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Hung YL, Hong SF, Wei WL, Cheng S, Yu JZ, Tjita V, Yong QY, Nishihama R, Kohchi T, Bowman JL, Chien YC, Chiu YH, Yang HC, Lu MYJ, Pan ZJ, Wang CN, Lin SS. Dual Regulation of Cytochrome P450 Gene Expression by Two Distinct Small RNAs, a Novel tasiRNA and miRNA, in Marchantia polymorpha. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:1115-1134. [PMID: 38545690 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcae029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The miR390-derived TAS3 trans-acting short-interfering RNAs (tasiRNAs) module represents a conserved RNA silencing pathway in the plant kingdom; however, its characterization in the bryophyte Marchantia polymorpha is limited. This study elucidated that MpDCL4 processes MpTAS3 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to generate tasiRNAs, primarily from the 5'- and 3'-ends of dsRNA. Notably, we discovered a novel tasiRNA, tasi78A, which can negatively regulate a cytochrome P450 gene, MpCYP78A101. Additionally, tasi78A was abundant in MpAGO1, and transient expression assays underscored the role of tasi78A in repressing MpCYP78A101. A microRNA, miR11700, also regulates MpCYP78A101 expression. This coordinate regulation suggests a role in modulating auxin signaling at apical notches of gemma, influencing the growth and sexual organ development of M. polymorpha and emphasizing the significance of RNA silencing in MpCYP78A101 regulation. However, phylogenetic analysis identified another paralog of the CYP78 family, Mp1g14150, which may have a redundant role with MpCYP78A101, explaining the absence of noticeable morphological changes in loss-of-function plants. Taken together, our findings provide new insights into the combined regulatory roles of miR390/MpTAS3/miR11700 in controlling MpCYP78A101 and expand our knowledge about the biogenesis and regulation of tasiRNAs in M. polymorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Hung
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106319, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106319, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Syuan-Fei Hong
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106319, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Lun Wei
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106319, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shiuan Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106319, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jia-Zhen Yu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106319, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Veny Tjita
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106319, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Qian-Yuan Yong
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106319, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yuan-Chi Chien
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106319, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yen-Hsin Chiu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106319, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Seed Improvement and Propagation Station, Council of Agriculture, No.46, Xingzhong St., Xinshe Dist., Taichung City 426015, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ho-Chun Yang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mei-Yeh Jade Lu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Zhao-Jun Pan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106319, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Neng Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106319, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 106319, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shih-Shun Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106319, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Center of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106319, Taiwan, R.O.C
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2
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Liu W, Yang Z, Cai G, Li B, Liu S, Willemsen V, Xu L. MpANT regulates meristem development in Marchantia polymorpha. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114466. [PMID: 38985681 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Meristems are crucial for organ formation, but our knowledge of their molecular evolution is limited. Here, we show that AINTEGUMENTA (MpANT) in the euANT branch of the APETALA2-like transcription factor family is essential for meristem development in the nonvascular plant Marchantia polymorpha. MpANT is expressed in the thallus meristem. Mpant mutants show defects to maintain meristem identity and undergo meristem duplication, while MpANT overexpressers show ectopic thallus growth. MpANT directly upregulates MpGRAS9 in the SHORT-ROOT (SHR) branch of the GRAS family. In the vascular plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the euANT-branch genes PLETHORAs (AtPLTs) and AtANT are involved in the formation and maintenance of root/shoot apical meristems and lateral organ primordia, and AtPLTs directly target SHR-branch genes. In addition, euANTs bind through a similar DNA-binding motif to many conserved homologous genes in M. polymorpha and A. thaliana. Overall, the euANT pathway has an evolutionarily conserved role in meristem development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS, Shanghai 200032, China; Cluster of Plant Developmental Biology, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Zhengfei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Gui Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bingyu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shujing Liu
- SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Viola Willemsen
- Cluster of Plant Developmental Biology, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Lin Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS, Shanghai 200032, China.
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3
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Das S, de Roij M, Bellows S, Alvarez MD, Mutte S, Kohlen W, Farcot E, Weijers D, Borst JW. Quantitative imaging reveals the role of MpARF proteasomal degradation during gemma germination. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024:101039. [PMID: 38988072 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.101039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The auxin signaling molecule controls a variety of growth and developmental processes in land plants. Auxin regulates gene expression through a nuclear auxin signaling pathway (NAP) consisting of the ubiquitin ligase auxin receptor TIR1/AFB, its Aux/IAA degradation substrate, and DNA-binding ARF transcription factors. Although extensive qualitative understanding of the pathway and its interactions has been obtained, mostly by studying the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana, it remains unknown how these translate to quantitative system behavior in vivo, a problem that is confounded by the large NAP gene families in most species. Here, we used the minimal NAP of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha to quantitatively map NAP protein accumulation and dynamics in vivo through the use of knockin fluorescent fusion proteins. Beyond revealing the dynamic native accumulation profile of the entire NAP protein network, we discovered that the two central ARFs, MpARF1 and MpARF2, are proteasomally degraded. This auxin-independent degradation tunes ARF protein stoichiometry to favor gene activation, thereby reprogramming auxin response during the developmental progression. Thus, quantitative analysis of the entire NAP has enabled us to identify ARF degradation and the stoichiometries of activator and repressor ARFs as a potential mechanism for controlling gemma germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhajit Das
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn de Roij
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Simon Bellows
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD Nottingham, UK
| | - Melissa Dipp Alvarez
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sumanth Mutte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter Kohlen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Etienne Farcot
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD Nottingham, UK
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Jan Willem Borst
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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4
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Kuhn A, Roosjen M, Mutte S, Dubey SM, Carrillo Carrasco VP, Boeren S, Monzer A, Koehorst J, Kohchi T, Nishihama R, Fendrych M, Sprakel J, Friml J, Weijers D. RAF-like protein kinases mediate a deeply conserved, rapid auxin response. Cell 2024; 187:130-148.e17. [PMID: 38128538 PMCID: PMC10783624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant-signaling molecule auxin triggers fast and slow cellular responses across land plants and algae. The nuclear auxin pathway mediates gene expression and controls growth and development in land plants, but this pathway is absent from algal sister groups. Several components of rapid responses have been identified in Arabidopsis, but it is unknown if these are part of a conserved mechanism. We recently identified a fast, proteome-wide phosphorylation response to auxin. Here, we show that this response occurs across 5 land plant and algal species and converges on a core group of shared targets. We found conserved rapid physiological responses to auxin in the same species and identified rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF)-like protein kinases as central mediators of auxin-triggered phosphorylation across species. Genetic analysis connects this kinase to both auxin-triggered protein phosphorylation and rapid cellular response, thus identifying an ancient mechanism for fast auxin responses in the green lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Kuhn
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Roosjen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sumanth Mutte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shiv Mani Dubey
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aline Monzer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jasper Koehorst
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Matyáš Fendrych
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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5
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Tomizawa Y, Minamino N, Shimokawa E, Kawamura S, Komatsu A, Hiwatashi T, Nishihama R, Ueda T, Kohchi T, Kondo Y. Harnessing Deep Learning to Analyze Cryptic Morphological Variability of Marchantia polymorpha. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1343-1355. [PMID: 37797211 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing phenotypes is a fundamental aspect of biological sciences, although it can be challenging due to various factors. For instance, the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha is a model system for plant biology and exhibits morphological variability, making it difficult to identify and quantify distinct phenotypic features using objective measures. To address this issue, we utilized a deep-learning-based image classifier that can handle plant images directly without manual extraction of phenotypic features and analyzed pictures of M. polymorpha. This dioicous plant species exhibits morphological differences between male and female wild accessions at an early stage of gemmaling growth, although it remains elusive whether the differences are attributable to sex chromosomes. To isolate the effects of sex chromosomes from autosomal polymorphisms, we established a male and female set of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from a set of male and female wild accessions. We then trained deep learning models to classify the sexes of the RILs and the wild accessions. Our results showed that the trained classifiers accurately classified male and female gemmalings of wild accessions in the first week of growth, confirming the intuition of researchers in a reproducible and objective manner. In contrast, the RILs were less distinguishable, indicating that the differences between the parental wild accessions arose from autosomal variations. Furthermore, we validated our trained models by an 'eXplainable AI' technique that highlights image regions relevant to the classification. Our findings demonstrate that the classifier-based approach provides a powerful tool for analyzing plant species that lack standardized phenotyping metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Tomizawa
- Quantitative Biology Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazak, Aichii, 444-8787 Japan
| | - Naoki Minamino
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Eita Shimokawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Shogo Kawamura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Aino Komatsu
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Takuma Hiwatashi
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510 Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Yohei Kondo
- Quantitative Biology Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazak, Aichii, 444-8787 Japan
- Division of Quantitative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787 Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787 Japan
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6
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Wójcikowska B, Belaidi S, Robert HS. Game of thrones among AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs-over 30 years of MONOPTEROS research. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6904-6921. [PMID: 37450945 PMCID: PMC10690734 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
For many years, research has been carried out with the aim of understanding the mechanism of auxin action, its biosynthesis, catabolism, perception, and transport. One central interest is the auxin-dependent gene expression regulation mechanism involving AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) transcription factors and their repressors, the AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID (Aux/IAA) proteins. Numerous studies have been focused on MONOPTEROS (MP)/ARF5, an activator of auxin-dependent gene expression with a crucial impact on plant development. This review summarizes over 30 years of research on MP/ARF5. We indicate the available analytical tools to study MP/ARF5 and point out the known mechanism of MP/ARF5-dependent regulation of gene expression during various developmental processes, namely embryogenesis, leaf formation, vascularization, and shoot and root meristem formation. However, many questions remain about the auxin dose-dependent regulation of gene transcription by MP/ARF5 and its isoforms in plant cells, the composition of the MP/ARF5 protein complex, and, finally, all the genes under its direct control. In addition, information on post-translational modifications of MP/ARF5 protein is marginal, and knowledge about their consequences on MP/ARF5 function is limited. Moreover, the epigenetic factors and other regulators that act upstream of MP/ARF5 are poorly understood. Their identification will be a challenge in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Wójcikowska
- Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology, and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Samia Belaidi
- Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hélène S Robert
- Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Wakeman A, Bennett T. Auxins and grass shoot architecture: how the most important hormone makes the most important plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6975-6988. [PMID: 37474124 PMCID: PMC10690731 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Cereals are a group of grasses cultivated by humans for their grain. It is from these cereal grains that the majority of all calories consumed by humans are derived. The production of these grains is the result of the development of a series of hierarchical reproductive structures that form the distinct shoot architecture of the grasses. Being spatiotemporally complex, the coordination of grass shoot development is tightly controlled by a network of genes and signals, including the key phytohormone auxin. Hormonal manipulation has therefore been identified as a promising potential approach to increasing cereal crop yields and therefore ultimately global food security. Recent work translating the substantial body of auxin research from model plants into cereal crop species is revealing the contribution of auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signalling to the development of grass shoot architecture. This review discusses this still-maturing knowledge base and examines the possibility that changes in auxin biology could have been a causative agent in the evolution of differences in shoot architecture between key grass species, or could underpin the future selective breeding of cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Wakeman
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Tom Bennett
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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8
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Rienstra J, Hernández-García J, Weijers D. To bind or not to bind: how AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs select their target genes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6922-6932. [PMID: 37431145 PMCID: PMC10690724 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Most plant growth and development processes are regulated in one way or another by auxin. The best-studied mechanism by which auxin exerts its regulatory effects is through the nuclear auxin pathway (NAP). In this pathway, Auxin Response Factors (ARFs) are the transcription factors that ultimately determine which genes become auxin regulated by binding to specific DNA sequences. ARFs have primarily been studied in Arabidopsis thaliana, but recent studies in other species have revealed family-wide DNA binding specificities for different ARFs and the minimal functional system of the NAP system, consisting of a duo of competing ARFs of the A and B classes. In this review, we provide an overview of key aspects of ARF DNA binding such as auxin response elements (TGTCNN) and tandem repeat motifs, and consider how structural biology and in vitro studies help us understand ARF DNA preferences. We also highlight some recent aspects related to the regulation of ARF levels inside a cell, which may alter the DNA binding profile of ARFs in different tissues. We finally emphasize the need to study minimal NAP systems to understand fundamental aspects of ARF function, the need to characterize algal ARFs to understand how ARFs evolved, how cutting-edge techniques can increase our understanding of ARFs, and which remaining questions can only be answered by structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juriaan Rienstra
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Hernández-García
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Marron AO, Sauret‐Güeto S, Rebmann M, Silvestri L, Tomaselli M, Haseloff J. An enhancer trap system to track developmental dynamics in Marchantia polymorpha. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:604-628. [PMID: 37583263 PMCID: PMC10952768 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
A combination of streamlined genetics, experimental tractability and relative morphological simplicity compared to vascular plants makes the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha an ideal model system for studying many aspects of plant biology. Here we describe a transformation vector combining a constitutive fluorescent membrane marker with a nuclear marker that is regulated by nearby enhancer elements and use this to produce a library of enhancer trap lines for Marchantia. Screening gemmae from these lines allowed the identification and characterization of novel marker lines, including markers for rhizoids and oil cells. The library allowed the identification of a margin tissue running around the thallus edge, highlighted during thallus development. The expression of this marker is correlated with auxin levels. We generated multiple markers for the meristematic apical notch region, which have different spatial expression patterns, reappear at different times during meristem regeneration following apical notch excision and have varying responses to auxin supplementation or inhibition. This reveals that there are proximodistal substructures within the apical notch that could not be observed otherwise. We employed our markers to study Marchantia sporeling development, observing meristem emergence as defining the protonema-to-prothallus stage transition, and subsequent production of margin tissue during the prothallus stage. Exogenous auxin treatment stalls meristem emergence at the protonema stage but does not inhibit cell division, resulting in callus-like sporelings with many rhizoids, whereas pharmacologically inhibiting auxin synthesis and transport does not prevent meristem emergence. This enhancer trap system presents a useful resource for the community and will contribute to future Marchantia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan O. Marron
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Susanna Sauret‐Güeto
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
- Present address:
Crop Science CentreUniversity of Cambridge93 Lawrence Weaver, RoadCambridgeCB3 0LEUK
| | - Marius Rebmann
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Linda Silvestri
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Marta Tomaselli
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Jim Haseloff
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
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10
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Causier B, McKay M, Hopes T, Lloyd J, Wang D, Harrison CJ, Davies B. The TOPLESS corepressor regulates developmental switches in the bryophyte Physcomitrium patens that were critical for plant terrestrialisation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:1331-1344. [PMID: 37243383 PMCID: PMC10953049 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specific TOPLESS (TPL) family of transcriptional corepressors is integral to multiple angiosperm developmental processes. Despite this, we know little about TPL function in other plants. To address this gap, we investigated the roles TPL plays in the bryophyte Physcomitrium patens, which diverged from angiosperms approximately 0.5 billion years ago. Although complete loss of PpTPL function is lethal, transgenic lines with reduced PpTPL activity revealed that PpTPLs are essential for two fundamental developmental switches in this plant: the transitions from basal photosynthetic filaments (chloronemata) to specialised foraging filaments (caulonemata) and from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) growth. Using a transcriptomics approach, we integrated PpTPL into the regulatory network governing 3D growth and we propose that PpTPLs represent another important class of regulators that are essential for the 2D-to-3D developmental switch. Transcriptomics also revealed a previously unknown role for PpTPL in the regulation of flavonoids. Intriguingly, 3D growth and the formation of caulonemata were crucial innovations that facilitated the colonisation of land by plants, a major transformative event in the history of life on Earth. We conclude that TPL, which existed before the land plants, was co-opted into new developmental pathways, enabling phytoterrestrialisation and the evolution of land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Causier
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Mary McKay
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Tayah Hopes
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - James Lloyd
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWA6009Australia
| | - Dapeng Wang
- LeedsOmicsUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College LondonLondonSW3 6LYUK
| | - C. Jill Harrison
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Bristol24 Tyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TQUK
| | - Brendan Davies
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
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11
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Tounosu N, Sesoko K, Hori K, Shimojima M, Ohta H. Cis-regulatory elements and transcription factors related to auxin signaling in the streptophyte algae Klebsormidium nitens. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9635. [PMID: 37322074 PMCID: PMC10272232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin affects numerous processes in land plants. The central auxin signaling machinery, called the nuclear auxin pathway, is mediated by its pivotal receptor named TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE 1/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX (TIR1/AFB). The nuclear auxin pathway is widely conserved in land plants, but auxin also accumulates in various algae. Although auxin affects the growth of several algae, the components that mediate auxin signaling have not been identified. We previously reported that exogenous auxin suppresses cell proliferation in the Klebsormidium nitens that is a member of streptophyte algae, a paraphyletic group sharing the common ancestor with land plants. Although K. nitens lacks TIR1/AFB, auxin affects the expression of numerous genes. Thus, elucidation of the mechanism of auxin-inducible gene expression in K. nitens would provide important insights into the evolution of auxin signaling. Here, we show that some motifs are enriched in the promoter sequences of auxin-inducible genes in K. nitens. We also found that the transcription factor KnRAV activates several auxin-inducible genes and directly binds the promoter of KnLBD1, a representative auxin-inducible gene. We propose that KnRAV has the potential to regulate auxin-responsive gene expression in K. nitens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Tounosu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 B-65, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kanami Sesoko
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 B-65, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Hori
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 B-65, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Mie Shimojima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 B-65, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 B-65, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan.
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12
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Fisher TJ, Flores-Sandoval E, Alvarez JP, Bowman JL. PIN-FORMED is required for shoot phototropism/gravitropism and facilitates meristem formation in Marchantia polymorpha. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1498-1515. [PMID: 36880411 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PIN-FORMED auxin efflux transporters, a subclass of which is plasma membrane-localised, mediate a variety of land-plant developmental processes via their polar localisation and subsequent directional auxin transport. We provide the first characterisation of PIN proteins in liverworts using Marchantia polymorpha as a model system. Marchantia polymorpha possesses a single PIN-FORMED gene, whose protein product is predicted to be plasma membrane-localised, MpPIN1. To characterise MpPIN1, we created loss-of-function alleles and produced complementation lines in both M. polymorpha and Arabidopsis. In M. polymorpha, gene expression and protein localisation were tracked using an MpPIN1 transgene encoding a translationally fused fluorescent protein. Overexpression of MpPIN1 can partially complement loss of an orthologous gene, PIN-FORMED1, in Arabidopsis. In M. polymorpha, MpPIN1 influences development in numerous ways throughout its life cycle. Most notably, MpPIN1 is required to establish gemmaling dorsiventral polarity and for orthotropic growth of gametangiophore stalks, where MpPIN1 is basally polarised. PIN activity is largely conserved within land plants, with PIN-mediated auxin flow providing a flexible mechanism to organise growth. Specifically, PIN is fundamentally linked to orthotropism and to the establishment of de novo meristems, the latter potentially involving the formation of both auxin biosynthesis maxima and auxin-signalling minima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J Fisher
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., 3800, Australia
| | - Eduardo Flores-Sandoval
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., 3800, Australia
| | - John P Alvarez
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., 3800, Australia
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., 3800, Australia
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13
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Caumon H, Vernoux T. A matter of time: auxin signaling dynamics and the regulation of auxin responses during plant development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad132. [PMID: 37042516 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
As auxin is a major regulator of plant development, studying the signaling mechanisms by which auxin influences cellular activities is of primary importance. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the different modalities of signaling, from the well-characterized canonical nuclear auxin pathway, to the more recently discovered or re-discovered non-canonical modes of auxin signaling. In particular, we discuss how both the modularity of the nuclear auxin pathway and the dynamic regulation of its core components allow to trigger specific transcriptomic responses. We highlight the fact that the diversity of modes of auxin signaling allows for a wide range of timescales of auxin responses, from second-scale cytoplasmic responses to minute/hour-scale modifications of gene expression. Finally, we question the extent to which the temporality of auxin signaling and responses contributes to development in both the shoot and the root meristems. We conclude by stressing the fact that future investigations should allow to build an integrative view not only of the spatial control, but also of the temporality of auxin-mediated regulation of plant development, from the cell to the whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Caumon
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
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14
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Suzuki H, Kato H, Iwano M, Nishihama R, Kohchi T. Auxin signaling is essential for organogenesis but not for cell survival in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:1058-1075. [PMID: 36529527 PMCID: PMC10015169 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Auxin plays pleiotropic roles in plant development via gene regulation upon its perception by the receptors TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE 1/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX (TIR1/AFBs). This auxin-regulated transcriptional control mechanism originated in the common ancestor of land plants. Although the complete loss of TIR1/AFBs causes embryonic lethality in Arabidopsis thaliana, it is unclear whether the requirement for TIR1-mediated auxin perception in cell viability can be generalized. The model liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has a minimal auxin signaling system with only a single TIR1/AFB, MpTIR1. Here we show by genetic, biochemical, and transcriptomic analyses that MpTIR1 functions as an evolutionarily conserved auxin receptor. Null mutants and conditionally knocked-out mutants of MpTIR1 were viable but incapable of forming any organs and grew as cell masses. Principal component analysis performed using transcriptomes at various developmental stages indicated that MpTIR1 is involved in the developmental transition from spores to organized thalli, during which apical notches containing stem cells are established. In Mptir1 cells, stem cell- and differentiation-related genes were up- and downregulated, respectively. Our findings suggest that, in M. polymorpha, auxin signaling is dispensable for cell division but is essential for three-dimensional patterning of the plant body by establishing pluripotent stem cells for organogenesis, a derived trait of land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemasa Suzuki
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kato
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Megumi Iwano
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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15
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Carrillo‐Carrasco VP, Hernandez‐Garcia J, Mutte SK, Weijers D. The birth of a giant: evolutionary insights into the origin of auxin responses in plants. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113018. [PMID: 36786017 PMCID: PMC10015382 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant signaling molecule auxin is present in multiple kingdoms of life. Since its discovery, a century of research has been focused on its action as a phytohormone. In land plants, auxin regulates growth and development through transcriptional and non-transcriptional programs. Some of the molecular mechanisms underlying these responses are well understood, mainly in Arabidopsis. Recently, the availability of genomic and transcriptomic data of green lineages, together with phylogenetic inference, has provided the basis to reconstruct the evolutionary history of some components involved in auxin biology. In this review, we follow the evolutionary trajectory that allowed auxin to become the "giant" of plant biology by focusing on bryophytes and streptophyte algae. We consider auxin biosynthesis, transport, physiological, and molecular responses, as well as evidence supporting the role of auxin as a chemical messenger for communication within ecosystems. Finally, we emphasize that functional validation of predicted orthologs will shed light on the conserved properties of auxin biology among streptophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sumanth K Mutte
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
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16
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Gorelova V. Gateway to morphogenesis: TIR1 auxin receptor is essential for cellular differentiation and organ formation in Marchantia polymorpha. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:965-966. [PMID: 36648106 PMCID: PMC10015152 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Gorelova
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Tansley C, Houghton J, Rose AME, Witek B, Payet RD, Wu T, Miller JB. CIPK-B is essential for salt stress signalling in Marchantia polymorpha. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:2210-2223. [PMID: 36660914 PMCID: PMC10953335 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Calcium signalling is central to many plant processes, with families of calcium decoder proteins having expanded across the green lineage and redundancy existing between decoders. The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has fast become a new model plant, but the calcium decoders that exist in this species remain unclear. We performed phylogenetic analyses to identify the calcineurin B-like (CBL) and CBL-interacting protein kinase (CIPK) network of M. polymorpha. We analysed CBL-CIPK expression during salt stress, and determined protein-protein interactions using yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation. We also created genetic knockouts using CRISPR/Cas9. We confirm that M. polymorpha has two CIPKs and three CBLs. Both CIPKs and one CBL show pronounced salt-responsive transcriptional changes. All M. polymorpha CBL-CIPKs interact with each other in planta. Knocking out CIPK-B causes increased sensitivity to salt, suggesting that this CIPK is involved in salt signalling. We have identified CBL-CIPKs that form part of a salt tolerance pathway in M. polymorpha. Phylogeny and interaction studies imply that these CBL-CIPKs form an evolutionarily conserved salt overly sensitive pathway. Hence, salt responses may be some of the early functions of CBL-CIPK networks and increased abiotic stress tolerance required for land plant emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Tansley
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | - James Houghton
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | - Althea M. E. Rose
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | - Bartosz Witek
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | - Rocky D. Payet
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | - Taoyang Wu
- School of Computing SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | - J. Benjamin Miller
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
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18
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Lüth VM, Rempfer C, van Gessel N, Herzog O, Hanser M, Braun M, Decker EL, Reski R. A Physcomitrella PIN protein acts in spermatogenesis and sporophyte retention. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:2118-2135. [PMID: 36696950 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The auxin efflux PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins are conserved in all land plants and important players in plant development. In the moss Physcomitrella (Physcomitrium patens), three canonical PINs (PpPINA-C) are expressed in the leafy shoot (gametophore). PpPINA and PpPINB show functional activity in vegetative growth and sporophyte development. Here, we examined the role of PpPINC in the life cycle of Physcomitrella. We established reporter and knockout lines for PpPINC and analysed vegetative and reproductive tissues using microscopy and transcriptomic sequencing of moss gametangia. PpPINC is expressed in immature leaves, mature gametangia and during sporophyte development. The sperm cells (spermatozoids) of pinC knockout mutants exhibit increased motility and an altered flagella phenotype. Furthermore, the pinC mutants have a higher portion of differentially expressed genes related to spermatogenesis, increased fertility and an increased abortion rate of premeiotic sporophytes. Here, we show that PpPINC is important for spermatogenesis and sporophyte retention. We propose an evolutionary conserved way of polar growth during early moss embryo development and sporophyte attachment to the gametophore while suggesting the mechanical function in sporophyte retention of a ring structure, the Lorch ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker M Lüth
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Rempfer
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nico van Gessel
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Herzog
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Hanser
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marion Braun
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva L Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Komatsu A, Kodama K, Mizuno Y, Fujibayashi M, Naramoto S, Kyozuka J. Control of vegetative reproduction in Marchantiapolymorpha by the KAI2-ligand signaling pathway. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1196-1210.e4. [PMID: 36863344 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
In vegetative reproduction of Marchantia polymorpha (M. polymorpha), propagules, called gemmae, are formed in gemma cups. Despite its significance for survival, control of gemma and gemma cup formation by environmental cues is not well understood. We show here that the number of gemmae formed in a gemma cup is a genetic trait. Gemma formation starts from the central region of the floor of the gemma cup, proceeds to the periphery, and terminates when the appropriate number of gemmae is initiated. The MpKARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (MpKAI2)-dependent signaling pathway promotes gemma cup formation and gemma initiation. The number of gemmae in a cup is controlled by modulating the ON/OFF switch of the KAI2-dependent signaling. Termination of the signaling results in the accumulation of MpSMXL, a suppressor protein. In the Mpsmxl mutants, gemma initiation continues, leading to the formation of a highly increased number of gemmae in a cup. Consistent with its function, the MpKAI2-dependent signaling pathway is active in gemma cups where gemmae initiate, as well as in the notch region of the mature gemma and midrib of the ventral side of the thallus. In this work, we also show that GEMMA CUP-ASSOCIATED MYB1 works downstream of this signaling pathway to promote gemma cup formation and gemma initiation. We also found that the availability of potassium affects gemma cup formation independently from the KAI2-dependent signaling pathway in M. polymorpha. We propose that the KAI2-dependent signaling pathway functions to optimize vegetative reproduction by adapting to the environment in M. polymorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino Komatsu
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Kodama
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yohei Mizuno
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Mizuki Fujibayashi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Satoshi Naramoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Junko Kyozuka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan.
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20
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Aki SS, Morimoto T, Ohnishi T, Oda A, Kato H, Ishizaki K, Nishihama R, Kohchi T, Umeda M. R2R3-MYB transcription factor GEMMA CUP-ASSOCIATED MYB1 mediates the cytokinin signal to achieve proper organ development in Marchantia polymorpha. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21123. [PMID: 36477255 PMCID: PMC9729187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25684-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinin, a plant hormone, plays essential roles in organ growth and development. The type-B response regulator-mediated cytokinin signaling is repressed by type-A response regulators and is conserved in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Its signal coordinates the development of diverse organs on the thallus body, such as the gemma cup, rhizoid, and air pores. Here we report that the type-B response regulator MpRRB upregulates the expression of the R2R3-MYB transcription factor GEMMA CUP-ASSOCIATED MYB1 (MpGCAM1) in M. polymorpha. Whereas both Mpgcam1 and Mprrb knockout mutants exhibited defects in gemma cup formation, the Mpgcam1 Mprra double mutant, in which cytokinin signaling is activated due to the lack of type-A response regulator, also formed no gemma cups. This suggests that MpGCAM1 functions downstream of cytokinin signaling. Inducible overexpression of MpGCAM1 produced undifferentiated cell clumps on the thalli of both wild-type and Mprrb. However, smaller thalli were formed in Mprrb compared to the wild-type after the cessation of overexpression. These results suggest that cytokinin signaling promotes gemma cup formation and cellular reprogramming through MpGCAM1, while cytokinin signals also participate in activating cell division during thallus development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori S. Aki
- grid.260493.a0000 0000 9227 2257Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Tomoyo Morimoto
- grid.260493.a0000 0000 9227 2257Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Taiki Ohnishi
- grid.260493.a0000 0000 9227 2257Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Ayumi Oda
- grid.260493.a0000 0000 9227 2257Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kato
- grid.31432.370000 0001 1092 3077Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan ,grid.255464.40000 0001 1011 3808Present Address: Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5, Bunkyo-Cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577 Japan
| | - Kimitsune Ishizaki
- grid.31432.370000 0001 1092 3077Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- grid.143643.70000 0001 0660 6861Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba 278‐8510 Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Masaaki Umeda
- grid.260493.a0000 0000 9227 2257Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192 Japan
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21
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Bowman JL. The origin of a land flora. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:1352-1369. [PMID: 36550365 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The origin of a land flora fundamentally shifted the course of evolution of life on earth, facilitating terrestrialization of other eukaryotic lineages and altering the planet's geology, from changing atmospheric and hydrological cycles to transforming continental erosion processes. Despite algal lineages inhabiting the terrestrial environment for a considerable preceding period, they failed to evolve complex multicellularity necessary to conquer the land. About 470 million years ago, one lineage of charophycean alga evolved complex multicellularity via developmental innovations in both haploid and diploid generations and became land plants (embryophytes), which rapidly diversified to dominate most terrestrial habitats. Genome sequences have provided unprecedented insights into the genetic and genomic bases for embryophyte origins, with some embryophyte-specific genes being associated with the evolution of key developmental or physiological attributes, such as meristems, rhizoids and the ability to form mycorrhizal associations. However, based on the fossil record, the evolution of the defining feature of embryophytes, the embryo, and consequently the sporangium that provided a reproductive advantage, may have been most critical in their rise to dominance. The long timeframe and singularity of a land flora were perhaps due to the stepwise assembly of a large constellation of genetic innovations required to conquer the terrestrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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22
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Bowman JL, Arteaga-Vazquez M, Berger F, Briginshaw LN, Carella P, Aguilar-Cruz A, Davies KM, Dierschke T, Dolan L, Dorantes-Acosta AE, Fisher TJ, Flores-Sandoval E, Futagami K, Ishizaki K, Jibran R, Kanazawa T, Kato H, Kohchi T, Levins J, Lin SS, Nakagami H, Nishihama R, Romani F, Schornack S, Tanizawa Y, Tsuzuki M, Ueda T, Watanabe Y, Yamato KT, Zachgo S. The renaissance and enlightenment of Marchantia as a model system. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3512-3542. [PMID: 35976122 PMCID: PMC9516144 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has been utilized as a model for biological studies since the 18th century. In the past few decades, there has been a Renaissance in its utilization in genomic and genetic approaches to investigating physiological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects of land plant biology. The reasons for its adoption are similar to those of other genetic models, e.g. simple cultivation, ready access via its worldwide distribution, ease of crossing, facile genetics, and more recently, efficient transformation, genome editing, and genomic resources. The haploid gametophyte dominant life cycle of M. polymorpha is conducive to forward genetic approaches. The lack of ancient whole-genome duplications within liverworts facilitates reverse genetic approaches, and possibly related to this genomic stability, liverworts possess sex chromosomes that evolved in the ancestral liverwort. As a representative of one of the three bryophyte lineages, its phylogenetic position allows comparative approaches to provide insights into ancestral land plants. Given the karyotype and genome stability within liverworts, the resources developed for M. polymorpha have facilitated the development of related species as models for biological processes lacking in M. polymorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Arteaga-Vazquez
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa VER 91090, México
| | - Frederic Berger
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Liam N Briginshaw
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Philip Carella
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Adolfo Aguilar-Cruz
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa VER 91090, México
| | - Kevin M Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Tom Dierschke
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Liam Dolan
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Ana E Dorantes-Acosta
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa VER 91090, México
| | - Tom J Fisher
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Eduardo Flores-Sandoval
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kazutaka Futagami
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | | | - Rubina Jibran
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Takehiko Kanazawa
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- The Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kato
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jonathan Levins
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Shih-Shun Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Facundo Romani
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | | | - Yasuhiro Tanizawa
- Department of Informatics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tsuzuki
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- The Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Watanabe
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki T Yamato
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Sabine Zachgo
- Division of Botany, School of Biology and Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück 49076, Germany
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23
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Fouracre JP, Harrison CJ. How was apical growth regulated in the ancestral land plant? Insights from the development of non-seed plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:100-112. [PMID: 35771646 PMCID: PMC9434304 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Land plant life cycles are separated into distinct haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte stages. Indeterminate apical growth evolved independently in bryophyte (moss, liverwort, and hornwort) and fern gametophytes, and tracheophyte (vascular plant) sporophytes. The extent to which apical growth in tracheophytes co-opted conserved gametophytic gene networks, or exploited ancestral sporophytic networks, is a long-standing question in plant evolution. The recent phylogenetic confirmation of bryophytes and tracheophytes as sister groups has led to a reassessment of the nature of the ancestral land plant. Here, we review developmental genetic studies of apical regulators and speculate on their likely evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Jill Harrison
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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24
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PIF-independent regulation of growth by an evening complex in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269984. [PMID: 35709169 PMCID: PMC9202859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha have shown that the putative evening complex (EC) genes LUX ARRHYTHMO (LUX) and ELF4-LIKE (EFL) have a function in the liverwort circadian clock. Here, we studied the growth phenotypes of MpLUX and MpEFL loss-of-function mutants, to establish if PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF) and auxin act downstream of the M. polymorpha EC in a growth-related pathway similar to the one described for the flowering plant Arabidopsis. We examined growth rates and cell properties of loss-of-function mutants, analyzed protein-protein interactions and performed gene expression studies using reporter genes. Obtained data indicate that an EC can form in M. polymorpha and that this EC regulates growth of the thallus. Altered auxin levels in Mplux mutants could explain some of the phenotypes related to an increased thallus surface area. However, because MpPIF is not regulated by the EC, and because Mppif mutants do not show reduced growth, the growth phenotype of EC-mutants is likely not mediated via MpPIF. In Arabidopsis, the circadian clock regulates elongation growth via PIF and auxin, but this is likely not an evolutionarily conserved growth mechanism in land plants. Previous inventories of orthologs to Arabidopsis clock genes in various plant lineages showed that there is high levels of structural differences between clocks of different plant lineages. Here, we conclude that there is also variation in the output pathways used by the different plant clocks to control growth and development.
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25
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Perico C, Tan S, Langdale JA. Developmental regulation of leaf venation patterns: monocot versus eudicots and the role of auxin. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:783-803. [PMID: 35020214 PMCID: PMC9994446 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organisation and patterning of the vascular network in land plants varies in different taxonomic, developmental and environmental contexts. In leaves, the degree of vascular strand connectivity influences both light and CO2 harvesting capabilities as well as hydraulic capacity. As such, developmental mechanisms that regulate leaf venation patterning have a direct impact on physiological performance. Development of the leaf venation network requires the specification of procambial cells within the ground meristem of the primordium and subsequent proliferation and differentiation of the procambial lineage to form vascular strands. An understanding of how diverse venation patterns are manifest therefore requires mechanistic insight into how procambium is dynamically specified in a growing leaf. A role for auxin in this process was identified many years ago, but questions remain. In this review we first provide an overview of the diverse venation patterns that exist in land plants, providing an evolutionary perspective. We then focus on the developmental regulation of leaf venation patterns in angiosperms, comparing patterning in eudicots and monocots, and the role of auxin in each case. Although common themes emerge, we conclude that the developmental mechanisms elucidated in eudicots are unlikely to fully explain how parallel venation patterns in monocot leaves are elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Perico
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RdOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Sovanna Tan
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RdOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Jane A. Langdale
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RdOxfordOX1 3RBUK
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26
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Briginshaw LN, Flores‐Sandoval E, Dierschke T, Alvarez JP, Bowman JL. KANADI promotes thallus differentiation and FR-induced gametangiophore formation in the liverwort Marchantia. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1377-1393. [PMID: 35181887 PMCID: PMC9311212 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, KANADI transcription factors have roles in the sporophyte generation regulating tissue polarity, organogenesis and shade avoidance responses, but are not required during the gametophyte generation. Whether these roles are conserved in the gametophyte-dominant bryophyte lineages is unknown, which we examined by characterising the sole KANADI ortholog, MpKAN, in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. In contrast to angiosperm orthologs, MpKAN functions in the gametophyte generation in Marchantia, where it regulates apical branching and tissue differentiation, but does not influence tissue polarity in either generation. MpKAN can partially rescue the sporophyte polarity defects of kanadi mutants in Arabidopsis, indicating that MpKAN has conserved biochemical activity to its angiosperm counterparts. Mpkan loss-of-function plants display defects in far-red (FR) light responses. Mpkan plants have reduced FR-induced growth tropisms, have a delayed transition to sexual reproduction and fail to correctly form gametangiophores. Our results indicate that MpKAN is a modulator of FR responses, which may reflect a conserved role for KANADI across land plants. Under FR, MpKAN negatively regulates MpDELLA expression, suggesting that MpKAN and MpDELLA act in a pathway regulating FR responses, placing MpKAN in a gene regulatory network exhibiting similarities with those of angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam N. Briginshaw
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityWellington RdClayton, MelbourneVic.3800Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and AgricultureMonash UniversityWellington RdMelbourneVic.3800Australia
| | - Eduardo Flores‐Sandoval
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityWellington RdClayton, MelbourneVic.3800Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and AgricultureMonash UniversityWellington RdMelbourneVic.3800Australia
| | - Tom Dierschke
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityWellington RdClayton, MelbourneVic.3800Australia
| | - John P. Alvarez
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityWellington RdClayton, MelbourneVic.3800Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and AgricultureMonash UniversityWellington RdMelbourneVic.3800Australia
| | - John L. Bowman
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityWellington RdClayton, MelbourneVic.3800Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and AgricultureMonash UniversityWellington RdMelbourneVic.3800Australia
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27
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Saini R, Nandi AK. TOPLESS in the regulation of plant immunity. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:1-12. [PMID: 35347548 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This review presents the multiple ways how topless and topless-related proteins regulate defense activation in plants and help in optimizing the defense-growth tradeoff. Eukaryotic gene expression is tightly regulated at various levels by hormones, transcription regulators, post-translational modifications, and transcriptional coregulators. TOPLESS (TPL)/TOPLESS-related (TPR) corepressors regulate gene expression by interacting with other transcription factors. TPRs regulate auxin, gibberellins, jasmonic acid, strigolactone, and brassinosteroid signaling in plants. In general, except for GA, TPLs suppress these signaling pathways to prevent unwanted activation of hormone signaling. The association of TPL/TPRs in these hormonal signaling reflects a wide role of this class of corepressors in plants' normal and stress physiology. The involvement of TPL in immune responses was first demonstrated a decade ago as a repressor of DND1 and DND2 that are negative regulators of plant immune response. Over the last decade, several research groups have established a larger role of TPL/TPRs in plant immunity during both pattern- and effector-triggered immunity. Very recent research unraveled the significant involvement of TPRs in balancing the growth and defense trade-off. TPRs, along with proteasomal degradation complex, miRNA, and phasiRNA, suppress the activation of autoimmunity in plants under normal conditions and promote defense under pathogen attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Saini
- 415, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashis Kumar Nandi
- 415, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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28
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Abstract
The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has been known to man for millennia due to its inclusion Greek herbals. Perhaps due to its familiarity and association with growth in, often, man-made disturbed habitats, it was readily used to address fundamental biological questions of the day, including elucidation of land plant life cycles in the late 18th century, the formulation of cell theory early in the 19th century and the discovery of the alternation of generations in land plants in the mid-19th century. Subsequently, Marchantia was used as model in botany classes. With the arrival of the molecular era, its organellar genomes, the chloroplast and mitochondrial, were some of the first to be sequenced from any plant. In the past two decades, molecular genetic tools have been applied such that genes may be manipulated seemingly at will. Here, are past, present, and some views to the future of Marchantia as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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29
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Ishida S, Suzuki H, Iwaki A, Kawamura S, Yamaoka S, Kojima M, Takebayashi Y, Yamaguchi K, Shigenobu S, Sakakibara H, Kohchi T, Nishihama R. Diminished Auxin Signaling Triggers Cellular Reprogramming by Inducing a Regeneration Factor in the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:384-400. [PMID: 35001102 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration in land plants is accompanied by the establishment of new stem cells, which often involves reactivation of the cell division potential in differentiated cells. The phytohormone auxin plays pivotal roles in this process. In bryophytes, regeneration is enhanced by the removal of the apex and repressed by exogenously applied auxin, which has long been proposed as a form of apical dominance. However, the molecular basis behind these observations remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, the level of endogenous auxin is transiently decreased in the cut surface of decapitated explants, and identify by transcriptome analysis a key transcription factor gene, LOW-AUXIN RESPONSIVE (MpLAXR), which is induced upon auxin reduction. Loss of MpLAXR function resulted in delayed cell cycle reactivation, and transient expression of MpLAXR was sufficient to overcome the inhibition of regeneration by exogenously applied auxin. Furthermore, ectopic expression of MpLAXR caused cell proliferation in normally quiescent tissues. Together, these data indicate that decapitation causes a reduction of auxin level at the cut surface, where, in response, MpLAXR is up-regulated to trigger cellular reprogramming. MpLAXR is an ortholog of Arabidopsis ENHANCER OF SHOOT REGENERATION 1/DORNRÖSCHEN, which has dual functions as a shoot regeneration factor and a regulator of axillary meristem initiation, the latter of which requires a low auxin level. Thus, our findings provide insights into stem cell regulation as well as apical dominance establishment in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakiko Ishida
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Hidemasa Suzuki
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Aya Iwaki
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510 Japan
| | - Shogo Kawamura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Shohei Yamaoka
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Katsushi Yamaguchi
- Functional Genomics Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Functional Genomics Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510 Japan
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30
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Bogaert KA, Blomme J, Beeckman T, De Clerck O. Auxin's origin: do PILS hold the key? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:227-236. [PMID: 34716098 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a key regulator of many developmental processes in land plants and plays a strikingly similar role in the phylogenetically distant brown seaweeds. Emerging evidence shows that the PIN and PIN-like (PILS) auxin transporter families have preceded the evolution of the canonical auxin response pathway. A wide conservation of PILS-mediated auxin transport, together with reports of auxin function in unicellular algae, would suggest that auxin function preceded the advent of multicellularity. We find that PIN and PILS transporters form two eukaryotic subfamilies within a larger bacterial family. We argue that future functional characterisation of algal PIN and PILS transporters can shed light on a common origin of an auxin function followed by independent co-option in a multicellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Arthur Bogaert
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jonas Blomme
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, Technologiepark 72, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, Technologiepark 72, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Clerck
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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31
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Kurepa J, Smalle JA. Auxin/Cytokinin Antagonistic Control of the Shoot/Root Growth Ratio and Its Relevance for Adaptation to Drought and Nutrient Deficiency Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041933. [PMID: 35216049 PMCID: PMC8879491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The hormones auxin and cytokinin regulate numerous aspects of plant development and often act as an antagonistic hormone pair. One of the more striking examples of the auxin/cytokinin antagonism involves regulation of the shoot/root growth ratio in which cytokinin promotes shoot and inhibits root growth, whereas auxin does the opposite. Control of the shoot/root growth ratio is essential for the survival of terrestrial plants because it allows growth adaptations to water and mineral nutrient availability in the soil. Because a decrease in shoot growth combined with an increase in root growth leads to survival under drought stress and nutrient limiting conditions, it was not surprising to find that auxin promotes, while cytokinin reduces, drought stress tolerance and nutrient uptake. Recent data show that drought stress and nutrient availability also alter the cytokinin and auxin signaling and biosynthesis pathways and that this stress-induced regulation affects cytokinin and auxin in the opposite manner. These antagonistic effects of cytokinin and auxin suggested that each hormone directly and negatively regulates biosynthesis or signaling of the other. However, a growing body of evidence supports unidirectional regulation, with auxin emerging as the primary regulatory component. This master regulatory role of auxin may not come as a surprise when viewed from an evolutionary perspective.
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32
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Brophy JAN. Toward synthetic plant development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:738-748. [PMID: 34904660 PMCID: PMC8825267 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability to engineer plant form will enable the production of novel agricultural products designed to tolerate extreme stresses, boost yield, reduce waste, and improve manufacturing practices. While historically, plants were altered through breeding to change their size or shape, advances in our understanding of plant development and our ability to genetically engineer complex eukaryotes are leading to the direct engineering of plant structure. In this review, I highlight the central role of auxin in plant development and the synthetic biology approaches that could be used to turn auxin-response regulators into powerful tools for modifying plant form. I hypothesize that recoded, gain-of-function auxin response proteins combined with synthetic regulation could be used to override endogenous auxin signaling and control plant structure. I also argue that auxin-response regulators are key to engineering development in nonmodel plants and that single-cell -omics techniques will be essential for characterizing and modifying auxin response in these plants. Collectively, advances in synthetic biology, single-cell -omics, and our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning development have set the stage for a new era in the engineering of plant structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A N Brophy
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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33
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Naramoto S, Hata Y, Fujita T, Kyozuka J. The bryophytes Physcomitrium patens and Marchantia polymorpha as model systems for studying evolutionary cell and developmental biology in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:228-246. [PMID: 34459922 PMCID: PMC8773975 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bryophytes are nonvascular spore-forming plants. Unlike in flowering plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes dominates the sporophyte (diploid) generation. A comparison of bryophytes with flowering plants allows us to answer some fundamental questions raised in evolutionary cell and developmental biology. The moss Physcomitrium patens was the first bryophyte with a sequenced genome. Many cell and developmental studies have been conducted in this species using gene targeting by homologous recombination. The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has recently emerged as an excellent model system with low genomic redundancy in most of its regulatory pathways. With the development of molecular genetic tools such as efficient genome editing, both P. patens and M. polymorpha have provided many valuable insights. Here, we review these advances with a special focus on polarity formation at the cell and tissue levels. We examine current knowledge regarding the cellular mechanisms of polarized cell elongation and cell division, including symmetric and asymmetric cell division. We also examine the role of polar auxin transport in mosses and liverworts. Finally, we discuss the future of evolutionary cell and developmental biological studies in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuki Hata
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tomomichi Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Junko Kyozuka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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Abstract
Auxin signaling regulates growth and developmental processes in plants. The core of nuclear auxin signaling relies on just three components: TIR1/AFBs, Aux/IAAs, and ARFs. Each component is itself made up of several domains, all of which contribute to the regulation of auxin signaling. Studies of the structural aspects of these three core signaling components have deepened our understanding of auxin signaling dynamics and regulation. In addition to the structured domains of these components, intrinsically disordered regions within the proteins also impact auxin signaling outcomes. New research is beginning to uncover the role intrinsic disorder plays in auxin-regulated degradation and subcellular localization. Structured and intrinsically disordered domains affect auxin perception, protein degradation dynamics, and DNA binding. Taken together, subtle differences within the domains and motifs of each class of auxin signaling component affect signaling outcomes and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Morffy
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Lucia C Strader
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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Iwakawa H, Melkonian K, Schlüter T, Jeon HW, Nishihama R, Motose H, Nakagami H. Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Transformation of Marchantia Liverworts. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1718-1727. [PMID: 34383076 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated transient gene expression is a rapid and useful approach for characterizing functions of gene products in planta. However, the practicability of the method in the model liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has not yet been thoroughly described. Here we report a simple and robust method for Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation of Marchantia thalli and its applicability. When thalli of M. polymorpha were co-cultured with Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying β-glucuronidase (GUS) genes, GUS staining was observed primarily in assimilatory filaments and rhizoids. GUS activity was detected 2 days after infection and saturated 3 days after infection. We were able to transiently co-express fluorescently tagged proteins with proper localizations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our method can be used as a novel pathosystem to study liverwort-bacteria interactions. We also provide evidence that air chambers support bacterial colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Iwakawa
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne 50829, Germany
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Katharina Melkonian
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Titus Schlüter
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Hyung-Woo Jeon
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Motose
- Division of Bioscience, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne 50829, Germany
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36
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Yamaoka S, Inoue K, Araki T. Regulation of gametangia and gametangiophore initiation in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2021; 34:297-306. [PMID: 34117568 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-021-00419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha regulates gametangia and gametangiophore development by using evolutionarily conserved regulatory modules that are shared with angiosperm mechanisms regulating flowering and germ cell differentiation. Bryophytes, the earliest diverged lineage of land plants comprised of liverworts, mosses, and hornworts, produce gametes in gametangia, reproductive organs evolutionarily conserved but lost in extant angiosperms. Initiation of gametangium development is dependent on environmental factors such as light, although the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Recent studies showed that the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha regulates development of gametangia and stalked receptacles called gametangiophores by using conserved regulatory modules which, in angiosperms, are involved in light signaling, microRNA-mediated flowering regulation, and germ cell differentiation. These findings suggest that these modules were acquired by a common ancestor of land plants before divergence of bryophytes, and were later recruited to flowering mechanism in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yamaoka
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Inoue
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Araki
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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Katayose A, Kanda A, Kubo Y, Takahashi T, Motose H. Distinct Functions of Ethylene and ACC in the Basal Land Plant Marchantia polymorpha. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:858-871. [PMID: 33768225 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is a gaseous phytohormone involved in various physiological processes, including fruit ripening, senescence, root hair development and stress responses. Recent genomics studies have suggested that most homologous genes of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling are conserved from algae to angiosperms, whereas the function and biosynthesis of ethylene remain unknown in basal plants. Here, we examined the physiological effects of ethylene, an ethylene precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and an inhibitor of ethylene perception, silver thiosulfate (STS), in a basal land plant, Marchantia polymorpha. M. polymorpha plants biosynthesized ethylene, and treatment with high concentrations of ACC slightly promoted ethylene production. ACC remarkably suppressed the growth of thalli (vegetative organs) and rhizoids (root-hair-like cells), whereas exogenous ethylene slightly promoted thallus growth. STS suppressed thallus growth and induced ectopic rhizoid formation on the dorsal surface of thalli. Thus, ACC and ethylene have different effects on the vegetative growth of M. polymorpha. We generated single and double mutants of ACC synthase-like (ACSL) genes, MpACSL1 and MpACSL2. The mutants did not show obvious defects in thallus growth, ACC content and ethylene production, indicating that MpACSL genes are not essential for the vegetative growth and biosynthesis of ACC and ethylene. Gene expression analysis suggested the involvement of MpACSL1 and MpACSL2 in stress responses. Collectively, our results imply ethylene-independent function of ACC and the absence of ACC-mediated ethylene biosynthesis in M. polymorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Katayose
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Asaka Kanda
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Natural Science Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kubo
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Taku Takahashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Natural Science Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
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Dierschke T, Flores-Sandoval E, Rast-Somssich MI, Althoff F, Zachgo S, Bowman JL. Gamete expression of TALE class HD genes activates the diploid sporophyte program in Marchantia polymorpha. eLife 2021; 10:57088. [PMID: 34533136 PMCID: PMC8476127 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic life cycles alternate between haploid and diploid phases and in phylogenetically diverse unicellular eukaryotes, expression of paralogous homeodomain genes in gametes primes the haploid-to-diploid transition. In the unicellular chlorophyte alga Chlamydomonas, KNOX and BELL TALE-homeodomain genes mediate this transition. We demonstrate that in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, paternal (sperm) expression of three of five phylogenetically diverse BELL genes, MpBELL234, and maternal (egg) expression of both MpKNOX1 and MpBELL34 mediate the haploid-to-diploid transition. Loss-of-function alleles of MpKNOX1 result in zygotic arrest, whereas a loss of either maternal or paternal MpBELL234 results in variable zygotic and early embryonic arrest. Expression of MpKNOX1 and MpBELL34 during diploid sporophyte development is consistent with a later role for these genes in patterning the sporophyte. These results indicate that the ancestral mechanism to activate diploid gene expression was retained in early diverging land plants and subsequently co-opted during evolution of the diploid sporophyte body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Dierschke
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Botany Department, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | | | - Felix Althoff
- Botany Department, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Sabine Zachgo
- Botany Department, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Mizuno Y, Komatsu A, Shimazaki S, Naramoto S, Inoue K, Xie X, Ishizaki K, Kohchi T, Kyozuka J. Major components of the KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2-dependent signaling pathway are conserved in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2395-2411. [PMID: 33839776 PMCID: PMC8364241 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2) was first identified as a receptor of karrikins, smoke-derived germination stimulants. KAI2 is also considered a receptor of an unidentified endogenous molecule called the KAI2 ligand. Upon KAI2 activation, signals are transmitted through the degradation of D53/SMXL proteins via MAX2-dependent ubiquitination. Although components in the KAI2-dependent signaling pathway, namely MpKAI2A and MpKAI2B, MpMAX2, and MpSMXL, exist in the genome of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, their functions remain unknown. Here, we show that early thallus growth is retarded and gemma dormancy in the dark is suppressed in Mpkai2a and Mpmax2 loss-of-function mutants. These defects are counteracted in Mpkai2a Mpsmxl and Mpmax2 Mpsmxl double mutants indicating that MpKAI2A, MpMAX2, and MpSMXL act in the same genetic pathway. Introduction of MpSMXLd53, in which a domain required for degradation is mutated, into wild-type plants mimicks Mpkai2a and Mpmax2 plants. In addition, the detection of citrine fluorescence in Nicotiana benthamiana cells transiently expressing a SMXL-Citrine fusion protein requires treatment with MG132, a proteasome inhibitor. These findings imply that MpSMXL is subjected to degradation, and that the degradation of MpSMXL is crucial for MpKAI2A-dependent signaling in M. polymorpha. Therefore, we claim that the basic mechanisms in the KAI2-dependent signaling pathway are conserved in M. polymorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Mizuno
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Aino Komatsu
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shota Shimazaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Satoshi Naramoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Keisuke Inoue
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Xiaonan Xie
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Kimitsune Ishizaki
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Junko Kyozuka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Author for correspondence:
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40
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Plant AR, Larrieu A, Causier B. Repressor for hire! The vital roles of TOPLESS-mediated transcriptional repression in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:963-973. [PMID: 33909309 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional corepressors play important roles in establishing the appropriate levels of gene expression during growth and development. The TOPLESS (TPL) family of corepressors are critical for all plant life. TPLs are involved in numerous developmental processes and in the response to extrinsic challenges. As such these proteins have been the focus of intense study since Long and colleagues first described the TPL corepressor in 2006. In this review we will explore the evolutionary history of these essential plant-specific proteins, their mechanism of action based on recent structural analyses, and the myriad of pathways in which they function. We speculate how relatively minor changes in the peptide sequence of transcriptional regulators allowed them to recruit TPL into new processes, driving innovation and resulting in TPL becoming vital for plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Robert Plant
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Centre for Plant Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Antoine Larrieu
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Centre for Plant Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Barry Causier
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Centre for Plant Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Marchetti F, Cainzos M, Cascallares M, Distéfano AM, Setzes N, López GA, Zabaleta E, Pagnussat GC. Heat stress in Marchantia polymorpha: Sensing and mechanisms underlying a dynamic response. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2134-2149. [PMID: 33058168 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sensing and response to high temperatures are crucial to prevent heat-related damage and to preserve cellular and metabolic functions. The response to heat stress is a complex and coordinated process that involves several subcellular compartments and multi-level regulatory networks that are synchronized to avoid cell damage while maintaining cellular homeostasis. In this review, we provide an insight into the most recent advances in elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in heat stress sensing and response in Marchantia polymorpha. Based on the signaling pathways and genes that were identified in Marchantia, our analyses indicate that although with specific particularities, the core components of the heat stress response seem conserved in bryophytes and angiosperms. Liverworts not only constitute a powerful tool to study heat stress response and signaling pathways during plant evolution, but also provide key and simple mechanisms to cope with extreme temperatures. Given the increasing prevalence of high temperatures around the world as a result of global warming, this knowledge provides a new set of molecular tools with potential agronomical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Marchetti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Cainzos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Milagros Cascallares
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Ayelén Mariana Distéfano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Setzes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Alejandro López
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Zabaleta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Carolina Pagnussat
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Kohchi T, Yamato KT, Ishizaki K, Yamaoka S, Nishihama R. Development and Molecular Genetics of Marchantia polymorpha. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:677-702. [PMID: 33684298 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-082520-094256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bryophytes occupy a basal position in the monophyletic evolution of land plants and have a life cycle in which the gametophyte generation dominates over the sporophyte generation, offering a significant advantage in conducting genetics. Owing to its low genetic redundancy and the availability of an array of versatile molecular tools, including efficient genome editing, the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has become a model organism of choice that provides clues to the mechanisms underlying eco-evo-devo biology in plants. Recent analyses of developmental mutants have revealed that key genes in developmental processes are functionally well conserved in plants, despite their morphological differences, and that lineage-specific evolution occurred by neo/subfunctionalization of common ancestral genes. We suggest that M. polymorpha is an excellent platform to uncover the conserved and diversified mechanisms underlying land plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; , ,
| | - Katsuyuki T Yamato
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa 649-6493, Japan;
| | | | - Shohei Yamaoka
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; , ,
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; , ,
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43
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Bowman JL, Flores Sandoval E, Kato H. On the Evolutionary Origins of Land Plant Auxin Biology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a040048. [PMID: 33558368 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid, that is, auxin, is a molecule found in a broad phylogenetic distribution of organisms, from bacteria to eukaryotes. In the ancestral land plant auxin was co-opted to be the paramount phytohormone mediating tropic responses and acting as a facilitator of developmental decisions throughout the life cycle. The evolutionary origins of land plant auxin biology genes can now be traced with reasonable clarity. Genes encoding the two enzymes of the land plant auxin biosynthetic pathway arose in the ancestral land plant by a combination of horizontal gene transfer from bacteria and possible neofunctionalization following gene duplication. Components of the auxin transcriptional signaling network have their origins in ancestral alga genes, with gene duplication and neofunctionalization of key domains allowing integration of a portion of the preexisting transcriptional network with auxin. Knowledge of the roles of orthologous genes in extant charophycean algae is lacking, but could illuminate the ancestral functions of both auxin and the co-opted transcriptional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Bowman
- School of Biological Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | | | - Hirotaka Kato
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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44
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Wei S, Chen Y, Hou J, Yang Y, Yin T. Aux/IAA and ARF Gene Families in Salix suchowensis: Identification, Evolution, and Dynamic Transcriptome Profiling During the Plant Growth Process. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:666310. [PMID: 34122487 PMCID: PMC8188177 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.666310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin plays a pivotal role in the regulation of plant growth and development, including vascular differentiation and tree growth. The auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) and auxin response transcription factor (ARF) genes are key components of plant auxin signaling. To gain more insight into the regulation and functional features of Aux/IAA and ARF genes during these processes, we identified 38 AUX/IAA and 34 ARF genes in the genome of Salix suchowensis and characterized their gene structures, conserved domains, and encoded amino acid compositions. Phylogenetic analysis of some typical land plants showed that the Aux/IAA and ARF genes of Salicaceae originated from a common ancestor and were significantly amplified by the ancestral eudicot hexaploidization event and the "salicoid" duplication that occurred before the divergence of poplar and willow. By analyzing dynamic transcriptome profiling data, some Aux/IAA and ARF genes were found to be involved in the regulation of plant growth, especially in the initial plant growth process. Additionally, we found that the expression of several miR160/miR167-ARFs was in agreement with canonical miRNA-ARF interactions, suggesting that miRNAs were possibly involved in the regulation of the auxin signaling pathway and the plant growth process. In summary, this study comprehensively analyzed the sequence features, origin, and expansion of Aux/IAA and ARF genes, and the results provide useful information for further studies on the functional involvement of auxin signaling genes in the plant growth process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Biotechnology of Educational Department of China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Sivilcultural Sciences of Jiangsu Province, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingnan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Biotechnology of Educational Department of China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Sivilcultural Sciences of Jiangsu Province, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Hou
- Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Biotechnology of Educational Department of China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Sivilcultural Sciences of Jiangsu Province, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonghua Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tongming Yin
- Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Biotechnology of Educational Department of China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Sivilcultural Sciences of Jiangsu Province, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Abstract
Molecular genetic and structural studies have revealed the mechanisms of fundamental components of key auxin regulatory pathways consisting of auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling. Chemical biology methods applied in auxin research have been greatly expanded through the understanding of auxin regulatory pathways. Many small-molecule modulators of auxin metabolism, transport, and signaling have been generated on the basis of the outcomes of genetic and structural studies on auxin regulatory pathways. These chemical modulators are now widely used as essential tools for dissecting auxin biology in diverse plants. This review covers the structures, primary targets, modes of action, and applications of chemical tools in auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama City 700-0005, Japan
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46
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Romani F, Moreno JE. Molecular mechanisms involved in functional macroevolution of plant transcription factors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1345-1353. [PMID: 33368298 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are key components of the transcriptional regulation machinery. In plants, they accompanied the evolution from unicellular aquatic algae to complex flowering plants that dominate the land environment. The adaptations of the body plan and physiological responses required changes in the biological functions of TFs. Some ancestral gene regulatory networks are highly conserved, while others evolved more recently and only exist in particular lineages. The recent emergence of novel model organisms provided the opportunity for comparative studies, producing new insights to infer these evolutionary trajectories. In this review, we comprehensively revisit the recent literature on TFs of nonseed plants and algae, focusing on the molecular mechanisms driving their functional evolution. We discuss the particular contribution of changes in DNA-binding specificity, protein-protein interactions and cis-regulatory elements to gene regulatory networks. Current advances have shown that these evolutionary processes were shaped by changes in TF expression pattern, not through great innovation in TF protein sequences. We propose that the role of TFs associated with environmental and developmental regulation was unevenly conserved during land plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo Romani
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - CONICET, Colectora RN 168 km. 0, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
| | - Javier E Moreno
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - CONICET, Colectora RN 168 km. 0, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
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47
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Das S, Weijers D, Borst JW. Auxin Response by the Numbers. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:442-451. [PMID: 33500193 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is fundamental to the growth and development of land plants, and acts in large part through the control of gene activity. Genetic and biochemical analysis of the nuclear auxin signaling pathway (NAP) has led to the establishment of a generic model for auxin-dependent gene regulation. To understand how this dynamic system operates in living cells, quantitative data are needed. For this, the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha provides a useful model system. Its limited number of NAP components, combined with experimental approaches to determine concentrations, binding affinities, and turnover rates, will enable a new, quantitative view on the mechanisms that allow auxin to control plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhajit Das
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Willem Borst
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Ramos Báez R, Nemhauser JL. Expansion and innovation in auxin signaling: where do we grow from here? Development 2021; 148:dev187120. [PMID: 33712444 PMCID: PMC7970066 DOI: 10.1242/dev.187120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin plays a role in almost all growth and developmental responses. The primary mechanism of auxin action involves the regulation of transcription via a core signaling pathway comprising proteins belonging to three classes: receptors, co-receptor/co-repressors and transcription factors. Recent studies have revealed that auxin signaling can be traced back at least as far as the transition to land. Moreover, studies in flowering plants have highlighted how expansion of the gene families encoding auxin components is tied to functional diversification. As we review here, these studies paint a picture of auxin signaling evolution as a driver of innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Román Ramos Báez
- University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, WA 98105-1800, USA
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49
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Physcomitrium patens: A Single Model to Study Oriented Cell Divisions in 1D to 3D Patterning. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052626. [PMID: 33807788 PMCID: PMC7961494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Development in multicellular organisms relies on cell proliferation and specialization. In plants, both these processes critically depend on the spatial organization of cells within a tissue. Owing to an absence of significant cellular migration, the relative position of plant cells is virtually made permanent at the moment of division. Therefore, in numerous plant developmental contexts, the (divergent) developmental trajectories of daughter cells are dependent on division plane positioning in the parental cell. Prior to and throughout division, specific cellular processes inform, establish and execute division plane control. For studying these facets of division plane control, the moss Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens has emerged as a suitable model system. Developmental progression in this organism starts out simple and transitions towards a body plan with a three-dimensional structure. The transition is accompanied by a series of divisions where cell fate transitions and division plane positioning go hand in hand. These divisions are experimentally highly tractable and accessible. In this review, we will highlight recently uncovered mechanisms, including polarity protein complexes and cytoskeletal structures, and transcriptional regulators, that are required for 1D to 3D body plan formation.
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50
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Suzuki H, Kohchi T, Nishihama R. Auxin Biology in Bryophyta: A Simple Platform with Versatile Functions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a040055. [PMID: 33431584 PMCID: PMC7919391 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bryophytes, including liverworts, mosses, and hornworts, are gametophyte-dominant land plants that are derived from a common ancestor and underwent independent evolution from the sporophyte-dominant vascular plants since their divergence. The plant hormone auxin has been shown to play pleiotropic roles in the haploid bodies of bryophytes. Pharmacological and chemical studies identified conserved auxin molecules, their inactivated forms, and auxin transport in bryophyte tissues. Recent genomic and molecular biological studies show deep conservation of components and their functions in auxin biosynthesis, inactivation, transport, and signaling in land plants. Low genetic redundancy in model bryophytes enable unique assays, which are elucidating the design principles of the auxin signaling pathway. In this article, the physiological roles of auxin and regulatory mechanisms of gene expression and development by auxin in Bryophyta are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemasa Suzuki
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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