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Attarian S, Beloribi-Djefaflia S, Bernard R, Nguyen K, Cances C, Gavazza C, Echaniz-Laguna A, Espil C, Evangelista T, Feasson L, Audic F, Zagorda B, Milhe De Bovis V, Stojkovic T, Sole G, Salort-Campana E, Sacconi S. French National Protocol for diagnosis and care of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). J Neurol 2024:10.1007/s00415-024-12538-3. [PMID: 38955828 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is one of the most common genetically inherited myopathies in adults. It is characterized by incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. Typically, FSHD patients display asymmetric weakness of facial, scapular, and humeral muscles that may progress to other muscle groups, particularly the abdominal and lower limb muscles. Early-onset patients display more severe muscle weakness and atrophy, resulting in a higher frequency of associated skeletal abnormalities. In these patients, multisystem involvement, including respiratory, ocular, and auditory, is more frequent and severe and may include the central nervous system. Adult-onset FSHD patients may also display some degree of multisystem involvement which mainly remains subclinical. In 95% of cases, FSHD patients carry a pathogenic contraction of the D4Z4 repeat units (RUs) in the subtelomeric region of chromosome 4 (4q35), which leads to the expression of DUX4 retrogene, toxic for muscles (FSHD1). Five percent of patients display the same clinical phenotype in association with a mutation in the SMCHD1 gene located in chromosome 18, inducing epigenetic modifications of the 4q D4Z4 repeated region and expression of DUX4 retrogene. This review highlights the complexities and challenges of diagnosing and managing FSHD, underscoring the importance of standardized approaches for optimal patient outcomes. It emphasizes the critical role of multidisciplinary care in addressing the diverse manifestations of FSHD across different age groups, from skeletal abnormalities in early-onset cases to the often-subclinical multisystem involvement in adults. With no current cure, the focus on alleviating symptoms and slowing disease progression through coordinated care is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Attarian
- Reference Center for Neuromuscular Disorders and ALS, Timone University Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.
- FILNEMUS, European Reference Network for Rare Diseases (ERN-NMD), Marseille, France.
- Marseille Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille Université-Inserm UMR_1251, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - Sadia Beloribi-Djefaflia
- Reference Center for Neuromuscular Disorders and ALS, Timone University Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Rafaelle Bernard
- Marseille Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille Université-Inserm UMR_1251, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Karine Nguyen
- Marseille Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille Université-Inserm UMR_1251, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Claude Cances
- Reference Center for Neuromuscular Disorders, Toulouse Children's Hospital, Toulouse, France
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Toulouse Children's Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Carole Gavazza
- Reference Center for Neuromuscular Disorders and ALS, Timone University Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Andoni Echaniz-Laguna
- Department of Neurology, APHP, CHU de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- French National Reference Center for Rare Neuropathies (NNERF), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Inserm U1195, University Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Caroline Espil
- Reference Center for Neuromuscular Disorders AOC, Children's Hospital, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Teresinha Evangelista
- Institute of Myology, Nord/Est/Ile-de-France Neuromuscular Reference Center, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Léonard Feasson
- Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital Center of Saint-Etienne, 42000, Saint-Etienne, France
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, Jean Monnet University, 42000, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Frédérique Audic
- Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases in Children PACARARE, Neuropediatrics Department, Timone University Children's Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Berenice Zagorda
- Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital Center of Saint-Etienne, 42000, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Virginie Milhe De Bovis
- Reference Center for Neuromuscular Disorders and ALS, Timone University Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Tanya Stojkovic
- Institute of Myology, Nord/Est/Ile-de-France Neuromuscular Reference Center, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Guilhem Sole
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires AOC, FILNEMUS, Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Emmanuelle Salort-Campana
- Reference Center for Neuromuscular Disorders and ALS, Timone University Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Sabrina Sacconi
- Peripheral Nervous System and Muscle Department, Université Côte d'Azur, CHU Nice, Pasteur 2, Nice Hospital, France.
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Tajima R, Okazaki A, Sato T, Ozaki K, Motooka D, Okazaki Y, Yoda T. Genetic Landscape of Masticatory Muscle Tendon-Aponeurosis Hyperplasia. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1718. [PMID: 37761858 PMCID: PMC10530891 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited mouth opening is a characteristic of masticatory muscle tendon-aponeurosis hyperplasia (MMTAH). Although genetic involvement is suspected where familial onset is frequently observed, the genetic background of MMTAH is yet to be elucidated. In this study, we conducted whole genome sequencing of 10 patients with MMTAH and their family members when available. We also conducted RNA sequencing of normal temporal tendon (as disease region) and Achilles tendon (as control region) from commercially available pig samples. We identified 51 genes that had rare variants in patients with MMTAH and were highly expressed in the temporal tendons of pigs. Among the 51 genes, 37 genes have not been reported to be causative for human genetic diseases so far. As an implication of genetic involvement in the pathogenesis of MMTAH, 21 of these 37 genes were identified in two independent families. In particular, PCDH1 and BAIAP3 were identified in one affected individual in a family and consistently segregated in unrelated family, indicating they could be candidate causative genes of MMTAH. Our findings will help elucidate the genetic landscape of MMTAH and provide insights into future possibilities for tendon regeneration treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Tajima
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan;
| | - Atsuko Okazaki
- Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;
| | - Tsuyoshi Sato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongou, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun 350-0495, Saitama, Japan;
| | - Kokoro Ozaki
- Laboratory for Comprehensive Genomic Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan;
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;
- Laboratory for Comprehensive Genomic Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Tetsuya Yoda
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan;
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Navarro-Martínez A, Vicente-García C, Carvajal JJ. NMJ-related diseases beyond the congenital myasthenic syndromes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1216726. [PMID: 37601107 PMCID: PMC10436495 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1216726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) are a special type of chemical synapse that transmits electrical stimuli from motor neurons (MNs) to their innervating skeletal muscle to induce a motor response. They are an ideal model for the study of synapses, given their manageable size and easy accessibility. Alterations in their morphology or function lead to neuromuscular disorders, such as the congenital myasthenic syndromes, which are caused by mutations in proteins located in the NMJ. In this review, we highlight novel potential candidate genes that may cause or modify NMJs-related pathologies in humans by exploring the phenotypes of hundreds of mouse models available in the literature. We also underscore the fact that NMJs may differ between species, muscles or even sexes. Hence the importance of choosing a good model organism for the study of NMJ-related diseases: only taking into account the specific features of the mammalian NMJ, experimental results would be efficiently translated to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Vicente-García
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC-UPO-JA, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
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Riascos-Bernal DF, Ressa G, Korrapati A, Sibinga NES. The FAT1 Cadherin Drives Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration. Cells 2023; 12:1621. [PMID: 37371091 PMCID: PMC10297709 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are normally quiescent and non-migratory, regulating the contraction and relaxation of blood vessels to control the vascular tone. In response to arterial injury, these cells become active; they proliferate, secrete matrix proteins, and migrate, and thereby contribute importantly to the progression of several cardiovascular diseases. VSMC migration specifically supports atherosclerosis, restenosis after catheter-based intervention, transplant vasculopathy, and vascular remodeling during the formation of aneurysms. The atypical cadherin FAT1 is expressed robustly in activated VSMCs and promotes their migration. A positive role of FAT1 in the migration of other cell types, including neurons, fibroblasts, podocytes, and astrocyte progenitors, has also been described. In cancer biology, however, the effect of FAT1 on migration depends on the cancer type or context, as FAT1 either suppresses or enhances cancer cell migration and invasion. With this review, we describe what is known about FAT1's effects on cell migration as well as the factors that influence FAT1-dependent migration. In VSMCs, these factors include angiotensin II, which activates FAT1 expression and cell migration, and proteins of the Atrophin family: Atrophin-1 and the short isoform of Atrophin-2, which promote VSMC migration, and the long isoform of Atrophin-2, which exerts negative effects on FAT1-dependent VSMC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario F. Riascos-Bernal
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (G.R.); (A.K.)
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gaia Ressa
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (G.R.); (A.K.)
| | - Anish Korrapati
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (G.R.); (A.K.)
| | - Nicholas E. S. Sibinga
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (G.R.); (A.K.)
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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5
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Duranti E, Villa C. Influence of DUX4 Expression in Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy and Possible Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119503. [PMID: 37298453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) represents the third most common form of muscular dystrophy and is characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy. FSHD is caused by the altered expression of the transcription factor double homeobox 4 (DUX4), which is involved in several significantly altered pathways required for myogenesis and muscle regeneration. While DUX4 is normally silenced in the majority of somatic tissues in healthy individuals, its epigenetic de-repression has been linked to FSHD, resulting in DUX4 aberrant expression and cytotoxicity in skeletal muscle cells. Understanding how DUX4 is regulated and functions could provide useful information not only to further understand FSHD pathogenesis, but also to develop therapeutic approaches for this disorder. Therefore, this review discusses the role of DUX4 in FSHD by examining the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the disease as well as novel pharmacological strategies targeting DUX4 aberrant expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Duranti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Chiara Villa
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
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Li R, Shao J, Jin YJ, Kawase H, Ong YT, Troidl K, Quan Q, Wang L, Bonnavion R, Wietelmann A, Helmbacher F, Potente M, Graumann J, Wettschureck N, Offermanns S. Endothelial FAT1 inhibits angiogenesis by controlling YAP/TAZ protein degradation via E3 ligase MIB2. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1980. [PMID: 37031213 PMCID: PMC10082778 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of endothelial YAP/TAZ signaling is crucial for physiological and pathological angiogenesis. The mechanisms of endothelial YAP/TAZ regulation are, however, incompletely understood. Here we report that the protocadherin FAT1 acts as a critical upstream regulator of endothelial YAP/TAZ which limits the activity of these transcriptional cofactors during developmental and tumor angiogenesis by promoting their degradation. We show that loss of endothelial FAT1 results in increased endothelial cell proliferation in vitro and in various angiogenesis models in vivo. This effect is due to perturbed YAP/TAZ protein degradation, leading to increased YAP/TAZ protein levels and expression of canonical YAP/TAZ target genes. We identify the E3 ubiquitin ligase Mind Bomb-2 (MIB2) as a FAT1-interacting protein mediating FAT1-induced YAP/TAZ ubiquitination and degradation. Loss of MIB2 expression in endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo recapitulates the effects of FAT1 depletion and causes decreased YAP/TAZ degradation and increased YAP/TAZ signaling. Our data identify a pivotal mechanism of YAP/TAZ regulation involving FAT1 and its associated E3 ligase MIB2, which is essential for YAP/TAZ-dependent angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Jingchen Shao
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Young-June Jin
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Haruya Kawase
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Yu Ting Ong
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Angiogenesis & Metabolism Laboratory, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Kerstin Troidl
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Surgery Clinic, University Hospital Frankfurt and Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Qi Quan
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Lei Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Remy Bonnavion
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Astrid Wietelmann
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Small Animal Imaging Service Group, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Francoise Helmbacher
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 907, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Michael Potente
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Angiogenesis & Metabolism Laboratory, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Graumann
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Service Group, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Institute of Translational Proteomics, Department of Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nina Wettschureck
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
- Cardiopulmonary Institute, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Frankfurt, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Cardiopulmonary Institute, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Frankfurt, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
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7
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Kasiah J, McNeill H. Fat and Dachsous cadherins in mammalian development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 154:223-244. [PMID: 37100519 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell growth and patterning are critical for tissue development. Here we discuss the evolutionarily conserved cadherins, Fat and Dachsous, and the roles they play during mammalian tissue development and disease. In Drosophila, Fat and Dachsous regulate tissue growth via the Hippo pathway and planar cell polarity (PCP). The Drosophila wing has been an ideal tissue to observe how mutations in these cadherins affect tissue development. In mammals, there are multiple Fat and Dachsous cadherins, which are expressed in many tissues, but mutations in these cadherins that affect growth and tissue organization are context dependent. Here we examine how mutations in the Fat and Dachsous mammalian genes affect development in mammals and contribute to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennysue Kasiah
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Helen McNeill
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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8
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Mariot V, Dumonceaux J. Gene Editing to Tackle Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy. Front Genome Ed 2022; 4:937879. [PMID: 35910413 PMCID: PMC9334676 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2022.937879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) is a skeletal muscle disease caused by the aberrant expression of the DUX4 gene in the muscle tissue. To date, different therapeutic approaches have been proposed, targeting DUX4 at the DNA, RNA or protein levels. The recent development of the clustered regularly interspaced short-palindromic repeat (CRISPR) based technology opened new avenues of research, and FSHD is no exception. For the first time, a cure for genetic muscular diseases can be considered. Here, we describe CRISPR-based strategies that are currently being investigated for FSHD. The different approaches include the epigenome editing targeting the DUX4 gene and its promoter, gene editing targeting the polyadenylation of DUX4 using TALEN, CRISPR/cas9 or adenine base editing and the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing for SMCHD1. We also discuss challenges facing the development of these gene editing based therapeutics.
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9
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Puebla M, Tapia PJ, Espinoza H. Key Role of Astrocytes in Postnatal Brain and Retinal Angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052646. [PMID: 35269788 PMCID: PMC8910249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a key process in various physiological and pathological conditions in the nervous system and in the retina during postnatal life. Although an increasing number of studies have addressed the role of endothelial cells in this event, the astrocytes contribution in angiogenesis has received less attention. This review is focused on the role of astrocytes as a scaffold and in the stabilization of the new blood vessels, through different molecules release, which can modulate the angiogenesis process in the brain and in the retina. Further, differences in the astrocytes phenotype are addressed in glioblastoma, one of the most devastating types of brain cancer, in order to provide potential targets involved in the cross signaling between endothelial cells, astrocytes and glioma cells, that mediate tumor progression and pathological angiogenesis. Given the relevance of astrocytes in angiogenesis in physiological and pathological conditions, future studies are required to better understand the interrelation between endothelial and astrocyte signaling pathways during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Puebla
- Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Facultad de Medicina-Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Av. Plaza 680, Las Condes, Santiago 7550000, Chile;
| | - Pablo J. Tapia
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Av. Lota 2465, Providencia, Santiago 7500000, Chile;
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de las Américas, Av. República 71, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Hilda Espinoza
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Alba, Av. Ejército Libertador 171, Santiago 8320000, Chile
- Correspondence:
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Avilés EC, Krol A, Henle SJ, Burroughs-Garcia J, Deans MR, Goodrich LV. Fat3 acts through independent cytoskeletal effectors to coordinate asymmetric cell behaviors during polarized circuit assembly. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110307. [PMID: 35108541 PMCID: PMC8865054 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The polarized flow of information through neural circuits depends on the orderly arrangement of neurons, their processes, and their synapses. This polarity emerges sequentially in development, starting with the directed migration of neuronal precursors, which subsequently elaborate neurites that form synapses in specific locations. In other organs, Fat cadherins sense the position and then polarize individual cells by inducing localized changes in the cytoskeleton that are coordinated across the tissue. Here, we show that the Fat-related protein Fat3 plays an analogous role during the assembly of polarized circuits in the murine retina. We find that the Fat3 intracellular domain (ICD) binds to cytoskeletal regulators and synaptic proteins, with discrete motifs required for amacrine cell migration and neurite retraction. Moreover, upon ICD deletion, extra neurites form but do not make ectopic synapses, suggesting that Fat3 independently regulates synapse localization. Thus, Fat3 serves as a molecular node to coordinate asymmetric cell behaviors across development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn C Avilés
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexandra Krol
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven J Henle
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jessica Burroughs-Garcia
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Michael R Deans
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Lisa V Goodrich
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Helmbacher F. Astrocyte-intrinsic and -extrinsic Fat1 activities regulate astrocyte development and angiogenesis in the retina. Development 2022; 149:274046. [PMID: 35050341 DOI: 10.1242/dev.192047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a stepwise process leading to blood vessel formation. In the vertebrate retina, endothelial cells are guided by astrocytes migrating along the inner surface, and the two processes are coupled by a tightly regulated cross-talks between the two cell types. Here, I have investigated how the FAT1 cadherin, a regulator of tissue morphogenesis that governs tissue cross-talk, influences retinal vascular development. Late-onset Fat1 inactivation in the neural lineage in mice, by interfering with astrocyte progenitor migration polarity and maturation, delayed postnatal retinal angiogenesis, leading to persistent vascular abnormalities in adult retinas. Impaired astrocyte migration and polarity were not associated with alterations of retinal ganglion cell axonal trajectories or of the inner limiting membrane. In contrast, inducible Fat1 ablation in postnatal astrocytes was sufficient to alter their migration polarity and proliferation. Altogether, this study uncovers astrocyte-intrinsic and -extrinsic Fat1 activities that influence astrocyte migration polarity, proliferation and maturation, disruption of which impacts retinal vascular development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Helmbacher
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 907, 13288 Marseille, France
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12
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MiR-29b-1-5p regulates the proliferation and differentiation of chicken primary myoblasts and analysis of its effective targets. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101557. [PMID: 34852967 PMCID: PMC8639469 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies investigated the role of the miR-29 family in muscle development. However, only a few studies focused on chicken skeletal muscle. In the present study, cell cycle, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), and other assays indicated that miR-29b-1-5p can inhibit the proliferation of chicken primary myoblasts (CPMs); the western blot assay and immunofluorescence detection of MYHC demonstrated that miR-29b-1-5p can promote the differentiation of myoblasts. The functional enrichment analysis revealed that the target genes of miR-29b-1-5p may be involved in muscle tissue development, muscle organ development, and striated muscle tissue development, which are biological processes related to muscle development. The correlation analysis showed that these 6 genes, that is, ankyrin repeat domain 9 (ANKRD9), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), transcription factor 12 (TCF12), FAT atypical cadherin 1 (FAT1), lin-9 homolog (LIN9), and integrin beta 3 binding protein (ITGB3BP), can be used as effective candidate target genes of miR-29b-1-5p. Moreover, miR-29b-1-5p inhibits the expression of ANKRD9 by directly binding the 3'UTR of ANKRD9. Overall, these data indicate that miR-29b-1-5p inhibits the proliferation of primary chicken myoblasts, stimulates their differentiation, and is involved in the process of muscle development and that its effective target gene is ANKRD9. This study identified the molecular mechanism of miR-29b-1-5p in chicken muscle development.
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Jia FF, Drew AP, Nicholson GA, Corbett A, Kumar KR. Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 2: an update on the clinical, genetic, and molecular findings. Neuromuscul Disord 2021; 31:1101-1112. [PMID: 34711481 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a common genetic disease of the skeletal muscle with a characteristic pattern of weakness. Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 2 (FSHD2) accounts for approximately 5% of all cases of FSHD and describes patients without a D4Z4 repeat contraction on chromosome 4. Phenotypically FSHD2 shows virtually no difference from FSHD1 and both forms of FSHD arise via a common downstream mechanism of epigenetic derepression of the transcription factor DUX4 in skeletal muscle cells. This results in expression of DUX4 and target genes leading to skeletal muscle toxicity. Over the past decade, major progress has been made in our understanding of the genetic and epigenetic architecture that underlies FSHD2 pathogenesis, as well as the clinical manifestations and disease progression. These include the finding that FSHD2 is a digenic disease and that mutations in the genes SMCHD1, DNMT3B, and more recently LRIF1, can cause FSHD2. FSHD2 is complex and it is important that clinicians keep abreast of recent developments; this review aims to serve as an update of the clinical, genetic, and molecular research into this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhi Frank Jia
- Department of Neurology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales 2139, Australia.
| | - Alexander P Drew
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.
| | - Garth Alexander Nicholson
- Department of Neurology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales 2139, Australia; Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales 2139, Australia; Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, New South Wales 2139, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.
| | - Alastair Corbett
- Department of Neurology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales 2139, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.
| | - Kishore Raj Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales 2139, Australia; Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales 2139, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.
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14
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Banerji CRS, Zammit PS. Pathomechanisms and biomarkers in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: roles of DUX4 and PAX7. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13695. [PMID: 34151531 PMCID: PMC8350899 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is characterised by progressive skeletal muscle weakness and wasting. FSHD is linked to epigenetic derepression of the subtelomeric D4Z4 macrosatellite at chromosome 4q35. Epigenetic derepression permits the distal-most D4Z4 unit to transcribe DUX4, with transcripts stabilised by splicing to a poly(A) signal on permissive 4qA haplotypes. The pioneer transcription factor DUX4 activates target genes that are proposed to drive FSHD pathology. While this toxic gain-of-function model is a satisfying "bottom-up" genotype-to-phenotype link, DUX4 is rarely detectable in muscle and DUX4 target gene expression is inconsistent in patients. A reliable biomarker for FSHD is suppression of a target gene score of PAX7, a master regulator of myogenesis. However, it is unclear how this "top-down" finding links to genomic changes that characterise FSHD and to DUX4. Here, we explore the roles and interactions of DUX4 and PAX7 in FSHD pathology and how the relationship between these two transcription factors deepens understanding via the immune system and muscle regeneration. Considering how FSHD pathomechanisms are represented by "DUX4opathy" models has implications for developing therapies and current clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter S Zammit
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing's College LondonLondonUK
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15
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Álvarez-Hernán G, Garrido-Jiménez S, Román ÁC, Carvajal-González JM, Francisco-Morcillo J. Distribution of planar cell polarity proteins in the developing avian retina. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108681. [PMID: 34166683 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is evolutionary conserved and play a critical role in proper tissue development and function. During central nervous system development, PCP proteins exhibit specific patterns of distribution and are indispensable for axonal growth, dendritogenesis, neuronal migration, and neuronal differentiation. The retina constitutes an excellent model in which to study molecular mechanisms involved in neural development. The analysis of the spatiotemporal expression of PCP proteins in this model constitutes an useful histological approach in order to identify possible roles of these proteins in retinogenesis. Immunohistochemical techniques revealed that Frz6, Celsr1, Vangl1, Pk1, Pk3, and Fat1 were present in emerging axons from recently differentiated ganglion cells in the chicken retina. Except for Vangl1, they were also asymmetrically distributed in differentiated amacrine cells. Pk1 and Pk3 were restricted in the outer nuclear layer to the outer segment of photoreceptors. Vangl1 was also located in the cell somata of Müller glia. Given these findings together, the distribution of PCP proteins in the developing chicken retina suggest essential roles in axonal guidance during early retinogenesis and a possible involvement in the establishment of cell asymmetry and maintenance of retinal cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Álvarez-Hernán
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Sergio Garrido-Jiménez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ángel Carlos Román
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - José María Carvajal-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Javier Francisco-Morcillo
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
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16
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Voigt AP, Mullin NK, Whitmore SS, DeLuca AP, Burnight ER, Liu X, Tucker BA, Scheetz TE, Stone EM, Mullins RF. Human photoreceptor cells from different macular subregions have distinct transcriptional profiles. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:1543-1558. [PMID: 34014299 PMCID: PMC8330894 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human neural retina is a light sensitive tissue with remarkable spatial and cellular organization. Compared with the periphery, the central retina contains more densely packed cone photoreceptor cells with unique morphologies and synaptic wiring. Some regions of the central retina exhibit selective degeneration or preservation in response to retinal disease and the basis for this variation is unknown. In this study, we used both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing to compare gene expression within concentric regions of the central retina. We identified unique gene expression patterns of foveal cone photoreceptor cells, including many foveal-enriched transcription factors. In addition, we found that the genes RORB1, PPFIA1 and KCNAB2 are differentially spliced in the foveal, parafoveal and macular regions. These results provide a highly detailed spatial characterization of the retinal transcriptome and highlight unique molecular features of different retinal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Voigt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Nathaniel K Mullin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - S Scott Whitmore
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Adam P DeLuca
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Erin R Burnight
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Xiuying Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Budd A Tucker
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Todd E Scheetz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Edwin M Stone
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Robert F Mullins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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17
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Arechederra M, Bazai SK, Abdouni A, Sequera C, Mead TJ, Richelme S, Daian F, Audebert S, Dono R, Lozano A, Gregoire D, Hibner U, Allende DS, Apte SS, Maina F. ADAMTSL5 is an epigenetically activated gene underlying tumorigenesis and drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2021; 74:893-906. [PMID: 33197513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The tumour microenvironment shapes tumour growth through cellular communications that include both direct interactions and secreted factors. The aim of this study was to characterize the impact of the secreted glycoprotein ADAMTSL5, whose role in cancer has not been previously investigated, on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS ADAMTSL5 methylation status was evaluated through bisulfite sequencing, and publicly available data analysis. ADAMTSL5 RNA and protein expression were assessed in mouse models and HCC patient samples and compared to data from published datasets. Functional studies, including association of ADAMTSL5 depletion with responsiveness to clinically relevant drugs, were performed in cellular and in vivo models. Molecular alterations associated with ADAMTSL5 targeting were determined using proteomics, biochemistry, and reverse-transcription quantitative PCR. RESULTS Methylome analysis revealed hypermethylated gene body CpG islands at the ADAMTSL5 locus in both mouse and human HCC, correlating with higher ADAMTSL5 expression. ADAMTSL5 targeting interfered with tumorigenic properties of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo, whereas ADAMTSL5 overexpression conferred tumorigenicity to pre-tumoural hepatocytes sensitized to transformation by a modest level of MET receptor expression. Mechanistically, ADAMTSL5 abrogation led to a reduction of several oncogenic inputs relevant to HCC, including reduced expression and/or phosphorylation levels of receptor tyrosine kinases MET, EGFR, PDGFRβ, IGF1Rβ, or FGFR4. This phenotype was associated with significantly increased sensitivity of HCC cells to clinically relevant drugs, namely sorafenib, lenvatinib, and regorafenib. Moreover, ADAMTSL5 depletion drastically increased expression of AXL, accompanied by a sensitization to bemcentinib. CONCLUSIONS Our results point to a role for ADAMTSL5 in maintaining the function of key oncogenic signalling pathways, suggesting that it may act as a master regulator of tumorigenicity and drug resistance in HCC. LAY SUMMARY The environment of cancer cells has profound effects on establishment, progression, and response of a tumour to treatment. Herein, we show that ADAMTSL5, a protein secreted by liver cancer cells and overlooked in cancer so far, is increased in this tumour type, is necessary for tumour formation and supports drug resistance. Adamtsl5 removal conferred sensitivity of liver cancer cells to drugs used in current treatment. This suggests ADAMTSL5 as a potential marker in liver cancer as well as a possible drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arechederra
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), UMR7288, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Sehrish K Bazai
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), UMR7288, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Ahmed Abdouni
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), UMR7288, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Celia Sequera
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), UMR7288, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Timothy J Mead
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Sylvie Richelme
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), UMR7288, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Daian
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), UMR7288, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Audebert
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CRCM, Marseille Proteomics, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Rosanna Dono
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), UMR7288, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Lozano
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Damien Gregoire
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Urszula Hibner
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Daniela S Allende
- Pathology Department, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Suneel S Apte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Flavio Maina
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), UMR7288, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France.
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18
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Peng Z, Gong Y, Liang X. Role of FAT1 in health and disease. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:398. [PMID: 33777221 PMCID: PMC7988705 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
FAT atypical cadherin 1 (FAT1), which encodes a protocadherin, is one of the most frequently mutated genes in human cancer. Over the past 20 years, the role of FAT1 in tissue growth and in the development of diseases has been extensively studied. There is definitive evidence that FAT1 serves a substantial role in the maintenance of organs and development, and its expression appears to be tissue-specific. FAT1 activates a variety of signaling pathways through protein-protein interactions, including the Wnt/β-catenin, Hippo and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways, which affect cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Abnormal FAT1 expression may lead to the development of tumors and may affect prognosis. Therefore, FAT1 may have potential in tumor therapy. The structural and functional changes mediated by FAT1, its tissue distribution and changes in FAT1 expression in human diseases are described in the present review, which provides further insight for understanding the role of FAT1 in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhen Peng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Yanyu Gong
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqiu Liang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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19
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Schätzl T, Kaiser L, Deigner HP. Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: genetics, gene activation and downstream signalling with regard to recent therapeutic approaches: an update. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:129. [PMID: 33712050 PMCID: PMC7953708 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01760-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst a disease-modifying treatment for Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) does not exist currently, recent advances in complex molecular pathophysiology studies of FSHD have led to possible therapeutic approaches for its targeted treatment. Although the underlying genetics of FSHD have been researched extensively, there remains an incomplete understanding of the pathophysiology of FSHD in relation to the molecules leading to DUX4 gene activation and the downstream gene targets of DUX4 that cause its toxic effects. In the context of the local proximity of chromosome 4q to the nuclear envelope, a contraction of the D4Z4 macrosatellite induces lower methylation levels, enabling the ectopic expression of DUX4. This disrupts numerous signalling pathways that mostly result in cell death, detrimentally affecting skeletal muscle in affected individuals. In this regard different options are currently explored either to suppress the transcription of DUX4 gene, inhibiting DUX4 protein from its toxic effects, or to alleviate the symptoms triggered by its numerous targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Schätzl
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Straße 17, 78054, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Lars Kaiser
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Straße 17, 78054, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Deigner
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Straße 17, 78054, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany.
- EXIM Department, Fraunhofer Institute IZI, Leipzig, Schillingallee 68, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
- Faculty of Science, Tuebingen University, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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20
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Lemmers RJLF, van der Vliet PJ, Blatnik A, Balog J, Zidar J, Henderson D, Goselink R, Tapscott SJ, Voermans NC, Tawil R, Padberg GWAM, van Engelen BG, van der Maarel SM. Chromosome 10q-linked FSHD identifies DUX4 as principal disease gene. J Med Genet 2021; 59:180-188. [PMID: 33436523 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-107041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) is an inherited muscular dystrophy clinically characterised by muscle weakness starting with the facial and upper extremity muscles. A disease model has been developed that postulates that failure in somatic repression of the transcription factor DUX4 embedded in the D4Z4 repeat on chromosome 4q causes FSHD. However, due to the position of the D4Z4 repeat close to the telomere and the complex genetic and epigenetic aetiology of FSHD, there is ongoing debate about the transcriptional deregulation of closely linked genes and their involvement in FSHD. METHOD Detailed genetic characterisation and gene expression analysis of patients with clinically confirmed FSHD and control individuals. RESULTS Identification of two FSHD families in which the disease is caused by repeat contraction and DUX4 expression from chromosome 10 due to a de novo D4Z4 repeat exchange between chromosomes 4 and 10. We show that the genetic lesion causal to FSHD in these families is physically separated from other candidate genes on chromosome 4. We demonstrate that muscle cell cultures from affected family members exhibit the characteristic molecular features of FSHD, including DUX4 and DUX4 target gene expression, without showing evidence for transcriptional deregulation of other chromosome 4-specific candidate genes. CONCLUSION This study shows that in rare situations, FSHD can occur on chromosome 10 due to an interchromosomal rearrangement with the FSHD locus on chromosome 4q. These findings provide further evidence that DUX4 derepression is the dominant disease pathway for FSHD. Hence, therapeutic strategies should focus on DUX4 as the primary target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J L F Lemmers
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ana Blatnik
- Cancer Genetics Clinic, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Judit Balog
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Janez Zidar
- Division of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Don Henderson
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Rianne Goselink
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen J Tapscott
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicol C Voermans
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rabi Tawil
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - George W A M Padberg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Baziel Gm van Engelen
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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21
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Haug P, Koller S, Maggi J, Lang E, Feil S, Wlodarczyk A, Bähr L, Steindl K, Rohrbach M, Gerth-Kahlert C, Berger W. Whole Exome Sequencing in Coloboma/Microphthalmia: Identification of Novel and Recurrent Variants in Seven Genes. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:65. [PMID: 33418956 PMCID: PMC7825129 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coloboma and microphthalmia (C/M) are related congenital eye malformations, which can cause significant visual impairment. Molecular diagnosis is challenging as the genes associated to date with C/M account for only a small percentage of cases. Overall, the genetic cause remains unknown in up to 80% of patients. High throughput DNA sequencing technologies, including whole-exome sequencing (WES), are therefore a useful and efficient tool for genetic screening and identification of new mutations and novel genes in C/M. In this study, we analyzed the DNA of 19 patients with C/M from 15 unrelated families using singleton WES and data analysis for 307 genes of interest. We identified seven novel and one recurrent potentially disease-causing variants in CRIM1, CHD7, FAT1, PTCH1, PUF60, BRPF1, and TGFB2 in 47% of our families, three of which occurred de novo. The detection rate in patients with ocular and extraocular manifestations (67%) was higher than in patients with an isolated ocular phenotype (46%). Our study highlights the significant genetic heterogeneity in C/M cohorts and emphasizes the diagnostic power of WES for the screening of patients and families with C/M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Haug
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (P.H.); (S.K.); (J.M.); (E.L.); (S.F.); (A.W.); (L.B.)
| | - Samuel Koller
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (P.H.); (S.K.); (J.M.); (E.L.); (S.F.); (A.W.); (L.B.)
| | - Jordi Maggi
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (P.H.); (S.K.); (J.M.); (E.L.); (S.F.); (A.W.); (L.B.)
| | - Elena Lang
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (P.H.); (S.K.); (J.M.); (E.L.); (S.F.); (A.W.); (L.B.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Silke Feil
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (P.H.); (S.K.); (J.M.); (E.L.); (S.F.); (A.W.); (L.B.)
| | - Agnès Wlodarczyk
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (P.H.); (S.K.); (J.M.); (E.L.); (S.F.); (A.W.); (L.B.)
| | - Luzy Bähr
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (P.H.); (S.K.); (J.M.); (E.L.); (S.F.); (A.W.); (L.B.)
| | - Katharina Steindl
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland;
| | - Marianne Rohrbach
- Division of Metabolism and Children’s Research Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Christina Gerth-Kahlert
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Wolfgang Berger
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (P.H.); (S.K.); (J.M.); (E.L.); (S.F.); (A.W.); (L.B.)
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University and ETH Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Sztretye M, Szabó L, Dobrosi N, Fodor J, Szentesi P, Almássy J, Magyar ZÉ, Dienes B, Csernoch L. From Mice to Humans: An Overview of the Potentials and Limitations of Current Transgenic Mouse Models of Major Muscular Dystrophies and Congenital Myopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238935. [PMID: 33255644 PMCID: PMC7728138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are a group of more than 160 different human neuromuscular disorders characterized by a progressive deterioration of muscle mass and strength. The causes, symptoms, age of onset, severity, and progression vary depending on the exact time point of diagnosis and the entity. Congenital myopathies are rare muscle diseases mostly present at birth that result from genetic defects. There are no known cures for congenital myopathies; however, recent advances in gene therapy are promising tools in providing treatment. This review gives an overview of the mouse models used to investigate the most common muscular dystrophies and congenital myopathies with emphasis on their potentials and limitations in respect to human applications.
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DeSimone AM, Cohen J, Lek M, Lek A. Cellular and animal models for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:13/10/dmm046904. [PMID: 33174531 PMCID: PMC7648604 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.046904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is one of the most common forms of muscular dystrophy and presents with weakness of the facial, scapular and humeral muscles, which frequently progresses to the lower limbs and truncal areas, causing profound disability. Myopathy results from epigenetic de-repression of the D4Z4 microsatellite repeat array on chromosome 4, which allows misexpression of the developmentally regulated DUX4 gene. DUX4 is toxic when misexpressed in skeletal muscle and disrupts several cellular pathways, including myogenic differentiation and fusion, which likely underpins pathology. DUX4 and the D4Z4 array are strongly conserved only in primates, making FSHD modeling in non-primate animals difficult. Additionally, its cytotoxicity and unusual mosaic expression pattern further complicate the generation of in vitro and in vivo models of FSHD. However, the pressing need to develop systems to test therapeutic approaches has led to the creation of multiple engineered FSHD models. Owing to the complex genetic, epigenetic and molecular factors underlying FSHD, it is difficult to engineer a system that accurately recapitulates every aspect of the human disease. Nevertheless, the past several years have seen the development of many new disease models, each with their own associated strengths that emphasize different aspects of the disease. Here, we review the wide range of FSHD models, including several in vitro cellular models, and an array of transgenic and xenograft in vivo models, with particular attention to newly developed systems and how they are being used to deepen our understanding of FSHD pathology and to test the efficacy of drug candidates. Summary: Owing to its complex etiology and the toxicity of DUX4, modeling facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is uniquely challenging. Here, we review the approaches that overcame these difficulties to develop highly relevant FSHD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec M DeSimone
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Justin Cohen
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Monkol Lek
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Angela Lek
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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24
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Therapeutic Strategies Targeting DUX4 in FSHD. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9092886. [PMID: 32906621 PMCID: PMC7564105 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a common muscle dystrophy typically affecting patients within their second decade. Patients initially exhibit asymmetric facial and humeral muscle damage, followed by lower body muscle involvement. FSHD is associated with a derepression of DUX4 gene encoded by the D4Z4 macrosatellite located on the subtelomeric part of chromosome 4. DUX4 is a highly regulated transcription factor and its expression in skeletal muscle contributes to multiple cellular toxicities and pathologies ultimately leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. Since the discovery of the FSHD candidate gene DUX4, many cell and animal models have been designed for therapeutic approaches and clinical trials. Today there is no treatment available for FSHD patients and therapeutic strategies targeting DUX4 toxicity in skeletal muscle are being actively investigated. In this review, we will discuss different research areas that are currently being considered to alter DUX4 expression and toxicity in muscle tissue and the cell and animal models designed to date.
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25
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Helmbacher F, Stricker S. Tissue cross talks governing limb muscle development and regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 104:14-30. [PMID: 32517852 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For decades, limb development has been a paradigm of three-dimensional patterning. Moreover, as the limb muscles and the other tissues of the limb's musculoskeletal system arise from distinct developmental sources, it has been a prime example of integrative morphogenesis and cross-tissue communication. As the limbs grow, all components of the musculoskeletal system (muscles, tendons, connective tissue, nerves) coordinate their growth and differentiation, ultimately giving rise to a functional unit capable of executing elaborate movement. While the molecular mechanisms governing global three-dimensional patterning and formation of the skeletal structures of the limbs has been a matter of intense research, patterning of the soft tissues is less understood. Here, we review the development of limb muscles with an emphasis on their interaction with other tissue types and the instructive roles these tissues play. Furthermore, we discuss the role of adult correlates of these embryonic accessory tissues in muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sigmar Stricker
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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26
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Ohnota H, Nakazawa H, Hayashi M, Okuhara Y, Honda T, d'Azzo A, Sekijima Y. Skeletal muscle cells derived from mouse skin cultures. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 528:398-403. [PMID: 31926596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have established a novel, simple, and highly reproducible method to generate skeletal muscle cells from mouse skin. Small pieces of skin from the back of mice were cultured in extracellular material-coated dishes in typical culture medium for about 3 weeks. Myotubes formed after about a week, grew into twitching myotubes, and became twitching myotube clumps after 3 weeks. Skeletal muscle cells are formed spontaneously with no induction. Myotubes were immunologically positive for myosin heavy chains, MyoD, and myogenin. Ultrastructural analysis revealed the presence of the sarcomere structure. Furthermore, PAX7+/MyoD- muscle stem cells proliferated around these myotubes, and MyoD+/myogenin+/MHC-- cells were also observed. Moreover, we investigated the formation of skeletal muscle cells from the sialidosis mouse skin, and showed that it is decreased compared to that of the wild type. Our method to generate skeletal muscle cells from skin is thought to be useful for the investigation of muscle cell development and muscle-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ohnota
- Department of Drug Discovery Science, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan; Research Division, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 4365-1 Kashiwabara, Hotaka, Azumino, Nagano, 399-8304, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Nakazawa
- Department of Drug Discovery Science, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Morimichi Hayashi
- Safety Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 2320-1 Maki, Hotaka, Azumino, Nagano, 399-8304, Japan
| | - Yuji Okuhara
- Safety Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 2320-1 Maki, Hotaka, Azumino, Nagano, 399-8304, Japan
| | - Takayuki Honda
- Department of Drug Discovery Science, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Alessandra d'Azzo
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yoshiki Sekijima
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
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27
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Gaillard MC, Broucqsault N, Morere J, Laberthonnière C, Dion C, Badja C, Roche S, Nguyen K, Magdinier F, Robin JD. Analysis of the 4q35 chromatin organization reveals distinct long-range interactions in patients affected with Facio-Scapulo-Humeral Dystrophy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10327. [PMID: 31316120 PMCID: PMC6637155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46861-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Facio-Scapulo Humeral dystrophy (FSHD) is the third most common myopathy, affecting 1 amongst 10,000 individuals (FSHD1, OMIM #158900). This autosomal dominant pathology is associated in 95% of cases with genetic and epigenetic alterations in the subtelomeric region at the extremity of the long arm of chromosome 4 (q arm). A large proportion of the remaining 5% of cases carry a mutation in the SMCHD1 gene (FSHD2, OMIM #158901). Here, we explored the 3D organization of the 4q35 locus by three-dimensions DNA in situ fluorescent hybridization (3D-FISH) in primary fibroblasts isolated from patients and healthy donors. We found that D4Z4 contractions and/or SMCHD1 mutations impact the spatial organization of the 4q35 region and trigger changes in the expression of different genes. Changes in gene expression were corroborated in muscle biopsies suggesting that the modified chromatin landscape impelled a modulation in the level of expression of a number of genes across the 4q35 locus in FSHD. Using induced pluripotent stem cells (hIPSC), we further examined whether chromatin organization is inherited after reprogramming or acquired during differentiation and showed that folding of the 4q35 region is modified upon differentiation. These results together with previous findings highlight the role of the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat in the topological organization of chromatin and further indicate that the D4Z4-dependent 3D structure induces transcriptional changes of 4q35 genes expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julia Morere
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, U 1251, Marseille, France
| | | | - Camille Dion
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, U 1251, Marseille, France
| | - Cherif Badja
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, U 1251, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Roche
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, U 1251, Marseille, France
| | - Karine Nguyen
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, U 1251, Marseille, France.,APHM, Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | - Jérôme D Robin
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, U 1251, Marseille, France.
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28
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Pehlivan D, Bayram Y, Gunes N, Coban Akdemir Z, Shukla A, Bierhals T, Tabakci B, Sahin Y, Gezdirici A, Fatih JM, Gulec EY, Yesil G, Punetha J, Ocak Z, Grochowski CM, Karaca E, Albayrak HM, Radhakrishnan P, Erdem HB, Sahin I, Yildirim T, Bayhan IA, Bursali A, Elmas M, Yuksel Z, Ozdemir O, Silan F, Yildiz O, Yesilbas O, Isikay S, Balta B, Gu S, Jhangiani SN, Doddapaneni H, Hu J, Muzny DM, Boerwinkle E, Gibbs RA, Tsiakas K, Hempel M, Girisha KM, Gul D, Posey JE, Elcioglu NH, Tuysuz B, Lupski JR. The Genomics of Arthrogryposis, a Complex Trait: Candidate Genes and Further Evidence for Oligogenic Inheritance. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 105:132-150. [PMID: 31230720 PMCID: PMC6612529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthrogryposis is a clinical finding that is present either as a feature of a neuromuscular condition or as part of a systemic disease in over 400 Mendelian conditions. The underlying molecular etiology remains largely unknown because of genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. We applied exome sequencing (ES) in a cohort of 89 families with the clinical sign of arthrogryposis. Additional molecular techniques including array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) were performed on individuals who were found to have pathogenic copy number variants (CNVs) and mosaicism, respectively. A molecular diagnosis was established in 65.2% (58/89) of families. Eleven out of 58 families (19.0%) showed evidence for potential involvement of pathogenic variation at more than one locus, probably driven by absence of heterozygosity (AOH) burden due to identity-by-descent (IBD). RYR3, MYOM2, ERGIC1, SPTBN4, and ABCA7 represent genes, identified in two or more families, for which mutations are probably causative for arthrogryposis. We also provide evidence for the involvement of CNVs in the etiology of arthrogryposis and for the idea that both mono-allelic and bi-allelic variants in the same gene cause either similar or distinct syndromes. We were able to identify the molecular etiology in nine out of 20 families who underwent reanalysis. In summary, our data from family-based ES further delineate the molecular etiology of arthrogryposis, yielded several candidate disease-associated genes, and provide evidence for mutational burden in a biological pathway or network. Our study also highlights the importance of reanalysis of individuals with unsolved diagnoses in conjunction with sequencing extended family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davut Pehlivan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yavuz Bayram
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nilay Gunes
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul 34096, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Coban Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anju Shukla
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Tatjana Bierhals
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Burcu Tabakci
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Sahin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Necip Fazıl City Hospital, Kahramanmaras 46050, Turkey
| | - Alper Gezdirici
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34303, Turkey
| | - Jawid M Fatih
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Elif Yilmaz Gulec
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34303, Turkey
| | - Gozde Yesil
- Department of Medical Genetics, Bezmi Alem Vakif University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Jaya Punetha
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zeynep Ocak
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34303, Turkey
| | | | - Ender Karaca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hatice Mutlu Albayrak
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55270, Turkey
| | - Periyasamy Radhakrishnan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Haktan Bagis Erdem
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06110, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Sahin
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Erzurum, School of Medicine, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
| | - Timur Yildirim
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Baltalimani Bone Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34470, Turkey
| | - Ilhan A Bayhan
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Baltalimani Bone Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34470, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Bursali
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Baltalimani Bone Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34470, Turkey
| | - Muhsin Elmas
- Department of Medical Genetics, Afyon Kocatepe University, School of Medicine, Afyon 03218, Turkey
| | - Zafer Yuksel
- Medical Genetics Clinic, Mersin Women and Children Hospital, Mersin 33330, Turkey
| | - Ozturk Ozdemir
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale 17000, Turkey
| | - Fatma Silan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale 17000, Turkey
| | - Onur Yildiz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale 17000, Turkey
| | - Osman Yesilbas
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, Van Training and Research Hospital, Van 65130, Turkey
| | - Sedat Isikay
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Hasan Kalyoncu University, School of Health Sciences, Gaziantep 27000, Turkey
| | - Burhan Balta
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri 38080, Turkey
| | - Shen Gu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shalini N Jhangiani
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Harsha Doddapaneni
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jianhong Hu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Konstantinos Tsiakas
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Maja Hempel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Katta Mohan Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Davut Gul
- Department of Medical Genetics, Gulhane Military Medical School, Ankara 06010, Turkey
| | - Jennifer E Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nursel H Elcioglu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, Istanbul 34854, Turkey; Eastern Mediterranean University School of Medicine, Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Beyhan Tuysuz
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul 34096, Turkey
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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29
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Alibardi L. Immunohistochemical localization of a proto‐cadherin fat tumour‐suppressor homolog in the regenerating tail of lizard suggests a role in apical growth control. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova, Department of Biology University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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30
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Huml RA, Uspenskaya-Cadoz O, Dawson J, Slifer Z. Updating the Clinical Picture of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy: Ramifications for Drug Development With Potential Solutions. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/2168479018820313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zachary Slifer
- North Carolina State University’s College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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31
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Sefton EM, Kardon G. Connecting muscle development, birth defects, and evolution: An essential role for muscle connective tissue. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 132:137-176. [PMID: 30797508 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle powers all movement of the vertebrate body and is distributed in multiple regions that have evolved distinct functions. Axial muscles are ancestral muscles essential for support and locomotion of the whole body. The evolution of the head was accompanied by development of cranial muscles essential for eye movement, feeding, vocalization, and facial expression. With the evolution of paired fins and limbs and their associated muscles, vertebrates gained increased locomotor agility, populated the land, and acquired fine motor skills. Finally, unique muscles with specialized functions have evolved in some groups, and the diaphragm which solely evolved in mammals to increase respiratory capacity is one such example. The function of all these muscles requires their integration with the other components of the musculoskeletal system: muscle connective tissue (MCT), tendons, bones as well as nerves and vasculature. MCT is muscle's closest anatomical and functional partner. Not only is MCT critical in the adult for muscle structure and function, but recently MCT in the embryo has been found to be crucial for muscle development. In this review, we examine the important role of the MCT in axial, head, limb, and diaphragm muscles for regulating normal muscle development, discuss how defects in MCT-muscle interactions during development underlie the etiology of a range of birth defects, and explore how changes in MCT development or communication with muscle may have led to the modification and acquisition of new muscles during vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Sefton
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Gabrielle Kardon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
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32
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Naldaiz‐Gastesi N, Bahri OA, López de Munain A, McCullagh KJA, Izeta A. The panniculus carnosus muscle: an evolutionary enigma at the intersection of distinct research fields. J Anat 2018; 233:275-288. [PMID: 29893024 PMCID: PMC6081499 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The panniculus carnosus is a thin striated muscular layer intimately attached to the skin and fascia of most mammals, where it provides skin twitching and contraction functions. In humans, the panniculus carnosus is conserved at sparse anatomical locations with high interindividual variability, and it is considered of no functional significance (most possibly being a remnant of evolution). Diverse research fields (such as anatomy, dermatology, myology, neuroscience, surgery, veterinary science) use this unique muscle as a model, but several unknowns and misconceptions remain in the literature. In this article, we review what is currently known about panniculus carnosus structure, development, anatomical location, response to environmental stimuli and potential function(s), with the aim of putting together the evidence arising from the different research communities and raising interest in this unique muscle, which we postulate as an ideal model for both vascular and muscular research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neia Naldaiz‐Gastesi
- Tissue Engineering GroupBioengineering AreaInstituto BiodonostiaSan SebastianSpain
- Neuroscience AreaInstituto BiodonostiaSan SebastianSpain
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Ola A. Bahri
- Department of PhysiologyHuman Biology BuildingSchool of MedicineNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
- Regenerative Medicine InstituteNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- Neuroscience AreaInstituto BiodonostiaSan SebastianSpain
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
- Faculty of Medicine and DentistryUPV‐EHUSan SebastianSpain
- Department of NeurologyHospital Universitario DonostiaSan SebastianSpain
| | - Karl J. A. McCullagh
- Department of PhysiologyHuman Biology BuildingSchool of MedicineNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
- Regenerative Medicine InstituteNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Ander Izeta
- Tissue Engineering GroupBioengineering AreaInstituto BiodonostiaSan SebastianSpain
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of EngineeringTecnun‐University of NavarraSan SebastianSpain
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Helmbacher F. Tissue-specific activities of the Fat1 cadherin cooperate to control neuromuscular morphogenesis. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2004734. [PMID: 29768404 PMCID: PMC5973635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle morphogenesis is tightly coupled with that of motor neurons (MNs). Both MNs and muscle progenitors simultaneously explore the surrounding tissues while exchanging reciprocal signals to tune their behaviors. We previously identified the Fat1 cadherin as a regulator of muscle morphogenesis and showed that it is required in the myogenic lineage to control the polarity of progenitor migration. To expand our knowledge on how Fat1 exerts its tissue-morphogenesis regulator activity, we dissected its functions by tissue-specific genetic ablation. An emblematic example of muscle under such morphogenetic control is the cutaneous maximus (CM) muscle, a flat subcutaneous muscle in which progenitor migration is physically separated from the process of myogenic differentiation but tightly associated with elongating axons of its partner MNs. Here, we show that constitutive Fat1 disruption interferes with expansion and differentiation of the CM muscle, with its motor innervation and with specification of its associated MN pool. Fat1 is expressed in muscle progenitors, in associated mesenchymal cells, and in MN subsets, including the CM-innervating pool. We identify mesenchyme-derived connective tissue (CT) as a cell type in which Fat1 activity is required for the non-cell-autonomous control of CM muscle progenitor spreading, myogenic differentiation, motor innervation, and for motor pool specification. In parallel, Fat1 is required in MNs to promote their axonal growth and specification, indirectly influencing muscle progenitor progression. These results illustrate how Fat1 coordinates the coupling of muscular and neuronal morphogenesis by playing distinct but complementary actions in several cell types.
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Targeting the Polyadenylation Signal of Pre-mRNA: A New Gene Silencing Approach for Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051347. [PMID: 29751519 PMCID: PMC5983732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) is characterized by the contraction of the D4Z4 array located in the sub-telomeric region of the chromosome 4, leading to the aberrant expression of the DUX4 transcription factor and the mis-regulation of hundreds of genes. Several therapeutic strategies have been proposed among which the possibility to target the polyadenylation signal to silence the causative gene of the disease. Indeed, defects in mRNA polyadenylation leads to an alteration of the transcription termination, a disruption of mRNA transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm decreasing the mRNA stability and translation efficiency. This review discusses the polyadenylation mechanisms, why alternative polyadenylation impacts gene expression, and how targeting polyadenylation signal may be a potential therapeutic approach for FSHD.
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Park HJ, Lee W, Kim SH, Lee JH, Shin HY, Kim SM, Park KD, Lee JH, Choi YC. FAT1 Gene Alteration in Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy Type 1. Yonsei Med J 2018; 59:337-340. [PMID: 29436205 PMCID: PMC5823839 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2018.59.2.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 1 (FSHD1) is caused by contraction of the D4Z4 repeat array. Recent studies revealed that the FAT1 expression is associated with disease activity of FSHD, and the FAT1 alterations result in myopathy with a FSHD-like phenotype. We describe a 59-year-old woman with both contracted D4Z4 repeat units and a FAT1 mutation. Shoulder girdle muscle weakness developed at the age of 56 years, and was followed by proximal leg weakness. When we examined her at 59 years of age, she displayed asymmetric and predominant weakness of facial and proximal muscles. Muscle biopsy showed increased variation in fiber size and multifocal degenerating fibers with lymphocytic infiltration. Southern blot analysis revealed 8 D4Z4 repeat units, and targeted sequencing of modifier genes demonstrated the c.10331 A>G variant in the FAT1 gene. This FAT1 variant has previously been reported as pathogenic variant in a patient with FSHD-like phenotype. Our study is the first report of a FAT1 mutation in a FSHD1 patient, and suggests that FAT1 alterations might work as a genetic modifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jun Park
- Department of Neurology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Wookjae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha Young Shin
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Min Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee Duk Park
- Department of Neurology, Mokdong Hospital, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Chul Choi
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Burga A, Wang W, Ben-David E, Wolf PC, Ramey AM, Verdugo C, Lyons K, Parker PG, Kruglyak L. A genetic signature of the evolution of loss of flight in the Galapagos cormorant. Science 2018; 356:356/6341/eaal3345. [PMID: 28572335 PMCID: PMC5567675 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal3345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have a limited understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of evolutionary changes in the size and proportion of limbs. We studied wing and pectoral skeleton reduction leading to flightlessness in the Galapagos cormorant (Phalacrocorax harrisi). We sequenced and de novo assembled the genomes of four cormorant species and applied a predictive and comparative genomics approach to find candidate variants that may have contributed to the evolution of flightlessness. These analyses and cross-species experiments in Caenorhabditis elegans and in chondrogenic cell lines implicated variants in genes necessary for transcriptional regulation and function of the primary cilium. Cilia are essential for Hedgehog signaling, and humans affected by skeletal ciliopathies suffer from premature bone growth arrest, mirroring skeletal features associated with loss of flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Burga
- Department of Human Genetics, Department of Biological Chemistry, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Weiguang Wang
- Departments of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California and Orthopaedic Institute for Children, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eyal Ben-David
- Department of Human Genetics, Department of Biological Chemistry, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul C Wolf
- Wildlife Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Roseburg, OR, USA
| | - Andrew M Ramey
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Claudio Verdugo
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Karen Lyons
- Departments of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California and Orthopaedic Institute for Children, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patricia G Parker
- Department of Biology and Whitney Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, USA.,WildCare Institute, Saint Louis Zoo, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Leonid Kruglyak
- Department of Human Genetics, Department of Biological Chemistry, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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DeSimone AM, Pakula A, Lek A, Emerson CP. Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:1229-1279. [PMID: 28915324 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy is a common form of muscular dystrophy that presents clinically with progressive weakness of the facial, scapular, and humeral muscles, with later involvement of the trunk and lower extremities. While typically inherited as autosomal dominant, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) has a complex genetic and epigenetic etiology that has only recently been well described. The most prevalent form of the disease, FSHD1, is associated with the contraction of the D4Z4 microsatellite repeat array located on a permissive 4qA chromosome. D4Z4 contraction allows epigenetic derepression of the array, and possibly the surrounding 4q35 region, allowing misexpression of the toxic DUX4 transcription factor encoded within the terminal D4Z4 repeat in skeletal muscles. The less common form of the disease, FSHD2, results from haploinsufficiency of the SMCHD1 gene in individuals carrying a permissive 4qA allele, also leading to the derepression of DUX4, further supporting a central role for DUX4. How DUX4 misexpression contributes to FSHD muscle pathology is a major focus of current investigation. Misexpression of other genes at the 4q35 locus, including FRG1 and FAT1, and unlinked genes, such as SMCHD1, has also been implicated as disease modifiers, leading to several competing disease models. In this review, we describe recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology of FSHD, including the application of MRI as a research and diagnostic tool, the genetic and epigenetic disruptions associated with the disease, and the molecular basis of FSHD. We discuss how these advances are leading to the emergence of new approaches to enable development of FSHD therapeutics. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1229-1279, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec M DeSimone
- Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Program, Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Pakula
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Genetics at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angela Lek
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Genetics at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles P Emerson
- Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Program, Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Horne-Badovinac S. Fat-like cadherins in cell migration-leading from both the front and the back. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 48:26-32. [PMID: 28551508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
When cells migrate through the body, their motility is continually influenced by interactions with other cells. The Fat-like cadherins are cell-cell signaling proteins that promote migration in multiple cell types. Recent studies suggest, however, that Fat-like cadherins influence motility differently in mammals versus Drosophila, with the cadherin acting at the leading edge of mammalian cells and the trailing edge of Drosophila cells. As opposed to this being a difference between organisms, it is more likely that the Fat-like cadherins are highly versatile proteins that can interact with the migration machinery in multiple ways. Here, I review what is known about how Fat-like cadherins promote migration, and then explore where conserved features may be found between the mammalian and Drosophila models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Knopp P, Krom YD, Banerji CRS, Panamarova M, Moyle LA, den Hamer B, van der Maarel SM, Zammit PS. DUX4 induces a transcriptome more characteristic of a less-differentiated cell state and inhibits myogenesis. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3816-3831. [PMID: 27744317 PMCID: PMC5087662 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.180372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle wasting in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) results in substantial morbidity. On a disease-permissive chromosome 4qA haplotype, genomic and/or epigenetic changes at the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat allows transcription of the DUX4 retrogene. Analysing transgenic mice carrying a human D4Z4 genomic locus from an FSHD-affected individual showed that DUX4 was transiently induced in myoblasts during skeletal muscle regeneration. Centromeric to the D4Z4 repeats is an inverted D4Z4 unit encoding DUX4c. Expression of DUX4, DUX4c and DUX4 constructs, including constitutively active, dominant-negative and truncated versions, revealed that DUX4 activates target genes to inhibit proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells, but that it also downregulates target genes to suppress myogenic differentiation. These transcriptional changes elicited by DUX4 in mouse have significant overlap with genes regulated by DUX4 in man. Comparison of DUX4 and DUX4c transcriptional perturbations revealed that DUX4 regulates genes involved in cell proliferation, whereas DUX4c regulates genes engaged in angiogenesis and muscle development, with both DUX4 and DUX4c modifing genes involved in urogenital development. Transcriptomic analysis showed that DUX4 operates through both target gene activation and repression to orchestrate a transcriptome characteristic of a less-differentiated cell state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Knopp
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, New Hunt's House, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Yvonne D Krom
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher R S Banerji
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, New Hunt's House, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK Centre of Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maryna Panamarova
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, New Hunt's House, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Louise A Moyle
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, New Hunt's House, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Bianca den Hamer
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Silvère M van der Maarel
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Peter S Zammit
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, New Hunt's House, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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40
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Gatica LV, Rosa AL. A complex interplay of genetic and epigenetic events leads to abnormal expression of the DUX4 gene in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2016; 26:844-852. [PMID: 27816329 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), a prevalent inherited human myopathy, develops following a complex interplay of genetic and epigenetic events. FSHD1, the more frequent genetic form, is associated with: (1) deletion of an integral number of 3.3 Kb (D4Z4) repeated elements at the chromosomal region 4q35, (2) a specific 4q35 subtelomeric haplotype denominated 4qA, and (3) decreased methylation of cytosines at the 4q35-linked D4Z4 units. FSHD2 is most often caused by mutations at the SMCHD1 (Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes Hinge Domain 1) gene, on chromosome 18p11.32. FSHD2 individuals also carry the 4qA haplotype and decreased methylation of D4Z4 cytosines. Each D4Z4 unit contains a copy of the retrotransposed gene DUX4 (double homeobox containing protein 4). DUX4 gene functionality was questioned in the past because of its pseudogene-like structure, its location on repetitive telomeric DNA sequences (i.e. junk DNA), and the elusive nature of both the DUX4 transcript and the encoded protein, DUX4. It is now known that DUX4 is a nuclear-located transcription factor, which is normally expressed in germinal tissues. Aberrant DUX4 expression triggers a deregulation cascade inhibiting muscle differentiation, sensitizing cells to oxidative stress, and inducing muscle atrophy. A unifying pathogenic model for FSHD emerged with the recognition that the FSHD-permissive 4qA haplotype corresponds to a polyadenylation signal that stabilizes the DUX4 mRNA, allowing the toxic protein DUX4 to be expressed. This working hypothesis for FSHD pathogenesis highlights the intrinsic epigenetic nature of the molecular mechanism underlying FSHD as well as the pathogenic pathway connecting FSHD1 and FSHD2. Pharmacological control of either DUX4 gene expression or the activity of the DUX4 protein constitutes current potential rational therapeutic approaches to treat FSHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Luis Rosa
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Fundación Allende, Argentina; Servicio de Genética Médica y Laboratorio Diagnóstico Biología Molecular, Sanatorio Allende, Córdoba, Argentina; Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Argentina.
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41
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Gaillard MC, Puppo F, Roche S, Dion C, Campana ES, Mariot V, Chaix C, Vovan C, Mazaleyrat K, Tasmadjian A, Bernard R, Dumonceaux J, Attarian S, Lévy N, Nguyen K, Magdinier F, Bartoli M. Segregation between SMCHD1 mutation, D4Z4 hypomethylation and Facio-Scapulo-Humeral Dystrophy: a case report. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2016; 17:66. [PMID: 27634379 PMCID: PMC5025538 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-016-0328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The main form of Facio-Scapulo-Humeral muscular Dystrophy is linked to copy number reduction of the 4q D4Z4 macrosatellite (FSHD1). In 5 % of cases, FSHD phenotype appears in the absence of D4Z4 reduction (FSHD2). In 70-80 % of these patients, variants of the SMCHD1 gene segregate with 4qA haplotypes and D4Z4 hypomethylation. Case presentation We report a family presenting with neuromuscular symptoms reminiscent of FSHD but without D4Z4 copy reduction. We characterized the 4q35 region using molecular combing, searched for mutation in the SMCHD1 gene and determined D4Z4 methylation level by sodium bisulfite sequencing. We further investigated the impact of the SMCHD1 mutation at the protein level and on the NMD-dependent degradation of transcript. In muscle, we observe moderate but significant reduction in D4Z4 methylation, not correlated with DUX4-fl expression. Exome sequencing revealed a heterozygous insertion of 7 bp in exon 37 of the SMCHD1 gene producing a loss of frame with premature stop codon 4 amino acids after the insertion (c.4614-4615insTATAATA). Both wild-type and mutated transcripts are detected. Conclusion The truncated protein is absent and the full-length protein level is similar in patients and controls indicating that in this family, FSHD is not associated with SMCHD1 haploinsufficiency. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-016-0328-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Camille Dion
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, GMGF, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Salort Campana
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, GMGF, Marseille, France.,APHM, Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires et de la SLA, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, 13385, France
| | - Virginie Mariot
- Center of Research in Myology/ Institut de Myologie UMR974 - UPMC Université Paris 6/ Inserm /FRE3617- CNRS, Groupement Hospitalier de la Pitié Salpétrière, Paris, Cedex 13, France
| | - Charlene Chaix
- APHM, Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, 13385, France
| | - Catherine Vovan
- APHM, Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, 13385, France
| | | | | | - Rafaelle Bernard
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, GMGF, Marseille, France.,APHM, Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, 13385, France
| | - Julie Dumonceaux
- Center of Research in Myology/ Institut de Myologie UMR974 - UPMC Université Paris 6/ Inserm /FRE3617- CNRS, Groupement Hospitalier de la Pitié Salpétrière, Paris, Cedex 13, France
| | - Shahram Attarian
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, GMGF, Marseille, France.,APHM, Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires et de la SLA, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, 13385, France
| | - Nicolas Lévy
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, GMGF, Marseille, France.,APHM, Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, 13385, France
| | - Karine Nguyen
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, GMGF, Marseille, France.,APHM, Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, 13385, France
| | | | - Marc Bartoli
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, GMGF, Marseille, France.,APHM, Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, 13385, France
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42
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Krol A, Henle SJ, Goodrich LV. Fat3 and Ena/VASP proteins influence the emergence of asymmetric cell morphology in the developing retina. Development 2016; 143:2172-82. [PMID: 27122175 DOI: 10.1242/dev.133678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurons exhibit asymmetric morphologies throughout development - from migration to the elaboration of axons and dendrites - that are correctly oriented for the flow of information. For instance, retinal amacrine cells migrate towards the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and then retract their trailing processes, thereby acquiring a unipolar morphology with a single dendritic arbor restricted to the IPL. Here, we provide evidence that the Fat-like cadherin Fat3 acts during multiple stages of amacrine cell development in mice to orient overall changes in cell shape towards the IPL. Using a time-lapse imaging assay, we found that developing amacrine cells are less directed towards the IPL in the absence of Fat3, during both migration and retraction. Consistent with its predicted role as a cell-surface receptor, Fat3 functions cell-autonomously and is able to influence the cytoskeleton directly through its intracellular domain, which can bind and localize Ena/VASP family actin regulators. Indeed, a change in Ena/VASP protein distribution is sufficient to recapitulate the Fat3 mutant amacrine cell phenotype. Thus, Fat-like proteins might control the polarized development of tissues by sculpting the cytoskeleton of individual cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Krol
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven J Henle
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lisa V Goodrich
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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43
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Robin JD, Ludlow AT, Batten K, Gaillard MC, Stadler G, Magdinier F, Wright WE, Shay JW. SORBS2 transcription is activated by telomere position effect-over long distance upon telomere shortening in muscle cells from patients with facioscapulohumeral dystrophy. Genome Res 2015; 25:1781-90. [PMID: 26359233 PMCID: PMC4665000 DOI: 10.1101/gr.190660.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA is organized into complex three-dimensional chromatin structures, but how this spatial organization regulates gene expression remains a central question. These DNA/chromatin looping structures can range in size from 10-20 kb (enhancers/repressors) to many megabases during intra- and inter-chromosomal interactions. Recently, the influence of telomere length on chromatin organization prior to senescence has revealed the existence of long-distance chromatin loops that dictate the expression of genes located up to 10 Mb from the telomeres (Telomere Position Effect-Over Long Distances [TPE-OLD]). Here, we demonstrate the existence of a telomere loop at the 4q35 locus involving the sorbin and SH3 domain-containing protein 2 gene, SORBS2, a skeletal muscle protein using a modification of the chromosome conformation capture method. The loop reveals a cis-acting mechanism modifying SORBS2 transcription. The expression of this gene is altered by TPE-OLD in myoblasts from patients affected with the age-associated genetic disease, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD1A, MIM 158900). SORBS2 is expressed in FSHD myoblasts with short telomeres, while not detectable in FSHD myoblasts with long telomeres or in healthy myoblasts regardless of telomere length. This indicates that TPE-OLD may modify the regulation of the 4q35 locus in a pathogenic context. Upon differentiation, both FSHD and healthy myotubes express SORBS2, suggesting that SORBS2 is normally up-regulated by maturation/differentiation of skeletal muscle and is misregulated by TPE-OLD-dependent variegation in FSHD myoblasts. These findings provide additional insights for the complexity and age-related symptoms of FSHD.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Biopsy
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
- DNA Methylation
- Epistasis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Loci
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Muscle Cells/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral/pathology
- MyoD Protein/genetics
- MyoD Protein/metabolism
- Myoblasts
- RNA-Binding Proteins
- Telomere/genetics
- Telomere Shortening
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme D Robin
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Andrew T Ludlow
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Kimberly Batten
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | | | - Guido Stadler
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | | | - Woodring E Wright
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Jerry W Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA; Center for Excellence in Genomics Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Fan Y, Richelme S, Avazeri E, Audebert S, Helmbacher F, Dono R, Maina F. Tissue-Specific Gain of RTK Signalling Uncovers Selective Cell Vulnerability during Embryogenesis. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005533. [PMID: 26393505 PMCID: PMC4579069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The successive events that cells experience throughout development shape their intrinsic capacity to respond and integrate RTK inputs. Cellular responses to RTKs rely on different mechanisms of regulation that establish proper levels of RTK activation, define duration of RTK action, and exert quantitative/qualitative signalling outcomes. The extent to which cells are competent to deal with fluctuations in RTK signalling is incompletely understood. Here, we employ a genetic system to enhance RTK signalling in a tissue-specific manner. The chosen RTK is the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor Met, an appropriate model due to its pleiotropic requirement in distinct developmental events. Ubiquitously enhanced Met in Cre/loxP-based Rosa26stopMet knock-in context (Del-R26Met) reveals that most tissues are capable of buffering enhanced Met-RTK signalling thus avoiding perturbation of developmental programs. Nevertheless, this ubiquitous increase of Met does compromise selected programs such as myoblast migration. Using cell-type specific Cre drivers, we genetically showed that altered myoblast migration results from ectopic Met expression in limb mesenchyme rather than in migrating myoblasts themselves. qRT-PCR analyses show that ectopic Met in limbs causes molecular changes such as downregulation in the expression levels of Notum and Syndecan4, two known regulators of morphogen gradients. Molecular and functional studies revealed that ectopic Met expression in limb mesenchyme does not alter HGF expression patterns and levels, but impairs HGF bioavailability. Together, our findings show that myoblasts, in which Met is endogenously expressed, are capable of buffering increased RTK levels, and identify mesenchymal cells as a cell type vulnerable to ectopic Met-RTK signalling. These results illustrate that embryonic cells are sensitive to alterations in the spatial distribution of RTK action, yet resilient to fluctuations in signalling levels of an RTK when occurring in its endogenous domain of activity. The need to achieve precise control of RTK activation is highlighted by human pathologies such as congenital malformations and cancers caused by aberrant RTK signalling. Identifying strategies to restrain RTK activity in cancer and/or to reactivate RTKs for counteracting degenerative processes is the focus of intense research efforts. We designed a genetic system to enhance RTK signalling during mouse embryogenesis in order to examine the competence of cells to deal with changes in RTK inputs. Our data reveal that most embryonic cells are capable of: 1) handling moderate perturbations in Met-RTK expression levels, 2) imposing a threshold of intracellular signalling activation despite elevated Met-RTK inputs, and/or 3) integrating variable quantitative levels of Met-RTK signalling within biological responses. Our results also establish that certain cell types, such as limb mesenchyme, are particularly vulnerable to alterations of the spatial distribution of RTK expression. The vulnerability of limb mesenchyme to enhanced Met levels is illustrated by gene expression changes, by interference with HGF chemoattractant effects, and by loss of accessibility to incoming myoblasts, leading to limb muscle defects. These findings highlight how resilience versus vulnerability to RTK fluctuation is strictly linked to cell competence and to the robustness of the developmental programs they undergo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Fan
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 907, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Richelme
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 907, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Avazeri
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 907, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Audebert
- Aix-Marseille Université UM 105, CNRS UMR7258, Inserm U1068, CRCM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Helmbacher
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 907, Marseille, France
| | - Rosanna Dono
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 907, Marseille, France
| | - Flavio Maina
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 907, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Sugiyama Y, Shelley EJ, Badouel C, McNeill H, McAvoy JW. Atypical Cadherin Fat1 Is Required for Lens Epithelial Cell Polarity and Proliferation but Not for Fiber Differentiation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:4099-107. [PMID: 26114487 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Fat family of atypical cadherins, originally identified in Drosophila, play diverse roles during embryogenesis and adult tissue maintenance. Among four mammalian members, Fat1 is essential for kidney and muscle organization, and is also essential for eye development; Fat1 knockout causes partial penetrant microphthalmia or anophthalmia. To account for the partial penetrance of the Fat1 phenotype, involvement of Fat4 in eye development was assessed. Lens phenotypes in Fat1 and 4 knockouts were also examined. METHODS Fat1 and Fat4 mRNA expression was examined by in situ hybridization. Knockout phenotypes of Fat1 and Fat4 were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS We found Fat4 knockout did not affect eye induction or enhance severity of Fat1 eye defects. Although Fat1 and Fat4 mRNAs are similarly expressed in the lens epithelial cells, only Fat1 knockout caused a fully penetrant lens epithelial cell defect, which was apparent at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5). The columnar structure of the lens epithelial cells was disrupted and in some regions cell aggregates were formed. In these multilayered regions, apical cell junctions were fragmented and the apical-basal polarity was lost. EdU incorporation assay also showed enhanced proliferation in the lens epithelial cells. Interestingly, these defects were found mainly in the central zone of the epithelial layer. The lens epithelial cells of the germinative zone maintained their normal morphology and fiber differentiation occurred normally at the equator. CONCLUSIONS These observations indicate that Fat1 is essential for lens epithelial cell polarity and proliferation but not for terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sugiyama
- Save Sight Institute University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Shelley
- Save Sight Institute University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Caroline Badouel
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helen McNeill
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John W McAvoy
- Save Sight Institute University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Rickard AM, Petek LM, Miller DG. Endogenous DUX4 expression in FSHD myotubes is sufficient to cause cell death and disrupts RNA splicing and cell migration pathways. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:5901-14. [PMID: 26246499 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is caused by chromatin relaxation that results in aberrant expression of the transcription factor Double Homeobox 4 (DUX4). DUX4 protein is present in a small subset of FSHD muscle cells, making its detection and analysis of its effects historically difficult. Using a DUX4-activated reporter, we demonstrate the burst expression pattern of endogenous DUX4, its method of signal amplification in the unique shared cytoplasm of the myotube, and FSHD cell death that depends on its activation. Transcriptome analysis of DUX4-expressing cells revealed that DUX4 activation disrupts RNA metabolism including RNA splicing, surveillance and transport pathways. Cell signaling, polarity and migration pathways were also disrupted. Thus, DUX4 expression is sufficient for myocyte death, and these findings suggest mechanistic links between DUX4 expression and cell migration, supporting recent descriptions of phenotypic similarities between FSHD and an FSHD-like condition caused by FAT1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Rickard
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and
| | - Lisa M Petek
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and
| | - Daniel G Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Badouel C, Zander MA, Liscio N, Bagherie-Lachidan M, Sopko R, Coyaud E, Raught B, Miller FD, McNeill H. Fat1 interacts with Fat4 to regulate neural tube closure, neural progenitor proliferation and apical constriction during mouse brain development. Development 2015. [PMID: 26209645 DOI: 10.1242/dev.123539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian brain development requires coordination between neural precursor proliferation, differentiation and cellular organization to create the intricate neuronal networks of the adult brain. Here, we examined the role of the atypical cadherins Fat1 and Fat4 in this process. We show that mutation of Fat1 in mouse embryos causes defects in cranial neural tube closure, accompanied by an increase in the proliferation of cortical precursors and altered apical junctions, with perturbations in apical constriction and actin accumulation. Similarly, knockdown of Fat1 in cortical precursors by in utero electroporation leads to overproliferation of radial glial precursors. Fat1 interacts genetically with the related cadherin Fat4 to regulate these processes. Proteomic analysis reveals that Fat1 and Fat4 bind different sets of actin-regulating and junctional proteins. In vitro data suggest that Fat1 and Fat4 form cis-heterodimers, providing a mechanism for bringing together their diverse interactors. We propose a model in which Fat1 and Fat4 binding coordinates distinct pathways at apical junctions to regulate neural progenitor proliferation, neural tube closure and apical constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Badouel
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Mark A Zander
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Liscio
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | | | - Richelle Sopko
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Freda D Miller
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Helen McNeill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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Kim E, Rich J, Karoutas A, Tarlykov P, Cochet E, Malysheva D, Mamchaoui K, Ogryzko V, Pirozhkova I. ZNF555 protein binds to transcriptional activator site of 4qA allele and ANT1: potential implication in Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:8227-42. [PMID: 26184877 PMCID: PMC4787827 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) is an epi/genetic satellite disease associated with at least two satellite sequences in 4q35: (i) D4Z4 macrosatellite and (ii) β-satellite repeats (BSR), a prevalent part of the 4qA allele. Most of the recent FSHD studies have been focused on a DUX4 transcript inside D4Z4 and its tandem contraction in FSHD patients. However, the D4Z4-contraction alone is not pathological, which would also require the 4qA allele. Since little is known about BSR, we investigated the 4qA BSR functional role in the transcriptional control of the FSHD region 4q35. We have shown that an individual BSR possesses enhancer activity leading to activation of the Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 1 gene (ANT1), a major FSHD candidate gene. We have identified ZNF555, a previously uncharacterized protein, as a putative transcriptional factor highly expressed in human primary myoblasts that interacts with the BSR enhancer site and impacts the ANT1 promoter activity in FSHD myoblasts. The discovery of the functional role of the 4qA allele and ZNF555 in the transcriptional control of ANT1 advances our understanding of FSHD pathogenesis and provides potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kim
- CNRS, University Paris-Sud, UMR-8126, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif 94408, France
| | - Jeremy Rich
- CNRS, University Paris-Sud, UMR-8126, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif 94408, France
| | - Adam Karoutas
- CNRS, University Paris-Sud, UMR-8126, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif 94408, France
| | - Pavel Tarlykov
- National Center for Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Emilie Cochet
- CNRS, University Paris-Sud, UMR-8126, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif 94408, France Proteomic Platform, IRCIV Gustave Roussy, Villejuif 94408, France
| | - Daria Malysheva
- CNRS, University Paris-Sud, UMR-8126, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif 94408, France
| | - Kamel Mamchaoui
- Thérapie des maladies du muscle strié, Institut de Myologie, UM76-Pierre et Marie CURIE University/U974-INSERM/UMR7215-CNRS, Paris 75013, France
| | - Vasily Ogryzko
- Proteomic Platform, IRCIV Gustave Roussy, Villejuif 94408, France INSERM, CNRS, University Paris-Sud, UMR-8126, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif 94408, France
| | - Iryna Pirozhkova
- CNRS, University Paris-Sud, UMR-8126, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif 94408, France
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Bello SM, Smith CL, Eppig JT. Allele, phenotype and disease data at Mouse Genome Informatics: improving access and analysis. Mamm Genome 2015; 26:285-94. [PMID: 26162703 PMCID: PMC4534497 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-015-9582-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A core part of the Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) resource is the collection of mouse mutations and the annotation phenotypes and diseases displayed by mice carrying these mutations. These data are integrated with the rest of data in MGI and exported to numerous other resources. The use of mouse phenotype data to drive translational research into human disease has expanded rapidly with the improvements in sequencing technology. MGI has implemented many improvements in allele and phenotype data annotation, search, and display to facilitate access to these data through multiple avenues. For example, the description of alleles has been modified to include more detailed categories of allele attributes. This allows improved discrimination between mutation types. Further, connections have been created between mutations involving multiple genes and each of the genes overlapping the mutation. This allows users to readily find all mutations affecting a gene and see all genes affected by a mutation. In a similar manner, the genes expressed by transgenic or knock-in alleles are now connected to these alleles. The advanced search forms and public reports have been updated to take advantage of these improvements. These search forms and reports are used by an expanding number of researchers to identify novel human disease genes and mouse models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Bello
- Mouse Genome Informatics, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA,
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50
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Mariot V, Roche S, Hourdé C, Portilho D, Sacconi S, Puppo F, Duguez S, Rameau P, Caruso N, Delezoide AL, Desnuelle C, Bessières B, Collardeau S, Feasson L, Maisonobe T, Magdinier F, Helmbacher F, Butler-Browne G, Mouly V, Dumonceaux J. Correlation between low FAT1 expression and early affected muscle in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Ann Neurol 2015; 78:387-400. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Mariot
- Center of Research in Myology, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Sorbonne Universities; Paris
- Mixed health research unit 974, National Institute of Health and Medical Research; Paris
- Unit undergoing review 3617, National Center for Scientific Research; Paris
- Institute of Myology; Paris
| | - Stephane Roche
- Timone Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille University, Mixed health research unit 910, National Institute of Health and Medical Research; Marseille
| | - Christophe Hourdé
- Physiology and Exercise Laboratory, EA4338, Technolac Scientific Campus, University of Savoie Mont Blanc; Le Bourget-du-Lac
| | - Debora Portilho
- Center of Research in Myology, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Sorbonne Universities; Paris
- Mixed health research unit 974, National Institute of Health and Medical Research; Paris
- Unit undergoing review 3617, National Center for Scientific Research; Paris
- Institute of Myology; Paris
| | - Sabrina Sacconi
- Mixed Unit of Research 7277, National Center for Scientific Research, Nice University Hospital; Nice
- Neuromuscular Disease Reference Center, Nice University Hospital; Nice
| | - Francesca Puppo
- Timone Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille University, Mixed health research unit 910, National Institute of Health and Medical Research; Marseille
| | - Stephanie Duguez
- Center of Research in Myology, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Sorbonne Universities; Paris
- Mixed health research unit 974, National Institute of Health and Medical Research; Paris
- Unit undergoing review 3617, National Center for Scientific Research; Paris
- Institute of Myology; Paris
| | - Philippe Rameau
- Imaging and Cytometry Platform, Gustave Roussy Institute; Villejuif
| | - Nathalie Caruso
- Aix-Marseille University, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille, National Center for Scientific Research Mixed Unit of Research 7288; Luminy Scientific Park Marseille
| | - Anne-Lise Delezoide
- Department of Developmental Biology; Robert Debré Hospital, U696, National Institute of Health and Medical Research; Paris
| | - Claude Desnuelle
- Mixed Unit of Research 7277, National Center for Scientific Research, Nice University Hospital; Nice
- Neuromuscular Disease Reference Center, Nice University Hospital; Nice
| | - Bettina Bessières
- U781, National Institute of Health and Medical Research and IMAGINE Foundation, Department of Genetics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Public Hospital Network of Paris and Paris Descartes University; Paris
| | | | - Leonard Feasson
- Physiology and Exercise Laboratory EA4338, Rare Neuromuscular Diseases Referent Center, Rhône-Alpes Bellevue Hospital, University Hospital Center of Saint-Étienne; Saint-Étienne
| | - Thierry Maisonobe
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology; Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital Group; Paris France
| | - Frederique Magdinier
- Timone Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille University, Mixed health research unit 910, National Institute of Health and Medical Research; Marseille
| | - Françoise Helmbacher
- Aix-Marseille University, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille, National Center for Scientific Research Mixed Unit of Research 7288; Luminy Scientific Park Marseille
| | - Gillian Butler-Browne
- Center of Research in Myology, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Sorbonne Universities; Paris
- Mixed health research unit 974, National Institute of Health and Medical Research; Paris
- Unit undergoing review 3617, National Center for Scientific Research; Paris
- Institute of Myology; Paris
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Center of Research in Myology, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Sorbonne Universities; Paris
- Mixed health research unit 974, National Institute of Health and Medical Research; Paris
- Unit undergoing review 3617, National Center for Scientific Research; Paris
- Institute of Myology; Paris
| | - Julie Dumonceaux
- Center of Research in Myology, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Sorbonne Universities; Paris
- Mixed health research unit 974, National Institute of Health and Medical Research; Paris
- Unit undergoing review 3617, National Center for Scientific Research; Paris
- Institute of Myology; Paris
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