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Embo-Ibouanga AW, Nguyen M, Joly JP, Coustets M, Augereau JM, Paloque L, Vanthuyne N, Bikanga R, Robert A, Benoit-Vical F, Audran G, Mellet P, Boissier J, Marque SRA. Peptide-Alkoxyamine Drugs: An Innovative Approach to Fight Schistosomiasis: "Digging Their Graves with Their Forks". Pathogens 2024; 13:482. [PMID: 38921780 PMCID: PMC11206678 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The expansion of drug resistant parasites sheds a serious concern on several neglected parasitic diseases. Our recent results on cancer led us to envision the use of peptide-alkoxyamines as a highly selective and efficient new drug against schistosome adult worms, the etiological agents of schistosomiasis. Indeed, the peptide tag of the hybrid compounds can be hydrolyzed by worm's digestive enzymes to afford a highly labile alkoxyamine which homolyzes spontaneously and instantaneously into radicals-which are then used as a drug against Schistosome adult parasites. This approach is nicely summarized as digging their graves with their forks. Several hybrid peptide-alkoxyamines were prepared and clearly showed an activity: two of the tested compounds kill 50% of the parasites in two hours at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. Importantly, the peptide and alkoxyamine fragments that are unable to generate alkyl radicals display no activity. This strong evidence validates the proposed mechanism: a specific activation of the prodrugs by the parasite proteases leading to parasite death through in situ alkyl radical generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ange W. Embo-Ibouanga
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, CEDEX 20, 13397 Marseille, France; (A.W.E.-I.); (J.-P.J.)
| | - Michel Nguyen
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC-CNRS) and, New Antimalarial Molecules and Pharmacological Approaches (MAAP), Inserm ERL 1289, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.N.); (M.C.); (J.-M.A.); (L.P.); (A.R.); (F.B.-V.)
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier (UPS), 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Patrick Joly
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, CEDEX 20, 13397 Marseille, France; (A.W.E.-I.); (J.-P.J.)
| | - Mathilde Coustets
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC-CNRS) and, New Antimalarial Molecules and Pharmacological Approaches (MAAP), Inserm ERL 1289, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.N.); (M.C.); (J.-M.A.); (L.P.); (A.R.); (F.B.-V.)
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier (UPS), 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Michel Augereau
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC-CNRS) and, New Antimalarial Molecules and Pharmacological Approaches (MAAP), Inserm ERL 1289, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.N.); (M.C.); (J.-M.A.); (L.P.); (A.R.); (F.B.-V.)
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier (UPS), 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Lucie Paloque
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC-CNRS) and, New Antimalarial Molecules and Pharmacological Approaches (MAAP), Inserm ERL 1289, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.N.); (M.C.); (J.-M.A.); (L.P.); (A.R.); (F.B.-V.)
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier (UPS), 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille ISM2, Case 531, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, CEDEX 20, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Raphaël Bikanga
- Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, LASNSOM, Franceville BP 901, Gabon;
| | - Anne Robert
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC-CNRS) and, New Antimalarial Molecules and Pharmacological Approaches (MAAP), Inserm ERL 1289, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.N.); (M.C.); (J.-M.A.); (L.P.); (A.R.); (F.B.-V.)
| | - Françoise Benoit-Vical
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC-CNRS) and, New Antimalarial Molecules and Pharmacological Approaches (MAAP), Inserm ERL 1289, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France; (M.N.); (M.C.); (J.-M.A.); (L.P.); (A.R.); (F.B.-V.)
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier (UPS), 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Gérard Audran
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, CEDEX 20, 13397 Marseille, France; (A.W.E.-I.); (J.-P.J.)
| | - Philippe Mellet
- Magnetic Resonance of Biological Systems, UMR 5536 CNRS-University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, CEDEX, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, 146 rue Leo Saignat, CEDEX, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jérôme Boissier
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Sylvain R. A. Marque
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, CEDEX 20, 13397 Marseille, France; (A.W.E.-I.); (J.-P.J.)
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Rathi K, Shukla M, Hassam M, Shrivastava R, Rawat V, Prakash Verma V. Recent advances in the synthesis and antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxanes. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107043. [PMID: 38134523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The increasing resistance of various malarial parasite strains to drugs has made the production of a new, rapid-acting, and efficient antimalarial drug more necessary, as the demand for such drugs is growing rapidly. As a major global health concern, various methods have been implemented to address the problem of drug resistance, including the hybrid drug concept, combination therapy, the development of analogues of existing medicines, and the use of drug resistance reversal agents. Artemisinin and its derivatives are currently used against multidrug- resistant P. falciparum species. However, due to its natural origin, its use has been limited by its scarcity in natural resources. As a result, finding a substitute becomes more crucial, and the peroxide group in artemisinin, responsible for the drugs biological action in the form of 1,2,4-trioxane, may hold the key to resolving this issue. The literature suggests that 1,2,4-trioxanes have the potential to become an alternative to current malaria drugs, as highlighted in this review. This is why 1,2,4-trioxanes and their derivatives have been synthesized on a large scale worldwide, as they have shown promising antimalarial activity in vivo and in vitro against Plasmodium species. Consequently, the search for a more convenient, environment friendly, sustainable, efficient, and effective synthetic pathway for the synthesis of 1,2,4-trioxanes continues. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the synthesis and mechanism of action of 1,2,4-trioxanes. This systematic review highlights the most recent summaries of derivatives of 1,2,4-trioxane compounds and dimers with potential antimalarial activity from January 1988 to 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Monika Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Rahul Shrivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur (Rajasthan), VPO- Dehmi-Kalan, Off Jaipur-Ajmer Express Way, Jaipur, Rajasthan 30300, India
| | - Varun Rawat
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India.
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In Vitro Cercaricidal and Schistosomicidal Activities of the Raffia Wine and Hydroethanolic Extracts of Pedilanthus tithymaloides Linn (Poit). Stem Barks. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2672150. [PMID: 36159554 PMCID: PMC9507742 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2672150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis control remains a public health concern, and there is a need to evaluate new strategies for targeting larval and adult stages of the parasite. As Pedilanthus tithymaloides is empirically used to treat schistosomiasis, it becomes essential to know its effective action scientifically. This study assessed the cercaricidal and schistosomicidal activity of P. tithymaloides stem barks raffia wine extract (RwPt) and hydroethanolic extract (HePt). Different concentrations of these extracts were tested against cercariae (31.25–1000 μg/mL) and adult worms (62.5–2000 μg/mL) of Schistosoma mansoni. Niclosamide-olamine 5% (1 μg/mL) and praziquantel (10 μg/mL) were used as pharmacological controls. Cercariae viability was determined every 30 min for 180 min, and adult worms’ motor activity and viability after 24 and 48 h incubation. In addition, cytotoxicity and phytochemical analysis were performed. HePt was lethal to cercariae and adult worms with LC50 of 73.91 μg/mL after 60 min of incubation and 731.17 μg/mL after 48 h of incubation, respectively. Furthermore, a significant reduction of 94.44% in motor activity was observed in surviving worms at the concentration of 2000 μg/mL. RwPt was less effective on S. mansoni cercariae with an LC50 of 617.86 μg/mL after 180 min and on adult worms with a mortality rate of 9.83% at 2000 μg/mL for 48 h incubation. Both extracts showed a weak cytotoxicity profile with an IC50 of 983.50 μg/mL for HePt and more than 1000 μg/mL for RwPt. The LC-MS analysis of HePt allowed the detection of two annotated diterpenoids. Based on the selectivity index, the hydroethanolic extract of P. tithymaloides stem barks disclosed an intense cercaricidal activity and a moderate schistosomicidal effect with low cytotoxicity. These findings may support the potential use of Pedilanthus tithymaloides as a natural product or a source of natural-derived compounds for interrupting schistosomiasis transmission.
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Drug associations as alternative and complementary therapy for neglected tropical diseases. Acta Trop 2022; 225:106210. [PMID: 34687644 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present paper aims to establish different treatments for neglected tropical disease by a survey on drug conjugations and possible fixed-dose combinations (FDC) used to obtain alternative, safer and more effective treatments. The source databases used were Science Direct and PubMed/Medline, in the intervals between 2015 and 2021 with the drugs key-words or diseases, like "schistosomiasis", "praziquantel", "malaria", "artesunate", "Chagas' disease", "benznidazole", "filariasis", diethylcarbamazine", "ivermectin", " albendazole". 118 works were the object of intense analysis, other articles and documents were used to increase the quality of the studies, such as consensuses for harmonizing therapeutics and historical articles. As a result, an effective NTD control can be achieved when different public health approaches are combined with interventions guided by the epidemiology of each location and the availability of appropriate measures to detect, prevent and control disease. It was also possible to verify that the FDCs promote a simplification of the therapeutic regimen, which promotes better patient compliance and enables a reduction in the development of parasitic resistance, requiring further studies aimed at resistant strains, since the combined APIs usually act by different mechanisms or at different target sites. In addition to eliminating the process of developing a new drug based on the identification and validation of active compounds, which is a complex, long process and requires a strong long-term investment, other advantages that FDCs have are related to productive gain and gain from the industrial plant, which can favor and encourage the R&D of new FDCs not only for NTDs but also for other diseases that require the use of more than one drug.
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Yang ZY, Liu ZH, Zhang YN, Li C, Liu L, Pu WJ, Xie SQ, Xu J, Xia CM. Synergistic effect of combination chemotherapy with praziquantel and DW-3-15 for Schistosoma japonicum in vitro and in vivo. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:550. [PMID: 34702326 PMCID: PMC8549225 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a debilitating and neglected tropical disease for which praziquantel (PZQ) remains the first-choice drug for treatment and control of the disease. In our previous studies, we found that the patented compound DW-3-15 (patent no. ZL201110142538.2) displayed significant and stabilized antiparasitic activity through a mechanism that might be distinct from PZQ. Here, we investigated the antischistosomal efficacy of PZQ combined with DW-3-15 against schistosomula and adult worms of Schistosoma japonicum in vitro and in vivo, to verify whether there was a synergistic effect of the two compounds. METHODS The antischistosomal efficacy of PZQ combined with DW-3-15 in comparison with an untreated control and monotherapy group against schistosomula and adult worms was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. Parasitological studies, scanning electron microscopy, combination index, and histopathological analysis were used for the assessment. RESULTS The results showed significantly reduced viability of schistosomes, achieving 100% viability reduction for juveniles and males by combination chemotherapy using PZQ together with DW-3-15 in vitro. The combination index was 0.28, 0.27, and 0.53 at the higher concentration of PZQ combined with DW-3-15 against juveniles, males, and females, respectively, indicating that the two compounds display strong synergism. Scanning electron microscopy observations also demonstrated that the compound combination induced more severe and extensive alterations to the tegument and subtegument of S. japonicum than those with each compound alone. In vivo, compared with the single-compound-treated group, the group treated with the higher-dose combination demonstrated the best schistosomicidal efficacy, with significantly reduced worm burden, egg burden, and granuloma count and area, which was evident against schistosomula and adult worms. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a potential novel chemotherapy for schistosomiasis caused by S. japonicum. It would improve the antischistosomal effect on schistosomula and adult worms of S. japonicum, and decrease individual dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yin Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Zi-Hao Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Wen-Jie Pu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Shi-Qi Xie
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Chao-Ming Xia
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123 China
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Mitochondria as a potential target for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic drugs against Schistosoma mansoni infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0041821. [PMID: 34339272 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00418-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of parasites resistant to praziquantel, the only therapeutic agent, and its ineffectiveness as a prophylactic agent (inactive against the migratory/juvenile Schistosoma mansoni), makes the development of new antischistosomal drugs urgent. The parasite's mitochondrion is an attractive target for drug development because this organelle is essential for survival throughout the parasite's life cycle. We investigated the effects of 116 compounds against Schistosoma mansoni cercariae motility that have been reported to affect mitochondria-related processes in other organisms. Next, eight compounds plus two controls (mefloquine and praziquantel) were selected and assayed against motility of schistosomula (in vitro) and adults (ex vivo). Prophylactic and therapeutic assays were performed using infected mouse models. Inhibition of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was assayed using Seahorse XFe24 Analyzer. All selected compounds showed excellent prophylactic activity, reducing the worm burden in the lungs to less than 15% that obtained in the vehicle control. Notably, ascofuranone showed the highest activity with a 98% reduction of the worm burden, suggesting the potential for development of ascofuranone as a prophylactic agent. The worm burden of infected mice with S. mansoni at the adult stage was reduced by more than 50% in mice treated with mefloquine, nitazoxanide, amiodarone, ascofuranone, pyrvinium pamoate, or plumbagin. Moreover, adult mitochondrial OCR was severely inhibited by ascofuranone, atovaquone, and nitazoxanide, while pyrvinium pamoate inhibited both mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial OCRs. These results demonstrate that the mitochondria of S. mansoni are feasible target for drug development.
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Reyser T, To TH, Egwu C, Paloque L, Nguyen M, Hamouy A, Stigliani JL, Bijani C, Augereau JM, Joly JP, Portela J, Havot J, Marque SRA, Boissier J, Robert A, Benoit-Vical F, Audran G. Alkoxyamines Designed as Potential Drugs against Plasmodium and Schistosoma Parasites. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173838. [PMID: 32846996 PMCID: PMC7503767 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria and schistosomiasis are major infectious causes of morbidity and mortality in the tropical and sub-tropical areas. Due to the widespread drug resistance of the parasites, the availability of new efficient and affordable drugs for these endemic pathologies is now a critical public health issue. In this study, we report the design, the synthesis and the preliminary biological evaluation of a series of alkoxyamine derivatives as potential drugs against Plasmodium and Schistosoma parasites. The compounds (RS/SR)-2F, (RR/SS)-2F, and 8F, having IC50 values in nanomolar range against drug-resistant P. falciparum strains, but also five other alkoxyamines, inducing the death of all adult worms of S. mansoni in only 1 h, can be considered as interesting chemical starting points of the series for improvement of the activity, and further structure activity, relationship studies. Moreover, investigation of the mode of action and the rate constants kd for C-ON bond homolysis of new alkoxyamines is reported, showing a possible alkyl radical mediated biological activity. A theoretical chemistry study allowed us to design new structures of alkoxyamines in order to improve the selectivity index of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Reyser
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31555 Toulouse, France; (T.R.); (C.E.); (L.P.); (M.N.); (A.H.); (J.-L.S.); (C.B.); (J.-M.A.)
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Tung H. To
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille CEDEX 20, France; (T.H.T.); (J.-P.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Chinedu Egwu
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31555 Toulouse, France; (T.R.); (C.E.); (L.P.); (M.N.); (A.H.); (J.-L.S.); (C.B.); (J.-M.A.)
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Lucie Paloque
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31555 Toulouse, France; (T.R.); (C.E.); (L.P.); (M.N.); (A.H.); (J.-L.S.); (C.B.); (J.-M.A.)
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Nguyen
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31555 Toulouse, France; (T.R.); (C.E.); (L.P.); (M.N.); (A.H.); (J.-L.S.); (C.B.); (J.-M.A.)
| | - Alexandre Hamouy
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31555 Toulouse, France; (T.R.); (C.E.); (L.P.); (M.N.); (A.H.); (J.-L.S.); (C.B.); (J.-M.A.)
| | - Jean-Luc Stigliani
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31555 Toulouse, France; (T.R.); (C.E.); (L.P.); (M.N.); (A.H.); (J.-L.S.); (C.B.); (J.-M.A.)
| | - Christian Bijani
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31555 Toulouse, France; (T.R.); (C.E.); (L.P.); (M.N.); (A.H.); (J.-L.S.); (C.B.); (J.-M.A.)
| | - Jean-Michel Augereau
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31555 Toulouse, France; (T.R.); (C.E.); (L.P.); (M.N.); (A.H.); (J.-L.S.); (C.B.); (J.-M.A.)
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Patrick Joly
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille CEDEX 20, France; (T.H.T.); (J.-P.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Julien Portela
- S.A.S ParaDev, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France;
| | - Jeffrey Havot
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille CEDEX 20, France; (T.H.T.); (J.-P.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Sylvain R. A. Marque
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille CEDEX 20, France; (T.H.T.); (J.-P.J.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.A.M.); (J.B.); (A.R.); (F.B.-V.); (G.A.)
| | - Jérôme Boissier
- Laboratoire Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), UMR 5244 CNRS, University of Perpignan, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Correspondence: (S.R.A.M.); (J.B.); (A.R.); (F.B.-V.); (G.A.)
| | - Anne Robert
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31555 Toulouse, France; (T.R.); (C.E.); (L.P.); (M.N.); (A.H.); (J.-L.S.); (C.B.); (J.-M.A.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.A.M.); (J.B.); (A.R.); (F.B.-V.); (G.A.)
| | - Françoise Benoit-Vical
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31555 Toulouse, France; (T.R.); (C.E.); (L.P.); (M.N.); (A.H.); (J.-L.S.); (C.B.); (J.-M.A.)
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
- INSERM, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 31024 Toulouse, France
- Correspondence: (S.R.A.M.); (J.B.); (A.R.); (F.B.-V.); (G.A.)
| | - Gérard Audran
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille CEDEX 20, France; (T.H.T.); (J.-P.J.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.A.M.); (J.B.); (A.R.); (F.B.-V.); (G.A.)
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Therapeutic efficacy of a newly synthesized benzimidazole compound BTP-OH against murine schistosomiasis mansoni. J Helminthol 2020; 94:e172. [PMID: 32665046 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x20000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Because of the increasingly emerging praziquantel resistance, there is a crucial need to develop new anti-schistosomal agents. This work was conducted to assess the therapeutic efficacy of a new benzimidazole compound (BTP-OH) in mice experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni. A total of 40 Swiss albino female mice were divided into an infected untreated group and three infected treated groups (using praziquantel and BTP-OH). The compound activity was evaluated through parasitological, histopathological and scanning electron microscopy studies. Praziquantel and BTP-OH at both doses significantly reduced male (75%, 42.67% and 61.08%, respectively), female (71.45%, 48.94% and 68.13%, respectively) and total worm burden (75.21%, 42.42% and 62.28%, respectively), as well as tissue egg load in the liver (71.22%, 42.12% and 66.04%, respectively). In oogram, praziquantel significantly increased the percentage of dead eggs (65.89%), while BTP-OH significantly reduced the percentage of immature eggs (30.43% and 19.64%). BTP-OH significantly diminished granuloma count (33.87% and 44.77%) and diameter (39.23% and 49.40%), and caused ultrastructural changes in the tegument of adult schistosomes. This study provides evidence for the schistosomicidal efficacy of BTP-OH. However, future studies are needed to elucidate the full mechanisms of action and effects of BTP-OH on other human schistosomes.
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Wu J, Wang X, Chiu FCK, Häberli C, Shackleford DM, Ryan E, Kamaraj S, Bulbule VJ, Wallick AI, Dong Y, White KL, Davis PH, Charman SA, Keiser J, Vennerstrom JL. Structure-Activity Relationship of Antischistosomal Ozonide Carboxylic Acids. J Med Chem 2020; 63:3723-3736. [PMID: 32134263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Semisynthetic artemisinins and other bioactive peroxides are best known for their powerful antimalarial activities, and they also show substantial activity against schistosomes-another hemoglobin-degrading pathogen. Building on this discovery, we now describe the initial structure-activity relationship (SAR) of antischistosomal ozonide carboxylic acids OZ418 (2) and OZ165 (3). Irrespective of lipophilicity, these ozonide weak acids have relatively low aqueous solubilities and high protein binding values. Ozonides with para-substituted carboxymethoxy and N-benzylglycine substituents had high antischistosomal efficacies. It was possible to increase solubility, decrease protein binding, and maintain the high antischistosomal activity in mice infected with juvenile and adult Schistosoma mansoni by incorporating a weak base functional group in these compounds. In some cases, adding polar functional groups and heteroatoms to the spiroadamantane substructure increased the solubility and metabolic stability, but in all cases decreased the antischistosomal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Wu
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 986125, United States
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 986125, United States
| | - Francis C K Chiu
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Cécile Häberli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David M Shackleford
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Eileen Ryan
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sriraghavan Kamaraj
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 986125, United States
| | - Vivek J Bulbule
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 986125, United States
| | - Alexander I Wallick
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska 68182, United States
| | - Yuxiang Dong
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 986125, United States
| | - Karen L White
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Paul H Davis
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska 68182, United States
| | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan L Vennerstrom
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 986125, United States
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Promethazine exhibits antiparasitic properties in vitro and reduces worm burden, egg production, hepato-, and splenomegaly in a schistosomiasis animal model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019:AAC.01208-19. [PMID: 31527034 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01208-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment and control of schistosomiasis, a neglected disease that affects more than 200 million people worldwide, rely on the use of a single drug, praziquantel. A vaccine has yet to be developed and since new drug design and development is a lengthy and costly process, drug repurposing is a promising strategy. In this study, the efficacy of promethazine, a first-generation antihistamine, was evaluated against Schistosoma mansoni ex vivo and in a murine model of schistosomiasis. In vitro assays demonstrated that promethazine affected parasite motility, viability, and it induced severe tegumental damage in schistosomes. The LC50 of the drug was 5.84 μM. Similar to promethazine, schistosomes incubated with atropine, a classical anticholinergic drug, displayed reduced motor activity. In an animal model, promethazine treatment was introduced at an oral dose of 100 mg/kg for five successive days at different intervals from the time of infection, for the evaluation of the stage-specific susceptibility (pre-patent and patent infections). Various parasitological criteria indicated the in vivo antischistosomal effects of promethazine: there were significant reductions in worm burden, egg production, and hepato- and splenomegaly. The highest worm burden reduction was achieved with promethazine in patent infections (> 90%). Taken together, considering the importance of the repositioning of drugs in infectious diseases, especially those related to poverty, our data revealed the possibility of promethazine repositioning as an antischistosomal agent.
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Caffrey CR, El‐Sakkary N, Mäder P, Krieg R, Becker K, Schlitzer M, Drewry DH, Vennerstrom JL, Grevelding CG. Drug Discovery and Development for Schistosomiasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527808656.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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El-Beshbishi SN, El Bardicy S, Tadros M, Ayoub M, Taman A. Biological activity of artemisinin-naphthoquine phosphate on Schistosoma haematobium stages and the vector Bulinus truncatus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019; 113:320-325. [PMID: 30668820 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosoma haematobium infection is a major public health problem in most of Africa and the Middle East and praziquantel remains the only drug used for schistosomiasis control, therefore emergence of drug resistance is unavoidable. The antimalarial artemisinin-naphthoquine phosphate combination (co-ArNp) was recently documented to have promising effects on Schistosoma mansoni and its snail host. METHODS We conducted this in vitro study to assess the bioactivity of co-ArNp on S. haematobium and its snail vector Bulinus truncatus. RESULTS Treatment of S. haematobium worms with 1 μg/ml co-ArNp for 24 h reduced worm motility, while 20 μg/ml resulted in 25-100% mortality of adult flukes within 48-72 h. Incubation of S. haematobium miracidia and cercariae with the molluscicidal co-ArNp (50% lethal concentration 7.5 μg/ml) killed all the free larval stages within 40 and 15 min, respectively. Also, exposure of B. truncatus adult snails to 20 ppm of the combined regimen caused a mortality rate of 100% within 24 h. CONCLUSIONS Co-ArNp therapy has also shown encouraging activity against the other major human schistosome, S. haematobium, as well as its vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar N El-Beshbishi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Samia El Bardicy
- Department of Medical Malacology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Warrak El Hadar, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
| | - Menerva Tadros
- Department of Medical Malacology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Warrak El Hadar, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
| | - Magda Ayoub
- Department of Medical Malacology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Warrak El Hadar, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amira Taman
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Wang X, Yu D, Li C, Zhan T, Zhang T, Ma H, Xu J, Xia C. In vitro and in vivo activities of DW-3-15, a commercial praziquantel derivative, against Schistosoma japonicum. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:199. [PMID: 31053083 PMCID: PMC6500042 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3442-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is a debilitating neglected tropical disease that affects approximately 190 million people around the world. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the only drug available for use against all Schistosoma species. Although PZQ has a high efficacy, recognized concerns have prompted the development of new, alternative drugs for repeated use in endemic areas where PZQ efficacy against strains of Schistosoma is reduced. A hybrid drug containing different pharmacophores within a single molecule is a promising strategy. Our earlier in vivo studies showed the significant antiparasitic activity of a praziquantel derivative, DW-3-15, against Schistosoma japonicum. In the present study, DW-3-15 was synthesized in large amounts by a pharmaceutical company and its schistosomicidal efficacy and stability were further confirmed. Parameters such as parasite viability, pairing and oviposition were evaluated in vitro. An in vivo study was conducted to assess the effect of commercial DW-3-15 on worm burden, egg production and diameter of granulomas. Additionally, to gain insight into the mechanism of action for DW-3-15, morphological changes in the tegument of S. japonicum were also examined. Results The in vitro study showed the antiparasitic activity of DW-3-15 against S. japonicum, with significant reductions in viability of adult and juvenile worms, worm pairings and egg output. Compared to PZQ, DW-3-15 induced similar ultrastructural changes and evident destruction of the tegument surface in male worms. In vivo, the oral administration of DW-3-15 at a dose of 400 mg/kg per day for five consecutive days in mice significantly reduced the total worm burden and number of eggs in the liver. Histological analysis of the livers showed a marked reduction in the average diameter of the egg granuloma. Conclusions Our findings suggest that DW-3-15, a PZQ derivative with the prospect of commercial production, can be developed as a potential promising schistosomicide. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3442-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Road, Bengbu, 233030, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Tingzheng Zhan
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.,Department of Parasitology, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Huihui Ma
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chaoming Xia
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Efficacy of artemisinin-naphthoquine phosphate against Schistosoma haematobium adult flukes: dose-effect relationship and tegumental alterations. J Helminthol 2018; 93:513-518. [PMID: 29779499 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x18000421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni infections have broadly overlapping geographical distributions. Praziquantel is the only treatment for human schistosomiasis, so drug tolerance and/or resistance are major concerns. Artemisinin-naphthoquine phosphate (CO-ArNp), an artemisinin-based combination therapy endorsed by the World Health Organization as a gold standard therapy for malaria, has also been identified as a promising treatment for S. mansoni. In this in vitro study, we tested the effect of 1-40 μg/ml CO-ArNp on S. haematobium worms, and inspected tegumental changes by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), aiming to determine if this combination therapy has a broad-spectrum antischistosomal activity. Incubation of S. haematobium adults with 20 or 30 μg/ml CO-ArNp caused 100% mortality of worms within 72 or 48 h, respectively. SEM examination showed extensive tegumental alterations such as oedema, constriction, shortening and loss of spines, fissuring, sloughing and perforation, resulting in exposure of the underlying basal lamina, mainly in treated male schistosomes. Besides the well-established potent efficacy, bioavailability, tolerability and safety of the antimalarial artemisinin-naphthoquine phosphate combined therapy, these results may also suggest its possible utilization as a new broad-spectrum antischistosomal agent.
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Gouveia MJ, Brindley PJ, Gärtner F, Costa JMCD, Vale N. Drug Repurposing for Schistosomiasis: Combinations of Drugs or Biomolecules. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:E15. [PMID: 29401734 PMCID: PMC5874711 DOI: 10.3390/ph11010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a major neglected tropical disease. Control of schistosomiasis currently relies on a single drug, praziquantel, and despite its efficacy against the all schistosome species that parasitize humans, it displays some problematic drawbacks and alone is ineffective in counteracting adverse pathologies associated with infection. Moreover, due to the development of the potential emergence of PZQ-resistant strains, the search for additional or alternative antischistosomal drugs have become a public health priority. The current drug discovery for schistosomiasis has been slow and uninspiring. By contrast, repurposing of existing approved drugs may offer a safe, rapid and cost-effective alternative. Combined treatment with PZQ and other drugs with different mode of action, i.e., antimalarials, shows promise results. In addition, a combination of anthelminthic drugs with antioxidant might be advantageous for modulating oxidative processes associated with schistosomiasis. Herein, we review studies dealing with combination therapies that involve PZQ and other anthelminthic drugs and/or antioxidant agents in treatment of schistosomiasis. Whereas PZQ combined with antioxidant agents might or might not interfere with anthelminthic efficacy, combinations may nonetheless ameliorate tissue damage and infection-associated complications. In fact, alone or combine with other drugs, antioxidants might be a valuable adjuvant to reduce morbidity and mortality of schistosomiasis. Therefore, attempting new combinations of anthelmintic drugs with other biomolecules such as antioxidants provides new avenues for discovery of alternatives to PZQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Gouveia
- UCBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4031-401 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - Fátima Gärtner
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health (i3s), Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - José M Correia da Costa
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4031-401 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, INSA-National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Nuno Vale
- UCBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Abstract
Praziquantel has remained the drug of choice for schistosomiasis chemotherapy for almost 40 years. The pressing need to develop a new antischistosomal drug may necessitate exploring and filtering chemotherapeutic history to search for the most promising ones. In this context, this review attempts to summarize all progress made in schistosomiasis chemotherapy from the early 20th century (mid-1910s) to 2016. We gathered almost 100 compounds providing information on therapeutic action, specifically covering at least first in vivo studies in animal model and in vitro. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles of antischistosomal agents were also described. Preclinical studies indicate a handful of promising future candidates.
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da Silva VBR, Campos BRKL, de Oliveira JF, Decout JL, do Carmo Alves de Lima M. Medicinal chemistry of antischistosomal drugs: Praziquantel and oxamniquine. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3259-3277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Xiao SH, Sun J. Schistosoma hemozoin and its possible roles. Int J Parasitol 2016; 47:171-183. [PMID: 28012717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
More than 95years ago Schistosoma pigment had been deemed as a degradation product of haemoglobin. Until the 1950s, scientists initiated to pay attention to understand the hematophagous habit of schistosomes, and to study the degradation of haemoglobin as well as the formation of hemozoin inside the gut of the worms. For a long time, the formation of hemozoin in both Plasmodium and in Schistosoma was considered to be the major route of heme detoxification, and hemozoin served a role in waste disposal. At the beginning of this century, the chemical structure of Schistosoma pigment was confirmed to be identical to that of malarial pigment (hemozoin) and its synthetic analogue, β-hematin. Since then, studies on Schistosoma hemozoin have been investigated by some workers and the results showed that Schistosoma hemozoin may play important roles in pathogenicity, immune modulation, iron supply for egg formation, and interaction with some anti-schistosomal drugs. In this review, we briefly review and discuss the hematophagous habit of schistosomes, degradation of haemoglobin, formation of hemozoin in the worm gut, and possible roles of hemozoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hua Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Jun Sun
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Terent'ev AO, Pastukhova ZY, Yaremenko IA, Novikov RA, Demchuk DV, Bruk LG, Levitsky DO, Fleury F, Nikishin GI. Selective transformation of tricyclic peroxides with pronounced antischistosomal activity into 2-hydroxy-1,5-diketones using iron (II) salts. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cowan N, Yaremenko IA, Krylov IB, Terent’ev AO, Keiser J. Elucidation of the in vitro and in vivo activities of bridged 1,2,4-trioxolanes, bridged 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes, tricyclic monoperoxides, silyl peroxides, and hydroxylamine derivatives against Schistosoma mansoni. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5175-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
In recent years, natural product groups have been gaining prominence as possible sources of new drugs for schistosomiasis. This review attempts to update the antischistosomal natural compounds, or natural product-derived compounds, from the mid-1980s. Some of the main metabolites obtained from plants (e.g., terpenes, alkaloids, phenolic compounds and peptides) with in vitro and/or in vivo antischistosomal properties are discussed. Less thoroughly, due to scarcity of data in the literature, molecules from animals (e.g., peptides) are also described. Special mention of the anthelmintic activity against different parasitic stages of schistosomes is made; the mechanism of action of most of the metabolites is discussed, and a number of bioassay procedures are listed.
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of praziquantel and endoperoxide conjugates as antischistosomal agents. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:713-25. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The widespread use of praziquantel for the treatment of schistosomiasis has led to concerns over the potential development of drug resistance. Therefore, the discovery of novel antischistosomal agents is imperative. In this study, a series of praziquantel and endoperoxide conjugates were synthesized and evaluated as potential antischistosomal agents. Results: Some compounds exhibited high efficacy against both adult and juvenile Schistosoma, in in vitro studies. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis revealed that compounds with amide bond linker and cyclopentyl adjacent to the 1,2,4,5-tetraxane pharmacophore displayed the highest efficacy. Overall, compounds showed consistent activity against Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma mansoni. In vivo study resulted in moderate but statistically significant activity. Conclusion: Important preliminary results were obtained from thorough activity evaluation of praziquantel-endoperoxide conjugates. Further pharmacokinetic property investigation is necessary to improve in vivo efficacy.
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Mossallam SF, Amer EI, El-Faham MH. Efficacy of Synriam™, a new antimalarial combination of OZ277 and piperaquine, against different developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni. Acta Trop 2015; 143:36-46. [PMID: 25530543 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Control of schistosomiasis relies on a single drug, praziquantel (PZQ). Given the rising concerns about the potential emergence of PZQ-resistant strains, it has now become necessary to search for novel therapeutics. However, the current pace for anti-schistosomal drug discovery is slow; hence, repositioning of existing approved drugs can offer a safe, rapid and cost-effective solution. The anti-malarial synthetic artemisinin-derivatives trioxolanes demonstrated anti-schistosomal efficacies against the three major species infecting humans and, unlike PZQ, showed activities against both juvenile and adult worm stages. The 1,2,4-trioxolane/OZ277 (arterolane maleate) in combination with a partner drug: piperaquine phosphate was recently developed as an anti-malarial drug and manufactured by Ranbaxy (India) as Synriam™ (SYN). Herein, the in vivo activities of SYN were investigated in a mouse model of Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni), compared to PZQ. We show that a single fixed dose of 240mg/kg SYN (40mg/kg arterolane and 200mg/kg piperaqine) induced significant protective effects in mice, in terms of reduction in worm and tissue egg burdens, which were evident against all schistosome developmental stages. Extensive alterations in the tegument and subtegumental tissues of SYN-exposed worms were revealed by both scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Progressive decrease in worm activity and occurrence of death were noticed in vitro upon exposure to the drug - more pronounced in the presence of haemin. This report provides the first evidence of the efficacy of a combination of 1,2,4-trioxolane and piperaquine against S. mansoni in mice. Being effective against young stages, SYN could be used to prevent early Schistosoma infection.
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Geary TG, Sakanari JA, Caffrey CR. Anthelmintic drug discovery: into the future. J Parasitol 2015; 101:125-33. [PMID: 25584662 DOI: 10.1645/14-703.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The last half-century has provided all of the (few) drugs currently used to treat human helminthiases. Concern regarding the long-term utility of these drugs, given how readily resistance evolves in the veterinary-agricultural sector, spurs the discovery of new chemical entities. We review the approaches and technologies in use to identify anthelmintics and discuss a number of drug discovery paradigms that may prove pivotal to the next half-century of anthelmintic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G Geary
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9
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Dong L, Duan W, Chen J, Sun H, Qiao C, Xia CM. An artemisinin derivative of praziquantel as an orally active antischistosomal agent. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112163. [PMID: 25386745 PMCID: PMC4227710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is a major health problem in tropical and sub-tropical areas caused by species of trematode belonging to the genus Schistosoma. The treatment and control of this disease has been relying on the use of a single drug praziquantel. However, the drug resistance concern urged the development of new drugs against schistosoma. Here, we report our systematic biological evaluation of DW-3-15, a new lead compound developed based on our conjugation design rationale as an effective anti-schistosomal agent. Methodology/Principal Findings The antischistosomal activity of DW-3-15 was systematically evaluated in S. japonicum infected mouse model for its stage-sensitivity and dose response. The results revealed that DW-3-15 exhibited 60–85% worm reduction rate against different development stage of worm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation indicated that DW-3-15 may damage to the tegument of male schistosomes. Conclusions/Significance Our results demonstrated that DW-3-15 showed potent anti-schistosomal activities in vivo. The results strongly support our conjugation design strategy of artemisinin analogs and further development of DW-3-15 as a new lead compound as anti-schistosomal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Dong
- College of Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Duan
- College of Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinglei Chen
- College of Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huan Sun
- College of Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Qiao
- College of Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- * E-mail: (CQ); (CX)
| | - Chao-ming Xia
- College of Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- * E-mail: (CQ); (CX)
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Njoroge M, Njuguna NM, Mutai P, Ongarora DSB, Smith PW, Chibale K. Recent approaches to chemical discovery and development against malaria and the neglected tropical diseases human African trypanosomiasis and schistosomiasis. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11138-63. [PMID: 25014712 DOI: 10.1021/cr500098f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul W Smith
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases , Singapore 138670, Singapore
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Thétiot-Laurent SAL, Boissier J, Robert A, Meunier B. Chemotherapie gegen Schistosomiasis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Thétiot-Laurent SAL, Boissier J, Robert A, Meunier B. Schistosomiasis chemotherapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:7936-56. [PMID: 23813602 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
After malaria, schistosomiasis (or bilharzia) is the second most prevalent disease in Africa, and is occurring in over 70 countries in tropical and subtropical regions. It is estimated that 600 million people are at risk of infection, 200 million people are infected, and at least 200,000 deaths per year are associated with the disease. All schistosome species are transmitted through contact with fresh water that is infested with free-swimming forms of the parasite, which is known as cercariae and produced by snails. When located in the blood vessels of the host, larval and adult schistosomes digest red cells to acquire amino acids for growth and development. Vaccine candidates have been unsuccessful up to now. Against such devastating parasitic disease, the antischistosomal arsenal is currently limited to a single drug, praziquantel, which has been used for more than 35 years. Because the question of the reduction of the activity of praziquantel was raised recently, it is thus urgent to create new and safe antischistosomal drugs that should be combined with praziquantel to develop efficient bitherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A-L Thétiot-Laurent
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France
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Liu J, Dyer DH, Cheng J, Wang J, Wang S, Yang Z, Wang X, Hu W. Aldose reductase from Schistosoma japonicum: crystallization and structure-based inhibitor screening for discovering antischistosomal lead compounds. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:162. [PMID: 23734964 PMCID: PMC3691639 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease with high morbidity and mortality in the world. Currently, the treatment of this disease depends almost exclusively on praziquantel (PZQ); however, the emergence of drug resistance to PZQ in schistosomes makes the development of novel drugs an urgent task. Aldose reductase (AR), an important component that may be involved in the schistosome antioxidant defense system, is predicted as a potential drug target. METHODS The tertiary structure of Schistosoma japonicum AR (SjAR) was obtained through X-ray diffraction method and then its potential inhibitors were identified from the Maybridge HitFinder library by virtual screening based on this structural model. The effects of these identified compounds on cultured adult worms were evaluated by observing mobility, morphological changes and mortality. To verify that SjAR was indeed the target of these identified compounds, their effects on recombinant SjAR (rSjAR) enzymatic activity were assessed. The cytotoxicity analysis was performed with three types of human cell lines using a Cell Counting Kit-8. RESULTS We firstly resolved the SjAR structure and identified 10 potential inhibitors based on this structural model. Further in vitro experiments showed that one of the compounds, renamed as AR9, exhibited significant inhibition in the activity of cultured worms as well as inhibition of enzymatic activity of rSjAR protein. Cytotoxicity analysis revealed that AR9 had relatively low toxicity towards host cells. CONCLUSIONS The work presented here bridges the gap between virtual screening and experimental validation, providing an effective and economical strategy for the development of new anti-parasitic drugs. Additionally, this study also found that AR9 may become a new potential lead compound for developing novel antischistosomal drugs against parasite AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of MOH, Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Rui-Jin Road II, Shanghai, China
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Ingram K, Yaremenko IA, Krylov IB, Hofer L, Terent'ev AO, Keiser J. Identification of antischistosomal leads by evaluating bridged 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes, alphaperoxides, and tricyclic monoperoxides. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8700-11. [PMID: 23013253 DOI: 10.1021/jm3009184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although antischistosomal properties of peroxides were studied in recent years, systematic structure-activity relationships have not been conducted. We evaluated the antischistosomal potential of 64 peroxides belonging to bridged 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes, alphaperoxides, and tricyclic monoperoxides. Thirty-nine compounds presented IC₅₀ values <15 μM on newly transformed schistosomula. Active drugs featured phenyl-, adamantane-, or alkyl residues at the methylene bridge. Lower susceptibility was documented on adult schistosomes, with most hit compounds being tricyclic monoperoxides (IC₅₀: 7.7-13.4 μM). A bridged 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane characterized by an adamantane residue showed the highest activity (IC₅₀: 0.3 μM) on adult Schistosoma mansoni . Studies with hemin and heme supplemented medium indicated that antischistosomal activation of peroxides is not necessarily triggered by iron porphyrins. Two compounds (tricyclic monoperoxide; bridged 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane) revealed high worm burden reductions in the chronic (WBR: 75.4-82.8%) but only moderate activity in the juvenile (WBR: 18.9-43.1%) S. mansoni mouse model. Our results might serve as starting point for the preparation and evaluation of related derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Ingram
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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El Ridi RAF, Tallima HAM. Novel therapeutic and prevention approaches for schistosomiasis: review. J Adv Res 2012; 4:467-78. [PMID: 25685454 PMCID: PMC4293887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a debilitating disease affecting approximately 600 million people in 74 developing countries, with 800 million, mostly children at risk. To circumvent the threat of having praziquantel (PZQ) as the only drug used for treatment, several PZQ derivatives were synthesized, and drugs destined for other parasites were used with success. A plethora of plant-derived oils and extracts were found to effectively kill juvenile and adult schistosomes, yet none was progressed to pre- and clinical studies except an oleo-gum resin extracted from the stem of Commiphora molmol, myrrh, which action was challenged in several trials. We have proposed an essential fatty acid, a component of our diet and cells, the polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid (ARA) as a remedy for schistosomiasis, due to its ability to activate the parasite tegument-bound neutral sphingomyelinase, with subsequent hydrolysis of the apical lipid bilayer sphingomyelin molecules, allowing access of specific antibody molecules, and eventual worm attrition. This concept was convincingly supported using larval and adult Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium worms in in vitro experiments, and in vivo studies in inbred mice and outbred hamsters. Even if ARA proves to be an entirely effective and safe therapy for schistosomiasis, it will not prevent reinfection, and accordingly, the need for developing an effective vaccine remains an urgent priority. Our studies have supported the status of S. mansoni calpain, glutathione-S-transferase, aldolase, triose phosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, enolase, and 2-cys peroxiredoxin as vaccine candidates, as they are larval excreted-secreted products and, contrary to the surface membrane molecules, are entirely accessible to the host immune system effector elements. We have proposed that the use of these molecules, in conjunction with Th2 cytokines-inducing adjuvants for recruiting and activating eosinophils and basophils, will likely lead to development and implementation of a sterilizing vaccine in a near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashika A F El Ridi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Hatem A-M Tallima
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
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