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Rumney RMH, Pomeroy J, Górecki DC. Investigating the Involvement of C-X-C Motif Chemokine 5 and P2X7 Purinoceptor in Ectopic Calcification in Mouse Models of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. J Cell Biochem 2024; 125:e30617. [PMID: 38924558 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Ectopic calcification of myofibers is an early pathogenic feature in patients and animal models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). In previous studies using the Dmdmdx-βgeo mouse model, we found that the dystrophin-null phenotype exacerbates this abnormality and that mineralised myofibers are surrounded by macrophages. Furthermore, the P2X7 purinoceptor, functioning in immune cells offers protection against dystrophic calcification. In the present study, by exploring transcriptomic data from Dmdmdx mice, we hypothesised these effects to be mediated by C-X-C motif chemokine 5 (CXCL5) downstream of P2X7 activation. We found that CXCL5 is upregulated in the quadriceps muscles of Dmdmdx-βgeo mice compared to wild-type controls. In contrast, at the cell level, dystrophic (SC5) skeletal muscle cells secreted less CXCL5 chemokine than wild-type (IMO) controls. Although release from IMO cells was increased by P2X7 activation, this could not explain the elevated CXCL5 levels observed in dystrophic muscle tissue. Instead, we found that CXCL5 is released by dystrophin-null macrophages in response to P2X7 activation, suggesting that macrophages are the source of CXCL5 in dystrophic muscles. The effects of CXCL5 upon mineralisation were investigated using the Alizarin Red assay to quantify calcium deposition in vitro. In basal (low phosphate) media, CXCL5 increased calcification in IMO but not SC5 myoblasts. However, in cultures treated in high phosphate media, to mimic dysregulated phosphate metabolism occurring in DMD, CXCL5 decreased calcification in both IMO and SC5 cells. These data indicate that CXCL5 is part of a homoeostatic mechanism regulating intracellular calcium, that CXCL5 can be released by macrophages in response to the extracellular ATP damage-associated signal, and that CXCL5 can be part of a damage response to protect against ectopic calcification. This mechanism is affected by DMD gene mutations.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Mice
- Chemokine CXCL5/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL5/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X7/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X7/genetics
- Calcinosis/metabolism
- Calcinosis/pathology
- Calcinosis/genetics
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice, Knockout
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M H Rumney
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Joanna Pomeroy
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Dariusz C Górecki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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2
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Chrastina J, Haroková M. End of Life in Boys and Young Men With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - The Perspective of Dying Men and Their Families: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Qualitative Evidence. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2023:302228231186358. [PMID: 37408104 DOI: 10.1177/00302228231186358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the perceptions and experiences related to the end of life (EoL) of boys and men with Duchenne muscular dystrophy from their own and/or family perspective is limited based on the available qualitative empirical studies. This systematic review was done with a thematic synthesis of qualitative evidence according to the PRISMA Statement Guidelines and the SPIDER search tool. The review included empirical, qualitative, and relevant full-text studies published in 2000-2023 in the EBSCO Discovery Service, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and ProQuest databases. From o total of eight included qualitative studies, four main key themes were identified: "Being a parent/caregiver" - psychosocial aspects, needs, and experiences; "Communication about EoL with healthcare and other professionals" - positive experiences and personal shortcomings; "Discussions about…" - the issue of EoL, dying and death; and "End of life" - end-of-life care, planning and the need for palliative care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Chrastina
- Institute of Special Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Haroková
- Institute of Special Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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3
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Bez Batti Angulski A, Hosny N, Cohen H, Martin AA, Hahn D, Bauer J, Metzger JM. Duchenne muscular dystrophy: disease mechanism and therapeutic strategies. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1183101. [PMID: 37435300 PMCID: PMC10330733 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1183101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe, progressive, and ultimately fatal disease of skeletal muscle wasting, respiratory insufficiency, and cardiomyopathy. The identification of the dystrophin gene as central to DMD pathogenesis has led to the understanding of the muscle membrane and the proteins involved in membrane stability as the focal point of the disease. The lessons learned from decades of research in human genetics, biochemistry, and physiology have culminated in establishing the myriad functionalities of dystrophin in striated muscle biology. Here, we review the pathophysiological basis of DMD and discuss recent progress toward the development of therapeutic strategies for DMD that are currently close to or are in human clinical trials. The first section of the review focuses on DMD and the mechanisms contributing to membrane instability, inflammation, and fibrosis. The second section discusses therapeutic strategies currently used to treat DMD. This includes a focus on outlining the strengths and limitations of approaches directed at correcting the genetic defect through dystrophin gene replacement, modification, repair, and/or a range of dystrophin-independent approaches. The final section highlights the different therapeutic strategies for DMD currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joseph M. Metzger
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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4
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Róg J, Oksiejuk A, Górecki DC, Zabłocki K. Primary mouse myoblast metabotropic purinoceptor profiles and calcium signalling differ with their muscle origin and are altered in mdx dystrophinopathy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9333. [PMID: 37291185 PMCID: PMC10250391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36545-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mortality of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a consequence of progressive wasting of skeletal and cardiac muscle, where dystrophinopathy affects not only muscle fibres but also myogenic cells. Elevated activity of P2X7 receptors and increased store-operated calcium entry have been identified in myoblasts from the mdx mouse model of DMD. Moreover, in immortalized mdx myoblasts, increased metabotropic purinergic receptor response was found. Here, to exclude any potential effects of cell immortalization, we investigated the metabotropic response in primary mdx and wild-type myoblasts. Overall, analyses of receptor transcript and protein levels, antagonist sensitivity, and cellular localization in these primary myoblasts confirmed the previous data from immortalised cells. However, we identified significant differences in the pattern of expression and activity of P2Y receptors and the levels of the "calcium signalling toolkit" proteins between mdx and wild-type myoblasts isolated from different muscles. These results not only extend the earlier findings on the phenotypic effects of dystrophinopathy in undifferentiated muscle but, importantly, also reveal that these changes are muscle type-dependent and endure in isolated cells. This muscle-specific cellular impact of DMD may not be limited to the purinergic abnormality in mice and needs to be taken into consideration in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Róg
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Oksiejuk
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz C Górecki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Krzysztof Zabłocki
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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5
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Zabłocki K, Górecki DC. The Role of P2X7 Purinoceptors in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Muscular Dystrophies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119434. [PMID: 37298386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are inherited neuromuscular diseases, resulting in progressive disability and often affecting life expectancy. The most severe, common types are Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Limb-girdle sarcoglycanopathy, which cause advancing muscle weakness and wasting. These diseases share a common pathomechanism where, due to the loss of the anchoring dystrophin (DMD, dystrophinopathy) or due to mutations in sarcoglycan-encoding genes (LGMDR3 to LGMDR6), the α-sarcoglycan ecto-ATPase activity is lost. This disturbs important purinergic signaling: An acute muscle injury causes the release of large quantities of ATP, which acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). DAMPs trigger inflammation that clears dead tissues and initiates regeneration that eventually restores normal muscle function. However, in DMD and LGMD, the loss of ecto-ATPase activity, that normally curtails this extracellular ATP (eATP)-evoked stimulation, causes exceedingly high eATP levels. Thus, in dystrophic muscles, the acute inflammation becomes chronic and damaging. The very high eATP over-activates P2X7 purinoceptors, not only maintaining the inflammation but also tuning the potentially compensatory P2X7 up-regulation in dystrophic muscle cells into a cell-damaging mechanism exacerbating the pathology. Thus, the P2X7 receptor in dystrophic muscles is a specific therapeutic target. Accordingly, the P2X7 blockade alleviated dystrophic damage in mouse models of dystrophinopathy and sarcoglycanopathy. Therefore, the existing P2X7 blockers should be considered for the treatment of these highly debilitating diseases. This review aims to present the current understanding of the eATP-P2X7 purinoceptor axis in the pathogenesis and treatment of muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Zabłocki
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz C Górecki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
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6
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Gόrecki DC, Rumney RMH. The P2X7 purinoceptor in pathogenesis and treatment of dystrophino- and sarcoglycanopathies. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2023; 69:102357. [PMID: 36842388 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2023.102357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Dystrophinopathy and sarcoglycanopathies are incurable diseases caused by mutations in the genes encoding dystrophin or members of the dystrophin associated protein complex (DAPC). Restoration of the missing dystrophin or sarcoglycans via genetic approaches is complicated by the downsides of personalised medicines and immune responses against re-expressed proteins. Thus, the targeting of disease mechanisms downstream from the mutant protein has a strong translational potential. Acute muscle damage causes release of large quantities of ATP, which activates P2X7 purinoceptors, resulting in inflammation that clears dead tissues and triggers regeneration. However, in dystrophic muscles, loss of α-sarcoglycan ecto-ATPase activity further elevates extracellular ATP (eATP) levels, exacerbating the pathology. Moreover, seemingly compensatory P2X7 upregulation in dystrophic muscle cells, combined with high eATP leads to further damage. Accordingly, P2X7 blockade alleviated dystrophic damage in mouse models of both dystrophinopathy and sarcoglycanopathy. Existing P2X7 blockers could be re-purposed for the treatment of these highly debilitating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz C Gόrecki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK.
| | - Robin M H Rumney
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK
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7
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Benzi A, Baratto S, Astigiano C, Sturla L, Panicucci C, Mamchaoui K, Raffaghello L, Bruzzone S, Gazzerro E, Bruno C. Aberrant Adenosine Triphosphate Release and Impairment of P2Y2-Mediated Signaling in Sarcoglycanopathies. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100037. [PMID: 36925196 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2022.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcoglycanopathies, limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD) caused by genetic loss-of-function of the membrane proteins sarcoglycans (SGs), are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle. In these disorders, muscle necrosis is associated with immune-mediated damage, whose triggering and perpetuating molecular mechanisms are not fully elucidated yet. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) seems to represent a crucial factor, with eATP activating purinergic receptors. Indeed, in vivo blockade of the eATP/P2X7 purinergic pathway ameliorated muscle disease progression. P2X7 inhibition improved the dystrophic process by restraining the activity of P2X7 receptors on immune cells. Whether P2X7 blockade can display a direct action on muscle cells is not known yet. In this study, we investigated eATP effects in primary cultures of myoblasts isolated from patients with LGMDR3 (α-sarcoglycanopathy) and in immortalized cells isolated from a patient with LGMDR5 (γ-sarcoglycanopathy). Our results demonstrated that, owing to a reduced ecto-ATPase activity and/or an enhanced release of ATP, patient cells are exposed to increased juxtamembrane concentrations of eATP and display a higher susceptivity to eATP signals. The purinoceptor P2Y2, which proved to be overexpressed in patient cells, was identified as a pivotal receptor responsible for the enhanced ATP-induced or UTP-induced Ca2+ increase in affected myoblasts. Moreover, P2Y2 stimulation in LDMDR3 muscle cells induced chemotaxis of immune cells and release of interleukin-8. In conclusion, a higher eATP concentration and sensitivity in primary human muscle cells carrying different α-SG or γ-SG loss-of-function mutations indicate that eATP/P2Y2 is an enhanced signaling axis in cells from patients with α-/γ-sarcoglycanopathy. Understanding the basis of the innate immune-mediated damage associated with the dystrophic process may be critical in overcoming the immunologic hurdles associated with emerging gene therapies for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Benzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine-DIMES, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Serena Baratto
- Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Cecilia Astigiano
- Department of Experimental Medicine-DIMES, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Sturla
- Department of Experimental Medicine-DIMES, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Panicucci
- Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Kamel Mamchaoui
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Lizzia Raffaghello
- Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine-DIMES, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Gazzerro
- Unit of Muscle Research Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation Between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Claudio Bruno
- Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and ChildHealth-DINOGMI, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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8
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Ion Channels of the Sarcolemma and Intracellular Organelles in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Role in the Dysregulation of Ion Homeostasis and a Possible Target for Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032229. [PMID: 36768550 PMCID: PMC9917149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by the absence of the dystrophin protein and a properly functioning dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC) in muscle cells. DAPC components act as molecular scaffolds coordinating the assembly of various signaling molecules including ion channels. DMD shows a significant change in the functioning of the ion channels of the sarcolemma and intracellular organelles and, above all, the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria regulating ion homeostasis, which is necessary for the correct excitation and relaxation of muscles. This review is devoted to the analysis of current data on changes in the structure, functioning, and regulation of the activity of ion channels in striated muscles in DMD and their contribution to the disruption of muscle function and the development of pathology. We note the prospects of therapy based on targeting the channels of the sarcolemma and organelles for the correction and alleviation of pathology, and the problems that arise in the interpretation of data obtained on model dystrophin-deficient objects.
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9
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Chen Z, Lan H, Liao Z, Huang J, Jian X, Hu J, Liao H. Regulatory T cells-centered regulatory networks of skeletal muscle inflammation and regeneration. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:112. [PMID: 35869487 PMCID: PMC9308315 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
As the understanding of skeletal muscle inflammation is increasingly clarified, the role of Treg cells in the treatment of skeletal muscle diseases has attracted more attention in recent years. A consensus has been reached that the regulation of Treg cells is the key to completing the switch of inflammation and repair of skeletal muscle, whose presence directly determine the repairing quality of the injured skeletal muscle. However, the functioning process of Treg cells remains unreported, thereby making it necessary to summarize the current role of Treg cells in skeletal muscle. In this review, the characteristics, origins, and cellular kinetics of these Treg cells are firstly described; Then, the relationship between Treg cells and muscle satellite cells (MuSCs), conventional T cells (Tconv) is discussed (the former is involved in the entire repair and regeneration process, while the latter matters considerably in causing most skeletal muscle autoimmune diseases); Next, focus is placed on the control of Treg cells on the phenotypic switch of macrophages, which is the key to the switch of inflammation; Finally, factors regulating the functional process of Treg cells are analyzed, and a regulatory network centered on Treg cells is summarized. The present study summarizes the cell-mediated interactions in skeletal muscle repair over the past decade, and elucidates the central role of regulatory T cells in this process, so that other researchers can more quickly and comprehensively understand the development and direction of this very field. It is believed that the hereby proposed viewpoints and problems can provide fresh visions for the latecomers.
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10
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Jackson T, Seifi M, Górecki DC, Swinny JD. Specific Dystrophins Selectively Associate with Inhibitory and Excitatory Synapses of the Mouse Cerebellum and their Loss Alters Expression of P2X7 Purinoceptors and Pro-Inflammatory Mediators. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 42:2357-2377. [PMID: 34101068 PMCID: PMC9418305 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients, having mutations of the DMD gene, present with a range of neuropsychiatric disorders, in addition to the quintessential muscle pathology. The neurobiological basis remains poorly understood because the contributions of different DMD gene products (dystrophins) to the different neural networks underlying such symptoms are yet to be fully characterised. While full-length dystrophin clusters in inhibitory synapses, with inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors, the precise subcellular expression of truncated DMD gene products with excitatory synapses remains unresolved. Furthermore, inflammation, involving P2X purinoceptor 7 (P2RX7) accompanies DMD muscle pathology, yet any association with brain dystrophins is yet to be established. The aim of this study was to investigate the comparative expression of different dystrophins, alongside ionotropic glutamate receptors and P2RX7s, within the cerebellar circuitry known to express different dystrophin isoforms. Immunoreactivity for truncated DMD gene products was targeted to Purkinje cell (PC) distal dendrites adjacent to, or overlapping with, signal for GluA1, GluA4, GluN2A, and GluD2 receptor subunits. P2X7R immunoreactivity was located in Bergmann glia profiles adjacent to PC-dystrophin immunoreactivity. Ablation of all DMD gene products coincided with decreased mRNA expression for Gria2, Gria3, and Grin2a and increased GluD2 immunoreactivity. Finally, dystrophin-null mice showed decreased brain mRNA expression of P2rx7 and several inflammatory mediators. The data suggest that PCs target different dystrophin isoforms to molecularly and functionally distinct populations of synapses. In contrast to muscle, dystrophinopathy in brain leads to the dampening of the local immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torquil Jackson
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO12DT, UK
| | - Mohsen Seifi
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Dariusz C Górecki
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO12DT, UK
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-001, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerome D Swinny
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO12DT, UK.
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11
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Gosselin MRF, Mournetas V, Borczyk M, Verma S, Occhipinti A, Róg J, Bozycki L, Korostynski M, Robson SC, Angione C, Pinset C, Gorecki DC. Loss of full-length dystrophin expression results in major cell-autonomous abnormalities in proliferating myoblasts. eLife 2022; 11:e75521. [PMID: 36164827 PMCID: PMC9514850 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) affects myofibers and muscle stem cells, causing progressive muscle degeneration and repair defects. It was unknown whether dystrophic myoblasts-the effector cells of muscle growth and regeneration-are affected. Using transcriptomic, genome-scale metabolic modelling and functional analyses, we demonstrate, for the first time, convergent abnormalities in primary mouse and human dystrophic myoblasts. In Dmdmdx myoblasts lacking full-length dystrophin, the expression of 170 genes was significantly altered. Myod1 and key genes controlled by MyoD (Myog, Mymk, Mymx, epigenetic regulators, ECM interactors, calcium signalling and fibrosis genes) were significantly downregulated. Gene ontology analysis indicated enrichment in genes involved in muscle development and function. Functionally, we found increased myoblast proliferation, reduced chemotaxis and accelerated differentiation, which are all essential for myoregeneration. The defects were caused by the loss of expression of full-length dystrophin, as similar and not exacerbated alterations were observed in dystrophin-null Dmdmdx-βgeo myoblasts. Corresponding abnormalities were identified in human DMD primary myoblasts and a dystrophic mouse muscle cell line, confirming the cross-species and cell-autonomous nature of these defects. The genome-scale metabolic analysis in human DMD myoblasts showed alterations in the rate of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, leukotriene metabolism, and mitochondrial beta-oxidation of various fatty acids. These results reveal the disease continuum: DMD defects in satellite cells, the myoblast dysfunction affecting muscle regeneration, which is insufficient to counteract muscle loss due to myofiber instability. Contrary to the established belief, our data demonstrate that DMD abnormalities occur in myoblasts, making these cells a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of this lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime RF Gosselin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of PortsmouthPortsmouthUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Malgorzata Borczyk
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Maj Institute of Pharmacology PASKrakowPoland
| | - Suraj Verma
- School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside UniversityMiddlesbroughUnited Kingdom
| | - Annalisa Occhipinti
- School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside UniversityMiddlesbroughUnited Kingdom
| | - Justyna Róg
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of PortsmouthPortsmouthUnited Kingdom
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental BiologyWarsawPoland
| | - Lukasz Bozycki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of PortsmouthPortsmouthUnited Kingdom
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental BiologyWarsawPoland
| | - Michal Korostynski
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Maj Institute of Pharmacology PASKrakowPoland
| | - Samuel C Robson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of PortsmouthPortsmouthUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Enzyme Innovation, University of PortsmouthPortsmouthUnited Kingdom
| | - Claudio Angione
- School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside UniversityMiddlesbroughUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Dariusz C Gorecki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of PortsmouthPortsmouthUnited Kingdom
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12
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Rumney RMH, Róg J, Chira N, Kao AP, Al-Khalidi R, Górecki DC. P2X7 Purinoceptor Affects Ectopic Calcification of Dystrophic Muscles. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:935804. [PMID: 35910348 PMCID: PMC9333129 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.935804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic calcification (EC) of myofibers is a pathological feature of muscle damage in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Mineralisation of muscle tissue occurs concomitantly with macrophage infiltration, suggesting a link between ectopic mineral deposition and inflammation. One potential link is the P2X7 purinoceptor, a key trigger of inflammation, which is expressed on macrophages but also up-regulated in dystrophic muscle cells. To investigate the role of P2X7 in dystrophic calcification, we utilised the Dmd mdx-βgeo dystrophin-null mouse model of DMD crossed with a global P2X7 knockout (P2rx7 -/- ) or with our novel P2X7 knockin-knockout mouse (P2x7 KiKo ), which expresses P2X7 in macrophages but not muscle cells. Total loss of P2X7 increased EC, indicating that P2X7 overexpression is a protective mechanism against dystrophic mineralisation. Given that muscle-specific P2X7 ablation did not affect dystrophic EC, this underlined the role of P2X7 receptor expression on the inflammatory cells. Serum phosphate reflected dystrophic calcification, with the highest serum phosphate levels found in genotypes with the most ectopic mineral. To further investigate the underlying mechanisms, we measured phosphate release from cells in vitro, and found that dystrophic myoblasts released less phosphate than non-dystrophic cells. Treatment with P2X7 antagonists increased phosphate release from both dystrophic and control myoblasts indicating that muscle cells are a potential source of secreted phosphate while macrophages protect against ectopic mineralisation. Treatment of cells with high phosphate media engendered mineral deposition, which was decreased in the presence of the P2X7 agonist BzATP, particularly in cultures of dystrophic cells, further supporting a protective role for P2X7 against ectopic mineralisation in dystrophic muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M. H. Rumney
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Justyna Róg
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Chira
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander P. Kao
- Zeiss Global Centre, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Rasha Al-Khalidi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Dariusz C. Górecki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Zarrouki F, Relizani K, Bizot F, Tensorer T, Garcia L, Vaillend C, Goyenvalle A. Partial restoration of brain dystrophin and behavioral deficits by exon skipping in the muscular dystrophy X-linked (mdx) mouse. Ann Neurol 2022; 92:213-229. [PMID: 35587226 PMCID: PMC9544349 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Duchenne muscular dystrophy is associated with various degrees of cognitive impairment and behavioral disturbances. Emotional and memory deficits also constitute reliable outcome measures to assess efficacy of treatments in the mdx mouse lacking the muscle and neuronal full‐length dystrophins. The present study aimed to evaluate whether these deficits could be alleviated by the restoration of brain dystrophin. Methods We performed intracerebroventricular administration of a new potent tricyclo‐DNA antisense oligonucleotide (tcDNA‐ASO) containing a full phosphodiester backbone conjugated to a palmitic acid moiety (tcDNA‐ASO), designed to skip the mutated exon 23 of mdx mice. Results We first show that the tcDNA‐ASO rescues expression of brain dystrophin to 10–30% of wild‐type levels and significantly reduces the abnormal unconditioned fear responses in mdx mice in a dose‐dependent manner, 5 weeks post‐injection. Exon skipping efficiency, ASO biodistribution, protein restoration and effect on the fear response were optimal with a dose of 400 μg at 6–7 weeks post‐injection, with synaptic‐like expression in brain tissues such as the hippocampus and amygdala. Furthermore, this dose of tcDNA‐ASO restored long‐term memory retention of mdx mice in an object recognition task, but only had minor effects on fear conditioning. Interpretation These results suggest for the first time that postnatal re‐expression of brain dystrophin could reverse or at least alleviate some cognitive deficits associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:213–229
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Affiliation(s)
- Faouzi Zarrouki
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000, Versailles, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris Saclay, 91400, Saclay, France
| | - Karima Relizani
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000, Versailles, France.,SQY Therapeutics, UVSQ, 78180, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Flavien Bizot
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Thomas Tensorer
- SQY Therapeutics, UVSQ, 78180, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Luis Garcia
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000, Versailles, France.,LIA BAHN, centre scientifique de Monaco, 98000, Monaco
| | - Cyrille Vaillend
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris Saclay, 91400, Saclay, France
| | - Aurélie Goyenvalle
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000, Versailles, France.,LIA BAHN, centre scientifique de Monaco, 98000, Monaco
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14
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P2X7 Receptor Antagonist Reduces Fibrosis and Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Alpha-Sarcoglycan Muscular Dystrophy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15010089. [PMID: 35056146 PMCID: PMC8777980 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy R3, a rare genetic disorder affecting the limb proximal muscles, is caused by mutations in the α-sarcoglycan gene (Sgca) and aggravated by an immune-mediated damage, finely modulated by the extracellular (e)ATP/purinoceptors axis. Currently, no specific drugs are available. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of a selective P2X7 purinoreceptor antagonist, A438079. Sgca knockout mice were treated with A438079 every two days at 3 mg/Kg for 24 weeks. The P2X7 antagonist improved clinical parameters by ameliorating mice motor function and decreasing serum creatine kinase levels. Histological analysis of muscle morphology indicated a significant reduction of the percentage of central nuclei, of fiber size variability and of the extent of local fibrosis and inflammation. A cytometric characterization of the muscle inflammatory infiltrates showed that A438079 significantly decreased innate immune cells and upregulated the immunosuppressive regulatory T cell subpopulation. In α-sarcoglycan null mice, the selective P2X7 antagonist A438079 has been shown to be effective to counteract the progression of the dystrophic phenotype and to reduce the inflammatory response. P2X7 antagonism via selective inhibitors could be included in the immunosuppressant strategies aimed to dampen the basal immune-mediated damage and to favor a better engraftment of gene-cell therapies.
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15
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Zabłocka B, Górecki DC, Zabłocki K. Disrupted Calcium Homeostasis in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Common Mechanism behind Diverse Consequences. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11040. [PMID: 34681707 PMCID: PMC8537421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) leads to disability and death in young men. This disease is caused by mutations in the DMD gene encoding diverse isoforms of dystrophin. Loss of full-length dystrophins is both necessary and sufficient for causing degeneration and wasting of striated muscles, neuropsychological impairment, and bone deformities. Among this spectrum of defects, abnormalities of calcium homeostasis are the common dystrophic feature. Given the fundamental role of Ca2+ in all cells, this biochemical alteration might be underlying all the DMD abnormalities. However, its mechanism is not completely understood. While abnormally elevated resting cytosolic Ca2+ concentration is found in all dystrophic cells, the aberrant mechanisms leading to that outcome have cell-specific components. We probe the diverse aspects of calcium response in various affected tissues. In skeletal muscles, cardiomyocytes, and neurons, dystrophin appears to serve as a scaffold for proteins engaged in calcium homeostasis, while its interactions with actin cytoskeleton influence endoplasmic reticulum organisation and motility. However, in myoblasts, lymphocytes, endotheliocytes, and mesenchymal and myogenic cells, calcium abnormalities cannot be clearly attributed to the loss of interaction between dystrophin and the calcium toolbox proteins. Nevertheless, DMD gene mutations in these cells lead to significant defects and the calcium anomalies are a symptom of the early developmental phase of this pathology. As the impaired calcium homeostasis appears to underpin multiple DMD abnormalities, understanding this alteration may lead to the development of new therapies. In fact, it appears possible to mitigate the impact of the abnormal calcium homeostasis and the dystrophic phenotype in the total absence of dystrophin. This opens new treatment avenues for this incurable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Zabłocka
- Molecular Biology Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Dariusz C. Górecki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael’s Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Zabłocki
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Lou Y, Miao J, Li F, Ding J, Wang L. Maternal smoking during pregnancy aggravated muscle phenotype in FHL1 -/y offspring mice similar to congenital clubfoot through P2RX7-mediated pyroptosis. Toxicol Lett 2021; 345:54-60. [PMID: 33872746 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Congenital clubfoot (CCF) is a common birth defect. Maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of CCF. In previous research, we found muscle phenotypes similar to CCF in four and a half LIM domain protein 1 (FHLI) offspring mice (FHL1-/y). However, the role of P2RX7-mediated pyroptosis in the effect of cigarette smoke (CS) on the skeletal muscle of FHL1-/y mice during pregnancy is unclear. In the present study, pregnant mice at 11 days of gestation were exposed to CS and male offspring of wild-type (WT) and FHL1-/y mice were divided into four groups (Control-WT, Control-KO, CS-WT, CS-KO). The histomorphology of lower limb muscles was examined using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. P2RX7, indicators of pyroptosis (NLRP3, ASC, cleaved-caspase 1, IL-1β), and cytoskeletal proteins (MYBPC2, LDB3) were also detected using immunoblotting. CS exposure during pregnancy aggravated the muscle phenotype similar to CCF in FHL1-/y offspring mice. FHL1 gene knockout (KO) or CS exposure during pregnancy each activated the expression of P2RX7, cell pyroptosis-related proteins (NLRP3, ASC, cleaved-caspase 1, IL-1β), a muscle injury marker (MYOD1), and cytoskeletal proteins (MYBPC2, LDB3); these two factors had an additive effect. The results showed maternal smoking during pregnancy aggravated muscle phenotype similar to CCF in FHL1-/y offspring mice through P2RX7-mediated pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lou
- Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianing Miao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China; Medical Research Center of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China; Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Model for Environmental and Metabolic Diseases, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China; Medical Research Center of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China; Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Model for Environmental and Metabolic Diseases, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jingjing Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China; Medical Research Center of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China; Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Model for Environmental and Metabolic Diseases, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China; Medical Research Center of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China; Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Model for Environmental and Metabolic Diseases, Liaoning Province, China.
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17
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Cellular pathology of the human heart in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): lessons learned from in vitro modeling. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1099-1115. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02589-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Xia Q, Huang X, Huang J, Zheng Y, March ME, Li J, Wei Y. The Role of Autophagy in Skeletal Muscle Diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 12:638983. [PMID: 33841177 PMCID: PMC8027491 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.638983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the most abundant type of tissue in human body, being involved in diverse activities and maintaining a finely tuned metabolic balance. Autophagy, characterized by the autophagosome–lysosome system with the involvement of evolutionarily conserved autophagy-related genes, is an important catabolic process and plays an essential role in energy generation and consumption, as well as substance turnover processes in skeletal muscles. Autophagy in skeletal muscles is finely tuned under the tight regulation of diverse signaling pathways, and the autophagy pathway has cross-talk with other pathways to form feedback loops under physiological conditions and metabolic stress. Altered autophagy activity characterized by either increased formation of autophagosomes or inhibition of lysosome-autophagosome fusion can lead to pathological cascades, and mutations in autophagy genes and deregulation of autophagy pathways have been identified as one of the major causes for a variety of skeleton muscle disorders. The advancement of multi-omics techniques enables further understanding of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying the role of autophagy in skeletal muscle disorders, which may yield novel therapeutic targets for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianghua Xia
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xubo Huang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieru Huang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongfeng Zheng
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Michael E March
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jin Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjie Wei
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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eATP/P2X7R Axis: An Orchestrated Pathway Triggering Inflammasome Activation in Muscle Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175963. [PMID: 32825102 PMCID: PMC7504480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In muscle ATP is primarily known for its function as an energy source and as a mediator of the "excitation-transcription" process, which guarantees muscle plasticity in response to environmental stimuli. When quickly released in massive concentrations in the extracellular space as in presence of muscle membrane damage, ATP acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP). In experimental murine models of muscular dystrophies characterized by membrane instability, blockade of eATP/P2X7 receptor (R) purinergic signaling delayed the progression of the dystrophic phenotype dampening the local inflammatory response and inducing Foxp3+ T Regulatory lymphocytes. These discoveries highlighted the relevance of ATP as a harbinger of immune-tissue damage in muscular genetic diseases. Given the interactions between the immune system and muscle regeneration, the comprehension of ATP/purinerigic pathway articulated organization in muscle cells has become of extreme interest. This review explores ATP release, metabolism, feedback control and cross-talk with members of muscle inflammasome in the context of muscular dystrophies.
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20
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Short-Term ONX-0914 Administration: Performance and Muscle Phenotype in Mdx Mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17145211. [PMID: 32707682 PMCID: PMC7399807 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe muscle-wasting disease. Although the lack of dystrophin protein is the primary defect responsible for the development of DMD, secondary disease complications such as persistent inflammation contribute greatly to the pathogenesis and the time-dependent progression of muscle destruction. The immunoproteasome is a potential therapeutic target for conditions or diseases mechanistically linked to inflammation. In this study, we explored the possible effects of ONX-0914 administration, an inhibitor specific for the immunoproteasome subunit LMP7 (ß5i), on motor performance, muscular pathology and protein degradation in 7-week old MDX mice, an age when the dystrophic muscles show extensive degeneration and regeneration. ONX-0914 (10 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously on Day 2, 4, and 6. The mice were evaluated for physical performance (walking speed and strength) on Day 1 and 8. We show that this short-term treatment of ONX-0914 in MDX mice did not alter strength nor walking speed. The physical performance findings were consistent with no change in muscle inflammatory infiltration, percentage of central nuclei and proteasome content. Taken together, muscle structure and function in the young adult MDX mouse model are not altered with ONX-0914 treatment, indicating the administration of ONX-0914 during this critical time period does not exhibit any detrimental effects and may be an effective treatment of secondary complications of muscular dystrophy after further investigations.
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21
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Lau YS, Zhao L, Zhang C, Li H, Han R. Genetic disruption of the inflammasome adaptor ASC has minimal impact on the pathogenesis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in mdx mice. Life Sci 2020; 257:118069. [PMID: 32659370 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Up-regulation of inflammasome proteins was reported in dystrophin-deficient muscles. However, it remains to be determined whether inflammasome activation plays a role in the pathogenesis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. This study was therefore set out to investigate whether genetic disruption of the inflammasome pathway impacts the disease progression in mdx mice. MAIN METHODS Mice deficient in both dystrophin and ASC (encoded by Pycard [PYD And CARD Domain Containing]) were generated. The impact of ASC deficiency on muscular dystrophy of mdx mice were assessed by measurements of serum cytokines, Western blot, real-time PCR and histopathological staining. KEY FINDINGS The pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, KC/GRO and IL-10 were markedly increased in the sera of 8-week-old mdx mice compared to WT. Western blotting showed that P2X7, caspase-1, ASC and IL-18 were upregulated. Disruption of ASC and dystrophin expression in the mdx/ASC-/- mice was verified by Western blot analysis. Histopathological analysis did not find significant alterations in the muscular dystrophy phenotype in mdx/ASC-/- mice as compared to mdx mice. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, our results show that disruption of the central adaptor ASC of the inflammasome is insufficient to alleviate muscular dystrophy phenotype in mdx mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeh Siang Lau
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Lixia Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Haiwen Li
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Renzhi Han
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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22
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Lara R, Adinolfi E, Harwood CA, Philpott M, Barden JA, Di Virgilio F, McNulty S. P2X7 in Cancer: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:793. [PMID: 32581786 PMCID: PMC7287489 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7 is a transmembrane receptor expressed in multiple cell types including neurons, dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, B and T cells where it can drive a wide range of physiological responses from pain transduction to immune response. Upon activation by its main ligand, extracellular ATP, P2X7 can form a nonselective channel for cations to enter the cell. Prolonged activation of P2X7, via high levels of extracellular ATP over an extended time period can lead to the formation of a macropore, leading to depolarization of the plasma membrane and ultimately to cell death. Thus, dependent on its activation state, P2X7 can either drive cell survival and proliferation, or induce cell death. In cancer, P2X7 has been shown to have a broad range of functions, including playing key roles in the development and spread of tumor cells. It is therefore unsurprising that P2X7 has been reported to be upregulated in several malignancies. Critically, ATP is present at high extracellular concentrations in the tumor microenvironment (TME) compared to levels observed in normal tissues. These high levels of ATP should present a survival challenge for cancer cells, potentially leading to constitutive receptor activation, prolonged macropore formation and ultimately to cell death. Therefore, to deliver the proven advantages for P2X7 in driving tumor survival and metastatic potential, the P2X7 macropore must be tightly controlled while retaining other functions. Studies have shown that commonly expressed P2X7 splice variants, distinct SNPs and post-translational receptor modifications can impair the capacity of P2X7 to open the macropore. These receptor modifications and potentially others may ultimately protect cancer cells from the negative consequences associated with constitutive activation of P2X7. Significantly, the effects of both P2X7 agonists and antagonists in preclinical tumor models of cancer demonstrate the potential for agents modifying P2X7 function, to provide innovative cancer therapies. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding of the structure and functions of P2X7 and how these impact P2X7 roles in cancer progression. We also review potential therapeutic approaches directed against P2X7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Lara
- Biosceptre (UK) Limited, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Catherine A Harwood
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Philpott
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Bart's & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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23
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Stokes L, Bidula S, Bibič L, Allum E. To Inhibit or Enhance? Is There a Benefit to Positive Allosteric Modulation of P2X Receptors? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:627. [PMID: 32477120 PMCID: PMC7235284 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of ligand-gated ion channels known as P2X receptors were discovered several decades ago. Since the cloning of the seven P2X receptors (P2X1-P2X7), a huge research effort has elucidated their roles in regulating a range of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Transgenic animals have been influential in understanding which P2X receptors could be new therapeutic targets for disease. Furthermore, understanding how inherited mutations can increase susceptibility to disorders and diseases has advanced this knowledge base. There has been an emphasis on the discovery and development of pharmacological tools to help dissect the individual roles of P2X receptors and the pharmaceutical industry has been involved in pushing forward clinical development of several lead compounds. During the discovery phase, a number of positive allosteric modulators have been described for P2X receptors and these have been useful in assigning physiological roles to receptors. This review will consider the major physiological roles of P2X1-P2X7 and discuss whether enhancement of P2X receptor activity would offer any therapeutic benefit. We will review what is known about identified compounds acting as positive allosteric modulators and the recent identification of drug binding pockets for such modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Stokes
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Bidula
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lučka Bibič
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Allum
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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24
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Effects of exosome-mediated delivery of myostatin propeptide on functional recovery of mdx mice. Biomaterials 2020; 236:119826. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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25
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Cassidy LD, Young ARJ, Young CNJ, Soilleux EJ, Fielder E, Weigand BM, Lagnado A, Brais R, Ktistakis NT, Wiggins KA, Pyrillou K, Clarke MCH, Jurk D, Passos JF, Narita M. Temporal inhibition of autophagy reveals segmental reversal of ageing with increased cancer risk. Nat Commun 2020; 11:307. [PMID: 31949142 PMCID: PMC6965206 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important cellular degradation pathway with a central role in metabolism as well as basic quality control, two processes inextricably linked to ageing. A decrease in autophagy is associated with increasing age, yet it is unknown if this is causal in the ageing process, and whether autophagy restoration can counteract these ageing effects. Here we demonstrate that systemic autophagy inhibition induces the premature acquisition of age-associated phenotypes and pathologies in mammals. Remarkably, autophagy restoration provides a near complete recovery of morbidity and a significant extension of lifespan; however, at the molecular level this rescue appears incomplete. Importantly autophagy-restored mice still succumb earlier due to an increase in spontaneous tumour formation. Thus, our data suggest that chronic autophagy inhibition confers an irreversible increase in cancer risk and uncovers a biphasic role of autophagy in cancer development being both tumour suppressive and oncogenic, sequentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam D Cassidy
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Andrew R J Young
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Christopher N J Young
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 5RR, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Soilleux
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Edward Fielder
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Bettina M Weigand
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anthony Lagnado
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rebecca Brais
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Kimberley A Wiggins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Katerina Pyrillou
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Murray C H Clarke
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Diana Jurk
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joao F Passos
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Masashi Narita
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.
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Young CN, Gosselin MR, Rumney R, Oksiejuk A, Chira N, Bozycki L, Matryba P, Łukasiewicz K, Kao AP, Dunlop J, Robson SC, Zabłocki K, Górecki DC. Total Absence of Dystrophin Expression Exacerbates Ectopic Myofiber Calcification and Fibrosis and Alters Macrophage Infiltration Patterns. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:190-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Muscle death participates in myofibrillar abnormalities in FHL1 knockout mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 523:105-111. [PMID: 31836140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the four and-a-half LIM domain protein 1 (FHL1) gene or FHL1 protein deletion have been identified as the cause of rare hereditary myopathies or cardiomyopathies. In our previous study, autophagy activation was associated with myofibrillar abnormalities in FHL1 knockout (KO) mice. P2RX7 induces cell death, such as autophagy, pyroptosis or apoptosis via cell-specific downstream signaling; however, the roles of P2RX7 in pyroptosis or apoptosis in myofibrillar abnormalities in FHL1 KO mice have not been well elucidated. METHODS In this study, skeletal muscle and heart of 2.5 months old WT and FHL1 KO male mice histomorphology were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The indicators for pyroptosis (NLRP3; ASC; cleaved-caspase1; IL-1β), apoptosis (Apaf-1; Bcl-2; caspase9; cleaved-caspase3), and P2RX7 were detected in the triceps (Tri), tibialis anterior muscles (TA), and heart by western blot and/or immunohistochemistry in WT and FHL1 KO male mice. RESULTS Indicators for pyroptosis (ASC; cleaved-caspase1; IL-1β) and apoptosis (Apaf-1 and cleaved-caspase3), as well as P2RX7 were upregulated in Tri, tibialis TA, and heart in FHL1 KO mice, indicating pyroptosis and apoptosis play important roles in myofibrillar abnormalities in FHL1 KO mice. CONCLUSIONS P2RX7 may participate in myofibrillar abnormalities by activating pyroptosis and apoptosis in FHL1 KO mice. These findings have basic implications for the understanding of myopathies induced by FHL1 deficiency and provide new avenues for the treatment of these hereditary myopathies by modulating P2RX7.
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Young CNJ, Chira N, Róg J, Al-Khalidi R, Benard M, Galas L, Chan P, Vaudry D, Zablocki K, Górecki DC. Sustained activation of P2X7 induces MMP-2-evoked cleavage and functional purinoceptor inhibition. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 10:229-242. [PMID: 28992079 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjx030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7 purinoceptor promotes survival or cytotoxicity depending on extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stimulus intensity controlling its ion channel or P2X7-dependent large pore (LP) functions. Mechanisms governing this operational divergence and functional idiosyncrasy are ill-understood. We have discovered a feedback loop where sustained activation of P2X7 triggers release of active matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), which halts ion channel and LP responses via the MMP-2-dependent receptor cleavage. This mechanism operates in cells as diverse as macrophages, dystrophic myoblasts, P2X7-transfected HEK293, and human tumour cells. Given that serum-born MMP-2 activity also blocked receptor functions, P2X7 responses in vivo may decrease in organs with permeable capillaries. Therefore, this mechanism represents an important fine-tuning of P2X7 functions, reliant on both cell-autonomous and extraneous factors. Indeed, it allowed evasion from the ATP-induced cytotoxicity in macrophages and human cancer cells with high P2X7 expression levels. Finally, we demonstrate that P2X7 ablation eliminated gelatinase activity in inflamed dystrophic muscles in vivo. Thus, P2X7 antagonists could be used as an alternative to highly toxic MMP inhibitors in treatments of inflammatory diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N J Young
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Natalia Chira
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Justyna Róg
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur Str., Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rasha Al-Khalidi
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Magalie Benard
- PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, IBiSA and PISSARO Proteomic Platform, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Ludovic Galas
- PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, IBiSA and PISSARO Proteomic Platform, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Philippe Chan
- PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, IBiSA and PISSARO Proteomic Platform, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - David Vaudry
- PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, IBiSA and PISSARO Proteomic Platform, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Krzysztof Zablocki
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur Str., Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz C Górecki
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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Role of the P2X7 receptor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and its microvascular complications. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 47:75-81. [PMID: 30954933 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
P2X7 receptors can be found in many tissues and organs, where they mediate several biological functions. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of this receptor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, in which the key clinical features are impaired insulin secretion and sensitivity, hyperglycemia, coexistence of other cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia and hypertension, and subclinical inflammation. The receptor modulates crucial pathways in the pancreatic islets (where it can either exert a trophic or detrimental action on β cells), and in the liver, in the adipose tissue and in the skeletal muscle, which are main sites of insulin resistance. P2X7 receptors also modulate a series of inflammatory responses that participate in the development of the microvascular complications of the disease. Potent and selective P2X7R blockers are available to be tested in Phase I/II clinical studies for the treatment of several chronic diseases, and it might be worthwhile to consider inclusion of patients with type 2 diabetes and its complications.
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Górecki DC. P2X7 purinoceptor as a therapeutic target in muscular dystrophies. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 47:40-45. [PMID: 30901735 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the dystrophin and sarcoglycans genes result in muscular dystrophies causing severe disability and premature death and where no effective treatment is available. New therapeutic approaches targeting secondary disease mechanisms have a strong translational potential. Dystrophic muscle damage triggers release of ATP whilst loss of ecto-ATPase activity of sarcoglycan further elevates extracellular ATP (eATP) levels. Such a high eATP activates P2X7 purinoceptors on immune cells; these contribute to chronic inflammatory and immune responses that exacerbate the dystrophic pathology. Dystrophin mutations coincide with a significant P2X7 upregulation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) muscle and alter receptor signalling in mouse dystrophic myoblasts and myofibers. P2X7 overexpression combined with the eATP-rich environment lead to cell dysfunction and death and ultimately to ineffective regeneration. P2X7 is therefore a therapeutic target for reducing damaging inflammation and supporting the repair of dystrophic muscles. Accordingly, genetic ablation and pharmacological inhibition of the eATP-P2X7 axis alleviated dystrophic phenotypes in mouse models of dystrophinopathy and sarcoglycanopathy. Thus, P2X7 inhibitors are good candidates for rapid re-purposing for the treatment of these highly debilitating diseases. Such a therapy is not constrained by causative mutations, so it would be suitable for all patients. Moreover, it appears effective in alleviating both muscle and non-muscle symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz C Górecki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK; Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland.
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Róg J, Oksiejuk A, Gosselin MRF, Brutkowski W, Dymkowska D, Nowak N, Robson S, Górecki DC, Zabłocki K. Dystrophic mdx mouse myoblasts exhibit elevated ATP/UTP-evoked metabotropic purinergic responses and alterations in calcium signalling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1138-1151. [PMID: 30684640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pathophysiology of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is still elusive. Although progressive wasting of muscle fibres is a cause of muscle deterioration, there is a growing body of evidence that the triggering effects of DMD mutation are present at the earlier stage of muscle development and affect myogenic cells. Among these abnormalities, elevated activity of P2X7 receptors and increased store-operated calcium entry myoblasts have been identified in mdx mouse. Here, the metabotropic extracellular ATP/UTP-evoked response has been investigated. Sensitivity to antagonist, effect of gene silencing and cellular localization studies linked these elevated purinergic responses to the increased expression of P2Y2 but not P2Y4 receptors. These alterations have physiological implications as shown by reduced motility of mdx myoblasts upon treatment with P2Y2 agonist. However, the ultimate increase in intracellular calcium in dystrophic cells reflected complex alterations of calcium homeostasis identified in the RNA seq data and with significant modulation confirmed at the protein level, including a decrease of Gq11 subunit α, plasma membrane calcium ATP-ase, inositol-2,4,5-trisphosphate-receptor proteins and elevation of phospholipase Cβ, sarco-endoplamatic reticulum calcium ATP-ase and sodium‑calcium exchanger. In conclusion, whereas specificity of dystrophic myoblast excitation by extracellular nucleotides is determined by particular receptor overexpression, the intensity of such altered response depends on relative activities of downstream calcium regulators that are also affected by Dmd mutations. Furthermore, these phenotypic effects of DMD emerge as early as in undifferentiated muscle. Therefore, the pathogenesis of DMD and the relevance of current therapeutic approaches may need re-evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Róg
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Oksiejuk
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maxime R F Gosselin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Wojciech Brutkowski
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Dymkowska
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Nowak
- Laboratory of Imaging Tissue Structure and Function, Neurobiology Center Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Samuel Robson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Dariusz C Górecki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK; Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Zabłocki
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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Gazzerro E, Baratto S, Assereto S, Baldassari S, Panicucci C, Raffaghello L, Scudieri P, De Battista D, Fiorillo C, Volpi S, Chaabane L, Malnati M, Messina G, Bruzzone S, Traggiai E, Grassi F, Minetti C, Bruno C. The Danger Signal Extracellular ATP Is Involved in the Immunomediated Damage of α-Sarcoglycan-Deficient Muscular Dystrophy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 189:354-369. [PMID: 30448410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In muscular dystrophies, muscle membrane fragility results in a tissue-specific increase of danger-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) and infiltration of inflammatory cells. The DAMP extracellular ATP (eATP) released by dying myofibers steadily activates muscle and immune purinergic receptors exerting dual negative effects: a direct damage linked to altered intracellular calcium homeostasis in muscle cells and an indirect toxicity through the triggering of the immune response and inhibition of regulatory T cells. Accordingly, pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of eATP signaling improves the phenotype in models of chronic inflammatory diseases. In α-sarcoglycanopathy, eATP effects may be further amplified because α-sarcoglycan extracellular domain binds eATP and displays an ecto-ATPase activity, thus controlling eATP concentration at the cell surface and attenuating the magnitude and/or the duration of eATP-induced signals. Herein, we show that in vivo blockade of the eATP/P2X purinergic pathway by a broad-spectrum P2X receptor-antagonist delayed the progression of the dystrophic phenotype in α-sarcoglycan-null mice. eATP blockade dampened the muscular inflammatory response and enhanced the recruitment of forkhead box protein P3-positive immunosuppressive regulatory CD4+ T cells. The improvement of the inflammatory features was associated with increased strength, reduced necrosis, and limited expression of profibrotic factors, suggesting that pharmacologic purinergic antagonism, altering the innate and adaptive immune component in muscle infiltrates, might provide a therapeutic approach to slow disease progression in α-sarcoglycanopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Gazzerro
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscle Disease Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy; Charité Universität-Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Serena Baratto
- Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Stefania Assereto
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscle Disease Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Simona Baldassari
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscle Disease Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Panicucci
- Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Lizzia Raffaghello
- Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy; Stem Cell Laboratory and Cell Therapy Center, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Scudieri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Napoli, Italy
| | - Davide De Battista
- Unit of Human Virology, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Fiorillo
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscle Disease Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Pediatria II Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Linda Chaabane
- Unit of Human Virology, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Malnati
- Unit of Human Virology, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Grassi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Minetti
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscle Disease Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Claudio Bruno
- Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.
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Bozycki L, Łukasiewicz K, Matryba P, Pikula S. Whole-body clearing, staining and screening of calcium deposits in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Skelet Muscle 2018; 8:21. [PMID: 30025544 PMCID: PMC6053777 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-018-0168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal, X-linked genetic disorder. Although DMD is the most common form of muscular dystrophy, only two FDA-approved drugs were developed to delay its progression. In order to assess therapies for treating DMD, several murine models have recently been introduced. As the wide variety of murine models enlighten mechanisms underlying DMD pathology, the question on how to monitor the progression of the disease within the entire musculoskeletal system still remains to be answered. One considerable approach to monitor such progression is histological evaluation of calcium deposits within muscle biopsies. Although accurate, histology is limited to small tissue area and cannot be utilized to evaluate systemic progression of DMD. Therefore, we aimed to develop a methodology suitable for rapid and high-resolution screening of calcium deposits within the entire murine organism. Methods Procedures were performed on adult male C57BL/10-mdx and adult male C57BL mice. Animals were sacrificed, perfused, paraformaldehyde-fixed, and subjected to whole-body clearing using optimized perfusion-based CUBIC protocol. Next, cleared organisms were stained with alizarin red S to visualize calcium deposits and subjected to imaging. Results Study revealed presence of calcium deposits within degenerated muscles of the entire C57BL/10-mdx mouse organism. Calcified deposits were observed within skeletal muscles of the forelimb, diaphragm, lumbar region, pelvic region, and hindlimb. Calcified deposits found in quadriceps femoris, triceps brachii, and spinalis pars lumborum were characterized. Analysis of cumulative frequency distribution showed different distribution characteristics of calcified deposits in quadriceps femoris muscle in comparison to triceps brachii and spinalis pars lumborum muscles (p < 0.001) and quadriceps femoris vs spinalis pars lumborum (p < 0.001). Differences between the number of calcified deposits in selected muscles, their volume, and average volume were statistically significant. Conclusions In aggregate, we present new methodology to monitor calcium deposits in situ in the mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Sample imaging with the presented setup is feasible and applicable for whole-organ/body imaging. Accompanied by the development of custom-made LSFM apparatus, it allows targeted and precise characterization of calcium deposits in cleared muscles. Hence, presented approach might be broadly utilized to monitor degree to which muscles of the entire organism are affected by the necrosis and how is it altered by the treatment or physical activity of the animal. We believe that this would be a valuable tool for studying organs alternations in a wide group of animal models of muscle dystrophy and bone-oriented diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13395-018-0168-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Bozycki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Lipids, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kacper Łukasiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Matryba
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 5 Nielubowicza Street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Pikula
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Lipids, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
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Young CNJ, Górecki DC. P2RX7 Purinoceptor as a Therapeutic Target-The Second Coming? Front Chem 2018; 6:248. [PMID: 30003075 PMCID: PMC6032550 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2RX7 receptor is a unique member of a family of extracellular ATP (eATP)-gated ion channels expressed in immune cells, where its activation triggers the inflammatory cascade. Therefore, P2RX7 has been long investigated as a target in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases. Subsequently, P2RX7 signaling has been documented in other physiological and pathological processes including pain, CNS and psychiatric disorders and cancer. As a result, a range of P2RX7 antagonists have been developed and trialed. Interestingly, the recent crystallization of mammalian and chicken receptors revealed that most widely-used antagonists may bind a unique allosteric site. The availability of crystal structures allows rational design of improved antagonists and modeling of binding sites of the known or presumed inhibitors. However, several unanswered questions limit the cogent development of P2RX7 therapies. Firstly, this receptor functions as an ion channel, but its chronic stimulation by high eATP causes opening of the non-selective large pore (LP), which can trigger cell death. Not only the molecular mechanism of LP opening is still not fully understood but its function(s) are also unclear. Furthermore, how can tumor cells take advantage of P2RX7 for growth and spread and yet survive overexpression of potentially cytotoxic LP in the eATP-rich environment? The recent discovery of the feedback loop, wherein the LP-evoked release of active MMP-2 triggers the receptor cleavage, provided one explanation. Another mechanism might be that of cancer cells expressing a structurally altered P2RX7 receptor, devoid of the LP function. Exploiting such mechanisms should lead to the development of new, less toxic anticancer treatments. Notably, targeted inhibition of P2RX7 is crucial as its global blockade reduces the immune and inflammatory responses, which have important anti-tumor effects in some types of malignancies. Therefore, another novel approach is the synthesis of tissue/cell specific P2RX7 antagonists. Progress has been aided by the development of p2rx7 knockout mice and new conditional knock-in and knock-out models are being created. In this review, we seek to summarize the recent advances in our understanding of molecular mechanisms of receptor activation and inhibition, which cause its re-emergence as an important therapeutic target. We also highlight the key difficulties affecting this development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris N. J. Young
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, The School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Dariusz C. Górecki
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- The General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
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At the Crossroads of Clinical and Preclinical Research for Muscular Dystrophy-Are We Closer to Effective Treatment for Patients? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051490. [PMID: 29772730 PMCID: PMC5983724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among diseases affecting skeletal muscle, muscular dystrophy is one of the most devastating and complex disorders. The term ‘muscular dystrophy’ refers to a heterogeneous group of genetic diseases associated with a primary muscle defect that leads to progressive muscle wasting and consequent loss of muscle function. Muscular dystrophies are accompanied by numerous clinical complications and abnormalities in other tissues that cause extreme discomfort in everyday life. The fact that muscular dystrophy often takes its toll on babies and small children, and that many patients die at a young age, adds to the cruel character of the disease. Clinicians all over the world are facing the same problem: they have no therapy to offer except for symptom-relieving interventions. Patients, their families, but also clinicians, are in urgent need of an effective cure. Despite advances in genetics, increased understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying muscle disease, despite a sweeping range of successful preclinical strategies and relative progress of their implementation in the clinic, therapy for patients is currently out of reach. Only a greater comprehension of disease mechanisms, new preclinical studies, development of novel technologies, and tight collaboration between scientists and physicians can help improve clinical treatment. Fortunately, inventiveness in research is rapidly extending the limits and setting new standards for treatment design. This review provides a synopsis of muscular dystrophy and considers the steps of preclinical and clinical research that are taking the muscular dystrophy community towards the fundamental goal of combating the traumatic disease.
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The therapeutic potential of purinergic signalling. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 151:157-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Al-Khalidi R, Panicucci C, Cox P, Chira N, Róg J, Young CNJ, McGeehan RE, Ambati K, Ambati J, Zabłocki K, Gazzerro E, Arkle S, Bruno C, Górecki DC. Zidovudine ameliorates pathology in the mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy via P2RX7 purinoceptor antagonism. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:27. [PMID: 29642926 PMCID: PMC5896059 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common inherited muscle disorder that causes severe disability and death of young men. This disease is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration aggravated by sterile inflammation and is also associated with cognitive impairment and low bone density. Given that no current treatment can improve the long-term outcome, approaches with a strong translational potential are urgently needed. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) alters P2RX7 signaling in both muscle and inflammatory cells and inhibition of this receptor resulted in a significant attenuation of muscle and non-muscle symptoms in DMDmdx mouse model. As P2RX7 is an attractive target in a range of human diseases, specific antagonists have been developed. Yet, these will require lengthy safety testing in the pediatric population of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients. In contrast, Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) can act as P2RX7 antagonists and are drugs with an established safety record, including in children. We demonstrate here that AZT (Zidovudine) inhibits P2RX7 functions acting via the same allosteric site as other antagonists. Moreover, short-term AZT treatment at the peak of disease in DMDmdx mice attenuated the phenotype without any detectable side effects. Recovery was evident in the key parameters such as reduced sarcolemma permeability confirmed by lower serum creatine kinase levels and IgG influx into myofibres, decreased inflammatory cell numbers and inflammation markers in leg and heart muscles of treated mice. Moreover, this short-term therapy had some positive impact on muscle strength in vivo and no detrimental effect on mitochondria, which is the main side-effect of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs). Given these results, we postulate that AZT could be quickly re-purposed for the treatment of this highly debilitating and lethal disease. This approach is not constrained by causative DMD mutations and may be effective in alleviating both muscle and non-muscle abnormalities.
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Burnstock G, Knight GE. The potential of P2X7 receptors as a therapeutic target, including inflammation and tumour progression. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:1-18. [PMID: 29164451 PMCID: PMC5842154 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven P2X ion channel nucleotide receptor subtypes have been cloned and characterised. P2X7 receptors (P2X7R) are unusual in that there are extra amino acids in the intracellular C terminus. Low concentrations of ATP open cation channels sometimes leading to cell proliferation, whereas high concentrations of ATP open large pores that release inflammatory cytokines and can lead to apoptotic cell death. Since many diseases involve inflammation and immune responses, and the P2X7R regulates inflammation, there has been recent interest in the pathophysiological roles of P2X7R and the potential of P2X7R antagonists to treat a variety of diseases. These include neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, epilepsy and a number of diseases of peripheral organs, including the cardiovascular, airways, kidney, liver, bladder, skin and musculoskeletal. The potential of P2X7R drugs to treat tumour progression is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Gillian E Knight
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
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Burnstock G. Purinergic Signalling: Therapeutic Developments. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:661. [PMID: 28993732 PMCID: PMC5622197 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signalling, i.e., the role of nucleotides as extracellular signalling molecules, was proposed in 1972. However, this concept was not well accepted until the early 1990's when receptor subtypes for purines and pyrimidines were cloned and characterised, which includes four subtypes of the P1 (adenosine) receptor, seven subtypes of P2X ion channel receptors and 8 subtypes of the P2Y G protein-coupled receptor. Early studies were largely concerned with the physiology, pharmacology and biochemistry of purinergic signalling. More recently, the focus has been on the pathophysiology and therapeutic potential. There was early recognition of the use of P1 receptor agonists for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia and A2A receptor antagonists are promising for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clopidogrel, a P2Y12 antagonist, is widely used for the treatment of thrombosis and stroke, blocking P2Y12 receptor-mediated platelet aggregation. Diquafosol, a long acting P2Y2 receptor agonist, is being used for the treatment of dry eye. P2X3 receptor antagonists have been developed that are orally bioavailable and stable in vivo and are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of chronic cough, bladder incontinence, visceral pain and hypertension. Antagonists to P2X7 receptors are being investigated for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. Other investigations are in progress for the use of purinergic agents for the treatment of osteoporosis, myocardial infarction, irritable bowel syndrome, epilepsy, atherosclerosis, depression, autism, diabetes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical SchoolLondon, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, MelbourneVIC, Australia
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40
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Di Virgilio F, Dal Ben D, Sarti AC, Giuliani AL, Falzoni S. The P2X7 Receptor in Infection and Inflammation. Immunity 2017; 47:15-31. [PMID: 28723547 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 797] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) accumulates at sites of tissue injury and inflammation. Effects of extracellular ATP are mediated by plasma membrane receptors named P2 receptors (P2Rs). The P2R most involved in inflammation and immunity is the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), expressed by virtually all cells of innate and adaptive immunity. P2X7R mediates NLRP3 inflammasome activation, cytokine and chemokine release, T lymphocyte survival and differentiation, transcription factor activation, and cell death. Ten human P2RX7 gene splice variants and several SNPs that produce complex haplotypes are known. The P2X7R is a potent stimulant of inflammation and immunity and a promoter of cancer cell growth. This makes P2X7R an appealing target for anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer therapy. However, an in-depth knowledge of its structure and of the associated signal transduction mechanisms is needed for an effective therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Alba Clara Sarti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Giuliani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simonetta Falzoni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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41
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Misharin AV, Morales-Nebreda L, Reyfman PA, Cuda CM, Walter JM, McQuattie-Pimentel AC, Chen CI, Anekalla KR, Joshi N, Williams KJN, Abdala-Valencia H, Yacoub TJ, Chi M, Chiu S, Gonzalez-Gonzalez FJ, Gates K, Lam AP, Nicholson TT, Homan PJ, Soberanes S, Dominguez S, Morgan VK, Saber R, Shaffer A, Hinchcliff M, Marshall SA, Bharat A, Berdnikovs S, Bhorade SM, Bartom ET, Morimoto RI, Balch WE, Sznajder JI, Chandel NS, Mutlu GM, Jain M, Gottardi CJ, Singer BD, Ridge KM, Bagheri N, Shilatifard A, Budinger GRS, Perlman H. Monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages drive lung fibrosis and persist in the lung over the life span. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2387-2404. [PMID: 28694385 PMCID: PMC5551573 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20162152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 683] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Misharin et al. elucidate the fate and function of monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages during the course of pulmonary fibrosis. These cells persisted throughout the life span, were enriched for the expression of profibrotic genes, and their genetic ablation ameliorated development of pulmonary fibrosis. Little is known about the relative importance of monocyte and tissue-resident macrophages in the development of lung fibrosis. We show that specific genetic deletion of monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages after their recruitment to the lung ameliorated lung fibrosis, whereas tissue-resident alveolar macrophages did not contribute to fibrosis. Using transcriptomic profiling of flow-sorted cells, we found that monocyte to alveolar macrophage differentiation unfolds continuously over the course of fibrosis and its resolution. During the fibrotic phase, monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages differ significantly from tissue-resident alveolar macrophages in their expression of profibrotic genes. A population of monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages persisted in the lung for one year after the resolution of fibrosis, where they became increasingly similar to tissue-resident alveolar macrophages. Human homologues of profibrotic genes expressed by mouse monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages during fibrosis were up-regulated in human alveolar macrophages from fibrotic compared with normal lungs. Our findings suggest that selectively targeting alveolar macrophage differentiation within the lung may ameliorate fibrosis without the adverse consequences associated with global monocyte or tissue-resident alveolar macrophage depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Misharin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Luisa Morales-Nebreda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Paul A Reyfman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Carla M Cuda
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - James M Walter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Alexandra C McQuattie-Pimentel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Ching-I Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Kishore R Anekalla
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Nikita Joshi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Kinola J N Williams
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Hiam Abdala-Valencia
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Tyrone J Yacoub
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Monica Chi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Stephen Chiu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Francisco J Gonzalez-Gonzalez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Khalilah Gates
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Anna P Lam
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Trevor T Nicholson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Philip J Homan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Saul Soberanes
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Salina Dominguez
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Vince K Morgan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Rana Saber
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Alexander Shaffer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Monique Hinchcliff
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Stacy A Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Ankit Bharat
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Sergejs Berdnikovs
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Sangeeta M Bhorade
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Elizabeth T Bartom
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Richard I Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - William E Balch
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institutes, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jacob I Sznajder
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Gökhan M Mutlu
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Manu Jain
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Cara J Gottardi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Benjamin D Singer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Karen M Ridge
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Neda Bagheri
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - G R Scott Budinger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Harris Perlman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
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42
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Murphy S, Dowling P, Zweyer M, Henry M, Meleady P, Mundegar RR, Swandulla D, Ohlendieck K. Proteomic profiling of mdx-4cv serum reveals highly elevated levels of the inflammation-induced plasma marker haptoglobin in muscular dystrophy. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:1357-1370. [PMID: 28440464 PMCID: PMC5428965 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked muscular dystrophy is caused by primary abnormalities in the Dmd gene and is characterized by the almost complete loss of the membrane cytoskeletal protein dystrophin, which triggers sarcolemmal instability, abnormal calcium homeostasis, increased proteolysis and impaired excitation-contraction coupling. In addition to progressive necrosis, crucial secondary pathologies are represented by myofibrosis and the invasion of immune cells in damaged muscle fibres. In order to determine whether these substantial changes within the skeletal musculature are reflected by an altered rate of protein release into the circulatory system or other plasma fluctuations, we used label-free mass spectrometry to characterize serum from the mdx-4cv model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Comparative proteomics revealed a large number of increased vs. decreased protein species in mdx-4cv serum. A serum component with greatly elevated levels was identified as the inflammation-inducible plasma marker haptoglobin. This acute phase response protein is usually secreted in relation to tissue damage and sterile inflammation. Both immunoblot analyses and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays confirmed the increased concentration of haptoglobin in crude mdx-4cv serum. This suggests that haptoglobin, in conjunction with other altered serum proteins, represents a novel diagnostic, prognostic and/or therapy-monitoring biomarker candidate to evaluate the inflammatory response in the mdx-4cv animal model of dystrophinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Murphy
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Paul Dowling
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Margit Zweyer
- Department of Physiology II, University of Bonn, D‑53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Henry
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Rustam R Mundegar
- Department of Physiology II, University of Bonn, D‑53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter Swandulla
- Department of Physiology II, University of Bonn, D‑53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kay Ohlendieck
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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43
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Marsolier J, Laforet P, Pegoraro E, Vissing J, Richard I. 1st International Workshop on Clinical trial readiness for sarcoglycanopathies 15-16 November 2016, Evry, France. Neuromuscul Disord 2017; 27:683-692. [PMID: 28521973 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Marsolier
- Généthon, INSERM, U951, INTEGRARE Research Unit, Evry F-91002, France
| | | | | | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isabelle Richard
- Généthon, INSERM, U951, INTEGRARE Research Unit, Evry F-91002, France.
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44
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Gicquel T, Le Daré B, Boichot E, Lagente V. Purinergic receptors: new targets for the treatment of gout and fibrosis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 31:136-146. [PMID: 27885718 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate is involved in many metabolic reactions, but it has also a role as a cellular danger signal transmitted through purinergic receptors (PRs). Indeed, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) can bind to PRs which are found in the membrane of many cell types, although the relative proportions of the receptor subtypes differ. PRs are classified according to genetic and pharmacological criteria and especially their affinities for agonists and their transduction mechanism (i.e. as metabotropic P2YRs or ionotropic P2XRs). Extracellular ATP release by activated or necrotic cells may activate various PRs and especially P2X7R, the best-characterized PR, on immune cells. P2X7R is known to regulate the activation of the Nod-like receptor (NLR)-family protein, NLRP3 inflammasome, which permit the release of IL-1β, a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine. The P2X7R/NLRP3 pathway is involved in many inflammatory diseases, such as gout, and in fibrosis diseases associated with inflammatory process, liver or lung fibrosis. Some authors imaging also a real promising therapeutic potential of P2X7R blockage. Thus, several pharmaceutical companies have developed P2X7R antagonists as novel anti-inflammatory drug candidates. Clinical trials of the efficacy of these antagonists are now underway. A better understanding of the P2X7R/NLRP3 signalling pathways permits the identification of targets and the development of a new class of drugs able to inhibit the fibrogenesis process and collagen deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gicquel
- Laboratoire de toxicologie biologique et médico-légale, CHU Rennes, F-35033, Rennes, France.,UMR991 INSERM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Rennes 1, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - Brendan Le Daré
- UMR991 INSERM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Rennes 1, F-35043, Rennes, France.,CHU Rennes, Pôle Pharmacie, F-35033, Rennes, France
| | - Elisabeth Boichot
- UMR991 INSERM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Rennes 1, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Lagente
- UMR991 INSERM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Rennes 1, F-35043, Rennes, France
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45
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Sharma D, Al-Khalidi R, Edgar S, An Q, Wang Y, Young C, Nowis D, Gorecki DC. Co-delivery of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase prevents loss of expression of an antigenic transgene in dystrophic mouse muscles. Gene Ther 2016; 24:113-119. [PMID: 28004656 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A significant problem affecting gene therapy approaches aiming at achieving long-term transgene expression is the immune response against the protein product of the therapeutic gene, which can reduce or eliminate the therapeutic effect. The problem is further exacerbated when therapy involves targeting an immunogenic tissue and/or one with a pre-existing inflammatory phenotype, such as dystrophic muscles. In this proof-of-principle study, we co-expressed a model antigen, bacterial β-galactosidase, with an immunosuppressive factor, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), in muscles of the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. This treatment prevented loss of expression of the transgene concomitant with significantly elevated expression of T-regulatory (Treg) markers in the IDO1-expressing muscles. Moreover, co-expression of IDO1 resulted in reduced serum levels of anti-β-gal antibodies. These data indicate that co-expression of genes encoding immunomodulatory enzymes controlling kynurenine pathways provide a viable strategy for preventing loss of transgenes targeted into dystrophic muscles with pre-existing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sharma
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - R Al-Khalidi
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - S Edgar
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Q An
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Y Wang
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - C Young
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - D Nowis
- Department of Immunology, Center for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - D C Gorecki
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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46
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De Oliveira Moreira D, Santo Neto H, Marques MJ. P2Y 2 purinergic receptors are highly expressed in cardiac and diaphragm muscles of mdx mice, and their expression is decreased by suramin. Muscle Nerve 2016; 55:116-121. [PMID: 27220808 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and in the mdx mouse model of DMD, the lack of dystrophin leads to increased calcium influx and muscle necrosis. Patients suffer progressive muscle loss, and cardiomyopathy is an important determinant of morbidity. P2 purinergic receptors participate in the increased calcium levels in dystrophic skeletal muscles. METHODS In this study, we evaluated whether P2 receptors are involved in cardiomyopathy in mdx mice at later stages of the disease. RESULTS Western blotting revealed that P2Y2 receptor levels were upregulated (54%) in dystrophic heart compared with a normal heart. Suramin reduced the levels of P2Y2 to almost normal values. Suramin also decreased heart necrosis (reduced CK-MB) and the expression of the stretch-activated calcium channel TRPC1. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that P2Y2 may participate in cardiomyopathy in mdx mice. P2-selective drugs with specific actions in the dystrophic heart may ameliorate cardiomyopathy in dystrophinopathies. Muscle Nerve 55: 116-121, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drielen De Oliveira Moreira
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Humberto Santo Neto
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Julia Marques
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
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47
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Mohamad NS, Sinadinos A, Górecki DC, Zioupos P, Tong J. Impact of P2RX7 ablation on the morphological, mechanical and tissue properties of bones in a murine model of duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Biomech 2016; 49:3444-3451. [PMID: 27663621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an inherited, lethal disorder characterised by progressive muscle degeneration and associated bone abnormalities. We have previously demonstrated that P2RX7 purinergic receptors contribute to the pathogenesis of DMD, and found that P2RX7 ablation alleviated the severity of the disease. In this work we have used a dystrophic mdx mouse crossed with the global P2RX7 receptor to generate a knockout mouse (mdx/P2X7-/-), and compared its morphometric, mechanical and tissue properties against those of mdx, as well as the wild type (WT) and the P2RX7 knockout (P2X7-/-). Micro-computed tomography (µCT), three-point bending testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nano-indentation were utilised in the study. The bones were analysed at approximately 4 weeks of age to examine the impact of P2RX7 ablation on the bone properties during the acute disease phase, before muscle wasting is fully developed. The results show that P2RX7 purinoceptor ablation has produced improvement or significant improvement in some of the morphological, the mechanical and the tissue properties of the dystrophic bones examined. Specifically, although the ablation produced smaller bones with significantly lower total cross-section area (Tt.Ar) and Second Moment of Area (SMA), significantly higher cortical bone area (Ct.Ar), cortical area fraction (Ct.Ar/Tt.Ar) and trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) are found in the mdx/P2X7-/- mice than in any other types. Further, the mdx/P2X7-/- bones have relatively higher average flexural strength, work-to-fracture and significantly higher strain to failure compared with those of mdx, suggesting greater resistance to fracture. Indentation modulus, elasticity and creep are also significantly improved in the knockout cortical bones over those of mdx. These findings seem to suggest that specific pharmacological blockade of P2RX7 may improve dystrophic bones, with a potential for therapeutic application in the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Mohamad
- Mechanical Behaviour of Materials Group, School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | - A Sinadinos
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | - D C Górecki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | - P Zioupos
- Biomechanics Labs, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, UK
| | - J Tong
- Mechanical Behaviour of Materials Group, School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, UK.
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48
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Schiaffino S, Pereira MG, Ciciliot S, Rovere-Querini P. Regulatory T cells and skeletal muscle regeneration. FEBS J 2016; 284:517-524. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo G. Pereira
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM); Padova Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Italy
| | - Stefano Ciciliot
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM); Padova Italy
- Department of Medicine (DIMED); University of Padova; Italy
| | - Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease; San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; Milano Italy
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49
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The impact of P2X7 receptor antagonist, brilliant blue G on graft-versus-host disease in mice after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cell Immunol 2016; 310:71-77. [PMID: 27544305 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of P2X7 on liver inflammation in mice after HSCT. Hematopoietic stem cells obtained from C57BL/6 mice were administrated into BALB/c mice to establish GVHD model. On day 7, 14, 21 and 28 after HSCT, mice received P2X7R antagonist brilliant blue G (BBG) or not were sacrificed for analysis of weight loss, liver inflammation, cytokine secretion, P2X7, NLRP3 expression as well as caspase-1 activation. Liver inflammation with neutrophils and macrophases infiltration as well as weight loss increase was present after HSCT, but improved after administration with high dose of BBG compared with lower dose. High dose of P2X7R inhibitor administration after HSCT previously reduced levels of IL-1β, IL-18, caspase-1, NLRP3 as well as P2X7, and the level of alanine transaminase (ALT) and the ratio of aspartate amino transferase (AST)/ALT compared with that receiving low dose of BBG. Meanwhile, P2X7R blockage also reduced infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils and levels of CXCL8 and CCL2 in peripheral blood as well as improved liver function. In conclusion, blockage of P2X7R by BBG exerts a protective effect on GVHD post HSCT and improves liver function suggesting that this receptor could be considered as an attractive target for treatment of GVHD.
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50
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Górecki DC. Dystrophin: The dead calm of a dogma. Rare Dis 2016; 4:e1153777. [PMID: 27141413 PMCID: PMC4838315 DOI: 10.1080/21675511.2016.1153777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common inherited muscle disease leading to severe disability and death of young men. Current interventions are palliative as no treatment improves the long-term outcome. Therefore, new therapeutic modalities with translational potential are urgently needed and abnormalities downstream from the absence of dystrophin are realistic targets. It has been shown that DMD mutations alter extracellular ATP (eATP) signaling via P2RX7 purinoceptor upregulation, which leads to autophagic death of dystrophic muscle cells. Furthermore, the eATP-P2RX7 axis contributes to DMD pathology by stimulating harmful inflammatory responses. We demonstrated recently that genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of P2RX7 in the mdx mouse model of DMD produced functional attenuation of both muscle and non-muscle symptoms, establishing this receptor as an attractive therapeutic target. Central to the argument presented here, this purinergic phenotype affects dystrophic myoblasts. Muscle cells were believed not to be affected at this stage of differentiation, as they do not produce detectable dystrophin protein. Our findings contradict the central hypothesis stating that aberrant dystrophin expression is inconsequential in myoblasts and the DMD pathology results from effects such as sarcolemma fragility, due to the absence of dystrophin, in differentiated myofibres. However, we discuss here the evidence that, already in myogenic cells, DMD mutations produce a plethora of abnormalities, including in cell proliferation, differentiation, energy metabolism, Ca(2+) homeostasis and death, leading to impaired muscle regeneration. We hope that this discussion may bring to light further results that will help re-evaluating the established belief. Clearly, understanding how DMD mutations alter such a range of functions in myogenic cells is vital for developing effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz C. Górecki
- Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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