1
|
Wood KA, Tong RS, Motta M, Cordeddu V, Scimone ER, Bush SJ, Maxwell DW, Giannoulatou E, Caputo V, Traversa A, Mancini C, Ferrero GB, Benedicenti F, Grammatico P, Melis D, Steindl K, Brunetti-Pierri N, Trevisson E, Wilkie AO, Lin AE, Cormier-Daire V, Twigg SR, Tartaglia M, Goriely A. SMAD4 mutations causing Myhre syndrome are under positive selection in the male germline. Am J Hum Genet 2024:S0002-9297(24)00250-7. [PMID: 39116879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
While it is widely thought that de novo mutations (DNMs) occur randomly, we previously showed that some DNMs are enriched because they are positively selected in the testes of aging men. These "selfish" mutations cause disorders with a shared presentation of features, including exclusive paternal origin, significant increase of the father's age, and high apparent germline mutation rate. To date, all known selfish mutations cluster within the components of the RTK-RAS-MAPK signaling pathway, a critical modulator of testicular homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate the selfish nature of the SMAD4 DNMs causing Myhre syndrome (MYHRS). By analyzing 16 informative trios, we show that MYHRS-causing DNMs originated on the paternally derived allele in all cases. We document a statistically significant epidemiological paternal age effect of 6.3 years excess for fathers of MYHRS probands. We developed an ultra-sensitive assay to quantify spontaneous MYHRS-causing SMAD4 variants in sperm and show that pathogenic variants at codon 500 are found at elevated level in sperm of most men and exhibit a strong positive correlation with donor's age, indicative of a high apparent germline mutation rate. Finally, we performed in vitro assays to validate the peculiar functional behavior of the clonally selected DNMs and explored the basis of the pathophysiology of the different SMAD4 sperm-enriched variants. Taken together, these data provide compelling evidence that SMAD4, a gene operating outside the canonical RAS-MAPK signaling pathway, is associated with selfish spermatogonial selection and raises the possibility that other genes/pathways are under positive selection in the aging human testis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Wood
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX39DS, UK; Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX39DU, UK
| | - R Spencer Tong
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX39DS, UK; Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX39DU, UK
| | - Marialetizia Motta
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Cordeddu
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleanor R Scimone
- Medical Genetics, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Stephen J Bush
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX39DS, UK; Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX39DU, UK
| | - Dale W Maxwell
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX39DS, UK; Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX39DU, UK
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Viviana Caputo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Traversa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Mancini
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni B Ferrero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Paola Grammatico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Sapienza University, 00152 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Melis
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy
| | - Katharina Steindl
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy; Scuola Superiore Meridionale (SSM, School of Advanced Studies), Genomics and Experimental Medicine Program, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Eva Trevisson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Andrew Om Wilkie
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX39DS, UK; Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX39DU, UK
| | - Angela E Lin
- Medical Genetics, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Valerie Cormier-Daire
- Université Paris Cité, Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stephen Rf Twigg
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX39DS, UK; Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX39DU, UK
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Anne Goriely
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX39DS, UK; Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX39DU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Waldvogel SM, Posey JE, Goodell MA. Human embryonic genetic mosaicism and its effects on development and disease. Nat Rev Genet 2024:10.1038/s41576-024-00715-z. [PMID: 38605218 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-024-00715-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Nearly every mammalian cell division is accompanied by a mutational event that becomes fixed in a daughter cell. When carried forward to additional cell progeny, a clone of variant cells can emerge. As a result, mammals are complex mosaics of clones that are genetically distinct from one another. Recent high-throughput sequencing studies have revealed that mosaicism is common, clone sizes often increase with age and specific variants can affect tissue function and disease development. Variants that are acquired during early embryogenesis are shared by multiple cell types and can affect numerous tissues. Within tissues, variant clones compete, which can result in their expansion or elimination. Embryonic mosaicism has clinical implications for genetic disease severity and transmission but is likely an under-recognized phenomenon. To better understand its implications for mosaic individuals, it is essential to leverage research tools that can elucidate the mechanisms by which expanded embryonic variants influence development and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Waldvogel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Graduate Program in Cancer and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer E Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Margaret A Goodell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Graduate Program in Cancer and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moura S, Hartl I, Brumovska V, Calabrese PP, Yasari A, Striedner Y, Bishara M, Mair T, Ebner T, Schütz GJ, Sevcsik E, Tiemann-Boege I. Exploring FGFR3 Mutations in the Male Germline: Implications for Clonal Germline Expansions and Paternal Age-Related Dysplasias. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae015. [PMID: 38411226 PMCID: PMC10898338 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Delayed fatherhood results in a higher risk of inheriting a new germline mutation that might result in a congenital disorder in the offspring. In particular, some FGFR3 mutations increase in frequency with age, but there are still a large number of uncharacterized FGFR3 mutations that could be expanding in the male germline with potentially early- or late-onset effects in the offspring. Here, we used digital polymerase chain reaction to assess the frequency and spatial distribution of 10 different FGFR3 missense substitutions in the sexually mature male germline. Our functional assessment of the receptor signaling of the variants with biophysical methods showed that 9 of these variants resulted in a higher activation of the receptor´s downstream signaling, resulting in 2 different expansion behaviors. Variants that form larger subclonal expansions in a dissected postmortem testis also showed a positive correlation of the substitution frequency with the sperm donor's age, and a high and ligand-independent FGFR3 activation. In contrast, variants that measured high FGFR3 signaling and elevated substitution frequencies independent of the donor's age did not result in measurable subclonal expansions in the testis. This suggests that promiscuous signal activation might also result in an accumulation of mutations before the sexual maturation of the male gonad with clones staying relatively constant in size throughout time. Collectively, these results provide novel insights into our understanding of the mutagenesis of driver mutations and their resulting mosaicism in the male germline with important consequences for the transmission and recurrence of associated disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Moura
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - Ingrid Hartl
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Peter P Calabrese
- Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Atena Yasari
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Yasmin Striedner
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Theresa Mair
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas Ebner
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Endocrinology, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | | | - Eva Sevcsik
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fang X, Baggett LM, Caylor RC, Percy AK, Neul JL, Lane JB, Glaze DG, Benke TA, Marsh ED, Motil KJ, Barrish JO, Annese FE, Skinner SA. Parental age effects and Rett syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2024; 194:160-173. [PMID: 37768187 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder, and pathogenic Methyl-CpG-binding Protein 2 (MECP2) variants are identified in >95% of individuals with typical RTT. Most of RTT-causing variants in MECP2 are de novo and usually on the paternally inherited X chromosome. While paternal age has been reported to be associated with increased risk of genetic disorders, it is unknown whether parental age contributes to the risk of the development of RTT. Clinical data including parental age, RTT diagnostic status, and clinical severity are collected from 1226 participants with RTT and confirmed MECP2 variants. Statistical analyses are performed using Student t-test, single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multi-factor regression. No significant difference is observed in parental ages of RTT probands compared to that of the general population. A small increase in parental ages is observed in participants with missense variants compared to those with nonsense variants. When we evaluate the association between clinical severity and parental ages by multiple regression analysis, there is no clear association between clinical severity and parental ages. Advanced parental ages do not appear to be a risk factor for RTT, and do not contribute to the clinical severity in individuals with RTT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Fang
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Alan K Percy
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Neul
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jane B Lane
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Tim A Benke
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado-Aurora, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Eric D Marsh
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathleen J Motil
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Fran E Annese
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Striedner Y, Arbeithuber B, Moura S, Nowak E, Reinhardt R, Muresan L, Salazar R, Ebner T, Tiemann-Boege I. Exploring the Micro-Mosaic Landscape of FGFR3 Mutations in the Ageing Male Germline and Their Potential Implications in Meiotic Differentiation. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:191. [PMID: 38397181 PMCID: PMC10888257 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Advanced paternal age increases the risk of transmitting de novo germline mutations, particularly missense mutations activating the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling pathway, as exemplified by the FGFR3 mutation, which is linked to achondroplasia (ACH). This risk is attributed to the expansion of spermatogonial stem cells carrying the mutation, forming sub-clonal clusters in the ageing testis, thereby increasing the frequency of mutant sperm and the number of affected offspring from older fathers. While prior studies proposed a correlation between sub-clonal cluster expansion in the testis and elevated mutant sperm production in older donors, limited data exist on the universality of this phenomenon. Our study addresses this gap by examining the testis-expansion patterns, as well as the increases in mutations in sperm for two FGFR3 variants-c.1138G>A (p.G380R) and c.1948A>G (p.K650E)-which are associated with ACH or thanatophoric dysplasia (TDII), respectively. Unlike the ACH mutation, which showed sub-clonal expansion events in an aged testis and a significant increase in mutant sperm with the donor's age, as also reported in other studies, the TDII mutation showed focal mutation pockets in the testis but exhibited reduced transmission into sperm and no significant age-related increase. The mechanism behind this divergence remains unclear, suggesting potential pleiotropic effects of aberrant RTK signalling in the male germline, possibly hindering differentiation requiring meiosis. This study provides further insights into the transmission risks of micro-mosaics associated with advanced paternal age in the male germline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Striedner
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, Austria; (Y.S.); (B.A.); (E.N.); (R.R.)
| | - Barbara Arbeithuber
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, Austria; (Y.S.); (B.A.); (E.N.); (R.R.)
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Endocrinology, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, Austria;
| | - Sofia Moura
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, Austria; (Y.S.); (B.A.); (E.N.); (R.R.)
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Elisabeth Nowak
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, Austria; (Y.S.); (B.A.); (E.N.); (R.R.)
| | - Ronja Reinhardt
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, Austria; (Y.S.); (B.A.); (E.N.); (R.R.)
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leila Muresan
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2EL, UK;
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Renato Salazar
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, Austria; (Y.S.); (B.A.); (E.N.); (R.R.)
| | - Thomas Ebner
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Endocrinology, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, Austria;
| | - Irene Tiemann-Boege
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, Austria; (Y.S.); (B.A.); (E.N.); (R.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Aitken RJ, Lewis SEM. DNA damage in testicular germ cells and spermatozoa. When and how is it induced? How should we measure it? What does it mean? Andrology 2023; 11:1545-1557. [PMID: 36604857 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This review surveys the causes and consequences of DNA damage in the male germ line from spermatogonial stem cells to fully differentiated spermatozoa. Within the stem cell population, DNA integrity is well maintained as a result of excellent DNA surveillance and repair; however, a progressive increase in background mutation rates does occur with paternal age possibly as a result of aberrant DNA repair as well as replication error. Once a germ cell has committed to spermatogenesis, it responds to genetic damage via a range of DNA repair pathways or, if this process fails, by the induction of apoptosis. When fully-differentiated spermatozoa are stressed, they also activate a truncated intrinsic apoptotic pathway which results in the activation of nucleases in the mitochondria and cytoplasm; however, the physical architecture of these cells prevents these enzymes from translocating to the nucleus to induce DNA fragmentation. Conversely, hydrogen peroxide released from the sperm midpiece during apoptosis is able to penetrate the nucleus and induce DNA damage. The base excision repair pathway responds to such damage by cleaving oxidized bases from the DNA, leaving abasic sites that are alkali-labile and readily detected with the comet assay. As levels of oxidative stress increase and these cells enter the perimortem, topoisomerase integrated into the sperm chromatin becomes activated by SUMOylation. Such activation may initially facilitate DNA repair by reannealing double strand breaks but ultimately prepares the DNA for destruction by nucleases released from the male reproductive tract. The abasic sites and oxidized base lesions found in live spermatozoa are mutagenic and may increase the mutational load carried by the offspring, particularly in the context of assisted conception. A variety of strategies are described for managing patients expressing high levels of DNA damage in their spermatozoa, to reduce the risks such lesions might pose to offspring health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert John Aitken
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive, Science, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sheena E M Lewis
- Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Examen Ltd., Weavers Court, Belfast, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Aitken RJ. Male reproductive ageing: a radical road to ruin. Hum Reprod 2023; 38:1861-1871. [PMID: 37568254 PMCID: PMC10546083 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dead157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In modern post-transition societies, we are reproducing later and living longer. While the impact of age on female reproductive function has been well studied, much less is known about the intersection of age and male reproduction. Our current understanding is that advancing age brings forth a progressive decline in male fertility accompanied by a reduction in circulating testosterone levels and the appearance of age-dependent reproductive pathologies including benign prostatic hypertrophy and erectile dysfunction. Paternal ageing is also associated with a profound increase in sperm DNA damage, the appearance of multiple epigenetic changes in the germ line and an elevated mutational load in the offspring. The net result of such changes is an increase in the disease burden carried by the progeny of ageing males, including dominant genetic diseases such as Apert syndrome and achondroplasia, as well as neuropsychiatric conditions including autism and spontaneous schizophrenia. The genetic basis of these age-related effects appears to involve two fundamental mechanisms. The first is a positive selection mechanism whereby stem cells containing mutations in a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway gain a selective advantage over their non-mutant counterparts and exhibit significant clonal expansion with the passage of time. The second is dependent on an age-dependent increase in oxidative stress which impairs the steroidogenic capacity of the Leydig cells, disrupts the ability of Sertoli cells to support the normal differentiation of germ cells, and disrupts the functional and genetic integrity of spermatozoa. Given the central importance of oxidative stress in defining the impact of chronological age on male reproduction, there may be a role for antioxidants in the clinical management of this process. While animal studies are supportive of this strategy, carefully designed clinical trials are now needed if we are to realize the therapeutic potential of this approach in a clinical context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R John Aitken
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Eboreime J, Choi SK, Yoon SR, Sadybekov A, Katritch V, Calabrese P, Arnheim N. Germline selection of PTPN11 (HGNC:9644) variants make a major contribution to both Noonan syndrome's high birth rate and the transmission of sporadic cancer variants resulting in fetal abnormality. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:2205-2221. [PMID: 36349709 PMCID: PMC10099774 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Some spontaneous germline gain-of-function mutations promote spermatogonial stem cell clonal expansion and disproportionate variant sperm production leading to unexpectedly high transmission rates for some human genetic conditions. To measure the frequency and spatial distribution of de novo mutations we divided three testes into 192 pieces each and used error-corrected deep-sequencing on each piece. We focused on PTPN11 (HGNC:9644) Exon 3 that contains 30 different PTPN11 Noonan syndrome (NS) mutation sites. We found 14 of these variants formed clusters among the testes; one testis had 11 different variant clusters. The mutation frequencies of these different clusters were not correlated with their case-recurrence rates nor were case recurrence rates of PTPN11 variants correlated with their tyrosine phosphatase levels thereby confusing PTPN11's role in germline clonal expansion. Six of the PTPN11 exon 3 de novo variants associated with somatic mutation-induced sporadic cancers (but not NS) also formed testis clusters. Further, three of these six variants were observed among fetuses that underwent prenatal ultrasound screening for NS-like features. Mathematical modeling showed that germline selection can explain both the mutation clusters and the high incidence of NS (1/1000-1/2500).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Eboreime
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular and Computational Biology Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Soo-Kyung Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular and Computational Biology Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Song-Ro Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular and Computational Biology Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anastasiia Sadybekov
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Peter Calabrese
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Norman Arnheim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular and Computational Biology Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wood KA, Goriely A. The impact of paternal age on new mutations and disease in the next generation. Fertil Steril 2022; 118:1001-1012. [PMID: 36351856 PMCID: PMC10909733 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Advanced paternal age is associated with an increased risk of fathering children with genetic disorders and other adverse reproductive consequences. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain largely unexplored. In this review, we focus on the impact of paternal age on de novo mutations that are an important contributor to genetic disease and can be studied both indirectly through large-scale sequencing studies and directly in the tissue in which they predominantly arise-the aging testis. We discuss the recent data that have helped establish the origins and frequency of de novo mutations, and highlight experimental evidence about the close link between new mutations, parental age, and genetic disease. We then focus on a small group of rare genetic conditions, the so-called "paternal age effect" disorders that show a strong association between paternal age and disease prevalence, and discuss the underlying mechanism ("selfish selection") and implications of this process in more detail. More broadly, understanding the causes and consequences of paternal age on genetic risk has important implications both for individual couples and for public health advice given that the average age of fatherhood is steadily increasing in many developed nations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Wood
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Goriely
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Salazar R, Arbeithuber B, Ivankovic M, Heinzl M, Moura S, Hartl I, Mair T, Lahnsteiner A, Ebner T, Shebl O, Pröll J, Tiemann-Boege I. Discovery of an unusually high number of de novo mutations in sperm of older men using duplex sequencing. Genome Res 2022; 32:499-511. [PMID: 35210354 PMCID: PMC8896467 DOI: 10.1101/gr.275695.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
De novo mutations (DNMs) are important players in heritable diseases and evolution. Of particular interest are highly recurrent DNMs associated with congenital disorders that have been described as selfish mutations expanding in the male germline, thus becoming more frequent with age. Here, we have adapted duplex sequencing (DS), an ultradeep sequencing method that renders sequence information on both DNA strands; thus, one mutation can be reliably called in millions of sequenced bases. With DS, we examined ∼4.5 kb of the FGFR3 coding region in sperm DNA from older and younger donors. We identified sites with variant allele frequencies (VAFs) of 10-4 to 10-5, with an overall mutation frequency of the region of ∼6 × 10-7 Some of the substitutions are recurrent and are found at a higher VAF in older donors than in younger ones or are found exclusively in older donors. Also, older donors harbor more mutations associated with congenital disorders. Other mutations are present in both age groups, suggesting that these might result from a different mechanism (e.g., postzygotic mosaicism). We also observe that independent of age, the frequency and deleteriousness of the mutational spectra are more similar to COSMIC than to gnomAD variants. Our approach is an important strategy to identify mutations that could be associated with a gain of function of the receptor tyrosine kinase activity, with unexplored consequences in a society with delayed fatherhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Salazar
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria 4020
| | | | - Maja Ivankovic
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria 4020
| | - Monika Heinzl
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria 4020
| | - Sofia Moura
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria 4020
| | - Ingrid Hartl
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria 4020
| | - Theresa Mair
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria 4020
| | | | - Thomas Ebner
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Endocrinology, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria 4020
| | - Omar Shebl
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Endocrinology, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria 4020
| | - Johannes Pröll
- Center for Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria 4020
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Aitken RJ. Role of sperm DNA damage in creating de novo mutations in human offspring: the ‘post-meiotic oocyte collusion’ hypothesis. Reprod Biomed Online 2022; 45:109-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
12
|
Tiemann‐Boege I, Mair T, Yasari A, Zurovec M. Pathogenic postzygotic mosaicism in the tyrosine receptor kinase pathway: potential unidentified human disease hidden away in a few cells. FEBS J 2021; 288:3108-3119. [PMID: 32810928 PMCID: PMC8247027 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mutations occurring during embryonic development affect only a subset of cells resulting in two or more distinct cell populations that are present at different levels, also known as postzygotic mosaicism (PZM). Although PZM is a common biological phenomenon, it is often overlooked as a source of disease due to the challenges associated with its detection and characterization, especially for very low-frequency variants. Moreover, PZM can cause a different phenotype compared to constitutional mutations. Especially, lethal mutations in receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathway genes, which exist only in a mosaic state, can have completely new clinical manifestations and can look very different from the associated monogenic disorder. However, some key questions are still not addressed, such as the level of mosaicism resulting in a pathogenic phenotype and how the clinical outcome changes with the development and age. Addressing these questions is not trivial as we require methods with the sensitivity to capture some of these variants hidden away in very few cells. Recent ultra-accurate deep-sequencing approaches can now identify these low-level mosaics and will be central to understand systemic and local effects of mosaicism in the RTK pathway. The main focus of this review is to highlight the importance of low-level mosaics and the need to include their detection in studies of genomic variation associated with disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Theresa Mair
- Institute of BiophysicsJohannes Kepler UniversityLinzAustria
| | - Atena Yasari
- Institute of BiophysicsJohannes Kepler UniversityLinzAustria
| | - Michal Zurovec
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of EntomologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Aitken RJ, Bakos HW. Should we be measuring DNA damage in human spermatozoa? New light on an old question. Hum Reprod 2021; 36:1175-1185. [PMID: 33532854 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessments of sperm DNA damage are controversial because of perceived uncertainties over the relationship with pregnancy and the limited range of therapies available should positive results be returned. In this article, we highlight recent data supporting a chain of associations between oxidative stress in the male germ line, DNA damage in spermatozoa, defective DNA repair in the oocyte, the mutational load carried by the resulting embryo and the long-term health trajectory of the offspring. Any condition capable of generating oxidative damage in spermatozoa (age, obesity, smoking, prolonged abstinence, varicocele, chemical exposures, radiation etc.) is capable of influencing offspring health in this manner, creating a range of pathologies in the progeny including neuropsychiatric disorders and cancer. If sperm DNA damage is detected, there are several therapeutic interventions that can be introduced to improve DNA quality prior to the use of these cells in ART. We therefore argue that infertility specialists should be engaged in the diagnosis and remediation of sperm DNA damage as a matter of best practice, in order to minimize the risk of adverse health outcomes in children conceived using ART.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R John Aitken
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Hassan W Bakos
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Monash IVF Group Limited, Level 2, 1 Fennell Street, Parramatta, NSW 2151 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Milanese JS, Wang E. Germline Genetics in Cancer: The New Frontier. SYSTEMS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11667-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
15
|
Aitken RJ, De Iuliis GN, Nixon B. The Sins of Our Forefathers: Paternal Impacts on De Novo Mutation Rate and Development. Annu Rev Genet 2020; 54:1-24. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-112618-043617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are generally characterized by excellent DNA surveillance and repair, resulting in one of the lowest spontaneous mutation rates in the body. However, the barriers to mutagenesis can be overwhelmed under two sets of circumstances. First, replication errors may generate age-dependent mutations that provide the mutant cells with a selective advantage, leading to the clonal expansions responsible for dominant genetic diseases such as Apert syndrome and achondroplasia. The second mechanism centers on the vulnerability of the male germline to oxidative stress and the induction of oxidative DNA damage in spermatozoa. Defective repair of such oxidative damage in the fertilized oocyte results in the creation of mutations in the zygote that can influence the health and well-being of the offspring. A particular hot spot for such oxidative attack on chromosome 15 has been found to align with several mutations responsible for paternally mediated disease, including cancer, psychiatric disorders, and infertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. John Aitken
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Faculty of Science and Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Geoffry N. De Iuliis
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Faculty of Science and Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Brett Nixon
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Faculty of Science and Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bao M, Li P, Li Q, Chen H, Zhong Y, Li S, Jin L, Wang W, Chen Z, Zhong J, Geng B, Fan Y, Yang X, Cai J. Genetic screening for monogenic hypertension in hypertensive individuals in a clinical setting. J Med Genet 2020; 57:571-580. [PMID: 32561571 PMCID: PMC7418625 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monogenic hypertension describe a series of hypertensive syndromes that are inherited by Mendelian laws. Sometimes genetic testing is required to provide evidence for their diagnoses, precise classification and targeted treatment. This study is the first to investigate the clinical utility of a causative gene screening and the combined yield of gene product expression analyses in cases with suspected monogenic hypertension. METHODS We performed a large-scale multi-centre clinical genetic research of 1179 expertly selected hypertensive individuals from the Chinese Han population. Targeted sequencing were performed to evaluate 37 causative genes of potential cases of monogenic hypertension. Pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants were classified using the American College of Medical Genetics guidelines. Additionally, 49 variants of unknown significance (VUS) that had relatively high pathogenicity were selected and analysed using immunoblot protein expression assays. RESULTS 21 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were identified in 33 of 1179 cases (2.80%). Gene product expression analyses showed 27 VUSs harboured by 49 individuals (4.16%) could lead to abnormally expressed protein levels. Consequently, combining genetic screening with gene product expression analyses increased the diagnostic yield from 2.80% to 6.79%. The main aetiologies established were primary aldosteronism (PA; 27, 2.29%) and pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL; 10, 0.85%). CONCLUSION Molecular diagnoses obtained using causative gene screening combined with gene product expression analyses initially achieved a modest diagnostic yield. Our data highlight the predominant roles of PA and PPGL. Furthermore, we provide evidence indicating the enhanced diagnostic ability of combined genetic and functional evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Bao
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nanchang University Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Chongqing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhong
- Novogene Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangyue Li
- Hypertension Center of Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Jin
- Hypertension Center of Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Hypertension Center of Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- Hypertension Center of Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuchang Zhong
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Geng
- Hypertension Center of Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Fan
- The John Welsh Cardiovascular Diagnostic Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xinchun Yang
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Hypertension Center of Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li SY, Ding YQ, Si YL, Ye MJ, Xu CM, Qi XP. 5P Strategies for Management of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2: A Paradigm of Precision Medicine. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:543246. [PMID: 33071967 PMCID: PMC7531599 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.543246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) is a neuroendocrine cancer syndrome characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma, in combination or not with pheochromocytoma, hyperparathyroidism, and extra-endocrine features. MEN2 syndrome includes two clinically distinct forms subtyped as MEN2A and MEN2B. Nearly all MEN2 cases are caused by germline mutations of the RET proto-oncogene. In this review, we propose "5P" strategies for management of MEN2: prevention, prediction, personalization, psychological support, and participation, which could effectively improve clinical outcomes of patients. Based on RET mutations, MEN2 could be prevented through prenatal diagnosis or preimplantation genetic testing. Identification of pathogenic mutations in RET can enable early diagnosis of MEN2. Combining RET mutation testing with measurement of serum calcitonin, plasma or urinary metanephrine/normetanephrine, and serum parathyroid hormone levels could allow risk stratification and accurately prediction of MEN2 progression, thus facilitating implementation of personalized precision treatments to increase disease-free survival and overall survival. Furthermore, increased awareness of MEN2 is needed, which requires participation of physicians, patients, family members, and related organizations. Psychological support is also important for patients with MEN2 to promote comprehensive management of MEN2 symptoms. The "5P" strategies for management of MEN2 represent a typical clinical example of precision medicine. These strategies could effectively improve the health of MEN2 patient, and avoid adverse outcomes, including death and major morbidity, from MEN2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yuan Li
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Qiang Ding
- Department of Oncologic and Urologic Surgery, The 903rd PLA Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - You-Liang Si
- Department of Oncologic and Urologic Surgery, The 903rd PLA Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mu-Jin Ye
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Ming Xu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Qi
- Department of Oncologic and Urologic Surgery, The 903rd PLA Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Ping Qi
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Elisei R, Matrone A, Valerio L, Molinaro E, Agate L, Bottici V, Viola D, Giani C, Cappagli V, Latrofa F, Materazzi G, Torregrossa L, Ugolini C, Basolo F, Romei C. Fifty Years After the First Description, MEN 2B Syndrome Diagnosis Is Still Late: Descriptions of Two Recent Cases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2520-2526. [PMID: 30597074 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN 2B) is a very rare syndrome characterized by a very peculiar phenotype with mucosal neuromas, marfanoid habitus, and bumpy lips associated with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) and pheochromocytoma (PHEO). Although the syndrome was first described 50 years ago, it is still diagnosed too late, when the MTC is metastatic and frequently when the PHEO has already developed. CASE PRESENTATIONS We report on two cases of MEN 2B that were diagnosed too late, preventing a cure. The cases involve two females who were 25 and 12 years old. Both were previously treated for congenital skeletal abnormalities; however, despite their bumpy lips and mucosal neuromas, MEN 2B syndrome was not recognized. When they arrived at our center for both the presence of thyroid nodules and elevated serum calcitonin values, the MTC was already metastatic, and the older patient had already developed a bilateral PHEO. After 3 years and 1 year of follow-up, the two patients are still alive but with persistent structural and biochemical disease. DISCUSSION These two cases show that knowledge of this syndrome is still insufficient and that the lack of knowledge impairs the ability to obtain an early diagnosis and cure. Because most patients with MEN 2B have no familial history, the only way to ensure a timely diagnosis is to recognize the MEN 2B phenotype on a clinical basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Elisei
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Matrone
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Valerio
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Molinaro
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Agate
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Bottici
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - David Viola
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giani
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Virginia Cappagli
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Latrofa
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Materazzi
- Unit of Surgery, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Liborio Torregrossa
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Clara Ugolini
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fulvio Basolo
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Romei
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yamada M, Cai W, Martin LA, N’Tumba-Byn T, Seandel M. Functional robustness of adult spermatogonial stem cells after induction of hyperactive Hras. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008139. [PMID: 31050682 PMCID: PMC6519842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that paternal age correlates with disease risk in children. De novo gain-of-function mutations in the FGF-RAS-MAPK signaling pathway are known to cause a subset of genetic diseases associated with advanced paternal age, such as Apert syndrome, achondroplasia, Noonan syndrome, and Costello syndrome. It has been hypothesized that adult spermatogonial stem cells with pathogenic mutations are clonally expanded over time and propagate the mutations to offspring. However, no model system exists to interrogate mammalian germline stem cell competition in vivo. In this study, we created a lineage tracing system, which enabled undifferentiated spermatogonia with endogenous expression of HrasG12V, a known pathogenic gain-of-function mutation in RAS-MAPK signaling, to compete with their wild-type counterparts in the mouse testis. Over a year of fate analysis, neither HrasG12V-positive germ cells nor sperm exhibited a significant expansion compared to wild-type neighbors. Short-term stem cell capacity as measured by transplantation analysis was also comparable between wild-type and mutant groups. Furthermore, although constitutively active HRAS was detectable in the mutant cell lines, they did not exhibit a proliferative advantage or an enhanced response to agonist-evoked pERK signaling. These in vivo and in vitro results suggest that mouse spermatogonial stem cells are functionally resistant to a heterozygous HrasG12V mutation in the endogenous locus and that mechanisms could exist to prevent such harmful mutations from being expanded and transmitted to the next generation. Recent research has found that advanced paternal age is associated with increased risk in children to develop a subset of congenital anomalies, such as Apert syndrome, achondroplasia, Noonan syndrome, and Costello syndrome. The causative genetic errors (mutations) in these disorders have been identified to originate from the fathers’ testicles and their numbers increase with fathers’ age. It has been hypothesized that the germline stem cells that continuously self-renew and differentiate to supply sperm (referred as spermatogonial stem cells [SSCs]) carry these mutations and have the ability to expand preferentially as compared to normal SSCs with advancing age of the father, thereby increasing the likelihood of transmission of mutant sperm to the next generation. To test this hypothesis, we created a mouse model, in which a mutation known to enhance cell proliferation is induced in a subset of SSCs, and these cells compete with the neighboring normal (i.e., wild-type) stem cells. However, surprisingly, the germline cell population carrying the mutation in the testis was stable over a year of observation, suggesting that mechanisms could exist to prevent such harmful mutations from being expanded and transmitted to the next generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MY); (MS)
| | - Winson Cai
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Martin
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thierry N’Tumba-Byn
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marco Seandel
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MY); (MS)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Eyal O, Berkenstadt M, Reznik-Wolf H, Poran H, Ziv-Baran T, Greenbaum L, Yonath H, Pras E. Prenatal diagnosis for de novo mutations: Experience from a tertiary center over a 10-year period. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00573. [PMID: 30693677 PMCID: PMC6465671 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study summarizes the results of prenatal diagnosis due to a history of de novo mutation in a previous pregnancy, in a tertiary center in Israel, over a 10‐year period. Methods We sorted all cases of de novo mutations from a pool of 2,260 pregnancies for which prenatal molecular diagnosis was applied, between the years 2008 and 2017. We identified 122 molecular prenatal diagnosis performed for de novo mutations, in 90 women. Results While the total number of yearly prenatal diagnoses stayed stable, a linear increase was detected in the number of cases for which the procedure was done due to a previous de novo mutation: from 3 cases in 2008 to 24 cases in 2017. The most common diseases were Rett syndrome (19), neurofibromatosis Type‐1 (12) and Tuberous sclerosis (5). Recurrence occurred in 3 of the 90 women (3.3%) and hotspot mutations were identified in two genes accounting for 11 cases. We did not find a difference in paternal age at first occurrence of the de novo mutation between the study group and the control group. Conclusion The large increase in the annual number of prenatal diagnoses performed due to a previous pregnancy with a de novo mutation reflects the growing understanding regarding the role of these mutations in the pathogenesis of genetic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ori Eyal
- The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Berkenstadt
- The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Haike Reznik-Wolf
- The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hana Poran
- The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Tomer Ziv-Baran
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Lior Greenbaum
- The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Hagit Yonath
- The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Elon Pras
- The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Eisenberg DTA, Kuzawa CW. The paternal age at conception effect on offspring telomere length: mechanistic, comparative and adaptive perspectives. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2016.0442. [PMID: 29335366 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are repeating DNA found at the ends of chromosomes that, in the absence of restorative processes, shorten with cell replications and are implicated as a cause of senescence. It appears that sperm telomere length (TL) increases with age in humans, and as a result offspring of older fathers inherit longer telomeres. We review possible mechanisms underlying this paternal age at conception (PAC) effect on TL, including sperm telomere extension due to telomerase activity, age-dependent changes in the spermatogonial stem cell population (possibly driven by 'selfish' spermatogonia) and non-causal confounding. In contrast to the lengthening of TL with PAC, higher maternal age at conception appears to predict shorter offspring TL in humans. We review evidence for heterogeneity across species in the PAC effect on TL, which could relate to differences in statistical power, sperm production rates or testicular telomerase activity. Finally, we review the hypothesis that the PAC effect on TL may allow a gradual multi-generational adaptive calibration of maintenance effort, and reproductive lifespan, to local demographic conditions: descendants of males who reproduced at a later age are likely to find themselves in an environment where increased maintenance effort, allowing later reproduction, represents a fitness improving resource allocation.This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding diversity in telomere dynamics'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan T A Eisenberg
- Department of Anthropology, Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher W Kuzawa
- Department of Anthropology, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cioppi F, Casamonti E, Krausz C. Age-Dependent De Novo Mutations During Spermatogenesis and Their Consequences. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1166:29-46. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21664-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
23
|
Maher GJ, Ralph HK, Ding Z, Koelling N, Mlcochova H, Giannoulatou E, Dhami P, Paul DS, Stricker SH, Beck S, McVean G, Wilkie AOM, Goriely A. Selfish mutations dysregulating RAS-MAPK signaling are pervasive in aged human testes. Genome Res 2018; 28:1779-1790. [PMID: 30355600 PMCID: PMC6280762 DOI: 10.1101/gr.239186.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mosaic mutations present in the germline have important implications for reproductive risk and disease transmission. We previously demonstrated a phenomenon occurring in the male germline, whereby specific mutations arising spontaneously in stem cells (spermatogonia) lead to clonal expansion, resulting in elevated mutation levels in sperm over time. This process, termed "selfish spermatogonial selection," explains the high spontaneous birth prevalence and strong paternal age-effect of disorders such as achondroplasia and Apert, Noonan and Costello syndromes, with direct experimental evidence currently available for specific positions of six genes (FGFR2, FGFR3, RET, PTPN11, HRAS, and KRAS). We present a discovery screen to identify novel mutations and genes showing evidence of positive selection in the male germline, by performing massively parallel simplex PCR using RainDance technology to interrogate mutational hotspots in 67 genes (51.5 kb in total) in 276 biopsies of testes from five men (median age, 83 yr). Following ultradeep sequencing (about 16,000×), development of a low-frequency variant prioritization strategy, and targeted validation, we identified 61 distinct variants present at frequencies as low as 0.06%, including 54 variants not previously directly associated with selfish selection. The majority (80%) of variants identified have previously been implicated in developmental disorders and/or oncogenesis and include mutations in six newly associated genes (BRAF, CBL, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, RAF1, and SOS1), all of which encode components of the RAS-MAPK pathway and activate signaling. Our findings extend the link between mutations dysregulating the RAS-MAPK pathway and selfish selection, and show that the aging male germline is a repository for such deleterious mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey J Maher
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah K Ralph
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Zhihao Ding
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Koelling
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Hana Mlcochova
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Pawan Dhami
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk S Paul
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan H Stricker
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Beck
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Gilean McVean
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Goriely
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Castinetti F, Moley J, Mulligan L, Waguespack SG. A comprehensive review on MEN2B. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:T29-T39. [PMID: 28698189 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
MEN2B is a very rare autosomal dominant hereditary tumor syndrome associated with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) in 100% cases, pheochromocytoma in 50% cases and multiple extra-endocrine features, many of which can be quite disabling. Only few data are available in the literature. The aim of this review is to try to give further insights into the natural history of the disease and to point out the missing evidence that would help clinicians optimize the management of such patients. MEN2B is mainly characterized by the early occurrence of MTC, which led the American Thyroid Association to recommend preventive thyroidectomy before the age of 1 year. However, as the majority of mutations are de novo, improved knowledge of the nonendocrine signs would help to lower the age of diagnosis and improve long-term outcomes. Future large-scale studies will be aimed at characterizing more in detail the main characteristics and outcomes of MEN2B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Castinetti
- Department of EndocrinologyAix Marseille University, CNRS UM 7286, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Jeffrey Moley
- Department of SurgeryWashington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lois Mulligan
- Division of Cancer Biology and GeneticsCancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven G Waguespack
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal DisordersThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ultra-sensitive Sequencing Identifies High Prevalence of Clonal Hematopoiesis-Associated Mutations throughout Adult Life. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 101:50-64. [PMID: 28669404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonal hematopoiesis results from somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells, which give an advantage to mutant cells, driving their clonal expansion and potentially leading to leukemia. The acquisition of clonal hematopoiesis-driver mutations (CHDMs) occurs with normal aging and these mutations have been detected in more than 10% of individuals ≥65 years. We aimed to examine the prevalence and characteristics of CHDMs throughout adult life. We developed a targeted re-sequencing assay combining high-throughput with ultra-high sensitivity based on single-molecule molecular inversion probes (smMIPs). Using smMIPs, we screened more than 100 loci for CHDMs in more than 2,000 blood DNA samples from population controls between 20 and 69 years of age. Loci screened included 40 regions known to drive clonal hematopoiesis when mutated and 64 novel candidate loci. We identified 224 somatic mutations throughout our cohort, of which 216 were coding mutations in known driver genes (DNMT3A, JAK2, GNAS, TET2, and ASXL1), including 196 point mutations and 20 indels. Our assay's improved sensitivity allowed us to detect mutations with variant allele frequencies as low as 0.001. CHDMs were identified in more than 20% of individuals 60 to 69 years of age and in 3% of individuals 20 to 29 years of age, approximately double the previously reported prevalence despite screening a limited set of loci. Our findings support the occurrence of clonal hematopoiesis-associated mutations as a widespread mechanism linked with aging, suggesting that mosaicism as a result of clonal evolution of cells harboring somatic mutations is a universal mechanism occurring at all ages in healthy humans.
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In recent decades, a trend toward delayed childbearing is noted in developed countries. Whereas the effects of maternal age on fertility, pregnancy complications, and postnatal outcomes have been thoroughly explored, consequences of advanced paternal age are less well known. Oocyte donation cycles can be used as an optimal model to analyze the association between male ageing and reproductive outcomes with minimal confounding. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this work was to summarize the updated and relevant literature dealing with the effect of paternal age on oocyte donation outcomes. RESULTS According to the available evidence from oocyte donation cycles, it seems that no significant association exists between advanced paternal age and fertility. However, this evidence is based on few studies, many of which are of low quality, yielding conflicting results. In addition, the emerging evidence clearly indicates an increased risk of adverse postnatal manifestations of pregnancies conceived by older fathers, including de novo autosomal dominant disorders, impaired neurocognitive development, and increased risk of malignancy. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This review may be of aid to medical practitioners in counseling couples on the risks of delayed childbearing.
Collapse
|
27
|
Acuna-Hidalgo R, Veltman JA, Hoischen A. New insights into the generation and role of de novo mutations in health and disease. Genome Biol 2016; 17:241. [PMID: 27894357 PMCID: PMC5125044 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-1110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aside from inheriting half of the genome of each of our parents, we are born with a small number of novel mutations that occurred during gametogenesis and postzygotically. Recent genome and exome sequencing studies of parent-offspring trios have provided the first insights into the number and distribution of these de novo mutations in health and disease, pointing to risk factors that increase their number in the offspring. De novo mutations have been shown to be a major cause of severe early-onset genetic disorders such as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, and other developmental diseases. In fact, the occurrence of novel mutations in each generation explains why these reproductively lethal disorders continue to occur in our population. Recent studies have also shown that de novo mutations are predominantly of paternal origin and that their number increases with advanced paternal age. Here, we review the recent literature on de novo mutations, covering their detection, biological characterization, and medical impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Acuna-Hidalgo
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joris A Veltman
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute of Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Clinical Genetics, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute of Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Estimating Exceptionally Rare Germline and Somatic Mutation Frequencies via Next Generation Sequencing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158340. [PMID: 27341568 PMCID: PMC4920415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We used targeted next generation deep-sequencing (Safe Sequencing System) to measure ultra-rare de novo mutation frequencies in the human male germline by attaching a unique identifier code to each target DNA molecule. Segments from three different human genes (FGFR3, MECP2 and PTPN11) were studied. Regardless of the gene segment, the particular testis donor or the 73 different testis pieces used, the frequencies for any one of the six different mutation types were consistent. Averaging over the C>T/G>A and G>T/C>A mutation types the background mutation frequency was 2.6x10-5 per base pair, while for the four other mutation types the average background frequency was lower at 1.5x10-6 per base pair. These rates far exceed the well documented human genome average frequency per base pair (~10−8) suggesting a non-biological explanation for our data. By computational modeling and a new experimental procedure to distinguish between pre-mutagenic lesion base mismatches and a fully mutated base pair in the original DNA molecule, we argue that most of the base-dependent variation in background frequency is due to a mixture of deamination and oxidation during the first two PCR cycles. Finally, we looked at a previously studied disease mutation in the PTPN11 gene and could easily distinguish true mutations from the SSS background. We also discuss the limits and possibilities of this and other methods to measure exceptionally rare mutation frequencies, and we present calculations for other scientists seeking to design their own such experiments.
Collapse
|
29
|
Maher GJ, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Goriely A, Wilkie AOM. Cellular correlates of selfish spermatogonial selection. Andrology 2016; 4:550-3. [PMID: 27115825 PMCID: PMC4879506 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G J Maher
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E Rajpert-De Meyts
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Goriely
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A O M Wilkie
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Arnheim N, Calabrese P. Germline Stem Cell Competition, Mutation Hot Spots, Genetic Disorders, and Older Fathers. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2016; 17:219-43. [PMID: 27070266 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-083115-022656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Some de novo human mutations arise at frequencies far exceeding the genome average mutation rate. Examples include the common mutations at one or a few sites in the genes that cause achondroplasia, Apert syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B, and Noonan syndrome. These mutations are recurrent, provide a gain of function, are paternally derived, and are more likely to be transmitted as the father ages. Recent experiments have tested whether the high mutation frequencies are due to an elevated mutation rate per cell division, as expected, or to an advantage of the mutant spermatogonial stem cells over wild-type stem cells. The evidence, which includes the surprising discovery of testis mutation clusters, rules out the former model but not the latter. We propose how the mutations might alter spermatogonial stem cell function and discuss how germline selection contributes to the paternal age effect, the human mutational load, and adaptive evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norman Arnheim
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-2910; ,
| | - Peter Calabrese
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-2910; ,
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pohl E, Gromoll J, Kliesch S, Wistuba J. An alternative interpretation of cellular 'selfish spermatogonial selection'-clusters in the human testis indicates the need for 3-D-analyses. Andrology 2016; 4:213-7. [PMID: 26891892 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The 'selfish spermatogonial selection'- model was proposed to explain the paternal age effect (PAE) of some congenital disorders associated with point mutations in male germ cells. According to this, spermatogonia carrying pathogenic mutations gain a selection advantage over non-mutated spermatogonia which leads to an increased number of mutated spermatogonia and consequently spermatozoa over time. Recently, an immunohistochemical approach using the premeiotic marker melanoma antigen family A4 (MAGE A4) was undertaken by the Wilkie group to confirm the presence of microclones of putatively mutated spermatogonia in testes of elderly men. The objective of our study was the age-dependent assessment of testes from men with normal spermatogenesis using MAGE A4 immunohistochemistry to identify and corroborate cellular clusters indicative for 'selfish spermatogonial selection' in our cohort. We analyzed testicular tissues obtained from men with normal spermatogenesis assigned to three age groups [(1) 28.8 ± 2.7 years; (2) 48.1 ± 1 years; (3) 71.9 ± 6.8 years, n/group = 8]. We could detect very similar distribution patterns of MAGE A4-positive cells and the presence of several types of microclusters as reported previously. However, these cellular clusters, indicative for clonal expansion, were not only present in testes from elderly men but also in those from age group 1 and 2. Using graphical three-dimensional modelling, we identified that cross-section directions e.g. longitudinal sections might provoke misleading interpretation of spermatogonial clusters, in particular when the tissue processing is limited. Thus, appropriate fixation and embedding is needed for reliable analysis of testicular sections. We therefore propose a more careful interpretation of such spermatogonial clusters and recommend a 3-D analysis to unequivocally determine 'selfish spermatogonial selection'-manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Pohl
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - J Gromoll
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - S Kliesch
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - J Wistuba
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Visualizing the origins of selfish de novo mutations in individual seminiferous tubules of human testes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2454-9. [PMID: 26858415 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521325113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo point mutations arise predominantly in the male germline and increase in frequency with age, but it has not previously been possible to locate specific, identifiable mutations directly within the seminiferous tubules of human testes. Using microdissection of tubules exhibiting altered expression of the spermatogonial markers MAGEA4, FGFR3, and phospho-AKT, whole genome amplification, and DNA sequencing, we establish an in situ strategy for discovery and analysis of pathogenic de novo mutations. In 14 testes from men aged 39-90 y, we identified 11 distinct gain-of-function mutations in five genes (fibroblast growth factor receptors FGFR2 and FGFR3, tyrosine phosphatase PTPN11, and RAS oncogene homologs HRAS and KRAS) from 16 of 22 tubules analyzed; all mutations have known associations with severe diseases, ranging from congenital or perinatal lethal disorders to somatically acquired cancers. These results support proposed selfish selection of spermatogonial mutations affecting growth factor receptor-RAS signaling, highlight its prevalence in older men, and enable direct visualization of the microscopic anatomy of elongated mutant clones.
Collapse
|
33
|
Iwarsson E, Kvist U, Hultén MA. Disomy 21 in spermatozoa and the paternal origin of trisomy 21 Down syndrome. Mol Cytogenet 2015; 8:67. [PMID: 26300975 PMCID: PMC4545544 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-015-0155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trisomy 21 Down syndrome is the most common genetic cause for congenital malformations and intellectual disability. It is well known that in the outstanding majority of cases the extra chromosome 21 originates from the mother but only in less than 10 % from the father. The mechanism underlying this striking difference in parental origin of Trisomy 21 Down syndrome is still unknown. However, it seems likely that the main reason is a much higher stringency in the elimination of any trisomy 21 cells during fetal testicular than ovarian development. We have here focussed attention on the paternal gametic output, i.e. the incidence of disomy 21 in spermatozoa. Results We have used fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) to determine the copy number of chromosome 21 in spermatozoa from 11 men with normal spermiograms. Due to the well-known risk of false positive and false negative signals using a single FISH probe, we have applied two chromosome 21q probes, and we have added a chromosome 18-specific probe to allow differentiation between disomy 21 and diploidy. Analysing a total number of 2000 spermatozoa per case, we documented an average incidence of disomy 21 at 0.13 %, with a range of 0.00-0.25 % and a SD of 0.08. There was no indication of diploidy in this cohort of 22,000 sperm. Conclusion Numerous previous studies on the incidence of disomy 21 in sperm have been published, using FISH. As far as we are aware, none of these have applied more than a single chromosome 21-specific probe. Accepting our mean of 0.13 % of disomy 21, and providing there is no selective fertilisation capability of disomy 21 sperm in relation to the normal, we conclude that around 1 in 800 conceptions is expected to be trisomic for chromosome 21 of paternal origin. Bearing in mind that the maternal origin likely is at least 10 times more common, we tentatively propose that around 1 in 80 oocytes in the maternal ovarian reserve may be disomy 21. One reason for this discrepancy may be a more stringent selection against aberrant chromosome numbers during spermatogenesis than oogenesis. Further work is required to determine the relevant stages of spermatogenesis at which such a selection may take place.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Iwarsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrik Kvist
- Centre for Andrology and Sexual Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maj A Hultén
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Genetic mosaics and the germ line lineage. Genes (Basel) 2015; 6:216-37. [PMID: 25898403 PMCID: PMC4488662 DOI: 10.3390/genes6020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic mosaics provide information about cellular lineages that is otherwise difficult to obtain, especially in humans. De novo mutations act as cell markers, allowing the tracing of developmental trajectories of all descendants of the cell in which the new mutation arises. De novo mutations may arise at any time during development but are relatively rare. They have usually been observed through medical ascertainment, when the mutation causes unusual clinical signs or symptoms. Mutational events can include aneuploidies, large chromosomal rearrangements, copy number variants, or point mutations. In this review we focus primarily on the analysis of point mutations and their utility in addressing questions of germ line versus somatic lineages. Genetic mosaics demonstrate that the germ line and soma diverge early in development, since there are many examples of combined somatic and germ line mosaicism for de novo mutations. The occurrence of simultaneous mosaicism in both the germ line and soma also shows that the germ line is not strictly clonal but arises from at least two, and possibly multiple, cells in the embryo with different ancestries. Whole genome or exome DNA sequencing technologies promise to expand the range of studies of genetic mosaics, as de novo mutations can now be identified through sequencing alone in the absence of a medical ascertainment. These technologies have been used to study mutation patterns in nuclear families and in monozygotic twins, and in animal model developmental studies, but not yet for extensive cell lineage studies in humans.
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The thyroid parafollicular cell, or commonly named "C-cell," functions in serum calcium homeostasis. Elevations in serum calcium trigger release of calcitonin from the C-cell, which in turn functions to inhibit absorption of calcium by the intestine, resorption of bone by the osteoclast, and reabsorption of calcium by renal tubular cells. Oncogenic transformation of the thyroid C-cell is thought to progress through a hyperplastic process prior to malignancy with increasing levels of serum calcitonin serving as a biomarker for tumor burden. The discovery that multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 is caused by activating mutations of the RET gene serves to highlight the RET-RAS-MAPK signaling pathway in both initiation and progression of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Thyroid C-cells are known to express RET at high levels relative to most cell types; therefore, aberrant activation of this receptor is targeted primarily to the C-cell, providing one possible cause of tissue-specific oncogenesis. The role of RET signaling in normal C-cell function is unknown though calcitonin gene transcription appears to be sensitive to RET activation. Beyond RET, the modeling of oncogenesis in animals and screening of human tumors for candidate gene mutations have uncovered mutation of RAS family members and inactivation of Rb1 regulatory pathway as potential mediators of C-cell transformation. A growing understanding of how RET interacts with these pathways, both in normal C-cell function and during oncogenic transformation, will help in the development of novel molecular-targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert J Cote
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1461, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Elizabeth G Grubbs
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1484, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Marie-Claude Hofmann
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1461, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ramm SA, Schärer L, Ehmcke J, Wistuba J. Sperm competition and the evolution of spermatogenesis. Mol Hum Reprod 2014; 20:1169-79. [PMID: 25323971 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gau070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a long and complex process that, despite the shared overall goal of producing the male gamete, displays striking amounts of interspecific diversity. In this review, we argue that sperm competition has been an important selection pressure acting on multiple aspects of spermatogenesis, causing variation in the number and morphology of sperm produced, and in the molecular and cellular processes by which this happens. We begin by reviewing the basic biology of spermatogenesis in some of the main animal model systems to illustrate this diversity, and then ask to what extent this variation arises from the evolutionary forces acting on spermatogenesis, most notably sperm competition. We explore five specific aspects of spermatogenesis from an evolutionary perspective, namely: (i) interspecific diversity in the number and morphology of sperm produced; (ii) the testicular organizations and stem cell systems used to produce them; (iii) the large number and high evolutionary rate of genes underpinning spermatogenesis; (iv) the repression of transcription during spermiogenesis and its link to the potential for haploid selection; and (v) the phenomenon of selection acting at the level of the germline. Overall we conclude that adopting an evolutionary perspective can shed light on many otherwise opaque features of spermatogenesis, and help to explain the diversity of ways in which males of different species perform this fundamentally important process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Ramm
- Evolutionary Biology, Bielefeld University, Morgenbreede 45, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lukas Schärer
- Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Ehmcke
- Central Animal Facility of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 (A8), 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Wistuba
- Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 (D11), 48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The RET receptor tyrosine kinase is crucial for normal development but also contributes to pathologies that reflect both the loss and the gain of RET function. Activation of RET occurs via oncogenic mutations in familial and sporadic cancers - most notably, those of the thyroid and the lung. RET has also recently been implicated in the progression of breast and pancreatic tumours, among others, which makes it an attractive target for small-molecule kinase inhibitors as therapeutics. However, the complex roles of RET in homeostasis and survival of neural lineages and in tumour-associated inflammation might also suggest potential long-term pitfalls of broadly targeting RET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lois M Mulligan
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Maher GJ, Goriely A, Wilkie AOM. Cellular evidence for selfish spermatogonial selection in aged human testes. Andrology 2013; 2:304-14. [PMID: 24357637 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2013.00175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Owing to a recent trend for delayed paternity, the genomic integrity of spermatozoa of older men has become a focus of increased interest. Older fathers are at higher risk for their children to be born with several monogenic conditions collectively termed paternal age effect (PAE) disorders, which include achondroplasia, Apert syndrome and Costello syndrome. These disorders are caused by specific mutations originating almost exclusively from the male germline, in genes encoding components of the tyrosine kinase receptor/RAS/MAPK signalling pathway. These particular mutations, occurring randomly during mitotic divisions of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), are predicted to confer a selective/growth advantage on the mutant SSC. This selective advantage leads to a clonal expansion of the mutant cells over time, which generates mutant spermatozoa at levels significantly above the background mutation rate. This phenomenon, termed selfish spermatogonial selection, is likely to occur in all men. In rare cases, probably because of additional mutational events, selfish spermatogonial selection may lead to spermatocytic seminoma. The studies that initially predicted the clonal nature of selfish spermatogonial selection were based on DNA analysis, rather than the visualization of mutant clones in intact testes. In a recent study that aimed to identify these clones directly, we stained serial sections of fixed testes for expression of melanoma antigen family A4 (MAGEA4), a marker of spermatogonia. A subset of seminiferous tubules with an appearance and distribution compatible with the predicted mutant clones were identified. In these tubules, termed 'immunopositive tubules', there is an increased density of spermatogonia positive for markers related to selfish selection (FGFR3) and SSC self-renewal (phosphorylated AKT). Here we detail the properties of the immunopositive tubules and how they relate to the predicted mutant clones, as well as discussing the utility of identifying the potential cellular source of PAE mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Maher
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Contributions of intrinsic mutation rate and selfish selection to levels of de novo HRAS mutations in the paternal germline. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:20152-7. [PMID: 24259709 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1311381110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAS proto-oncogene Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (HRAS) encodes a small GTPase that transduces signals from cell surface receptors to intracellular effectors to control cellular behavior. Although somatic HRAS mutations have been described in many cancers, germline mutations cause Costello syndrome (CS), a congenital disorder associated with predisposition to malignancy. Based on the epidemiology of CS and the occurrence of HRAS mutations in spermatocytic seminoma, we proposed that activating HRAS mutations become enriched in sperm through a process akin to tumorigenesis, termed selfish spermatogonial selection. To test this hypothesis, we quantified the levels, in blood and sperm samples, of HRAS mutations at the p.G12 codon and compared the results to changes at the p.A11 codon, at which activating mutations do not occur. The data strongly support the role of selection in determining HRAS mutation levels in sperm, and hence the occurrence of CS, but we also found differences from the mutation pattern in tumorigenesis. First, the relative prevalence of mutations in sperm correlates weakly with their in vitro activating properties and occurrence in cancers. Second, specific tandem base substitutions (predominantly GC>TT/AA) occur in sperm but not in cancers; genomewide analysis showed that this same mutation is also overrepresented in constitutional pathogenic and polymorphic variants, suggesting a heightened vulnerability to these mutations in the germline. We developed a statistical model to show how both intrinsic mutation rate and selfish selection contribute to the mutational burden borne by the paternal germline.
Collapse
|
40
|
Yoon SR, Choi SK, Eboreime J, Gelb B, Calabrese P, Arnheim N. Age-dependent germline mosaicism of the most common noonan syndrome mutation shows the signature of germline selection. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:917-26. [PMID: 23726368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is among the most common Mendelian genetic diseases (∼1/2,000 live births). Most cases (50%-84%) are sporadic, and new mutations are virtually always paternally derived. More than 47 different sites of NS de novo missense mutations are known in the PTPN11 gene that codes for the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2. Surprisingly, many of these mutations are recurrent with nucleotide substitution rates substantially greater than the genome average; the most common mutation, c.922A>G, is at least 2,400 times greater. We examined the spatial distribution of the c.922A>G mutation in testes from 15 unaffected men and found that the mutations were not uniformly distributed across each testis as would be expected for a mutation hot spot but were highly clustered and showed an age-dependent germline mosaicism. Computational modeling that used different stem cell division schemes confirmed that the data were inconsistent with hypermutation, but consistent with germline selection: mutated spermatogonial stem cells gained an advantage that allowed them to increase in frequency. SHP-2 interacts with the transcriptional activator STAT3. Given STAT3's function in mouse spermatogonial stem cells, we suggest that this interaction might explain the mutant's selective advantage by means of repression of stem cell differentiation signals. Repression of STAT3 activity by cyclin D1 might also play a previously unrecognized role in providing a germline-selective advantage to spermatogonia for the recurrent mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinases that cause Apert syndrome and MEN2B. Looking at recurrent mutations driven by germline selection in different gene families can help highlight common causal signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
41
|
Shinde DN, Elmer DP, Calabrese P, Boulanger J, Arnheim N, Tiemann-Boege I. New evidence for positive selection helps explain the paternal age effect observed in achondroplasia. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:4117-26. [PMID: 23740942 PMCID: PMC3781639 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are certain de novo germline mutations associated with genetic disorders whose mutation rates per generation are orders of magnitude higher than the genome average. Moreover, these mutations occur exclusively in the male germ line and older men have a higher probability of having an affected child than younger ones, known as the paternal age effect (PAE). The classic example of a genetic disorder exhibiting a PAE is achondroplasia, caused predominantly by a single-nucleotide substitution (c.1138G>A) in FGFR3. To elucidate what mechanisms might be driving the high frequency of this mutation in the male germline, we examined the spatial distribution of the c.1138G>A substitution in a testis from an 80-year-old unaffected man. Using a technology based on bead-emulsion amplification, we were able to measure mutation frequencies in 192 individual pieces of the dissected testis with a false-positive rate lower than 2.7 × 10−6. We observed that most mutations are clustered in a few pieces with 95% of all mutations occurring in 27% of the total testis. Using computational simulations, we rejected the model proposing an elevated mutation rate per cell division at this nucleotide site. Instead, we determined that the observed mutation distribution fits a germline selection model, where mutant spermatogonial stem cells have a proliferative advantage over unmutated cells. Combined with data on several other PAE mutations, our results support the idea that the PAE, associated with a number of Mendelian disorders, may be explained primarily by a selective mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepali N Shinde
- The authors wish it to be known that, in their opinion, the first two authors should be regarded as joint First Authors
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Goriely A, McGrath JJ, Hultman CM, Wilkie AOM, Malaspina D. "Selfish spermatogonial selection": a novel mechanism for the association between advanced paternal age and neurodevelopmental disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2013; 170:599-608. [PMID: 23639989 PMCID: PMC4001324 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12101352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is robust evidence from epidemiological studies that the offspring of older fathers have an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism. The authors present a novel mechanism that may contribute to this association. Because the male germ cell undergoes many more cell divisions across the reproductive age range, copy errors taking place in the paternal germline are associated with de novo mutations in the offspring of older men. Recently it has been recognized that somatic mutations in male germ cells that modify proliferation through dysregulation of the RAS protein pathway can lead to within-testis expansion of mutant clonal lines. First identified in association with rare disorders related to paternal age (e.g., Apert syndrome, achondroplasia), this process is known as "selfish spermatogonial selection." This mechanism favors propagation of germ cells carrying pathogenic mutations, increasingly skews the mutational profile of sperm as men age, and enriches de novo mutations in the offspring of older fathers that preferentially affect specific cellular signaling pathways. This mechanism not only offers a parsimonious explanation for the association between advanced paternal age and various neurodevelopmental disorders but also provides insights into the genetic architecture (role of de novo mutations), neurobiological correlates (altered cell cycle), and some epidemiological features of these disorders. The authors outline hypotheses to test this model. Given the secular changes for delayed parenthood in most societies, this hypothesis has important public health implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Goriely
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Birth rates for older fathers have increased 30% since 1980. When combined with the increased risk for genetic and multifactorial disorders in children conceived by older fathers, paternal age has become an important health issue for modern society. Laboratory research in this area has been minimal, perhaps because of significant experimental barriers, not the least of which is inadequate access to fresh, disease-free human testicular tissue. Regardless, progress has been made and intriguing models supported by experimental evidence have been proposed. The putative mechanisms range from reduced DNA repair activity, leading to increased mutagenesis, to positive selection of germ cells harboring specific disease-causing mutations. There remain many important venues for research in this increasingly relevant phenomenon that impacts future generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamila R Momand
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Is genomics bad for you? Behav Brain Sci 2012; 35:364-5. [PMID: 23095385 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x12000994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The plasticity of the genome complicates genetic causation but should be investigated from a functional perspective. Specific adaptive hypotheses are referenced in the target article, but it is also necessary to explain how the integrity of the genome is maintained despite processes that tend towards its diversification and degradation. These include the accumulation of deleterious changes and intragenomic conflict.
Collapse
|
45
|
Morales-Piga A, Bachiller-Corral J, Trujillo-Tiebas MJ, Villaverde-Hueso A, Gamir-Gamir ML, Alonso-Ferreira V, Vázquez-Díaz M, Posada de la Paz M, Ayuso-García C. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva in Spain: epidemiological, clinical, and genetic aspects. Bone 2012; 51:748-55. [PMID: 22796417 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the epidemiological determinants, clinical features, and genetic pattern of FOP in our country by evaluating the entire population of patients identified according to a combination of methods. To achieve this, 24 individuals were confirmed as FOP cases, 17 of whom were alive at the end of 2011 (point prevalence=0.36 × 10(-6)). The gender distribution (male/female ratio=13/11) and the concurrent range of ages (from 4 to 53 years; mean ± SD: 30.2 ± 13.8) are in agreement with similar reports. Twenty-one (87.5%) had characteristic congenital malformations of the big toe, and short thumbs were found in 65.2% of cases. In addition, other skeletal malformations such us fusion of the posterior elements of the cervical spine (89.0%), knee osteochondromas (71%), scoliosis (54.5%), and short and broad femoral neck (52.6%) were observed. All had developed mature ossicles of heterotopic bone in typical anatomic and temporal patterns, ranging in number from 1 to 17 (9.5 ± 3.9). Age at appearance of first ossifying lesion varied from 3 months to 15 years. Mean age at diagnosis was 7.3 ± 5.1 years and the average delay in reaching the correct diagnosis after the onset of heterotopic ossification was 2.7 years (range=0-12 years). Biopsy of the pre-osseous lesions was performed in 11 of 20 (55.0%), providing no useful information for the diagnosis of FOP. Seven of 18 (38.9%) reported some hearing loss, and 5 (27.8%) experienced diffuse thinning of the hair or were bald. No patient had relatives with a typical FOP clinical picture. Fourteen of the 16 cases which were genetically investigated displayed the single heterozygous mutation c.617G>A in exon 4 of the ACVR1 gene. One of the two patients who did not present with the canonical ACVR1 mutation showed a heterozygous mutation c.774G>C in exon 5 leading to the substitution of Arginine 258 with a serine. The other patient had a heterozygous c.774G>T substitution in exon 5 leading to the same amino acid change (p.Arg258Ser). These two patients had only nonspecific abnormalities of the great toe, lacked the typical anatomic and developmental pattern of heterotopic ossification, and shared a trend toward uncommon clinical features. These results provide new insight on the epidemiological and clinical traits of FOP, reinforcing the notion of its worldwide homogeneity. The molecular characterization of ACVR1 sequence variation will contribute to the understanding of the genetic profile of this devastating disease in different geographical areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Morales-Piga
- Rare Disease Research Institute (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras - IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III - ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lim J, Maher GJ, Turner GDH, Dudka-Ruszkowska W, Taylor S, Meyts ERD, Goriely A, Wilkie AOM. Selfish spermatogonial selection: evidence from an immunohistochemical screen in testes of elderly men. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42382. [PMID: 22879958 PMCID: PMC3412839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The dominant congenital disorders Apert syndrome, achondroplasia and multiple endocrine neoplasia–caused by specific missense mutations in the FGFR2, FGFR3 and RET proteins respectively–represent classical examples of paternal age-effect mutation, a class that arises at particularly high frequencies in the sperm of older men. Previous analyses of DNA from randomly selected cadaveric testes showed that the levels of the corresponding FGFR2, FGFR3 and RET mutations exhibit very uneven spatial distributions, with localised hotspots surrounded by large mutation-negative areas. These studies imply that normal testes are mosaic for clusters of mutant cells: these clusters are predicted to have altered growth and signalling properties leading to their clonal expansion (selfish spermatogonial selection), but DNA extraction eliminates the possibility to study such processes at a tissue level. Using a panel of antibodies optimised for the detection of spermatocytic seminoma, a rare tumour of spermatogonial origin, we demonstrate that putative clonal events are frequent within normal testes of elderly men (mean age: 73.3 yrs) and can be classed into two broad categories. We found numerous small (less than 200 cells) cellular aggregations with distinct immunohistochemical characteristics, localised to a portion of the seminiferous tubule, which are of uncertain significance. However more infrequently we identified additional regions where entire seminiferous tubules had a circumferentially altered immunohistochemical appearance that extended through multiple serial sections that were physically contiguous (up to 1 mm in length), and exhibited enhanced staining for antibodies both to FGFR3 and a marker of downstream signal activation, pAKT. These findings support the concept that populations of spermatogonia in individual seminiferous tubules in the testes of older men are clonal mosaics with regard to their signalling properties and activation, thus fulfilling one of the specific predictions of selfish spermatogonial selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Lim
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey J. Maher
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth D. H. Turner
- Department of Cellular Pathology, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wioleta Dudka-Ruszkowska
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Taylor
- Computational Biology Research Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Goriely
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew O. M. Wilkie
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Germline selection for deleterious mutation in males. Nat Rev Genet 2012; 13:221. [DOI: 10.1038/nrg3200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
48
|
Affiliation(s)
- James F Crow
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|