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Tuerxun K, Tang RH, Abudoumijiti A, Yusupu Z, Aikebaier A, Mijiti S, Ibrahim I, Cao YL, Yasheng A, Wu YQ. Comparative proteomics analysis of samples from hepatic cystic echinococcosis patients using data-independent acquisition approach. J Proteomics 2024; 301:105191. [PMID: 38697285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2024.105191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease resulting from infection caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. This study aimed to assess the specific proteins that are potential candidates for the development of a vaccine against E. granulosus. The data-independent acquisition approach was employed to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in E. granulosus samples. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis was employed to identify several noteworthy proteins. Results: The DEPs in E. granulosus samples were identified (245 pericystic wall vs. parasite-free yellowish granuloma (PYG, 1725 PY vs. PYG, 2274 PN vs. PYG). Further examination of these distinct proteins revealed their predominant enrichment in metabolic pathways, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and neurodegeneration-associated pathways. Notably, among these DEPs, SH3BGRL, MST1, TAGLN2, FABP5, UBE2V2, and RARRES2 exhibited significantly higher expression levels in the PYG group compared with the PY group (P < 0.05). The findings may contribute to the understanding of the pathological mechanisms underlying echinococcosis, providing valuable insights into the development of more effective diagnostic tools, treatment modalities, and preventive strategies. SIGNIFICANCE: CE is a major public health hazard in the western regions of China, Central Asia, South America, the Mediterranean countries, and eastern Africa. Echinococcus granulosus is responsible for zoonotic disease through infection Our analysis focuses on the proteins in various samples by data-dependent acquisition (DIA) for proteomic analysis. The importance of this research is to develop new strategies and targets to protect against E. granulosus infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahaer Tuerxun
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Kashgar, 120 Yingbin Road, Kashgar Prefecture 844000, China
| | - Rong-Hua Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Kashgar, 120 Yingbin Road, Kashgar Prefecture 844000, China
| | - Aabudouxikuer Abudoumijiti
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Kashgar, 120 Yingbin Road, Kashgar Prefecture 844000, China
| | - Zainuer Yusupu
- Department of Ultrasound, The First People's Hospital of Kashgar, Kashgar Prefecture 844000, China
| | - Aizemaiti Aikebaier
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Kashgar, 120 Yingbin Road, Kashgar Prefecture 844000, China
| | - Salamu Mijiti
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Kashgar, 120 Yingbin Road, Kashgar Prefecture 844000, China
| | - Irshat Ibrahim
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Kashgar, 120 Yingbin Road, Kashgar Prefecture 844000, China
| | - Yan-Long Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Kashgar, 120 Yingbin Road, Kashgar Prefecture 844000, China
| | - Abudoukeyimu Yasheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Kashgar, 120 Yingbin Road, Kashgar Prefecture 844000, China
| | - Yuan-Quan Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Kashgar, 120 Yingbin Road, Kashgar Prefecture 844000, China.
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Zhang Y, Ren Y, Li X, Li M, Fu M, Zhou W, Yu Y, Xiong Y. A review on decoding the roles of YAP/TAZ signaling pathway in cardiovascular diseases: Bridging molecular mechanisms to therapeutic insights. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132473. [PMID: 38795886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) serve as transcriptional co-activators that dynamically shuttle between the cytoplasm and nucleus, resulting in either the suppression or enhancement of their downstream gene expression. Recent emerging evidence demonstrates that YAP/TAZ is strongly implicated in the pathophysiological processes that contribute to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In the cardiovascular system, YAP/TAZ is involved in the orchestration of a range of biological processes such as oxidative stress, inflammation, proliferation, and autophagy. Furthermore, YAP/TAZ has been revealed to be closely associated with the initiation and development of various cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, myocardial fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and cardiomyopathy. In this review, we delve into recent studies surrounding YAP and TAZ, along with delineating their roles in contributing to the pathogenesis of CVDs with a link to various physiological processes in the cardiovascular system. Additionally, we highlight the current potential drugs targeting YAP/TAZ for CVDs therapy and discuss their challenges for translational application. Overall, this review may offer novel insights for understanding and treating cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710018, PR China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710018, PR China
| | - Mingdi Fu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Yuyan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, PR China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, 710018 Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Liu CZ, Prasad A, Jadhav B, Liu Y, Gu M, Sharp AJ, Gelb BD. Feeder-free generation and characterization of endocardial and cardiac valve cells from human pluripotent stem cells. iScience 2024; 27:108599. [PMID: 38170020 PMCID: PMC10758960 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Valvular heart disease presents a significant health burden, yet advancements in valve biology and therapeutics have been hindered by the lack of accessibility to human valve cells. In this study, we have developed a scalable and feeder-free method to differentiate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into endocardial cells, which are transcriptionally and phenotypically distinct from vascular endothelial cells. These endocardial cells can be challenged to undergo endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), after which two distinct populations emerge-one population undergoes EndMT to become valvular interstitial cells (VICs), while the other population reinforces their endothelial identity to become valvular endothelial cells (VECs). We then characterized these populations through bulk RNA-seq transcriptome analyses and compared our VIC and VEC populations to pseudobulk data generated from normal valve tissue of a 15-week-old human fetus. By increasing the accessibility to these cell populations, we aim to accelerate discoveries for cardiac valve biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Z. Liu
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aditi Prasad
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bharati Jadhav
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mingxia Gu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Andrew J. Sharp
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bruce D. Gelb
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Luna-Zurita L, Flores-Garza BG, Grivas D, Siguero-Álvarez M, de la Pompa JL. Cooperative Response to Endocardial Notch Reveals Interaction With Hippo Pathway. Circ Res 2023; 133:1022-1039. [PMID: 37961886 PMCID: PMC10699509 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.323474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocardium is a crucial signaling center for cardiac valve development and maturation. Genetic analysis has identified several human endocardial genes whose inactivation leads to bicuspid aortic valve formation and calcific aortic valve disease, but knowledge is very limited about the role played in valve development and disease by noncoding endocardial regulatory regions and upstream factors. METHODS We manipulated Notch signaling in mouse embryonic endocardial cells by short-term and long-term coculture with OP9 stromal cells expressing Notch ligands and inhibition of Notch activity. We examined the transcriptional profile and chromatin accessibility landscape for each condition, integrated transcriptomic, transcription factor occupancy, chromatin accessibility, and proteomic datasets. We generated in vitro and in vivo models with CRISPR-Cas9-edited deletions of various noncoding regulatory elements and validated their regulatory potential. RESULTS We identified primary and secondary transcriptional responses to Notch ligands in the mouse embryonic endocardium, and a NOTCH-dependent transcriptional signature in valve development and disease. By defining the changes in the chromatin accessibility landscape and integrating with the landscape in developing mouse endocardium and adult human valves, we identify potential noncoding regulatory elements, validated selected candidates, propose interacting cofactors, and define the timeframe of their regulatory activity. Additionally, we found cooperative transcriptional repression with Hippo pathway by inhibiting nuclear Yap (Yes-associated protein) activity in the endocardium during cardiac valve development. CONCLUSIONS Sequential Notch-dependent transcriptional regulation in the embryonic endocardium involves multiple factors. Notch activates certain noncoding elements through these factors and simultaneously suppresses elements that could hinder cardiac valve development and homeostasis. Biorxviv: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533882v1.full.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Luna-Zurita
- Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (L.L.-Z., B.G.F.-G., D.G., M.S.-A., J.L.d.l.P.)
- Ciber CV, Madrid, Spain (L.L.-Z., B.G.F.-G., D.G., M.S.-A., J.L.d.l.P.)
| | - Brenda Giselle Flores-Garza
- Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (L.L.-Z., B.G.F.-G., D.G., M.S.-A., J.L.d.l.P.)
- Ciber CV, Madrid, Spain (L.L.-Z., B.G.F.-G., D.G., M.S.-A., J.L.d.l.P.)
| | - Dimitrios Grivas
- Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (L.L.-Z., B.G.F.-G., D.G., M.S.-A., J.L.d.l.P.)
- Ciber CV, Madrid, Spain (L.L.-Z., B.G.F.-G., D.G., M.S.-A., J.L.d.l.P.)
- Developmental Biology, Centre for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Greece (D.G.)
| | - Marcos Siguero-Álvarez
- Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (L.L.-Z., B.G.F.-G., D.G., M.S.-A., J.L.d.l.P.)
- Ciber CV, Madrid, Spain (L.L.-Z., B.G.F.-G., D.G., M.S.-A., J.L.d.l.P.)
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (L.L.-Z., B.G.F.-G., D.G., M.S.-A., J.L.d.l.P.)
- Ciber CV, Madrid, Spain (L.L.-Z., B.G.F.-G., D.G., M.S.-A., J.L.d.l.P.)
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5
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Tian Q, Li J, Wu B, Wang J, Xiao Q, Tian N, Yi L, Luo M, Li Z, Pang Y, Shi X, Dong Z. Hypoxia-sensing VGLL4 promotes LDHA-driven lactate production to ameliorate neuronal dysfunction in a cellular model relevant to Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23290. [PMID: 37921465 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301173rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease where abnormal amyloidogenic processing of amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) occurs and has been linked to neuronal dysfunction. Hypometabolism of glucose in the brain can lead to synaptic loss and neuronal death, which in turn exacerbates energy deficiency and amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) accumulation. Lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis serves as an energy substrate supporting neuronal function and facilitating neuronal repair. Vestigial-like family member 4 (VGLL4) has been recognized as a key regulator of the hypoxia-sensing pathway. However, the role of VGLL4 in AD remains unexplored. Here, we reported that the expression of VGLL4 protein was significantly decreased in the brain tissue of AD model mice and AD model cells. We further found that overexpression of VGLL4 reduced APP amyloidogenic processing and ameliorated neuronal synaptic damage. Notably, we identified a compromised hypoxia-sensitive capability of LDHA regulated by VGLL4 in the context of AD. Upregulation of VGLL4 increased the response of LDHA to hypoxia and enhanced the expression levels of LDHA and lactate by inhibiting the ubiquitination and degradation of LDHA. Furthermore, the inhibition of lactate production by using sodium oxamate, an inhibitor of LDHA, suppressed the neuroprotective function of VGLL4 by increasing APP amyloidogenic processing. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that VGLL4 exerts a neuroprotective effect by upregulating LDHA expression and consequently promoting lactate production. Thus, this study suggests that VGLL4 may be a novel player involved in molecular mechanisms relevant for ameliorating neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Tian
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Tian
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lilin Yi
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Man Luo
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaolun Li
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yayan Pang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiuyu Shi
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhifang Dong
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute for Brain Science and Disease of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Agostini V, Tessier A, Djaziri N, Khonsari RH, Galliani E, Kurihara Y, Honda M, Kurihara H, Hidaka K, Tuncbilek G, Picard A, Konas E, Amiel J, Gordon CT. Biallelic truncating variants in VGLL2 cause syngnathia in humans. J Med Genet 2023; 60:1084-1091. [PMID: 37666660 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-109059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syngnathia is an ultrarare craniofacial malformation characterised by an inability to open the mouth due to congenital fusion of the upper and lower jaws. The genetic causes of isolated bony syngnathia are unknown. METHODS We used whole exome and Sanger sequencing and microsatellite analysis in six patients (from four families) presenting with syngnathia. We used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to generate vgll2a and vgll4l germline mutant zebrafish, and performed craniofacial cartilage analysis in homozygous mutants. RESULTS We identified homozygous truncating variants in vestigial-like family member 2 (VGLL2) in all six patients. Two alleles were identified: one in families of Turkish origin and the other in families of Moroccan origin, suggesting a founder effect for each. A shared haplotype was confirmed for the Turkish patients. The VGLL family of genes encode cofactors of TEAD transcriptional regulators. Vgll2 is regionally expressed in the pharyngeal arches of model vertebrate embryos, and morpholino-based knockdown of vgll2a in zebrafish has been reported to cause defects in development of pharyngeal arch cartilages. However, we did not observe craniofacial anomalies in vgll2a or vgll4l homozygous mutant zebrafish nor in fish with double knockout of vgll2a and vgll4l. In Vgll2 -/- mice, which are known to present a skeletal muscle phenotype, we did not identify defects of the craniofacial skeleton. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that although loss of VGLL2 leads to a striking jaw phenotype in humans, other vertebrates may have the capacity to compensate for its absence during craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Agostini
- Laboratory of embryology and genetics of human malformations, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163, Institut Imagine and Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Aude Tessier
- Laboratory of embryology and genetics of human malformations, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163, Institut Imagine and Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nabila Djaziri
- Laboratory of embryology and genetics of human malformations, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163, Institut Imagine and Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Roman Hossein Khonsari
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillofaciale et Chirurgie Plastique, Centre de référence Fentes et Malformations Faciales (MAFACE), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Eva Galliani
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillofaciale et Chirurgie Plastique, Centre de référence Fentes et Malformations Faciales (MAFACE), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Yukiko Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Honda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Hidaka
- Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Arnaud Picard
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillofaciale et Chirurgie Plastique, Centre de référence Fentes et Malformations Faciales (MAFACE), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Jeanne Amiel
- Laboratory of embryology and genetics of human malformations, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163, Institut Imagine and Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Christopher T Gordon
- Laboratory of embryology and genetics of human malformations, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163, Institut Imagine and Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Zhong Y, Tan X, Wang X, Jiang J, Song K, Chen H, Zhang H, Wang Z, Zhang L, Guo C, Liang H, Yu W. Generation of Vgll4-DreER transgenic mouse for visualizing and manipulating VGLL4-expressing cells in vivo. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23435. [PMID: 37352117 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Vestigial like family member 4 (VGLL4), a member of the Hippo pathway, is a transcriptional cofactor involved in many biological processes, such as tumor progression, postnatal heart growth, and muscle regeneration. However, the VGLL4 expression pattern in vivo remains unclear. To detect and trace Vgll4-expressing cells and their progeny, we generated and characterized a new tamoxifen-inducible Dre knock-in mouse line, Vgll4-DreER. This mouse line expressed DreER (Dre recombinase fused to the estrogen receptor) under the control of the endogenous Vgll4 promoter. After crossing the Vgll4-DreER mouse line with the Dre-responsive reporter H11-rRFP, Dre-mediated recombination in the tissue was monitored on the basis of red fluorescent protein (RFP) signals, which indicated the distribution of VGLL4-positive cells in vivo. Our data revealed that VGLL4 is widely expressed in various cell types at embryonic and neonatal stages. After comparison with our previously reported Vgll4-GFP mouse, we found that the RFP signal profile was wider than the green fluorescent protein (GFP) pattern, indicating that Vgll4-DreER is more sensitive for labeling VGLL4-expressing cells. We next used a dual-recombination system to simultaneously label VGLL4- and keratin 5 (KRT5)-positive cell populations, and no crosstalk was observed in the Krt5-CreER;Vgll4-DreER;R26-rGlR mice. Taken together, the Vgll4-DreER mouse line is a valuable new tool for examining the precise VGLL4 expression profile and conditional manipulating of VGLL4-expressing cells and their progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, People's Hospital of Yangjiang, Yangjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Xixi Tan
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, People's Hospital of Yangjiang, Yangjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kai Song
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Haiyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, People's Hospital of Yangjiang, Yangjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, People's Hospital of Yangjiang, Yangjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Zuoyun Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunming Guo
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongfeng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, People's Hospital of Yangjiang, Yangjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, People's Hospital of Yangjiang, Yangjiang, Guangdong, China
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Takakura Y, Suzuki T, Hirai N, Araki T, Ohishi M, Sato H, Yamaguchi N, Takano H, Yamaguchi N. VGLL3 confers slow-twitch muscle differentiation via PGC-1α expression in C2C12 myocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 669:30-37. [PMID: 37262950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Vestigial-like family member 3 (VGLL3) is a cofactor for the TEA-domain transcription factor (TEAD) family. Although VGLL3 influences myogenic differentiation, its involvement in slow- and fast-twitch fiber specification remains unknown. In this study, we established a cell line stably overexpressing VGLL3 and analyzed effects of VGLL3 on the myogenic differentiation of murine myoblast C2C12 cells. We found that VGLL3 expression promotes slow-twitch muscle differentiation. Mechanistically, VGLL3 expression induced the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), a master transcriptional regulator of slow-twitch muscle development. We also found that VGLL3 proteins are degraded by the proteasome, which causes switching of TEAD cofactors from VGLL3 to Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with a PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). These results suggest that the balance between the two kinds of TEAD cofactors VGLL3 and YAP/TAZ controls muscle fiber-type specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Takakura
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba, 260-8675, Chiba University, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Naoto Hirai
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Takuro Araki
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba, 260-8675, Chiba University, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Mai Ohishi
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba, 260-8675, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sato
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takano
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba, 260-8675, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Noritaka Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba, 260-8675, Chiba University, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
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9
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Quan Y, Hu M, Jiang J, Jin P, Fan J, Li M, Fan X, Gong Y, Yang Y, Wang Y. VGLL4 promotes vascular endothelium specification via TEAD1 in the vascular organoids and human pluripotent stem cells-derived endothelium model. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:215. [PMID: 37468661 PMCID: PMC11073225 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04858-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown that Hippo-YAP signaling pathway plays an important role in endothelial cell differentiation. Vestigial-like family member 4 (VGLL4) has been identified as a YAP inhibitor. However, the exact function of VGLL4 in vascular endothelial cell development remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of VGLL4, in human endothelial lineage specification both in 3D vascular organoid and 2D endothelial cell differentiation. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we found that VGLL4 was increased during 3D vascular organoids generation and directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells H1 towards the endothelial lineage. Using inducible ectopic expression of VGLL4 based on the piggyBac system, we proved that overexpression of VGLL4 in H1 promoted vascular organoids generation and endothelial cells differentiation. In contrast, VGLL4 knockdown (heterozygous knockout) of H1 exhibited inhibitory effects. Using bioinformatics analysis and protein immunoprecipitation, we further found that VGLL4 binds to TEAD1 and facilitates the expression of endothelial master transcription factors, including FLI1, to promote endothelial lineage specification. Moreover, TEAD1 overexpression rescued VGLL4 knockdown-mediated negative effects. CONCLUSIONS In summary, VGLL4 promotes EC lineage specification both in 3D vascular organoid and 2D EC differentiation from pluripotent stem cell, VGLL4 interacts with TEAD1 and facilitates EC key transcription factor, including FLI1, to enhance EC lineage specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyi Quan
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minjie Hu
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peifeng Jin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junming Fan
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming Li
- Cardiac Regeneration Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofang Fan
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongsheng Gong
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211116, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yongyu Wang
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
- Cardiac Regeneration Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
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10
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Wang M, Lin BY, Sun S, Dai C, Long F, Butcher JT. Shear and hydrostatic stress regulate fetal heart valve remodeling through YAP-mediated mechanotransduction. eLife 2023; 12:e83209. [PMID: 37078699 PMCID: PMC10162797 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinically serious congenital heart valve defects arise from improper growth and remodeling of endocardial cushions into leaflets. Genetic mutations have been extensively studied but explain less than 20% of cases. Mechanical forces generated by beating hearts drive valve development, but how these forces collectively determine valve growth and remodeling remains incompletely understood. Here, we decouple the influence of those forces on valve size and shape, and study the role of YAP pathway in determining the size and shape. The low oscillatory shear stress promotes YAP nuclear translocation in valvular endothelial cells (VEC), while the high unidirectional shear stress restricts YAP in cytoplasm. The hydrostatic compressive stress activated YAP in valvular interstitial cells (VIC), whereas the tensile stress deactivated YAP. YAP activation by small molecules promoted VIC proliferation and increased valve size. Whereas YAP inhibition enhanced the expression of cell-cell adhesions in VEC and affected valve shape. Finally, left atrial ligation was performed in chick embryonic hearts to manipulate the shear and hydrostatic stress in vivo. The restricted flow in the left ventricle induced a globular and hypoplastic left atrioventricular (AV) valves with an inhibited YAP expression. By contrast, the right AV valves with sustained YAP expression grew and elongated normally. This study establishes a simple yet elegant mechanobiological system by which transduction of local stresses regulates valve growth and remodeling. This system guides leaflets to grow into proper sizes and shapes with the ventricular development, without the need of a genetically prescribed timing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Wang
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Belle Yanyu Lin
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Shuofei Sun
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Charles Dai
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Feifei Long
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Jonathan T Butcher
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
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11
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Zhou X, Zhao R, Lv M, Xu X, Liu W, Li X, Gao Y, Zhao Z, Zhang Z, Li Y, Xu R, Wan Q, Cui Y. ACSL4 promotes microglia-mediated neuroinflammation by regulating lipid metabolism and VGLL4 expression. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 109:331-343. [PMID: 36791893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) is an important isozyme in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism. The role of ACSL4 in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation of microglia, and the effects of ACSL4-mediated inflammation on the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) are unknown. In this study, we found that ACSL4 expression was increased after LPS stimulation. Knocking down ACSL4 in microglia decreased proinflammatory cytokine production. Mechanistically, ACSL4 reduced vestigial-like family member 4(VGLL4) expression to promote NF-κB signal transduction; and ACSL4 regulated lipid composition after LPS stimulation. In addition, knocking down ACSL4 alleviated neuroinflammation in a systemic LPS model and acute l-methyl-4-phenyl-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model. These data revealed ACSL4 to be a novel regulator that promotes microglia-mediated neuroinflammation by regulating VGLL4 expression and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Mengfei Lv
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiangyu Xu
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wenhao Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yunyi Gao
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaolong Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Wan
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yu Cui
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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12
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Wang Z, Quan Y, Hu M, Xu Y, Chen Y, Jin P, Ma J, Chen X, Fan J, Fan X, Gong Y, Li M, Wang Y. VGLL4-TEAD1 promotes vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells via TET2. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2023; 176:21-32. [PMID: 36657637 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway plays a critical role in cardiovascular development and stem cell differentiation. Using microarray profiling, we found that the Hippo pathway components vestigial-like family member 4 (VGLL4) and TEA domain transcription factor 1 (TEAD1) were upregulated during vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) differentiation from H1 ESCs (H1 embryonic stem cells). To further explore the role and molecular mechanisms of VGLL4 in regulating VSMC differentiation, we generated a VGLL4-knockdown H1 ESC line (heterozygous knockout) using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and found that VGLL4 knockdown inhibited VSMC specification. In contrast, overexpression of VGLL4 using the PiggyBac transposon system facilitated VSMC differentiation. We confirmed that this effect was mediated via TEAD1 and VGLL4 interaction. In addition, bioinformatics analysis revealed that Ten-eleven-translocation 2 (TET2), a DNA dioxygenase, is a target of TEAD1, and a luciferase assay further verified that TET2 is the target of the VGLL4-TEAD1 complex. Indeed, TET2 overexpression promoted VSMC marker gene expression and countered the VGLL4 knockdown-mediated inhibitory effects on VSMC differentiation. In summary, we revealed a novel role of VGLL4 in promoting VSMC differentiation from hESCs and identified TET2 as a new target of the VGLL4-TEAD1 complex, which may demethylate VSMC marker genes and facilitate VSMC differentiation. This study provides new insights into the VGLL4-TEAD1-TET2 axis in VSMC differentiation and vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuxuan Wang
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingyi Quan
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minjie Hu
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yubin Xu
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuhao Chen
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peifeng Jin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianshe Ma
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiufang Chen
- Cardiac Regeneration Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junming Fan
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofang Fan
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongsheng Gong
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming Li
- Cardiac Regeneration Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongyu Wang
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, Zhejiang, China; Cardiac Regeneration Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, Zhejiang, China.
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13
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Li F, Liu R, Negi V, Yang P, Lee J, Jagannathan R, Moulik M, Yechoor VK. VGLL4 and MENIN function as TEAD1 corepressors to block pancreatic β cell proliferation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111904. [PMID: 36662616 PMCID: PMC9970006 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
TEAD1 and the mammalian Hippo pathway regulate cellular proliferation and function, though their regulatory function in β cells remains poorly characterized. In this study, we demonstrate that while β cell-specific TEAD1 deletion results in a cell-autonomous increase of β cell proliferation, β cell-specific deletion of its canonical coactivators, YAP and TAZ, does not affect proliferation, suggesting the involvement of other cofactors. Using an improved split-GFP system and yeast two-hybrid platform, we identify VGLL4 and MENIN as TEAD1 corepressors in β cells. We show that VGLL4 and MENIN bind to TEAD1 and repress the expression of target genes, including FZD7 and CCN2, which leads to an inhibition of β cell proliferation. In conclusion, we demonstrate that TEAD1 plays a critical role in β cell proliferation and identify VGLL4 and MENIN as TEAD1 corepressors in β cells. We propose that these could be targeted to augment proliferation in β cells for reversing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Ruya Liu
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vinny Negi
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ping Yang
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeongkyung Lee
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Mousumi Moulik
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vijay K. Yechoor
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence: (F.L.), (V.K.Y.)
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14
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Li R, Huang W. Yes-Associated Protein and Transcriptional Coactivator with PDZ-Binding Motif in Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021666. [PMID: 36675179 PMCID: PMC9861006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP, also known as YAP1) and its paralogue TAZ (with a PDZ-binding motif) are transcriptional coactivators that switch between the cytoplasm and nucleus and regulate the organ size and tissue homeostasis. This review focuses on the research progress on YAP/TAZ signaling proteins in myocardial infarction, cardiac remodeling, hypertension and coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, and aortic disease. Based on preclinical studies on YAP/TAZ signaling proteins in cellular/animal models and clinical patients, the potential roles of YAP/TAZ proteins in some cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are summarized.
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15
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Yasuhara J, Schultz K, Bigelow AM, Garg V. Congenital aortic valve stenosis: from pathophysiology to molecular genetics and the need for novel therapeutics. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1142707. [PMID: 37187784 PMCID: PMC10175644 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1142707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital aortic valve stenosis (AVS) is one of the most common valve anomalies and accounts for 3%-6% of cardiac malformations. As congenital AVS is often progressive, many patients, both children and adults, require transcatheter or surgical intervention throughout their lives. While the mechanisms of degenerative aortic valve disease in the adult population are partially described, the pathophysiology of adult AVS is different from congenital AVS in children as epigenetic and environmental risk factors play a significant role in manifestations of aortic valve disease in adults. Despite increased understanding of genetic basis of congenital aortic valve disease such as bicuspid aortic valve, the etiology and underlying mechanisms of congenital AVS in infants and children remain unknown. Herein, we review the pathophysiology of congenitally stenotic aortic valves and their natural history and disease course along with current management strategies. With the rapid expansion of knowledge of genetic origins of congenital heart defects, we also summarize the literature on the genetic contributors to congenital AVS. Further, this increased molecular understanding has led to the expansion of animal models with congenital aortic valve anomalies. Finally, we discuss the potential to develop novel therapeutics for congenital AVS that expand on integration of these molecular and genetic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yasuhara
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Correspondence: Jun Yasuhara Vidu Garg
| | - Karlee Schultz
- Medical Student Research Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Amee M. Bigelow
- Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Vidu Garg
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Correspondence: Jun Yasuhara Vidu Garg
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16
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Fu M, Hu Y, Lan T, Guan KL, Luo T, Luo M. The Hippo signalling pathway and its implications in human health and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:376. [PMID: 36347846 PMCID: PMC9643504 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As an evolutionarily conserved signalling network, the Hippo pathway plays a crucial role in the regulation of numerous biological processes. Thus, substantial efforts have been made to understand the upstream signals that influence the activity of the Hippo pathway, as well as its physiological functions, such as cell proliferation and differentiation, organ growth, embryogenesis, and tissue regeneration/wound healing. However, dysregulation of the Hippo pathway can cause a variety of diseases, including cancer, eye diseases, cardiac diseases, pulmonary diseases, renal diseases, hepatic diseases, and immune dysfunction. Therefore, therapeutic strategies that target dysregulated Hippo components might be promising approaches for the treatment of a wide spectrum of diseases. Here, we review the key components and upstream signals of the Hippo pathway, as well as the critical physiological functions controlled by the Hippo pathway. Additionally, diseases associated with alterations in the Hippo pathway and potential therapies targeting Hippo components will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyang Fu
- Breast Disease Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, South of Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology Nursing, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianxia Lan
- Breast Disease Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, South of Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ting Luo
- Breast Disease Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, South of Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| | - Min Luo
- Breast Disease Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, South of Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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17
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Depletion of VGLL4 Causes Perinatal Lethality without Affecting Myocardial Development. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182832. [PMID: 36139407 PMCID: PMC9496954 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease is one of the leading causes of pediatric morbidity and mortality, thus highlighting the importance of deciphering the molecular mechanisms that control heart development. As the terminal transcriptional effectors of the Hippo-YAP pathway, YAP and TEAD1 form a transcriptional complex that regulates the target gene expression and depletes either of these two genes in cardiomyocytes, thus resulting in cardiac hypoplasia. Vestigial-like 4 (VGLL4) is a transcriptional co-factor that interacts with TEAD and suppresses the YAP/TEAD complex by competing against YAP for TEAD binding. To understand the VGLL4 function in the heart, we generated two VGLL4 loss-of-function mouse lines: a germline Vgll4 depletion allele and a cardiomyocyte-specific Vgll4 depletion allele. The whole-body deletion of Vgll4 caused defective embryo development and perinatal lethality. The analysis of the embryos at day 16.5 revealed that Vgll4 knockout embryos had reduced body size, malformed tricuspid valves, and normal myocardium. Few whole-body Vgll4 knockout pups could survive up to 10 days, and none of them showed body weight gain. In contrast to the whole-body Vgll4 knockout mutants, cardiomyocyte-specific Vgll4 knockout mice had no noticeable heart growth defects and had normal heart function. In summary, our data suggest that VGLL4 is required for embryo development but dispensable for myocardial growth.
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18
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Abstract
Embryonic heart development is an intricate process that mainly involves morphogens, transcription factors, and cardiac genes. The precise spatiotemporal expression of these genes during different developmental stages underlies normal heart development. Thus, mutation or aberrant expression of these genes may lead to congenital heart disease (CHD). However, evidence demonstrates that the mutation of genes accounts for only a small portion of CHD cases, whereas the aberrant expression regulated by epigenetic modification plays a predominant role in the pathogenesis of CHD. In this review, we provide essential knowledge on the aberrant epigenetic modification involved in the pathogenesis of CHD. Then, we discuss recent advances in the identification of novel epigenetic biomarkers. Last, we highlight the epigenetic roles in some adverse intrauterine environment‐related CHD, which may help the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of these kinds of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore MD
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore MD
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore MD
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore MD
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19
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Wang J, Liu C, He L, Xie Z, Bai L, Yu W, Wang Z, Lu Y, Gao D, Fu J, Zhang L, Zeng YA. Selective YAP activation in Procr cells is essential for ovarian stem/progenitor expansion and epithelium repair. eLife 2022; 11:75449. [PMID: 35285801 PMCID: PMC8920503 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) undergoes recurring ovulatory rupture and OSE stem cells rapidly generate new cells for the repair. How the stem cell activation is triggered by the rupture and promptly turns on proliferation is unclear. Our previous study has identified that Protein C Receptor (Procr) marks OSE progenitors. In this study, we observed decreased adherent junction and selective activation of YAP signaling in Procr progenitors at OSE rupture site. OSE repair is impeded upon deletion of Yap1 in these progenitors. Interestingly, Procr+ progenitors show lower expression of Vgll4, an antagonist of YAP signaling. Overexpression of Vgll4 in Procr+ cells hampers OSE repair and progenitor proliferation, indicating that selective low Vgll4 expression in Procr+ progenitors is critical for OSE repair. In addition, YAP activation promotes transcription of the OSE stemness gene Procr. The combination of increased cell division and Procr expression leads to expansion of Procr+ progenitors surrounding the rupture site. These results illustrate a YAP-dependent mechanism by which the stem/progenitor cells recognize the murine ovulatory rupture, and rapidly multiply their numbers, highlighting a YAP-induced stem cell expansion strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqiang Wang
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingli He
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lanyue Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wentao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuoyun Wang
- Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfen Fu
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Arial Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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20
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Tian Q, Fan X, Ma J, Li D, Han Y, Yin X, Wang H, Huang T, Wang Z, Shentu Y, Xue F, Du C, Wang Y, Mao S, Fan J, Gong Y. Critical role of VGLL4 in the regulation of chronic normobaric hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in mice. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21822. [PMID: 34314061 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002650rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH), a rare but deadly cardiopulmonary disorder, is characterized by extensive remodeling of pulmonary arteries resulting from enhancement of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and suppressed apoptosis; however, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain largely unknown. Recently, epigenetics has gained increasing prominence in the development of PH. We aimed to investigate the role of vestigial-like family member 4 (VGLL4) in chronic normobaric hypoxia (CNH)-induced PH and to address whether it is associated with epigenetic regulation. The rodent model of PH was established by CNH treatment (10% O2 , 23 hours/day). Western blot, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, and adeno-associated virus tests were performed to explore the potential mechanisms involved in CNH-induced PH in mice. VGLL4 expression was upregulated and correlated with CNH in PH mouse lung tissues in a time-dependent manner. VGLL4 colocalized with α-smooth muscle actin in cultured pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and VGLL4 immunoactivity was increased in PASMCs following hypoxia exposure in vitro. VGLL4 knockdown attenuated CNH-induced PH and pulmonary artery remodeling by blunting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling; conversely, VGLL4 overexpression exacerbated the development of PH. CNH enhanced the acetylation of VGLL4 and increased the interaction of ac-H3K9/VGLL4 and ac-H3K9/STAT3 in the lung tissues, and levels of ac-H3K9, p-STAT3/STAT3, and proliferation-associated protein levels were markedly up-regulated, whereas apoptosis-related protein levels were significantly downregulated, in the lung tissues of mice with CNH-induced PH. Notably, abrogation of VGLL4 acetylation reversed CNH-induced PH and pulmonary artery remodeling and suppressed STAT3 signaling. Finally, STAT3 knockdown alleviated CNH-induced PH. In conclusion, VGLL4 acetylation upregulation could contribute to CNH-induced PH and pulmonary artery remodeling via STAT3 signaling, and abrogation of VGLL4 acetylation reversed CNH-induced PH. Pharmacological or genetic deletion of VGLL4 might be a potential target for therapeutic interventions in CNH-induced PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Tian
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Fan
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianshe Ma
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dantong Li
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yujiao Han
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xianghong Yin
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenglu Wang
- Renji College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yangping Shentu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Feng Xue
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Congkuo Du
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongyu Wang
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sunzhong Mao
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Junming Fan
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongsheng Gong
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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21
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Xie J, Wang Y, Ai D, Yao L, Jiang H. The role of the Hippo pathway in heart disease. FEBS J 2021; 289:5819-5833. [PMID: 34174031 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heart disease, including coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy, and cardiomyopathies, is the leading causes of death worldwide. The Hippo pathway is a central controller for organ size and tissue growth, which plays a pivotal role in determining cardiomyocytes and nonmyocytes proliferation, regeneration, differentiation, and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the effects of the Hippo pathway on heart disease and propose potential intervention targets. Especially, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of the Hippo pathway involved in maintaining cardiac homeostasis by regulating cardiomyocytes and nonmyocytes function in the heart. Based on this, we conclude that the Hippo pathway is a promising therapeutic target for cardiovascular therapy, which will bring new perspectives for their treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ding Ai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Liu Yao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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22
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Li YF, Wang YX, Wang H, Ma Y, Wang LS. Posttranslational Modifications: Emerging Prospects for Cardiac Regeneration Therapy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2021; 15:49-60. [PMID: 34031843 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-021-10135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) following ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains a hard nut to crack and a leading cause of death worldwide. Cardiac regeneration aims to promote cardiomyocyte (CM) proliferation by transitioning the cell cycle state of CMs from arrest to re-entry. Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) have recently attracted extensive attention in the field of cardiac regeneration due to their reversibility and effects on the stability, activity, and subcellular localization of target proteins. The balance of PTMs is disrupted when neonatal CMs withdraw from the cell cycle, resulting in significant dysfunction of downstream substrate protein localization, expression, and activity, ultimately limiting the maintenance of cardiac regeneration ability. In this review, we summarize recent research concerning the role of PTMs in cardiac regeneration, while focusing on phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, methylation, and neddylation, and the effects of these modifications on CM proliferation, which may provide potential targets for future treatments for IHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fei Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ya-Xin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yao Ma
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Lian-Sheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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23
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Shentu Y, Tian Q, Yang J, Liu X, Han Y, Yang D, Zhang N, Fan X, Wang P, Ma J, Chen R, Li D, Liu S, Wang Y, Mao S, Gong Y, Du C, Fan J. Upregulation of KDM6B contributes to lipopolysaccharide-induced anxiety-like behavior via modulation of VGLL4 in mice. Behav Brain Res 2021; 408:113305. [PMID: 33865886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Histone H3K27me3 demethylase KDM6B (also known as Jumonji domain-containing protein D3, JMJD3) plays vital roles in the etiology of inflammatory responses; however, little is known about the role of KDM6B in neuroinflammation-induced anxiety-like behavior. The present study aimed to investigate the potential role of KDM6B in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced anxiety-like behavior and to evaluate whether it is associated with the modulation of vestigial-like family member 4 (VGLL4). The elevated plus maze, light-dark box, and open-field test were performed to test the anxiety-like behavior induced by LPS in C57BL/6 J male mice. Levels of relative protein expression in the hippocampus were quantified by western blotting. KDM6B inhibitor GSK-J4 and microglia inhibitor minocycline as well as adeno-associated virus of Vgll4 shRNA were used to explore the underlying mechanisms. We found that KDM6B, VGLL4, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba-1, microglia marker) protein levels were increased in LPS-dose dependent manner in the hippocampus but not in prefrontal cortex. GSK-J4 treatment attenuated LPS-induced VGLL4, the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), IL-1β and Iba-1 upregulation and anxiety-like behavior. Knockdown VGLL4 with Vgll4 shRNA prevented the increase of anxiety-like behavior and levels of STAT3, IL-1β, and Iba-1 expression in the hippocampus of LPS-treated mice. Moreover, minocycline, an inhibitor of microglia treatment blunted LPS-induced anxiety-like behavior. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the induction of neuroinflammation by LPS promotes KDM6B activation in the hippocampus, and LPS-induced anxiety-like behavior is associated with upregulation of VGLL4 by KDM6B in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangping Shentu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Qiuyun Tian
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jinge Yang
- Department of Medical Technology, Jiangxi Medical College, Shangrao, Jiangxi, 334709, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Liu
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yujiao Han
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Dichen Yang
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xiaofang Fan
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jianshe Ma
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Dantong Li
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Shouting Liu
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yongyu Wang
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Sunzhong Mao
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yongsheng Gong
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Congkuo Du
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Junming Fan
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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24
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Wang P, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen J, Cao Y, Liu C, Wu Z, Shen J, Lu J, Liu P. Isorhapontigenin protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity via increasing YAP1 expression. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:680-693. [PMID: 33777675 PMCID: PMC7982427 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As an effective anticancer drug, the clinical limitation of doxorubicin (Dox) is the time- and dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) interacts with transcription factor TEA domain 1 (TEAD1) and plays an important role in cell proliferation and survival. However, the role of YAP1 in Dox-induced cardiomyopathy has not been reported. In this study, the expression of YAP1 was reduced in clinical human failing hearts with dilated cardiomyopathy and Dox-induced in vivo and in vitro cardiotoxic model. Ectopic expression of Yap1 significantly blocked Dox-induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis in TEAD1 dependent manner. Isorhapontigenin (Isor) is a new derivative of stilbene and responsible for a wide range of biological processes. Here, we found that Isor effectively relieved Dox-induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Administration with Isor (30 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally, 3 weeks) significantly protected against Dox-induced cardiotoxicity in mice. Interestingly, Isor increased Dox-caused repression in YAP1 and the expression of its target genes in vivo and in vitro. Knockout or inhibition of Yap1 blocked the protective effects of Isor on Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. In conclusion, YAP1 may be a novel target for Dox-induced cardiotoxicity and Isor might be a new compound to fight against Dox-induced cardiotoxicity by increasing YAP1 expression.
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Key Words
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- AP-1, anti-microbial protein
- AREG, amphiregulin
- AUC/Dose, dose-normalized plasma exposures
- Amphiregulin
- Ang II, angiotensin II
- CO, cardiac output
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- Cardiomyocytes apoptosis
- Cardiotoxicity
- Cmax/Dose, dose-normalized maximal plasma concentrations
- Connective tissue growth factor
- DAB, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- Dob, dobutamine
- Dox, doxorubicin
- Doxorubicin
- EMT, epithelial mesenchymal transformation
- FOXO1, forkhead box class O1
- FS, fractional shortening
- HE, hematoxylin–eosin
- ISO, isoproterenol
- Isor, isorhapontigenin
- Isorhapontigenin
- LVAW;d, left ventricular end-diastolic anterior wall thickness
- LVAW;s, left ventricular end-systolic anterior wall thickness
- LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction
- LVID;d, left ventricular end-diastolic internal diameter
- LVID;s, left ventricular end-systolic internal diameter
- LVPW;d, left ventricular end-diastolic posterior wall thickness
- LVPW;s, left ventricular end-systolic posterior wall thickness
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MI, myocardial infarction
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B
- NRCMs, neonatal rat cardiomyocytes
- P2Y12 receptor, ADP receptor
- PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α
- PMSF, phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride
- PVDF, polyvinylidene fluoride
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SD, Sprague–Dawley
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SESN2, sestrin2
- TCF4, T-cell factor 4
- TEAD, TEA domain transcription factor proteins
- TEAD1
- TUNEL, TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling
- WGA, wheat germ agglutinin
- YAP1
- YAP1, Yes-associated protein 1
- qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
- sgRNAs, sequence guiding RNAs
- Δψm, mitochondrial membrane potential
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Affiliation(s)
- Panxia Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuehuai Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianxing Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanjun Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Cui Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhongkai Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Juan Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Jing Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Peiqing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Corresponding authors.
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25
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VGLL4 Protects against Oxidized-LDL-Induced Endothelial Cell Dysfunction and Inflammation by Activating Hippo-YAP/TEAD1 Signaling Pathway. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:8292173. [PMID: 33456372 PMCID: PMC7787722 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8292173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vestigial-like 4 (VGLL4) has been found to have multiple functions in tumor development; however, its role in cardiovascular disease is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of VGLL4 on the dysfunction and inflammatory response of Ox-LDL-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and its mechanism, so as to provide a new theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis. In the present study, the protective activity of VGLL4 inhibiting Ox-LDL-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and injury as well as its molecular mechanisms was examined using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The results showed that the expression of VGLL4 was decreased with the increase of Ox-LDL concentration in HUVECs. In addition, the functional study found that VGLL4 overexpression alleviated Ox-LDL-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and dysfunction and inhibited apoptosis. Further research found that VGLL4 regulated Hippo-YAP/TEAD1 signaling pathway, and the Hippo-YAP/TEAD1 signaling pathway was involved in the protective mechanism of VGLL4 on HUVECs. In conclusion, it suggests that VGLL4 protects against oxidized-LDL-induced endothelial cell dysfunction by activating the Hippo-YAP/TEAD1 signaling pathway.
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26
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Suo J, Feng X, Li J, Wang J, Wang Z, Zhang L, Zou W. VGLL4 promotes osteoblast differentiation by antagonizing TEADs-inhibited Runx2 transcription. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/43/eaba4147. [PMID: 33097532 PMCID: PMC7608831 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba4147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
VGLL4 has been identified as a YAP inhibitor. However, the exact function of VGLL4 in bone development and bone homeostasis remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that VGLL4 breaks TEADs-mediated transcriptional inhibition of RUNX2 to promote osteoblast differentiation and bone development. We found that knockout of VGLL4 in mesenchymal stem cells and preosteoblasts showed osteoporosis and a cleidocranial dysplasia-like phenotype due to osteoblast differentiation disorders. Mechanistically, we showed that the TEAD transcriptional factors severely inhibited osteoblast differentiation in a YAP binding-independent manner. TEADs interacted with RUNX2 to repress RUNX2 transcriptional activity. Furthermore, VGLL4 relieved the transcriptional inhibition of TEADs by directly competing with RUNX2 to bind TEADs through its two TDU domains. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that VGLL4 plays an important role in regulating osteoblast differentiation and bone development, and that TEADs regulate the transcriptional activity of RUNX2, which may shed light on treatment of cleidocranial dysplasia and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zuoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
- Bio-Research Innovation Center, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215121, China
| | - Weiguo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
- Bio-Research Innovation Center, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215121, China
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27
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Yu Y, Su X, Qin Q, Hou Y, Zhang X, Zhang H, Jia M, Chen Y. Yes-associated protein and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif as new targets in cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:105009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Fan X, Shan X, Jiang S, Wang S, Zhang F, Tian Q, Chen D, Ma J, Xue F, Mao S, Fan J, Wang Y, Gong Y. YAP promotes endothelial barrier repair by repressing STAT3/VEGF signaling. Life Sci 2020; 256:117884. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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29
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Yamaguchi N. Multiple Roles of Vestigial-Like Family Members in Tumor Development. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1266. [PMID: 32793503 PMCID: PMC7393262 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vestigial-like family (VGLL) members are mammalian orthologs of vestigial gene in Drosophila, and they consist of four homologs (VGLL1–4). VGLL members have TDU motifs that are binding regions to TEA/ATSS-DNA-binding domain transcription factor (TEAD). Through TDU motifs, VGLL members act as transcriptional cofactors for TEAD. VGLL1-3 have single TDU motif, whereas VGLL4 has two tandem TDU motifs, suggesting that VGLL4 has distinct molecular functions among this family. Although molecular and physiological functions of VGLL members are still obscure, emerging evidence has shown that these members are involved in tumor development. Gene alterations and elevated expression of VGLL1-3 were observed in various types of tumors, and VGLL1-3 have been shown to possess tumorigenic functions. In contrast, down-regulation of VGLL4 was detected in various tumors, and the tumor-suppressing role of VGLL4 has been demonstrated. In this review, we summarize the recently identified multiple roles of VGLL members in tumor development and provide important and novel insights regarding tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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30
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Zheng M, Jacob J, Hung SH, Wang J. The Hippo Pathway in Cardiac Regeneration and Homeostasis: New Perspectives for Cell-Free Therapy in the Injured Heart. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071024. [PMID: 32664346 PMCID: PMC7407108 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intractable cardiovascular diseases are leading causes of mortality around the world. Adult mammalian hearts have poor regenerative capacity and are not capable of self-repair after injury. Recent studies of cell-free therapeutics such as those designed to stimulate endogenous cardiac regeneration have uncovered new feasible therapeutic avenues for cardiac repair. The Hippo pathway, a fundamental pathway with pivotal roles in cell proliferation, survival and differentiation, has tremendous potential for therapeutic manipulation in cardiac regeneration. In this review, we summarize the most recent studies that have revealed the function of the Hippo pathway in heart regeneration and homeostasis. In particular, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of how the Hippo pathway maintains cardiac homeostasis by directing cardiomyocyte chromatin remodeling and regulating the cell-cell communication between cardiomyocytes and non-cardiomyocytes in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Joan Jacob
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.J.); (S.-H.H.)
| | - Shao-Hsi Hung
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.J.); (S.-H.H.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-7135-005-723
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31
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Liu R, Jagannathan R, Sun L, Li F, Yang P, Lee J, Negi V, Perez-Garcia EM, Shiva S, Yechoor VK, Moulik M. Tead1 is essential for mitochondrial function in cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H89-H99. [PMID: 32502376 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00732.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in most forms of heart failure. We have previously reported that Tead1, the transcriptional effector of Hippo pathway, is critical for maintaining adult cardiomyocyte function, and its deletion in adult heart results in lethal acute dilated cardiomyopathy. Growing lines of evidence indicate that Hippo pathway plays a role in regulating mitochondrial function, although its role in cardiomyocytes is unknown. Here, we show that Tead1 plays a critical role in regulating mitochondrial OXPHOS in cardiomyocytes. Assessment of mitochondrial bioenergetics in isolated mitochondria from adult hearts showed that loss of Tead1 led to a significant decrease in respiratory rates, with both palmitoylcarnitine and pyruvate/malate substrates, and was associated with reduced electron transport chain complex I activity and expression. Transcriptomic analysis from Tead1-knockout myocardium revealed genes encoding oxidative phosphorylation, TCA cycle, and fatty acid oxidation proteins as the top differentially enriched gene sets. Ex vivo loss of function of Tead1 in primary cardiomyocytes also showed diminished aerobic respiration and maximal mitochondrial oxygen consumption capacity, demonstrating that Tead1 regulation of OXPHOS in cardiomyocytes is cell autonomous. Taken together, our data demonstrate that Tead1 is a crucial transcriptional node that is a cell-autonomous regulator, a large network of mitochondrial function and biogenesis related genes essential for maintaining mitochondrial function and adult cardiomyocyte homeostasis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mitochondrial dysfunction constitutes an important aspect of heart failure etiopathogenesis and progression. However, the molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. Growing lines of evidence indicate that Hippo-Tead pathway plays a role in cellular bioenergetics. This study reveals the novel role of Tead1, the downstream transcriptional effector of Hippo pathway, as a novel regulator of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and in vivo cardiomyocyte energy metabolism, thus providing a potential therapeutic target for modulating mitochondrial function and enhancing cytoprotection of cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruya Liu
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rajaganapathi Jagannathan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Heart, Lung, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lingfei Sun
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Feng Li
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ping Yang
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeongkyung Lee
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Vinny Negi
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Eliana M Perez-Garcia
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Heart, Lung, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Vijay K Yechoor
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mousumi Moulik
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Heart, Lung, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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32
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Yuan Y, Park J, Feng A, Awasthi P, Wang Z, Chen Q, Iglesias-Bartolome R. YAP1/TAZ-TEAD transcriptional networks maintain skin homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation and limiting KLF4 activity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1472. [PMID: 32193376 PMCID: PMC7081327 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo TEAD-transcriptional regulators YAP1 and TAZ are central for cell renewal and cancer growth; however, the specific downstream gene networks involved in their activity are not completely understood. Here we introduce TEADi, a genetically encoded inhibitor of the interaction of YAP1 and TAZ with TEAD, as a tool to characterize the transcriptional networks and biological effects regulated by TEAD transcription factors. Blockage of TEAD activity by TEADi in human keratinocytes and mouse skin leads to reduced proliferation and rapid activation of differentiation programs. Analysis of gene networks affected by TEADi and YAP1/TAZ knockdown identifies KLF4 as a central transcriptional node regulated by YAP1/TAZ-TEAD in keratinocyte differentiation. Moreover, we show that TEAD and KLF4 can regulate the activity of each other, indicating that these factors are part of a transcriptional regulatory loop. Our study establishes TEADi as a resource for studying YAP1/TAZ-TEAD dependent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yuan
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jeannie Park
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amber Feng
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Parirokh Awasthi
- Laboratory of Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ramiro Iglesias-Bartolome
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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33
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Xue C, Liu X, Wen B, Yang R, Gao S, Tao J, Zhou J. Zebrafish Vestigial Like Family Member 4b Is Required for Valvulogenesis Through Sequestration of Transcription Factor Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2c. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:277. [PMID: 31799250 PMCID: PMC6874126 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of cardiac transcription factors/cofactors, signaling pathways, and downstream structural genes integrate to form the regulatory hierarchies to ensure proper cardiogenesis in vertebrate. Major interaction proteins of the transcription cofactor vestigial like family member 4 (VGLL4) include myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) and TEA domain transcription factors (TEAD), both of which play important roles in embryonic cardiac development and in adulthood. In this study, we identified that the deficiency of zebrafish vgll4b paralog, a unique family member expressed in developing heart, led to an impaired valve development. Mechanistically, in vgll4b mutant embryos the disruption of Vgll4b-Mef2c complex, rather than that of Vgll4b-Tead complex, resulted in an aberrant expression of krüppel-like factor 2a (klf2a) in endocardium. Such misexpression of klf2a eventually evoked the valvulogenesis defects. Our findings suggest that zebrafish Vgll4b plays an important role in modulating the transcription activity of Mef2c on klf2a during valve development in a blood-flow-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xue
- CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wen
- CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruimeng Yang
- CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Gao
- CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiong Tao
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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34
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Wang Y, Liu X, Xie B, Yuan H, Zhang Y, Zhu J. The NOTCH1-dependent HIF1α/VGLL4/IRF2BP2 oxygen sensing pathway triggers erythropoiesis terminal differentiation. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101313. [PMID: 31539803 PMCID: PMC6812007 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is widely considered as a limiting factor in vertebrate embryonic development, which requires adequate oxygen delivery for efficient energy metabolism, while nowadays some researches have revealed that hypoxia can induce stem cells so as to improve embryonic development. Erythroid differentiation is the oxygen delivery method employed by vertebrates at the very early step of embryo development, however, the mechanism how erythroid progenitor cell was triggered into mature erythrocyte is still not clear. In this study, after detecting the upregulation of vgll4b in response to oxygen levels, we generated vgll4b mutant zebrafish using CRISPR/Cas9, and verified the resulting impaired heme and dysfunctional erythroid terminal differentiation phenotype. Neither the vgll4b-deficient nor the γ-secretase inhibitor IX (DAPT)-adapted zebrafish were able to mediate HIF1α-induced heme generation. In addition, we showed that vgll4b mutant zebrafish were associated with an impaired erythroid phenotype, induced by the downregulation of alas2, which could be rescued by irf2bp2 depletion. Further mechanistic studies revealed that zebrafish VGLL4 sequesters IRF2BP2, thereby inhibiting its repression of alas2 expression and heme biosynthesis. These processes occur primarily via the VGLL4 TDU1 and IRF2BP2 ring finger domains. Our study also indicates that VGLL4 is a key player in the mediation of NOTCH1-dependent HIF1α-regulated erythropoiesis and can be sensitively regulated by oxygen concentrations. On the other hand, VGLL4 is a pivotal regulator of heme biosynthesis and erythroid terminal differentiation, which collectively improve oxygen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Wang
- CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Baoshu Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hao Yuan
- CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yiyue Zhang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jun Zhu
- CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Université de Paris 7/INSERM/CNRS UMR 944/7212, Equipe Labellisée No. 11 Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Hôpital St. Louis, Paris, France.
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35
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Feng X, Wang Z, Wang F, Lu T, Xu J, Ma X, Li J, He L, Zhang W, Li S, Yang W, Zhang S, Ge G, Zhao Y, Hu P, Zhang L. Dual function of VGLL4 in muscle regeneration. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101051. [PMID: 31328806 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018101051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
VGLL4 has previously been identified as a negative regulator of YAP. Here we show that VGLL4 regulates muscle regeneration in both YAP-dependent and YAP-independent manners at different stages. Knockout of VGLL4 in mice leads to smaller myofiber size and defective muscle contraction force. Furthermore, our studies reveal that knockout of VGLL4 results in increased muscle satellite cells proliferation and impaired myoblast differentiation, which ultimately leads to delayed muscle regeneration. Mechanistically, the results show that VGLL4 works as a conventional repressor of YAP at the proliferation stage of muscle regeneration. At the differentiation stage, VGLL4 acts as a co-activator of TEAD4 to promote MyoG transactivation and facilitate the initiation of differentiation in a YAP-independent manner. Moreover, VGLL4 stabilizes the protein-protein interactions between MyoD and TEAD4 to achieve efficient MyoG transactivation. Our findings define the dual roles of VGLL4 in regulating muscle regeneration at different stages and may open novel therapeutic perspectives for muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiantian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingli He
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaoxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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