiol 2012; 74:425-51. [PMID: 22335798 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-020911-153342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We review the critical events in early meiotic prophase in Drosophila melanogaster oocytes. We focus on four aspects of this process: the formation of the synaptonemal complex (SC) and its role in maintaining homologous chromosome pairings, the critical roles of the meiosis-specific process of centromere clustering in the formation of a full-length SC, the mechanisms by which preprogrammed double-strand breaks initiate meiotic recombination, and the checkpoints that govern the progression and coordination of these processes. Central to this discussion are the roles that somatic pairing events play in establishing the necessary conditions for proper SC formation, the roles of centromere pairing in synapsis initiation, and the mechanisms by which oocytes detect failures in SC formation and/or recombination. Finally, we correlate what is known in Drosophila oocytes with our understanding of these processes in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen M Lake
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA.
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50
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Kadir R, Bakhrat A, Tokarsky R, Abdu U. Localization of the Drosophila Rad9 protein to the nuclear membrane is regulated by the C-terminal region and is affected in the meiotic checkpoint. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38010. [PMID: 22666434 PMCID: PMC3362529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rad9, Rad1, and Hus1 (9-1-1) are part of the DNA integrity checkpoint control system. It was shown previously that the C-terminal end of the human Rad9 protein, which contains a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) nearby, is critical for the nuclear transport of Rad1 and Hus1. In this study, we show that in Drosophila, Hus1 is found in the cytoplasm, Rad1 is found throughout the entire cell and that Rad9 (DmRad9) is a nuclear protein. More specifically, DmRad9 exists in two alternatively spliced forms, DmRad9A and DmRad9B, where DmRad9B is localized at the cell nucleus, and DmRad9A is found on the nuclear membrane both in Drosophila tissues and also when expressed in mammalian cells. Whereas both alternatively spliced forms of DmRad9 contain a common NLS near the C terminus, the 32 C-terminal residues of DmRad9A, specific to this alternative splice form, are required for targeting the protein to the nuclear membrane. We further show that activation of a meiotic checkpoint by a DNA repair gene defect but not defects in the anchoring of meiotic chromosomes to the oocyte nuclear envelope upon ectopic expression of non-phosphorylatable Barrier to Autointegration Factor (BAF) dramatically affects DmRad9A localization. Thus, by studying the localization pattern of DmRad9, our study reveals that the DmRad9A C-terminal region targets the protein to the nuclear membrane, where it might play a role in response to the activation of the meiotic checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Kadir
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Anna Bakhrat
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ronit Tokarsky
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Uri Abdu
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- * E-mail:
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