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Takakura M, Lam YH, Nakagawa R, Ng MY, Hu X, Bhargava P, Alia AG, Gu Y, Wang Z, Ota T, Kimura Y, Morimoto N, Osakada F, Lee AY, Leung D, Miyashita T, Du J, Okuno H, Hirano Y. Differential second messenger signaling via dopamine neurons bidirectionally regulates memory retention. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304851120. [PMID: 37639608 PMCID: PMC10483633 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304851120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory formation and forgetting unnecessary memory must be balanced for adaptive animal behavior. While cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling via dopamine neurons induces memory formation, here we report that cyclic guanine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling via dopamine neurons launches forgetting of unconsolidated memory in Drosophila. Genetic screening and proteomic analyses showed that neural activation induces the complex formation of a histone H3K9 demethylase, Kdm4B, and a GMP synthetase, Bur, which is necessary and sufficient for forgetting unconsolidated memory. Kdm4B/Bur is activated by phosphorylation through NO-dependent cGMP signaling via dopamine neurons, inducing gene expression, including kek2 encoding a presynaptic protein. Accordingly, Kdm4B/Bur activation induced presynaptic changes. Our data demonstrate a link between cGMP signaling and synapses via gene expression in forgetting, suggesting that the opposing functions of memory are orchestrated by distinct signaling via dopamine neurons, which affects synaptic integrity and thus balances animal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Takakura
- SK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
| | - Yu Hong Lam
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Reiko Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Cell-Free Protein Synthesis, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe650-0047, Japan
| | - Man Yung Ng
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Xinyue Hu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Priyanshu Bhargava
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Abdalla G. Alia
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yuzhe Gu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Zigao Wang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Takeshi Ota
- SHIONOGI & CO., LTD, Analysis and Evaluation Laboratory, Bio Analytical 1, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka561-0825, Japan
| | - Yoko Kimura
- SK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
| | - Nao Morimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido060-0815, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi464-8601, Japan
| | - Ah Young Lee
- Center for Epigenomics Research, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Danny Leung
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Center for Epigenomics Research, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Tomoyuki Miyashita
- Learning and Memory Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo156-8506, Japan
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Entomology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Hiroyuki Okuno
- SK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima890-8544, Japan
| | - Yukinori Hirano
- SK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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2
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Velten J, Gao X, Van Nierop y Sanchez P, Domsch K, Agarwal R, Bognar L, Paulsen M, Velten L, Lohmann I. Single‐cell RNA sequencing of motoneurons identifies regulators of synaptic wiring in
Drosophila
embryos. Mol Syst Biol 2022; 18:e10255. [PMID: 35225419 PMCID: PMC8883443 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202110255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct wiring of neuronal circuits is one of the most complex processes in development, since axons form highly specific connections out of a vast number of possibilities. Circuit structure is genetically determined in vertebrates and invertebrates, but the mechanisms guiding each axon to precisely innervate a unique pre‐specified target cell are poorly understood. We investigated Drosophila embryonic motoneurons using single‐cell genomics, imaging, and genetics. We show that a cell‐specific combination of homeodomain transcription factors and downstream immunoglobulin domain proteins is expressed in individual cells and plays an important role in determining cell‐specific connections between differentiated motoneurons and target muscles. We provide genetic evidence for a functional role of five homeodomain transcription factors and four immunoglobulins in the neuromuscular wiring. Knockdown and ectopic expression of these homeodomain transcription factors induces cell‐specific synaptic wiring defects that are partly phenocopied by genetic modulations of their immunoglobulin targets. Taken together, our data suggest that homeodomain transcription factor and immunoglobulin molecule expression could be directly linked and function as a crucial determinant of neuronal circuit structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Velten
- Department of Developmental Biology Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) Barcelona Spain
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Heidelberg Germany
| | - Xuefan Gao
- Department of Developmental Biology Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | | | - Katrin Domsch
- Department of Developmental Biology Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
- Developmental Biology Erlangen‐Nürnberg University Erlangen Germany
| | - Rashi Agarwal
- Department of Developmental Biology Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lena Bognar
- Department of Developmental Biology Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Malte Paulsen
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lars Velten
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) Barcelona Spain
| | - Ingrid Lohmann
- Department of Developmental Biology Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
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3
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Li G, Hidalgo A. The Toll Route to Structural Brain Plasticity. Front Physiol 2021; 12:679766. [PMID: 34290618 PMCID: PMC8287419 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.679766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain can change throughout life as we learn, adapt and age. A balance between structural brain plasticity and homeostasis characterizes the healthy brain, and the breakdown of this balance accompanies brain tumors, psychiatric disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the link between circuit modifications, brain function, and behavior remains unclear. Importantly, the underlying molecular mechanisms are starting to be uncovered. The fruit-fly Drosophila is a very powerful model organism to discover molecular mechanisms and test them in vivo. There is abundant evidence that the Drosophila brain is plastic, and here we travel from the pioneering discoveries to recent findings and progress on molecular mechanisms. We pause on the recent discovery that, in the Drosophila central nervous system, Toll receptors—which bind neurotrophin ligands—regulate structural plasticity during development and in the adult brain. Through their topographic distribution across distinct brain modules and their ability to switch between alternative signaling outcomes, Tolls can enable the brain to translate experience into structural change. Intriguing similarities between Toll and mammalian Toll-like receptor function could reveal a further involvement in structural plasticity, degeneration, and disease in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyi Li
- Plasticity and Regeneration Lab, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Hidalgo
- Plasticity and Regeneration Lab, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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4
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Aponte-Santiago NA, Littleton JT. Synaptic Properties and Plasticity Mechanisms of Invertebrate Tonic and Phasic Neurons. Front Physiol 2020; 11:611982. [PMID: 33391026 PMCID: PMC7772194 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.611982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining neuronal cell types and their associated biophysical and synaptic diversity has become an important goal in neuroscience as a mechanism to create comprehensive brain cell atlases in the post-genomic age. Beyond broad classification such as neurotransmitter expression, interneuron vs. pyramidal, sensory or motor, the field is still in the early stages of understanding closely related cell types. In both vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems, one well-described distinction related to firing characteristics and synaptic release properties are tonic and phasic neuronal subtypes. In vertebrates, these classes were defined based on sustained firing responses during stimulation (tonic) vs. transient responses that rapidly adapt (phasic). In crustaceans, the distinction expanded to include synaptic release properties, with tonic motoneurons displaying sustained firing and weaker synapses that undergo short-term facilitation to maintain muscle contraction and posture. In contrast, phasic motoneurons with stronger synapses showed rapid depression and were recruited for short bursts during fast locomotion. Tonic and phasic motoneurons with similarities to those in crustaceans have been characterized in Drosophila, allowing the genetic toolkit associated with this model to be used for dissecting the unique properties and plasticity mechanisms for these neuronal subtypes. This review outlines general properties of invertebrate tonic and phasic motoneurons and highlights recent advances that characterize distinct synaptic and plasticity pathways associated with two closely related glutamatergic neuronal cell types that drive invertebrate locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Aponte-Santiago
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - J. Troy Littleton
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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5
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Li G, Forero MG, Wentzell JS, Durmus I, Wolf R, Anthoney NC, Parker M, Jiang R, Hasenauer J, Strausfeld NJ, Heisenberg M, Hidalgo A. A Toll-receptor map underlies structural brain plasticity. eLife 2020; 9:52743. [PMID: 32066523 PMCID: PMC7077983 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Experience alters brain structure, but the underlying mechanism remained unknown. Structural plasticity reveals that brain function is encoded in generative changes to cells that compete with destructive processes driving neurodegeneration. At an adult critical period, experience increases fiber number and brain size in Drosophila. Here, we asked if Toll receptors are involved. Tolls demarcate a map of brain anatomical domains. Focusing on Toll-2, loss of function caused apoptosis, neurite atrophy and impaired behaviour. Toll-2 gain of function and neuronal activity at the critical period increased cell number. Toll-2 induced cycling of adult progenitor cells via a novel pathway, that antagonized MyD88-dependent quiescence, and engaged Weckle and Yorkie downstream. Constant knock-down of multiple Tolls synergistically reduced brain size. Conditional over-expression of Toll-2 and wek at the adult critical period increased brain size. Through their topographic distribution, Toll receptors regulate neuronal number and brain size, modulating structural plasticity in the adult brain. Everything that you experience leaves its mark on your brain. When you learn something new, the neurons involved in the learning episode grow new projections and form new connections. Your brain may even produce new neurons. Physical exercise can induce similar changes, as can taking antidepressants. By contrast, stress, depression, ageing and disease can have the opposite effect, triggering neurons to break down and even die. The ability of the brain to change in response to experience is known as structural plasticity, and it is in a tug-of-war with processes that drive neurodegeneration. Structural plasticity occurs in other species too: for example, it was described in the fruit fly more than a quarter of a century ago. Yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying structural plasticity remain unclear. Li et al. now show that, in fruit flies, this plasticity involves Toll receptors, a family of proteins present in the brain but best known for their role in the immune system. Fruit flies have nine different Toll receptors, the most abundant being Toll-2. When activated, these proteins can trigger a series of molecular events in a cell. Li et al. show that increasing the amount of Toll-2 in the fly brain makes the brain produce new neurons. Activating neurons in a brain region has the same effect, and this increase in neuron number also depends on Toll-2. By contrast, reducing the amount of Toll-2 causes neurons to lose their projections and connections, and to die, and impairs fly behaviour. Li et al. also show that each Toll receptor has a unique distribution across the fly brain. Different types of experiences activate different brain regions, and therefore different Toll receptors. These go on to trigger a common molecular cascade, but they modulate it such as to result in distinct outcomes. By working together in different combinations, Toll receptors can promote either the death or survival of neurons, and they can also drive specific brain cells to remain dormant or to produce new neurons. By revealing how experience changes the brain, Li et al. provide clues to the way neurons work and form; these findings may also help to find new treatments for disorders that change brain structure, such as certain psychiatric conditions. Toll-like receptors in humans could thus represent a promising new target for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyi Li
- Neurodevelopment Lab, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manuel G Forero
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Ibagué, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Jill S Wentzell
- Neurodevelopment Lab, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ilgim Durmus
- Neurodevelopment Lab, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Reinhard Wolf
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niki C Anthoney
- Neurodevelopment Lab, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mieczyslaw Parker
- Neurodevelopment Lab, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ruiying Jiang
- Neurodevelopment Lab, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Hasenauer
- Neurodevelopment Lab, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas James Strausfeld
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Neuroscience, University of Arizona College of Science, Tucson, United States
| | - Martin Heisenberg
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alicia Hidalgo
- Neurodevelopment Lab, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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6
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Shmueli A, Shalit T, Okun E, Shohat-Ophir G. The Toll Pathway in the Central Nervous System of Flies and Mammals. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:419-436. [PMID: 30276585 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll receptors, first identified to regulate embryogenesis and immune responses in the adult fly and subsequently defined as the principal sensors of infection in mammals, are increasingly appreciated for their impact on the homeostasis of the central as well as the peripheral nervous systems. Whereas in the context of immunity, the fly Toll and the mammalian TLR pathways have been researched in parallel, the expression pattern and functionality have largely been researched disparately. Herein, we provide data on the expression pattern of the Toll homologues, signaling components, and downstream effectors in ten different cell populations of the adult fly central nervous system (CNS). We have compared the expression of the different Toll pathways in the fly to the expression of TLRs in the mouse brain and discussed the implications with respect to commonalities, differences, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Shmueli
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Tali Shalit
- The Mantoux Bioinformatics institute of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Building 901, room 315, Ramat-Gan, 5290000, Israel.
| | - Galit Shohat-Ophir
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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7
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Anthoney N, Foldi I, Hidalgo A. Toll and Toll-like receptor signalling in development. Development 2018; 145:145/9/dev156018. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.156018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The membrane receptor Toll and the related Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are best known for their universal function in innate immunity. However, Toll/TLRs were initially discovered in a developmental context, and recent studies have revealed that Toll/TLRs carry out previously unanticipated functions in development, regulating cell fate, cell number, neural circuit connectivity and synaptogenesis. Furthermore, knowledge of their molecular mechanisms of action is expanding and has highlighted that Toll/TLRs function beyond the canonical NF-κB pathway to regulate cell-to-cell communication and signalling at the synapse. Here, we provide an overview of Toll/TLR signalling and discuss how this signalling pathway regulates various aspects of development across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Anthoney
- NeuroDevelopment Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Istvan Foldi
- NeuroDevelopment Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alicia Hidalgo
- NeuroDevelopment Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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