1
|
Michalski D, Malec C, Clothier E, Bassed R. Facial recognition for disaster victim identification. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 361:112108. [PMID: 38908069 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Mass disaster events can result in high levels of casualties that need to be identified. Whilst disaster victim identification (DVI) relies on primary identifiers of DNA, fingerprints, and dental, these require ante-mortem data that may not exist or be easily obtainable. Facial recognition technology may be able to assist. Automated facial recognition has advanced considerably and access to ante-mortem facial images are readily available. Facial recognition could therefore be used to expedite the DVI process by narrowing down leads before primary identifiers are made available. This research explores the feasibility of using automated facial recognition technology to support DVI. We evaluated the performance of a commercial-off-the-self facial recognition algorithm on post-mortem images (representing images taken after a mass disaster) against ante-mortem images (representing a database that may exist within agencies who hold face databases for identity documents (such as passports or driver's licenses). We explored facial recognition performance for different operational scenarios, with different levels of face image quality, and by cause of death. Our research is the largest facial recognition evaluation of post-mortem and ante-mortem images to date. We demonstrated that facial recognition technology would be valuable for DVI and that the performance varies by image quality and cause of death. We provide recommendations for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Michalski
- Defence Science and Technology Group, P.O. Box 1500, Edinburgh, SA 5111, Australia.
| | - Christopher Malec
- Defence Science and Technology Group, P.O. Box 1500, Edinburgh, SA 5111, Australia.
| | - Eden Clothier
- Defence Science and Technology Group, P.O. Box 1500, Edinburgh, SA 5111, Australia.
| | - Richard Bassed
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, 65 Kavanagh St., Southbank, VIC 3006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Handayani VW, Yudianto A, M A R MS, Rulaningtyas R, Rasyad Caesarardhi M. Classification of Indonesian adult forensic gender using cephalometric radiography with VGG16 and VGG19: a Preliminary research. Acta Odontol Scand 2024; 83:308-316. [PMID: 38770691 PMCID: PMC11302625 DOI: 10.2340/aos.v83.40476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of cephalometric pictures in dental radiology is widely acknowledged as a dependable technique for determining the gender of an individual. The Visual Geometry Group 16 (VGG16) and Visual Geometry Group 19 (VGG19) algorithms have been proven to be effective in image classification. OBJECTIVES To acknowledge the importance of comprehending the complex procedures associated with the generation and adjustment of inputs in order to obtain precise outcomes using the VGG16 and VGG19 algorithms. MATERIAL AND METHOD The current work utilised a dataset including 274 cephalometric radiographic pictures of adult Indonesians' oral health records to construct a gender classification model using the VGG16 and VGG19 architectures using Python. RESULT The VGG16 model has a gender identification accuracy of 93% for females and 73% for males, resulting in an average accuracy of 89% across both genders. In the context of gender identification, the VGG19 model has been found to achieve an accuracy of 0.95% for females and 0.80% for men, resulting in an overall accuracy of 0.93% when considering both genders. CONCLUSION The application of VGG16 and VGG19 models has played a significant role in identifying gender based on the study of cephalometric radiography. This application has demonstrated the exceptional effectiveness of both models in accurately predicting the gender of Indonesian adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitria Wuri Handayani
- Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Medical Faculty, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Nursing Department, Pontianak Polytechnic Health Ministry, Pontianak, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Yudianto
- Department of Forensics and Medicolegal, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Magister of Forensic Sciences, Postgraduate School, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya.
| | - Mieke Sylvia M A R
- Magister of Forensic Sciences, Postgraduate School, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya; Forensic Odontology Department, Dental Medical Faculty, Univesitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Riries Rulaningtyas
- Physics Department, Sains and Technology Faculty, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Biomedical Department, Sains and Technology Faculty, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Luo Y, Zhang J, Ni M, Mei Z, Ye Q, Guo B, Fang L, Feng D, Wang L, Yan J, Wang G. Pilot validation of on-field STR typing and human identity testing by MinION nanopore sequencing. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:885-896. [PMID: 38356010 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Nanopore sequencing technology has broad application prospects in forensic medicine due to its small size, portability, fast speed, real-time result analysis capabilities, single-molecule sequencing abilities, and simple operation. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that nanopore sequencing platforms can be used to identify individuals in the field. Through scientific and reasonable design, a nanopore MinION MK1B device and other auxiliary devices are integrated into a portable detection box conducive to individual identification at the accident site. Individual identification of 12 samples could be completed within approximately 24 h by jointly detecting 23 short tandem repeat (STR) loci. Through double-blinded experiments, the genotypes of 49 samples were successfully determined, and the accuracy of the STR genotyping was verified by the gold standard. Specifically, the typing success rate for 1150 genotypes was 95.3%, and the accuracy rate was 86.87%. Although this study focused primarily on demonstrating the feasibility of full-process testing, it can be optimistically predicted that further improvements in bioinformatics workflows and nanopore sequencing technology will help enhance the feasibility of Oxford Nanopore Technologies equipment for real-time individual identification at accident sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Luo
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jiarong Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Ming Ni
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhusong Mei
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Ye
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bingqian Guo
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Longmei Fang
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Dongyun Feng
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jiangwei Yan
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Guangyun Wang
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gunawardena SA, Abeyratne P, Jayasena A, Rajapaksha S, Senadhipathi H, Siriwardana D, Vindula N, Perera C, Peiris D. Retrospective analysis of factors affecting rate of skeletonization within a tropical climate. Sci Justice 2023; 63:638-650. [PMID: 37718011 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Estimating the post mortem interval (PMI) in skeletonized cases is an extremely challenging exercise. Sri Lanka lacks adequate taphonomic research which is a serious limitation when assessing PMI in forensic death investigations. Methods that have been proposed to estimate PMI using the total body score (TBS) and accumulated degree days (ADD) are mainly based on data from continental and temperate climates and have shown less reliability in tropical climates. With the intention of developing a region-specific, evidence-based guide which would be applicable to tropical climates like Sri Lanka, we selected thirteen skeletonized remains with known PMIs from forensic case records and analysed their taphonomy in relation to selected weather data. We also compared the ADD values within our dataset with reference ranges calculated using published formula. All except one were found from outdoor locations. The TBS ranged from 24 to 32 and had a weak positive correlation with the PMI. The earliest appearance of skeletonization was 15 days in a body found indoors. The highest rate of skeletonization was seen in a body with a TBS of 32 and a PMI of 23 days. The average daily temperature and relative humidity were similar across all the cases however, the amount of rainfall varied. Bodies exposed to monsoon rains (n = 6) had a lower mean rate of skeletonization compared to those that were not exposed (n = 4) suggesting lower rates of decomposition during periods of heavy rainfall. No correlation was found between ADD and TBS. In 9 (69.2%) cases, the actual ADD was much lower than reference ADD ranges for TBS values, indicating poor applicability of TBS and ADD based formulae in estimating PMI within the Sri Lankan climate. Our study shows a strong need for taphonomic and entomological research in tropical climates to further explore the impact of monsoons on biotic and abiotic factors affecting skeletonization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameera A Gunawardena
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Pravini Abeyratne
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Hashan Senadhipathi
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Dulanka Siriwardana
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Nimath Vindula
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Clifford Perera
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka
| | - Dinesh Peiris
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Adamovic N, Howes LM, White R, Julian R. Understanding the challenges of disaster victim identification: perspectives of Australian forensic practitioners. Forensic Sci Res 2023; 8:107-115. [PMID: 37621448 PMCID: PMC10445580 DOI: 10.1093/fsr/owad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Disaster victim identification (DVI) is an important process in the aftermath of disasters to provide answers for the families and communities of victims. Australian forensic practitioners contribute to such processes internationally under difficult post-disaster circumstances. The aim of the study was to better understand the challenges experienced by forensic practitioners in international DVI operations. Participants (N = 20) included DNA analysts, fingerprint examiners, forensic odontologists, forensic pathologists, and mortuary technicians who had experience in DVI operations. Participants were interviewed about their experiences and perceptions of the challenges of DVI. The findings provide valuable insights into the types of DVI operations in which Australian forensic practitioners have been involved internationally. Thematic analysis of interview data resulted in five main themes: the post-disaster work environment; DVI management and processes; political and financial influences; teamwork in intercultural and interdisciplinary contexts; and confronting the emotional realities of DVI work. The analysis highlights the interrelated challenges associated with DVI operations in international contexts. Practitioners also provided suggestions for improvement, which generally aligned with the themes and reflected an ethos of learning and continuous improvement in DVI. Further research on education and training and capacity-development initiatives is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Adamovic
- School of Social Sciences, College of Arts, Law and Education and Tasmanian Institute of Law Enforcement Studies (TILES), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Loene M Howes
- School of Social Sciences, College of Arts, Law and Education and Tasmanian Institute of Law Enforcement Studies (TILES), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Rob White
- School of Social Sciences, College of Arts, Law and Education and Tasmanian Institute of Law Enforcement Studies (TILES), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Roberta Julian
- School of Social Sciences, College of Arts, Law and Education and Tasmanian Institute of Law Enforcement Studies (TILES), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kengkard P, Choovuthayakorn J, Mahakkanukrauh C, Chitapanarux N, Intasuwan P, Malatong Y, Sinthubua A, Palee P, Lampang SN, Mahakkanukrauh P. Convolutional neural network of age-related trends digital radiographs of medial clavicle in a Thai population: a preliminary study. Anat Cell Biol 2023; 56:86-93. [PMID: 36655305 PMCID: PMC9989796 DOI: 10.5115/acb.22.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Age at death estimation has always been a crucial yet challenging part of identification process in forensic field. The use of human skeletons have long been explored using the principle of macro and micro-architecture change in correlation with increasing age. The clavicle is recommended as the best candidate for accurate age estimation because of its accessibility, time to maturation and minimal effect from weight. Our study applies pre-trained convolutional neural network in order to achieve the most accurate and cost effective age estimation model using clavicular bone. The total of 988 clavicles of Thai population with known age and sex were radiographed using Kodak 9000 Extra-oral Imaging System. The radiographs then went through preprocessing protocol which include region of interest selection and quality assessment. Additional samples were generated using generative adversarial network. The total clavicular images used in this study were 3,999 which were then separated into training and test set, and the test set were subsequently categorized into 7 age groups. GoogLeNet was modified at two layers and fine tuned the parameters. The highest validation accuracy was 89.02% but the test set achieved only 30% accuracy. Our results show that the use of medial clavicular radiographs has a potential in the field of age at death estimation, thus, further study is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pittayarat Intasuwan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Yanumart Malatong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Apichat Sinthubua
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Excellence in Osteology Research and Training Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Patison Palee
- College of Arts, Media and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sakarat Na Lampang
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Excellence in Osteology Research and Training Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moreira Araújo R, Vieira Lemos Y, Dias do Nascimento E, Silva Paraizo AH, Wainstein AJA, Drummond-Lage AP. Identification of victims of the collapse of a mine tailing dam in Brumadinho. Forensic Sci Res 2023; 7:580-589. [PMID: 36817257 PMCID: PMC9930756 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2022.2113623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The collapse of the B1 Dam of VALE SA mining company in Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, Brazil was the largest humanitarian disaster and occupational accident in the country's history, and it posed challenges regarding the management and identification of multiple victims. We evaluated the impact of the iron ore tailings on the victims' bodies. We examined the scientific identification of the victims and the dynamics of the disaster over the 1st year after it occurred. We also determined the socio-demographic profiles of the victims. In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, we investigated the expert reports of the victims' biological remains from 25 January 2019 to 25 January 2020. We analysed the socio-demographic data, identification methods, identification status, identification time, and necroscopic information. During the study period, 259 of 270 victims were identified, and 603 biological materials were analysed; among them, 86.2% were body parts and 13.8% were whole bodies. Of the total cases registered that year, 476 (78.9%) were submitted during the first 10 weeks after the disaster. Friction ridge analysis accounted for 67.9% of primary identifications and DNA analysis did so for 91.6% of re-identification cases. Body dismemberment was 3.4 times greater among mine workers than among community victims. Adult males accounted for the greatest number of victims (P < 0.001). Polytraumatic injury was the prevalent single cause of death. Necropsy examination revealed the occurrence of asphyxia in 7% of cases. The higher number of fatalities and greater dismemberment among employees than with community residents underlines the occupational dangers in the mining industry and clarifies the dynamics of the disaster. In the initial weeks after the dam collapsed, friction ridge analysis was the most appropriate method for identification. Subsequently, DNA analysis became the most-used technique for identification and re-identification owing to the great volume of body parts and decomposed biological tissue. Autopsy allowed diagnosis of the causes of death to be clarified according to the Brazilian criminal legal system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Moreira Araújo
- Faculty of Medical Sciences of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil,Instituto Médico Legal André Roquette, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Yara Vieira Lemos
- Faculty of Medical Sciences of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil,Instituto Médico Legal André Roquette, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ana Paula Drummond-Lage
- Faculty of Medical Sciences of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil,CONTACT Ana Paula Drummond-Lage
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rahebi D, Naghavialhosseini A, Pakkhesal M, Rajabi A, Mirzaei F, Salim NA, Sallam M. Palatal Rugae Patterns in Fars, Turkmen, and Sistani Ethnicities in the Eastern Part of the Caspian Littoral of Iran. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13020200. [PMID: 36673008 PMCID: PMC9857795 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In forensic medicine, it is important to identify whole or fragmented bodies. This aim can be particularly challenging in mass disasters. Palatal rugae patterns can be used as a surrogate parameter in forensic medicine. This stems from the difficulty in falsifying these patterns, their resistance to trauma, to decomposition for several days postmortem, and to combustion under high-temperatures, as well as being distinguishable among different races. The present study aimed to analyze the differences in the palatal rugae patterns among three Iranian ethnicities (Fars, Turkmen, and Sistani). This retrospective study involved the use of archived materials. The study casts were selected from the database of patients who visited a private orthodontics clinic. A total of 309 dental casts (103 Fars, 103 Turkmen, and 103 Sistani) were assessed, which belonged to 181 females and 128 males aged between 12 and 30 years (mean: 16.86 ± 3.18 years). The difference in the mean number of palatal rugae in women between the three ethnicities was statistically significant. Also, the differences in the total number of straight rugae were significant between the three ethnic groups. The most common rugae shapes in the three ethnic groups were the straight and wavy shapes. The length of the palatal rugae in the primary and secondary rugae among the study subjects younger than 18-years-old was significantly different between the three ethnic groups. Thus, the present research highlighted the differences in palatal rugae patterns among three Iranian ethnicities. Therefore, palatal rugae can be used in forensic medicine as a complementary approach to human identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donya Rahebi
- Dental Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 49138-15739, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Naghavialhosseini
- Orthodontics Department, School of Dentistry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 49138-15739, Iran
| | - Mina Pakkhesal
- Community Oral Health Department, School of Dentistry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 49138-15739, Iran
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (M.S.); Tel.: +962-79-184-5186 (M.S.)
| | - Abdolhalim Rajabi
- Department of Health Management and Social Development Research Center, Faculty of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 49138-15739, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mirzaei
- Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 49138-15739, Iran
| | - Nesreen A. Salim
- Prosthodontic Department, School of Dentistry, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Prosthodontic Department, Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Malik Sallam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (M.S.); Tel.: +962-79-184-5186 (M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Entress RM, Tyler J, Sadiq A. Inequity after death: Exploring the equitable utilization of FEMA's COVID-19 funeral assistance funds. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW 2022; 83:PUAR13572. [PMID: 36712178 PMCID: PMC9874591 DOI: 10.1111/puar.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As of March 2021, the United States had nearly 1 million COVID-19 deaths. To aid families, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) established the Funeral Assistance Program. Using publicly available data, we examine the equitable utilization of FEMA's COVID-19 Funeral Assistance Program funding. Results show a significant relationship between FEMA COVID-19 Funeral Assistance Program funding and some, but not all, social vulnerability components. Specifically, counties with higher percentages of the population with disabilities and higher percentages of minorities receive lower amounts of funding per 100,000 residents. These findings suggest that FEMA's equity efforts are not fully materializing regarding the utilization of the FEMA COVID-19 Funeral Assistance Program funding among socially vulnerable groups. FEMA should broaden its social equity outreach and priorities for those not traditionally considered in social equity discussions, such as people with disabilities while continuing efforts toward traditional social equity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Entress
- School of Public AdministrationUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | | | - Abdul‐Akeem Sadiq
- School of Public AdministrationUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ortiz-Prado E, Vásconez JE, Vallejo-Janeta AP, Morales-Jadán D, Henriquez-Trujillo AR, Rivera-Olivero IA, Andrade F, Lozada T, Garcia-Bereguiain MA. High rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection in funeral home workers in Ecuador: Is it an occupational risk for COVID-19? Front Public Health 2022; 10:1012434. [PMID: 36438256 PMCID: PMC9692081 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1012434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The COVID-19 outbreak has already caused more than 6.5 million deaths, overwhelming health systems worldwide. The unusual demand for funeral home services could make these workers a potential risk group for occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2 associated with corpses management for COVID-19 patients. Methodology This is a cross-sectional study aimed to describe the infection rate of SARS-CoV-2 in funeral home staff by testing them with RT-qPCR in Quito, Ecuador. A total of 232 funeral home workers, representing more than 40% of funeral home personnel in Quito, were included in the study, in June 2020, immediately after the population lockdown was lifted in Ecuador. Results A total of 48 individuals tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, yielding an infection rate of 20.7%. The SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was 18.1 and 20.0% among personnel managing corpses or not managing corpses, respectively. Among the SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, 81.3% reported no symptoms related to COVID-19, and 3 individuals had high viral loads over 108 copies/ml. Conclusion The high SARS-CoV-2 infection rate in funeral home staff suggested a potential occupational risk for COVID-19 but not related to corpses management. Public health guidelines for safe corpses management for COVID-19 victims and safe funeral services should be reinforced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Ortiz-Prado
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador,Universidad Latina de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica,*Correspondence: Esteban Ortiz-Prado
| | - Jorge Eduardo Vásconez
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Diana Morales-Jadán
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Ismar A. Rivera-Olivero
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Felipe Andrade
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Tannya Lozada
- Decanato de Investigación y Vinculación, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Miguel Angel Garcia-Bereguiain
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador,Universidad Latina de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica,Miguel Angel Garcia-Bereguiain
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rapid DNA from a Disaster Victim Identification Perspective: is it a game changer? Forensic Sci Int Genet 2022; 58:102684. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2022.102684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
12
|
Ashbridge SI, Randolph-Quinney PS, Janaway RC, Forbes SL, Ivshina O. Environmental conditions and bodily decomposition: Implications for long term management of war fatalities and the identification of the dead during the ongoing Ukrainian conflict. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2022; 5:100284. [PMID: 36132432 PMCID: PMC9483745 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
13
|
Vithanage M, Mayakaduwage SS, Gunarathne V, Rajapaksha AU, Ahmad M, Abduljabbar A, Usman A, Al-Wabel MI, Ippolito JA, Ok YS. Animal carcass burial management: implications for sustainable biochar use. APPLIED BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 2021; 64:91. [PMID: 34957350 PMCID: PMC8693145 DOI: 10.1186/s13765-021-00652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on existing technologies for carcass and corpse disposal and potential alternative treatment strategies. Furthermore, key issues related to these treatments (e.g., carcass and corpse disposal events, available methods, performances, and limitations) are addressed in conjunction with associated environmental impacts. Simultaneously, various treatment technologies have been evaluated to provide insights into the adsorptive removal of specific pollutants derived from carcass disposal and management. In this regard, it has been proposed that a low-cost pollutant sorbent may be utilized, namely, biochar. Biochar has demonstrated the ability to remove (in)organic pollutants and excess nutrients from soils and waters; thus, we identify possible biochar uses for soil and water remediation at carcass and corpse disposal sites. To date, however, little emphasis has been placed on potential biochar use to manage such disposal sites. We highlight the need for strategic efforts to accurately assess biochar effectiveness when applied towards the remediation of complex pollutants produced and circulated within carcass and corpse burial systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250 Sri Lanka
| | - S. S. Mayakaduwage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250 Sri Lanka
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Viraj Gunarathne
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250 Sri Lanka
| | - Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250 Sri Lanka
| | - Mahtab Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320 Pakistan
| | - Adel Abduljabbar
- Industrial Psychology, College of Education, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Usman
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad I. Al-Wabel
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - James A. Ippolito
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management and Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Putra A, Kamil H, Yuswardi Y, Wardani E. What Should Public Health Nurses Do in the Preparedness Phase of Disaster? Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Disasters will lead to various problems in the community that cannot be resolved through standard procedures and require the assistance of other resources. Natural and human-caused disasters have been and will continue to occur throughout the world. This event strongly encouraged the nursing profession to develop a strategic plan to address the situation, which challenges the PHNs to handle catastrophic situations. The goal of the study was to explore the perceived knowledge and skills of PHNs in disaster management. A systematic review approach was applied, sources of information derived from the literature were obtained through various methods. In this study, the knowledge and skills of the PHNs in disaster management are discussed at the disaster preparedness stage (disaster risk and population identification, including inter-agency collaboration). PHNs should always be aware and ready for future disaster occurrences by enhancing their knowledge and heightening their clinical practice skills, particularly in disaster management. In addition, the collaboration among the Health Department and other institutions is required to develop regular disaster drills between healthcare providers and communities to enhance self-awareness and preparedness regarding emergency and disaster events.
Collapse
|
15
|
Suwalowska H, Amara F, Roberts N, Kingori P. Ethical and sociocultural challenges in managing dead bodies during epidemics and natural disasters. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2021-006345. [PMID: 34740913 PMCID: PMC8573672 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Catastrophic natural disasters and epidemics claim thousands of lives and have severe and lasting consequences, accompanied by human suffering. The Ebola epidemic of 2014–2016 and the current COVID-19 pandemic have revealed some of the practical and ethical complexities relating to the management of dead bodies. While frontline staff are tasked with saving lives, managing the bodies of those who die remains an under-resourced and overlooked issue, with numerous ethical and practical problems globally. Methods This scoping review of literature examines the management of dead bodies during epidemics and natural disasters. 82 articles were reviewed, of which only a small number were empirical studies focusing on ethical or sociocultural issues that emerge in the management of dead bodies. Results We have identified a wide range of ethical and sociocultural challenges, such as ensuring dignity for the deceased while protecting the living, honouring the cultural and religious rituals surrounding death, alleviating the suffering that accompanies grieving for the survivors and mitigating inequalities of resource allocation. It was revealed that several ethical and sociocultural issues arise at all stages of body management: notification, retrieving, identification, storage and burial of dead bodies. Conclusion While practical issues with managing dead bodies have been discussed in the global health literature and the ethical and sociocultural facets of handling the dead have been recognised, they are nonetheless not given adequate attention. Further research is needed to ensure care for the dead in epidemics and that natural disasters are informed by ethical best practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Halina Suwalowska
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, Ethox Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Fatu Amara
- Department of Chemistry, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nia Roberts
- Population Health and Primary Care Bodleian Health Care Libraries, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Patricia Kingori
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, Ethox Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Factors affecting management of corpses of the confirmed COVID-19 patients during pandemic: A systematic review. J Forensic Leg Med 2021; 84:102273. [PMID: 34742123 PMCID: PMC8562040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The global spread of the COVID 19 disease and the concerning rise in the number of corpses of the patients dying of the disease has caused challenges in handling the corpses by the health system and relevant organizations in most countries. The aim of the present study was to investigate factors affecting the corpse management process of the patients dying of COVID 19. Materials and methods This study was a systematic review of literature using the PRISMA guideline. Without time limit until the end of January 2021, the studies related to corpse management in patients with COVID 19 were extracted from the data resources of Medline (PubMed), Web of Science, Google scholar, Embase, ProQuest, Scopus, Iranmedex, SID, and ISC, and also the reference lists of selected studies, as well as other systematic reviews, key journals, and proceedings of conferences and congresses. Finally, thematic analysis was used to analyze the obtained data. Results 190 studies were identified based on the initial search, and finally 21 studies were entered into analysis. Based on the systematic review and thematic content analysis, challenges in the process of managing the corpses of COVID-19 victims were divided into three main themes and eight sub-themes. The themes included psychosocial factors, environmental factors, and resources, and the sub-themes included supporting survivors, customs, values, infection control, corpse identification and burial, corpse transferring, equipment, and governments’ capacity. Conclusion Implementing psychological, social, and spiritual support programs for grieving families, the observance of customs and values governing the community at the time of funeral and burial, and planning to control infection and safety in the process of maintenance, transfer to the cemetery and safe burial are the most important strategies that can be used in the process of corpse management. Utilizing and aligning religious leaders with the health system in order to inform people about the ways of disease transmission from the bodies and to use alternative solutions for holding religious and cultural ceremonies (e.g., virtual mourning), as well as providing personal protective equipment to those in close contact with corpses, the development and implementation of health protocols for managing possibly a large number of bodies, capacity building, and anticipating necessary resources are highly recommended strategies.
Collapse
|
17
|
Loockerman C, Miller B, Ramsey R, Hughes S, Houston R. Collection and storage of DVI samples with microFLOQ® Direct swabs for direct amplification. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2021; 55:102588. [PMID: 34488175 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2021.102588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The rapid identification of decomposing human remains is a crucial component of disaster victim identification (DVI), often occurring in remote areas without access to laboratory or storage facilities. Due to the ease of collection and amenability to storage in harsh conditions, swabs may be used to collect DNA from decomposing remains as an alternative to sampling tissue or bone. Direct amplification could further streamline the process and reduce costs. This study investigated the efficacy of direct amplification of DVI samples using microFLOQ® Direct swabs and the QIAGEN Investigator QS GO! Kit. A comparison of performance between direct amplification and traditional methods was made to assess whether direct amplification offered an improvement to traditional methods. DNA was collected by swabbing the muscle of a decomposing human cadaver using three swab types (ADS Genetics 4N6FLOQSwabs®, NADS Genetics 4N6FLOQSwabs®, and the microFLOQ® Direct swab). Traditional swabs (4N6FLOQSwabs®) were extracted and quantified, while a direct amplification strategy was used with the microFLOQ® Direct swabs coupled with the Investigator 24Plex GO! Kit. Processing of the microFLOQ® Direct swabs were optimized and a hybrid strategy that used 4N6FLOQSwabs® to collect and store DNA before swabbing or "subsampling" the 4N6FLOQSwabs® for processing with microFLOQ® Direct swabs was developed. This hybrid strategy allowed for rapid processing without the consumption of the original sample. Traditional and direct PCR methods were comparable up to day 10 of decomposition depending on the sample location and for up to 3 months of storage at room temperature. This research indicated that microFLOQ® Direct swabs in conjunction with the Investigator 24Plex GO! Kit can be used to facilitate rapid direct processing of DNA from decomposing human remains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coral Loockerman
- Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Blvd., Huntsville, TX 77340-2525, United States
| | - Brittanie Miller
- Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Blvd., Huntsville, TX 77340-2525, United States
| | - Rebecca Ramsey
- Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Blvd., Huntsville, TX 77340-2525, United States
| | - Sheree Hughes
- Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Blvd., Huntsville, TX 77340-2525, United States
| | - Rachel Houston
- Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Blvd., Huntsville, TX 77340-2525, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Al-Dawoody A, Winter KA, Finegan O. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC): Management of the dead under Islamic law. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL: REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2021.100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
19
|
Barnert E, Katsanis SH, Mishori R, Wagner JK, Selden RF, Madden D, Berger D, Erlich H, Hampton K, Kleiser A, La Vaccara A, Parsons TJ, Peccerelli FA, Piñero MH, Stebbins MJ, Vásquez P, Warf CW, White TJ, Stover E, Svetaz MV. Using DNA to reunify separated migrant families. Science 2021; 372:1154-1156. [PMID: 34045324 DOI: 10.1126/science.abh3979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Barnert
- The list of author affiliations is available in the supplementary materials
| | - Sara H Katsanis
- The list of author affiliations is available in the supplementary materials.
| | - Ranit Mishori
- The list of author affiliations is available in the supplementary materials
| | - Jennifer K Wagner
- The list of author affiliations is available in the supplementary materials
| | - Richard F Selden
- The list of author affiliations is available in the supplementary materials
| | - Diana Madden
- The list of author affiliations is available in the supplementary materials
| | - Dan Berger
- The list of author affiliations is available in the supplementary materials
| | - Henry Erlich
- The list of author affiliations is available in the supplementary materials
| | - Kathryn Hampton
- The list of author affiliations is available in the supplementary materials
| | - Andreas Kleiser
- The list of author affiliations is available in the supplementary materials
| | | | - Thomas J Parsons
- The list of author affiliations is available in the supplementary materials
| | - Fredy A Peccerelli
- The list of author affiliations is available in the supplementary materials
| | | | - Michael J Stebbins
- The list of author affiliations is available in the supplementary materials
| | - Patricia Vásquez
- The list of author affiliations is available in the supplementary materials
| | - Curren W Warf
- The list of author affiliations is available in the supplementary materials
| | - Thomas J White
- The list of author affiliations is available in the supplementary materials
| | - Eric Stover
- The list of author affiliations is available in the supplementary materials
| | - M Veronica Svetaz
- The list of author affiliations is available in the supplementary materials
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Potente S, Ramsthaler F, Kettner M, Ikeda T, Schmidt P. Application of the "bubbling" procedure to dead body portraits in forensic identification. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:1655-1659. [PMID: 33547517 PMCID: PMC8205861 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Purpose A procedure is needed for bodies with disfiguring injuries to the face and the use of their portrait for visual identification. Method We present the application of a simple image processing procedure, otherwise known as ”bubbling,” which is based on the concept of ”perceptual filling-in,” to images for visual identification in the forensic context. The method is straight forward and can be performed using readily available software and hardware.. Results The method is demonstrated and examples are shown. The visual recognition of known persons using “bubbled” images was successfully tested. Conclusion The “bubbling” procedure for visual identification enhancement is quick and straightforward and may be attempted before escalating to more involved identification methods and procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Potente
- Department of Legal Medicine, University of Saarland Medical School, Kirrberger Straße, Gebäude 49.1, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Frank Ramsthaler
- Department of Legal Medicine, University of Saarland Medical School, Kirrberger Straße, Gebäude 49.1, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Mattias Kettner
- Department of Legal Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt Medical School, Kennedyallee 104, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tomoya Ikeda
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Asahimachi 1-4-3, Abenoku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Peter Schmidt
- Department of Legal Medicine, University of Saarland Medical School, Kirrberger Straße, Gebäude 49.1, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Entress RM, Tyler J, Sadiq A. Managing Mass Fatalities during COVID-19: Lessons for Promoting Community Resilience during Global Pandemics. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW 2020; 80:856-861. [PMID: 32836441 PMCID: PMC7280632 DOI: 10.1111/puar.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In the United States and around the world, COVID-19 represents a mass fatality incident, as there are more bodies than can be handled using existing resources. Although the management and disposition of bodies is distressing and heartrending, it is a task that local, state, and federal governments must plan for and respond to collaboratively with the private sector and faith-based community. When mass fatalities are mismanaged, there are grave emotional and mental health consequences that can delay recovery and undermine community resilience. Using insights from one author's mass fatality management research during the 2010 Haiti earthquake, this Viewpoint essay explores how mass fatalities are being managed in response to COVID-19. Based on the researcher's findings a decade ago, it is apparent that many lessons have not been learned. The essay concludes by providing governments with practical lessons on how to manage mass fatalities to facilitate and promote community resilience.
Collapse
|
22
|
Gin K, Tovar J, Bartelink EJ, Kendell A, Milligan C, Willey P, Wood J, Tan E, Turingan RS, Selden RF. The 2018 California Wildfires: Integration of Rapid DNA to Dramatically Accelerate Victim Identification. J Forensic Sci 2020; 65:791-799. [PMID: 32128817 PMCID: PMC7318200 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In November 2018, Butte County, California, was decimated by the Camp Fire, the deadliest wildfire in state history. Over 150,000 acres were destroyed, and at its peak, the fire consumed eighty acres per minute. The speed and intensity of the oncoming flames killed scores of people, and weeks before the fire was contained, first responders began searching through the rubble of 18,804 residences and commercial buildings. As with most mass disasters, conventional identification modalities (e.g., fingerprints, odontology, hardware) were utilized to identify victims. The intensity and duration of the fire severely degraded most of the remains, and these approaches were useful in only 22 of 84 cases. In the past, the remaining cases would have been subjected to conventional DNA analysis, which may have required months to years. Instead, Rapid DNA technology was utilized (in a rented recreational vehicle outside the Sacramento morgue) in the victim identification effort. Sixty-nine sets of remains were subjected to Rapid DNA Identification and, of these, 62 (89.9%) generated short tandem repeat profiles that were subjected to familial searching; essentially all these profiles were produced within hours of sample receipt. Samples successfully utilized for DNA identification included blood, bone, liver, muscle, soft tissue of unknown origin, and brain. In tandem with processing of 255 family reference samples, 58 victims were identified. This work represents the first use of Rapid DNA Identification in a mass casualty event, and the results support the use of Rapid DNA as an integrated tool with conventional disaster victim identification modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Gin
- Sacramento County Coroner's Office4800 BroadwaySacramentoCA95820
| | - Jason Tovar
- Sacramento County Coroner's Office4800 BroadwaySacramentoCA95820
| | - Eric J. Bartelink
- Department of AnthropologyCalifornia State University400 West First StreetChicoCA95929
| | - Ashley Kendell
- Department of AnthropologyCalifornia State University400 West First StreetChicoCA95929
| | - Colleen Milligan
- Department of AnthropologyCalifornia State University400 West First StreetChicoCA95929
| | - P. Willey
- Department of AnthropologyCalifornia State University400 West First StreetChicoCA95929
| | - James Wood
- Sonoma County Sheriff‐Coroner Office3336 Chanate RoadSanta RosaCA95404
| | - Eugene Tan
- ANDE Corporation266 Second AvenueWalthamMA024551
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Forrest A. Forensic odontology in DVI: current practice and recent advances. Forensic Sci Res 2019; 4:316-330. [PMID: 32002490 PMCID: PMC6968523 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2019.1678710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Forensic odontology frequently plays a significant role in identification of the victims of multi-fatality disasters, but not in all. It depends on adequate dental remains surviving the disaster and on the availability of dental records to be successful. This paper describes current practice in the techniques of identification in forensic odontology and outlines recent advances that are moving into the mainstream.Key PointsForensic odontology plays a key role in mass disaster victim identification (DVI) when good-quality antemortem (AM) dental records are available.Images including radiographs, computerized tomography (CT) data and three-dimensional (3D) scan data are considered more reliable AM records than written dental charts and odontograms.Interpretation, transcription and comparison of dental datasets are complex processes that should be undertaken only by trained dental professionals.The future of forensic odontology DVI techniques is likely to include the use of 3D datasets for comparison.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Forrest
- Health Support Queensland Forensic and Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.,School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Blau S, Sterenberg J, Weeden P, Urzedo F, Wright R, Watson C. Exploring non-invasive approaches to assist in the detection of clandestine human burials: developing a way forward. Forensic Sci Res 2019; 3:304-326. [PMID: 30788449 PMCID: PMC6374940 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2018.1493809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The analyses of physical evidence recovered from clandestine single and mass graves have been demonstrated to be of significant evidential and/or investigative value for both court purposes and humanitarian investigations. The detection of these types of graves is, therefore, pivotal to forensic investigations. This article reviews different remote and ground-based methods that have been used to attempt to detect deliberately concealed burial sites and summarizes the experimental research that has, to date, been undertaken in order to improve grave detection. The article then presents the preliminary findings of research being undertaken at the Australian Facility for Taphonomic Experimental Research (AFTER). This research, the first of its kind to be undertaken in the southern hemisphere, is based on experimental single and mass graves using human cadavers. The research is centred on current remote sensing methods and techniques combined with the analysis of the effects of below-ground temperature and moisture and ground-based weather data. It is hoped that identifying successful sensors and detectors will be beneficial to national and international agencies that are involved in forensic as well as humanitarian investigations that require the detection of deliberately concealed gravesites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soren Blau
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jon Sterenberg
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Chris Watson
- New South Wales (NSW) Office of Environment and Heritage, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gunawardena SA, Samaranayake R, Dias V, Pranavan S, Mendis A, Perera J. Challenges in implementing best practice DVI guidelines in low resource settings: lessons learnt from the Meethotamulla garbage dump mass disaster. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2018; 15:125-130. [PMID: 30306346 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-018-0033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The management of mass fatalities following disasters is a complex process which requires the involvement of multiple stakeholders and resources. A garbage dump at Meethotamulla in Sri Lanka suddenly collapsed, resulting in the death of 32 individuals. Efforts to implement best practice guidelines in Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) during this disaster revealed several important aspects that need to be considered by the forensic community. Delays in initiating the legal processes to investigate and manage the incident resulted in public dissatisfaction towards the post-disaster management process. Body recovery by Police and military personnel without the involvement of medical teams had numerous shortcomings including the lack of proper tagging and photography, commingling of body parts, and non-preservation of personal items. Public expectation and demand for early release of the bodies conflicted with the necessity to undergo a stringent DVI process according to best practice guidelines. Many adaptations and alternate strategies were necessary to ensure that DVI could be done scientifically. The use of primary identification markers including odontology and DNA had many limitations including non-availability of antemortem data, resource availability and cost. Identification was established using a combination of secondary identification markers including clothing, jewelry, scars, tattoos, morphological descriptions and circumstantial evidence. In two cases, odontological features further supported positive identification. Samples for DNA were obtained and preserved but were not utilized in establishing the identities. This paper highlights the need for better public awareness and multidisciplinary commitment in managing mass fatalities and also reflects on the challenges of implementing best practice DVI guidelines in low-resource settings with different legal and socio-cultural expectations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameera A Gunawardena
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
| | - Ravindra Samaranayake
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Vianney Dias
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Selliah Pranavan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Asela Mendis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Jean Perera
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
de Boer HH, Blau S, Delabarde T, Hackman L. The role of forensic anthropology in disaster victim identification (DVI): recent developments and future prospects. Forensic Sci Res 2018; 4:303-315. [PMID: 32002489 PMCID: PMC6968550 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2018.1480460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Forensic anthropological knowledge has been used in disaster victim identification (DVI) for over a century, but over the past decades, there have been a number of disaster events which have seen an increasing role for the forensic anthropologist. The experiences gained from some of the latest DVI operations have provided valuable lessons that have had an effect on the role and perceived value of the forensic anthropologist as part of the team managing the DVI process. This paper provides an overview of the ways in which forensic anthropologists may contribute to DVI with emphasis on how recent experiences and developments in forensic anthropology have augmented these contributions. Consequently, this paper reviews the value of forensic anthropological expertise at the disaster scene and in the mortuary, and discusses the way in which forensic anthropologists may use imaging in DVI efforts. Tissue-sampling strategies for DNA analysis, especially in the case of disasters with a large amount of fragmented remains, are also discussed. Additionally, consideration is given to the identification of survivors; the statistical basis of identification; the challenges related to some specific disaster scenarios; and education and training. Although forensic anthropologists can play a valuable role in different phases of a DVI operation, they never practice in isolation. The DVI process requires a multidisciplinary approach and, therefore, has a close collaboration with a range of forensic specialists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans H. de Boer
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Soren Blau
- Department of Forensic Services, Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Monash, Australia
| | | | - Lucina Hackman
- Centre for Anatomy and Human ID (CAHID), University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Cordner
- Head, International Programmes, Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Southbank, 3006, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Caplova Z, Obertova Z, Gibelli DM, De Angelis D, Mazzarelli D, Sforza C, Cattaneo C. Personal Identification of Deceased Persons: An Overview of the Current Methods Based on Physical Appearance. J Forensic Sci 2018; 63:662-671. [PMID: 28973829 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of the physical appearance of the deceased has become more important because the available antemortem information for comparisons may consist only of a physical description and photographs. Twenty-one articles dealing with the identification based on the physiognomic features of the human body were selected for review and were divided into four sections: (i) visual recognition, (ii) specific facial/body areas, (iii) biometrics, and (iv) dental superimposition. While opinions about the reliability of the visual recognition differ, the search showed that it has been used in mass disasters, even without testing its objectivity and reliability. Specific facial areas being explored for the identification of dead; however, their practical use is questioned, similarly to soft biometrics. The emerging dental superimposition seems to be the only standardized and successfully applied method for identification so far. More research is needed into a potential use of the individualizing features, considering that postmortem changes and technical difficulties may affect the identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Caplova
- Dipartimento di Morfologia e Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Medicina Legale, LABANOF, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 37, Milan, 20133, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Zuzana Obertova
- Dipartimento di Morfologia e Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Medicina Legale, LABANOF, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 37, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Daniele M Gibelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Danilo De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Morfologia e Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Medicina Legale, LABANOF, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 37, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Debora Mazzarelli
- Dipartimento di Morfologia e Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Medicina Legale, LABANOF, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 37, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Cristina Cattaneo
- Dipartimento di Morfologia e Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Medicina Legale, LABANOF, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 37, Milan, 20133, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Francisco RA, Evison MP, Costa Junior MLD, Silveira TCP, Secchieri JM, Guimarães MA. Validation of a standard forensic anthropology examination protocol by measurement of applicability and reliability on exhumed and archive samples of known biological attribution. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 279:241-250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
30
|
Cordner S, Ellingham STD. Two halves make a whole: Both first responders and experts are needed for the management and identification of the dead in large disasters. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 279:60-64. [PMID: 28846914 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Catastrophic natural disasters are a regular global issue claiming thousands of lives and having severe and long lasting consequences for communities. Along with the rescue and care of survivors and the provision of basic services, managing the dead in a proper and dignified manner is one of the three pillars of disaster response. Since the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, progress to facilitate better coordination in the management of the dead has been made. Two guidelines contributing to this positive trend are the Interpol DVI Guide, and the "Management of the Dead after Disasters - A Field Manual for First Responders". The former is aimed at forensic specialists and emergency services, the latter at untrained first responders confronted with the management of the dead when specialist forensic services are not available. This paper sets out the complementarity of the two publications, illustrating that ideally, both first responders and experts are needed to properly manage and identify the dead following large disasters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Cordner
- Monash University, Australia; International Programmes, Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Australia
| | - S T D Ellingham
- Forensic Unit, International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Critical issues in the historical and contemporary development of forensic anthropology in Australia: An international comparison. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 275:314.e1-314.e8. [PMID: 28449842 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this brief critical qualitative analysis is to examine the development of forensic anthropology in Australia, at a time of significant change in the discipline. It will briefly summarise its historical establishment, making comparative reference to other regions-particularly the United Kingdom and United States, and the influence of the Bali Bombings of 2002, Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami of 2004 and Black Saturday Bushfires of 2009. The analysis goes on to consider key factors in research in forensic anthropology in the United States, and the development of standards and regulation in the US and UK. The significance of research in post-mortem diagenesis in Brazil-a country sharing aspects of climate, soil types and demography with Australia-is also considered, as well as the significance of patterns of casework encountered in Australia compared with those of other jurisdictions. While forensic anthropology as a discipline has grown remarkably in recent years, this analysis suggests that research and training tailored to the specific pattern of casework encountered in Australia is now essential to support the development of national standards in science, education, and professional regulation. The significance of the establishment of the first taphonomy research facility outside of the US-the Australian Facility for Taphonomic Experimental Research-is briefly considered with reference to what this facility may offer to the development of forensic anthropology in Australia.
Collapse
|
32
|
Use of Facial Recognition Software to Identify Disaster Victims With Facial Injuries. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2017; 11:568-572. [PMID: 28393744 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2016.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE After large-scale disasters, victim identification frequently presents a challenge and a priority for responders attempting to reunite families and ensure proper identification of deceased persons. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether currently commercially available facial recognition software can successfully identify disaster victims with facial injuries. METHODS Photos of 106 people were taken before and after application of moulage designed to simulate traumatic facial injuries. These photos as well as photos from volunteers' personal photo collections were analyzed by using facial recognition software to determine whether this technology could accurately identify a person with facial injuries. RESULTS The study results suggest that a responder could expect to get a correct match between submitted photos and photos of injured patients between 39% and 45% of the time and a much higher percentage of correct returns if submitted photos were of optimal quality with percentages correct exceeding 90% in most situations. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that the use of this software would provide significant benefit to responders. Although a correct result was returned only 40% of the time, this would still likely represent a benefit for a responder trying to identify hundreds or thousands of victims. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:568-572).
Collapse
|
33
|
Caplova Z, Obertova Z, Gibelli DM, Mazzarelli D, Fracasso T, Vanezis P, Sforza C, Cattaneo C. The Reliability of Facial Recognition of Deceased Persons on Photographs. J Forensic Sci 2017; 62:1286-1291. [PMID: 28205214 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In humanitarian emergencies, such as the current deceased migrants in the Mediterranean, antemortem documentation needed for identification may be limited. The use of visual identification has been previously reported in cases of mass disasters such as Thai tsunami. This pilot study explores the ability of observers to match unfamiliar faces of living and dead persons and whether facial morphology can be used for identification. A questionnaire was given to 41 students and five professionals in the field of forensic identification with the task to choose whether a facial photograph corresponds to one of the five photographs in a lineup and to identify the most useful features used for recognition. Although the overall recognition score did not significantly differ between professionals and students, the median scores of 78.1% and 80.0%, respectively, were too low to consider this method as a reliable identification method and thus needs to be supported by other means.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Caplova
- LABANOF, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Zuzana Obertova
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele M Gibelli
- LABANOF, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Debora Mazzarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Tony Fracasso
- University Center of Legal Medicine, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peter Vanezis
- Cameron Forensic Medical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- LABANOF, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Cattaneo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ribéreau-Gayon A, Rando C, Schuliar Y, Chapenoire S, Crema ER, Claes J, Seret B, Maleret V, Morgan RM. Extensive unusual lesions on a large number of immersed human victims found to be from cookiecutter sharks (Isistius spp.): an examination of the Yemenia plane crash. Int J Legal Med 2016; 131:423-432. [PMID: 27623973 PMCID: PMC5306341 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-016-1449-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Accurate determination of the origin and timing of trauma is key in medicolegal investigations when the cause and manner of death are unknown. However, distinction between criminal and accidental perimortem trauma and postmortem modifications can be challenging when facing unidentified trauma. Postmortem examination of the immersed victims of the Yemenia airplane crash (Comoros, 2009) demonstrated the challenges in diagnosing extensive unusual circular lesions found on the corpses. The objective of this study was to identify the origin and timing of occurrence (peri- or postmortem) of the lesions.A retrospective multidisciplinary study using autopsy reports (n = 113) and postmortem digital photos (n = 3 579) was conducted. Of the 113 victims recovered from the crash, 62 (54.9 %) presented unusual lesions (n = 560) with a median number of 7 (IQR 3 ∼ 13) and a maximum of 27 per corpse. The majority of lesions were elliptic (58 %) and had an area smaller than 10 cm2 (82.1 %). Some lesions (6.8 %) also showed clear tooth notches on their edges. These findings identified most of the lesions as consistent with postmortem bite marks from cookiecutter sharks (Isistius spp.). It suggests that cookiecutter sharks were important agents in the degradation of the corpses and thus introduced potential cognitive bias in the research of the cause and manner of death. A novel set of evidence-based identification criteria for cookiecutter bite marks on human bodies is developed to facilitate more accurate medicolegal diagnosis of cookiecutter bites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Ribéreau-Gayon
- Department of Security and Crime Science - Centre for the Forensic Sciences, University College London, 35 Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9EZ, UK.
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-34 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PY, UK.
| | - Carolyn Rando
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-34 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PY, UK
| | - Yves Schuliar
- Forensic and Criminal Intelligence Agency of the French Gendarmerie, 5, boulevard de l'Hautil, 95300, Pontoise, France
| | - Stéphane Chapenoire
- Forensic and Criminal Intelligence Agency of the French Gendarmerie, 5, boulevard de l'Hautil, 95300, Pontoise, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Pôle Odontologie et Santé Buccale, Service de Médecine Bucco-Dentaire, GHP, place Amélie Rabat-Léon, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Enrico R Crema
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-34 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PY, UK
- Department of Archaeology & Anthropology, Division of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DZ, UK
| | - Julien Claes
- Marine Biology Laboratory, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Kellner building, 3, Place Croix du Sud - bte L7.06.04, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Bernard Seret
- Ichtyo Consult, 6 bis rue du Centre, 91430, Igny, France
| | - Vincent Maleret
- Maison de Santé de Blaye, 1 rue Nicole Girard-Mangin, 33390, Blaye, France
| | - Ruth M Morgan
- Department of Security and Crime Science - Centre for the Forensic Sciences, University College London, 35 Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9EZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Franklin D, Swift L, Flavel A. ‘Virtual anthropology’ and radiographic imaging in the Forensic Medical Sciences. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
36
|
Abstract
As well as protecting DNA for subsequent analysis, tissue preservation methods ideally should be safe, readily available, and easy to transport at relatively low cost. Formalin (formaldehyde solution), used extensively to preserve medical and museum specimens, irreparably damages DNA. We have found four tissue preservatives (solid salt, salt-saturated dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-EDTA solution, ethanol solution, and ethanol-EDTA solution) that preserved muscle tissue at 35 °C for up to 1 month: full short tandem repeat (STR) profiles were obtained after preservation. In addition, salt-saturated DMSO-EDTA solution yielded full STR profiles from aliquots of the liquid preservative surrounding muscle tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis McNevin
- National Centre for Forensic Studies, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Masys AJ. Pandemic Influenza Planning for the Mental Health Security of Survivors of Mass Deaths. ADVANCED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR SECURITY APPLICATIONS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7123715 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27914-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
38
|
Baad RK, Belgaumi U, Vibhute N, Kadashetti V, Chandrappa PR, Gugwad S. Proposing national identification number on dental prostheses as universal personal identification code - A revolution in forensic odontology. J Forensic Dent Sci 2015; 7:84-9. [PMID: 26005294 PMCID: PMC4430580 DOI: 10.4103/0975-1475.156138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper identification of a decedent is not only important for humanitarian and emotional reasons, but also for legal and administrative purposes. During the reconstructive identification process, all necessary information is gathered from the unknown body of the victim and hence that an objective reconstructed profile can be established. Denture marking systems are being used in various situations, and a number of direct and indirect methods are reported. We propose that national identification numbers be incorporated in all removable and fixed prostheses, so as to adopt a single and definitive universal personal identification code with the aim of achieving a uniform, standardized, easy, and fast identification method worldwide for forensic identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra K Baad
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Karad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Uzma Belgaumi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Karad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nupura Vibhute
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Karad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vidya Kadashetti
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Karad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pramod Redder Chandrappa
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Karad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sushma Gugwad
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Karad, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Recent shifts in the occurrence, cause, and magnitude of animal mass mortality events. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:1083-8. [PMID: 25583498 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414894112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass mortality events (MMEs) are rapidly occurring catastrophic demographic events that punctuate background mortality levels. Individual MMEs are staggering in their observed magnitude: removing more than 90% of a population, resulting in the death of more than a billion individuals, or producing 700 million tons of dead biomass in a single event. Despite extensive documentation of individual MMEs, we have no understanding of the major features characterizing the occurrence and magnitude of MMEs, their causes, or trends through time. Thus, no framework exists for contextualizing MMEs in the wake of ongoing global and regional perturbations to natural systems. Here we present an analysis of 727 published MMEs from across the globe, affecting 2,407 animal populations. We show that the magnitude of MMEs has been intensifying for birds, fishes, and marine invertebrates; invariant for mammals; and decreasing for reptiles and amphibians. These shifts in magnitude proved robust when we accounted for an increase in the occurrence of MMEs since 1940. However, it remains unclear whether the increase in the occurrence of MMEs represents a true pattern or simply a perceived increase. Regardless, the increase in MMEs appears to be associated with a rise in disease emergence, biotoxicity, and events produced by multiple interacting stressors, yet temporal trends in MME causes varied among taxa and may be associated with increased detectability. In addition, MMEs with the largest magnitudes were those that resulted from multiple stressors, starvation, and disease. These results advance our understanding of rare demographic processes and their relationship to global and regional perturbations to natural systems.
Collapse
|
40
|
Gershon RRM, Orr MG, Zhi Q, Merrill JA, Chen DY, Riley HEM, Sherman MF. Mass fatality preparedness among medical examiners/coroners in the United States: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2014; 15:1275. [PMID: 25511819 PMCID: PMC4320632 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the United States (US), Medical Examiners and Coroners (ME/Cs) have the legal authority for the management of mass fatality incidents (MFI). Yet, preparedness and operational capabilities in this sector remain largely unknown. The purpose of this study was twofold; first, to identify appropriate measures of preparedness, and second, to assess preparedness levels and factors significantly associated with preparedness. Methods Three separate checklists were developed to measure different aspects of preparedness: MFI Plan Elements, Operational Capabilities, and Pre-existing Resource Networks. Using a cross-sectional study design, data on these and other variables of interest were collected in 2014 from a national convenience sample of ME/C using an internet-based, anonymous survey. Preparedness levels were determined and compared across Federal Regions and in relation to the number of Presidential Disaster Declarations, also by Federal Region. Bivariate logistic and multivariable models estimated the associations between organizational characteristics and relative preparedness. Results A large proportion (42%) of respondents reported that less than 25 additional fatalities over a 48-hour period would exceed their response capacities. The preparedness constructs measured three related, yet distinct, aspects of preparedness, with scores highly variable and generally suboptimal. Median scores for the three preparedness measures also varied across Federal Regions and as compared to the number of Presidential Declared Disasters, also by Federal Region. Capacity was especially limited for activating missing persons call centers, launching public communications, especially via social media, and identifying temporary interment sites. The provision of staff training was the only factor studied that was significantly (positively) associated (p < .05) with all three preparedness measures. Although ME/Cs ranked local partners, such as Offices of Emergency Management, first responders, and funeral homes, as the most important sources of assistance, a sizeable proportion (72%) expected federal assistance. Conclusions The three measures of MFI preparedness allowed for a broad and comprehensive assessment of preparedness. In the future, these measures can serve as useful benchmarks or criteria for assessing ME/Cs preparedness. The study findings suggest multiple opportunities for improvement, including the development and implementation of national strategies to ensure uniform standards for MFI management across all jurisdictions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1275) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn R M Gershon
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Institute for Health Policy Studies, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Şahin A, Alp Ertem M, Emür E. Using containers as storage facilities in humanitarian logistics. JOURNAL OF HUMANITARIAN LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1108/jhlscm-08-2013-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of freight containers to store relief items instead of operating a permanent warehouse building.
Design/methodology/approach
– A mathematical model is developed to determine the location and quantity of containers as well as the type and amount of relief supplies to store in order to investigate the practicality of using freight containers for storage. The model is tested using earthquake risk data, estimates of population under risk, and the distances between cities. An experimental study is performed using Turkish Prime Ministry Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (abbreviated as AFAD in Turkish) data for total number of relief supplies.
Findings
– Considering the earthquake risk of possible locations, the results of the study indicate the target locations for containers. The idea of using containers as storage facilities helped beneficiaries to be reached within a short distance and in an efficient way.
Research limitations/implications
– The presented model is not implemented in real life disaster relief operations even if it is tested with real earthquake risk, demand and distance data.
Practical implications
– To apply this model in practice, the container locations within cities should be determined and managerial operations such as maintenance, environmental, and security planning have to be considered.
Originality/value
– This study presents the first analysis of three sub-topics’ intersection: warehousing, pre-positioning in disaster relief, and containerization. To the best of authors’ knowledge, containers have not been considered for storage of relief items in humanitarian logistics before.
Collapse
|
42
|
Hartman D, Benton L, Spiden M, Stock A. The Victorian missing persons DNA database – two interesting case studies. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2014.922617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
43
|
Affiliation(s)
- Alex John London
- Center for Ethics and Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lisa S. Parker
- Center for Bioethics and Health Law, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jay D. Aronson
- Center for Human Rights Science, Department of History, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Murakami H, Akashi H, Noda S, Mizoue T, Okazaki O, Ouchi Y, Okaji Y, Kajiwara C, Miyoshi C. A cross-sectional survey of blood pressure of a coastal city's resident victims of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami. Am J Hypertens 2013; 26:799-807. [PMID: 23455946 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpt022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood pressure (BP) increase as a reaction to major disasters has been well documented; however, the impact has been underdocumented for tsunamis. This study aimed to confirm whether different levels of flooding/inundation and other damage caused by the 2011 Tohoku (northeast Japan) tsunami were associated with BP among resident victims in Higashi-Matsushima, Miyagi. METHODS Cross-sectional household screening was conducted 7-19 weeks after the disaster in administrative areas totally or partially flooded by the tsunami. Systolic and diastolic BP (SBP/DBP) were measured in 4,311 residents. RESULTS There was a degree-dependent association between SBP/DBP and flooding height above sea level among victims not on antihypertensive medication (P < 0.01 for both). Disruption of the gas supply was also significantly associated with SBP/DBP (P < 0.01 for both). Among individuals on antihypertensive medication, the discontinuation of medication was associated with SBP/DBP (P < 0.01 for both). After adjusting for confounding and multiplicity, a matched case-control analysis did not identify any significant associations between the tsunami or lifeline indicators and high BP (SBP ≥160mm Hg or DBP ≥100mm Hg). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that after a major tsunami, resident victims in areas highly inundated by flood waters and those with disrupted gas supply are more likely to have higher BP and thus might warrant getting BP screening earlier than other residents. Those with hypertension should be given assistance to resume or commence antihypertensive medication as soon as possible to reduce the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Murakami
- Bureau of International Medical Cooperation, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
de Cosmo S, Barbera JA. Rapid disaster victim identification in mass fatality incidents: decision-support tool to facilitate human remains identification. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2013; 6:277-90. [PMID: 23077271 DOI: 10.1001/dmp.2012.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A quantitative decision-support tool (DST), using a combination of selected human physical attributes as identification elements, was developed to facilitate body identification in mass fatality incidents, particularly in settings with limited availability of technological resources and forensic expertise. METHODS To construct the DST, the external biological attributes of interest were first selected. A process was then developed to guide collection of the selected categories of attributes and record them into objective antemortem (AM) and postmortem (PM) records. Finally, a framework for assessing the similarity between confronting PM-AM attribute records was established. The DST evaluates the similarities between each set of like attributes in the AM and PM records being compared. It then computes an overall similarity score for each evaluated AM record that was compared to a selected PM record. The AM record with the highest score represents the highest probable match, with the PM file selected for the comparison. RESULTS Multiple simulations across a range of mass fatality situations demonstrated the effectiveness of the DST in the experimental setting. CONCLUSIONS The developed DST may provide authorities with a method for expediting body identification without completely eliminating any missing person file from consideration. Under specific circumstances, this method may reduce the need for technologically sophisticated forensic identification techniques (eg, dental records, fingerprints, and DNA). At a minimum, it should facilitate the efficiency of the current technological matching process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio de Cosmo
- Institute for Crisis, Disaster and Risk Management, Department of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Holobinko A. Forensic human identification in the United States and Canada: a review of the law, admissible techniques, and the legal implications of their application in forensic cases. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 222:394.e1-13. [PMID: 22738737 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Forensic human identification techniques are successful if they lead to positive personal identification. However, the strongest personal identification is of no use in the prosecution--or vindication--of an accused if the associated evidence and testimony is ruled inadmissible in a court of law. This review examines the U.S. and Canadian legal rulings regarding the admissibility of expert evidence and testimony, and subsequently explores four established methods of human identification (i.e., DNA profiling, forensic anthropology, forensic radiography, forensic odontology) and one complementary technique useful in determining identity, and the legal implications of their application in forensic cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Holobinko
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, CNH-524, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L9.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Allen-Hall A, McNevin D. Human tissue preservation for disaster victim identification (DVI) in tropical climates. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2012; 6:653-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
48
|
Abstract
Gathering essential health data to provide rapid and effective medical relief to populations devastated by the effects of a disaster-producing event involves challenges. These challenges include response to environmental hazards, security of personnel and resources, political and economic issues, cultural barriers, and difficulties in communication, particularly between aid agencies. These barriers often impede the timely collection of key health data such as morbidity and mortality, rapid health and sheltering needs assessments, key infrastructure assessments, and nutritional needs assessments. Examples of these challenges following three recent events: (1) the Indian Ocean tsunami; (2) Hurricane Katrina; and (3) the 2010 earthquake in Haiti are reviewed. Some of the innovative and cutting-edge approaches for surmounting many of these challenges include: (1) the establishment of geographical information systems (GIS) mapping disaster databases; (2) establishing internet surveillance networks and data repositories; (3) utilization of personal digital assistant-based platforms for data collection; (4) involving key community stakeholders in the data collection process; (5) use of pre-established, local, collaborative networks to coordinate disaster efforts; and (6) exploring potential civil-military collaborative efforts. The application of these and other innovative techniques shows promise for surmounting formidable challenges to disaster data collection.
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
Benjamin E, Bassily-Marcus AM, Babu E, Silver L, Martin ML. Principles and practice of disaster relief: lessons from Haiti. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 78:306-18. [PMID: 21598258 DOI: 10.1002/msj.20251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Disaster relief is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the organizational processes that help prepare for and carry out all emergency functions necessary to prevent, prepare for, respond to, and recover from emergencies and disasters caused by all hazards, whether natural, technological, or human-made. Although it is an important function of local and national governing in the developed countries, it is often wanting in resource-poor, developing countries where, increasingly, catastrophic disasters tend to occur and have the greatest adverse consequences. The devastating January 12, 2010, Haiti earthquake is a case study of the impact of an extreme cataclysm in one of the poorest and most unprepared settings imaginable. As such, it offers useful lessons that are applicable elsewhere in the developing world. Emergency preparedness includes 4 phases: mitigation or prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. Periods of normalcy are the best times to develop disaster preparedness plans. In resource-poor countries, where dealing with the expenses of daily living is already a burden, such planning is often neglected; and, when disasters strike, it is often with great delay that the assistance from international community can be deployed. In this increasingly interconnected world, the Haiti earthquake and the important international response to it make a strong case for a more proactive intervention of the international community in all phases of emergency management in developing countries, including in mitigation and preparedness, and not just in response and recovery. Predisaster planning can maximize the results of the international assistance and decrease the human and material tolls of inevitable disasters. There should be a minimum standard of preparedness that every country has to maintain and the international assistance to achieve that. International academic medical centers interested in global health could strengthen their programs by prospectively including in them contingency planning for international relief operations. Healthcare professionals of these institutions who travel to disaster zones should rigorously prepare themselves and make provisions for collecting and reporting data, which will enrich the knowledge of this growing activity.
Collapse
|