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Mananjara DEA, Rakotoarinoro M, Rakotoarison VC, Raliniaina M, Razafindraibe NP, Ravonirina C, Randriamparany T, Rasamoelina-Andriamanivo H, Rakotozandrindrainy R, Cardinale E, Lightowlers MW, Donadeu M, Mwape KE. Confirmation by necropsy of a high prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in a rural district of Madagascar. Parasitology 2023; 150:852-857. [PMID: 37496390 PMCID: PMC10478050 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis is recognized as an important health issue in the Malagasy population. To date, investigations into prevalence of infection with the causative agent, Taenia solium, in the parasite's natural animal intermediate hosts, have relied on serological methods which have been found to be non-specific. We determined the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis among pigs from a contiguous area of the Betafo and Mandoto administrative districts, Vakinankaratra Region, Madagascar. One hundred and four slaughter-weight pigs were examined by detailed necropsy examination including slicing of the heart, tongue, masseter muscles, diaphragm and carcase musculature. Thirty-seven animals (35.6%) were found infected with T. solium, representing one of the highest rates of infection ever reported, worldwide. These findings highlight the importance of T. solium in Madagascar and support the need for increased efforts to prevent the parasite's transmission to reduce its burden on the health of the Malagasy population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Edithe Andria Mananjara
- National Center for Applied Research on Rural Development (FOFIFA), BP04 Rue Farafaty Ampandrianomby, Antsirabe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Mihajamanana Rakotoarinoro
- National Center for Applied Research on Rural Development (FOFIFA), BP04 Rue Farafaty Ampandrianomby, Antsirabe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Valisoa C. Rakotoarison
- National Center for Applied Research on Rural Development (FOFIFA), BP04 Rue Farafaty Ampandrianomby, Antsirabe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Modestine Raliniaina
- National Center for Applied Research on Rural Development (FOFIFA), BP04 Rue Farafaty Ampandrianomby, Antsirabe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | | | - Claudia Ravonirina
- Regional Directorate of Agriculture and Livestock Vakinankaratra, Madagascar
| | - Tantely Randriamparany
- National Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Anosimasina Itaosy, Antananarivo 102, Madagascar
| | | | | | | | - Marshall W. Lightowlers
- Department of Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Meritxell Donadeu
- Department of Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
- Initiative for Neglected Animal Diseases (INAND), Constantia Park, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kabemba E. Mwape
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
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Effects of a Digital Health Literacy Intervention on Porcine Cysticercosis Prevalence and Associated Household Practices in Iringa District, Tanzania. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010107. [PMID: 36678455 PMCID: PMC9862440 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Digital health is considered an opportunity to engage a wider community in disease control for public health. It has been used in healthcare consultation, in medical treatments and in reporting emergencies. The current study developed digital health literacy content for public health education and assessed its effects on porcine cysticercosis prevalence, pig-keeping style and pig pen and latrine qualities. The intervention was designed and evaluated on the prevention and control of porcine cysticercosis in the Iringa District of southern Tanzania. A quasi-controlled field trial with pre-intervention and post-intervention assessments of porcine cysticercosis, pig-keeping style and pig pen and latrine qualities was conducted. A baseline cross-sectional study was followed immediately by digital health literacy intervention, which comprised educational messages on porcine cysticercosis shown on computer tablets or smartphones. Free internet access supported unsupervised community access. The 25-month post-intervention assessments revealed significantly increased pig confinement (20.1%) (p = 0.026) and pig pen quality (16.2%) (p = 0.025). However, the quality of household latrines (p = 0.453) was not improved, nor was there any significant effect on the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis (p = 0.231). The digital health literacy intervention suggests a strategy for wider and sustainable dissemination of educational messages for Taenia solium infection control.
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Wang Z, Garcia RM, Huff HV, Niquen-Jimenez M, Marcos LA, Lam SK. Neurocysticercosis control for primary epilepsy prevention: a systematic review. Pathog Glob Health 2022; 116:282-296. [PMID: 34928183 PMCID: PMC9248947 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2021.2015869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a leading cause of preventable epilepsy in lower- and upper- middle-income countries (LMICs/UMICs). NCC is a human-to-human transmitted disease caused by ingestion of Taenia solium eggs from a Taenia carrier. T. solium infection control is the key to reduce NCC incidence. This systematic review aims to identify T. solium control programs that can provide frameworks for endemic areas to prevent NCC-related epilepsy. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed/Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases in March 2021. After title and abstract review, full texts were screened for qualitative analysis. Additional articles were identified via citation search. Of 1322 total results, 34 unique studies were included. Six major intervention types were identified: national policy (8.8%), community sanitation improvement (8.8%), health education (8.8%), mass drug administration (29.4%), pig vaccination and treatment (32.4%), and combined human and pig treatment (11.8%). Overall, 28 (82.4%) studies reported decreased cysticercosis prevalence following the intervention. Only health education and combined human and pig treatment were effective in all selected studies. NCC causes preventable epilepsy in LMICs/UMICs and its incidence can be reduced through T. solium control. Most interventions that disrupt the T. solium transmission cycle are effective. Long-term sustained results require comprehensive programs, ongoing surveillance, and collaborative effort among multisectoral agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA,CONTACT Zhe Wang Department of Neurological Surgery, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, HSC T12 Rm 080, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, NY11790, USA
| | - Roxanna M. Garcia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hanalise V. Huff
- Fogarty Fellow, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Milagros Niquen-Jimenez
- Facultad de Medicina Humana Alberto Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Luis A. Marcos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Sandi K. Lam
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA,Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
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Validating efficacy of Sericocomopsis hildebrandtii, Carissa edulis, and Ximenia americana in treating Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs: A randomized controlled trial. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/exp.2021.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Ethnoveterinary use of plants dates back to ancient times. This study aimed to validate purported efficacy of Sericocomopsis hildebrandtii and a concoction of Carissa edulis and Ximenia americana in treating Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs. Twenty-four infected pigs were randomly allocated to T1, T2, and T0 groups, each with eight pigs. Each T1 pig was provided with 8 g of S. hildebrandtii root powder, whereas each T2 pig was given 8 g of the concoction. T0 was a control. The pigs were slaughtered 16 weeks post treatment and carcase dissections were performed to establish cyst numbers. T1 cyst numbers were significantly lower than those of T0 (p = .004) and T2 (p = .013). No difference was observed between T2 and T0. This study validated efficacy of S. hildebrandtii but not of X. americana and C. edulis. Further studies are necessary for validation and documentation of plants of ethnoveterinary importance.
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Ngwili N, Johnson N, Wahome R, Githigia S, Roesel K, Thomas L. A qualitative assessment of the context and enabling environment for the control of Taenia solium infections in endemic settings. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009470. [PMID: 34115758 PMCID: PMC8221787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taenia solium (T. solium), is a zoonotic helminth causing three diseases namely; taeniasis (in humans), neurocysticercosis (NCC, in humans) and porcine cysticercosis (PCC, in pigs) and is one of the major foodborne diseases by burden. The success or failure of control options against this parasite in terms of reduced prevalence or incidence of the diseases may be attributed to the contextual factors which underpin the design, implementation, and evaluation of control programmes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The study used a mixed method approach combining systematic literature review (SLR) and key informant interviews (KII). The SLR focused on studies which implemented T. solium control programmes and was used to identify the contextual factors and enabling environment relevant to successful inception, planning and implementation of the interventions. The SLR used a protocol pre-registered at the International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) number CRD42019138107 and followed PRISMA guidelines on reporting of SLR. To further highlight the importance and interlinkage of these contextual factors, KII were conducted with researchers/implementers of the studies included in the SLR. The SLR identified 41 publications that had considerations of the contextual factors. They were grouped into efficacy (10), effectiveness (28) and scale up or implementation (3) research studies. The identified contextual factors included epidemiological, socioeconomic, cultural, geographical and environmental, service and organizational, historical and financial factors. The enabling environment was mainly defined by policy and strategies supporting T. solium control. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Failure to consider the contextual factors operating in target study sites was shown to later present challenges in project implementation and evaluation that negatively affected expected outcomes. This study highlights the importance of fully considering the various domains of the context and integrating these explicitly into the plan for implementation and evaluation of control programmes. Explicit reporting of these aspects in the resultant publication is also important to guide future work. The contextual factors highlighted in this study may be useful to guide future research and scale up of disease control programmes and demonstrates the importance of close multi-sectoral collaboration in a One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ngwili
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nancy Johnson
- CGIAR Research program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health, IFPRI, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Raphael Wahome
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Githigia
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kristina Roesel
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lian Thomas
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Lea Hurst Campus, Neston, United Kingdom
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Dixon MA, Winskill P, Harrison WE, Basáñez MG. Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis: From parasite biology and immunology to diagnosis and control. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2021; 112:133-217. [PMID: 34024358 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the pork tapeworm (Taenia solium) is responsible for a substantial global burden of disease, not only restricted to its impact on human health, but also resulting in a considerable economic burden to smallholder pig farmers due to pig cysticercosis infection. The life-cycle, parasitology and immunology of T. solium are complex, involving pigs (the intermediate host, harbouring the larval metacestode stage), humans (the definitive host, harbouring the adult tapeworm, in addition to acting as accidental intermediate hosts) and the environment (the source of infection with eggs/proglottids). We review the parasitology, immunology, and epidemiology of the infection associated with each of the T. solium life-cycle stages, including the pre-adult/adult tapeworm responsible for human taeniasis; post-oncosphere and cysticercus associated with porcine and human cysticercosis, and the biological characteristics of eggs in the environment. We discuss the burden associated, in endemic settings, with neurocysticercosis (NCC) in humans, and the broader cross-sectoral economic impact associated both with NCC and porcine cysticercosis, the latter impacting food-value chains. Existing tools for diagnostics and control interventions that target different stages of the T. solium transmission cycle are reviewed and their limitations discussed. Currently, no national T. solium control programmes have been established in endemic areas, with further work required to identify optimal strategies according to epidemiological setting. There is increasing evidence suggesting that cross-sectoral interventions which target the parasite in both the human and pig host provide the most effective approaches for achieving control and ultimately elimination. We discuss future avenues for research on T. solium to support the attainment of the goals proposed in the revised World Health Organisation neglected tropical diseases roadmap for 2021-2030 adopted at the 73rd World Health Assembly in November 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Dixon
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Schistosomiasis Control Initiative Foundation (SCI Foundation), London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Winskill
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy E Harrison
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative Foundation (SCI Foundation), London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria-Gloria Basáñez
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Hobbs EC, Mwape KE, Phiri AM, Mambwe M, Mambo R, Thys S, Zulu G, Chembensofu M, Trevisan C, Van Damme I, Phiri IK, Devleesschauwer B, Ketzis J, Dorny P, Willingham AL, Gabriël S. Perceptions and acceptability of piloted Taenia solium control and elimination interventions in two endemic communities in eastern Zambia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67 Suppl 2:69-81. [PMID: 31231968 PMCID: PMC7496623 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Infections with Taenia solium cause significant public health and economic losses worldwide. Despite effective control tools, long-term sustained control/elimination of the parasite has not been demonstrated to date. Success of intervention programs is dependent on their acceptability to local communities. Focus group discussions (FGDs) and questionnaires (QS) were conducted in two study communities in eastern Zambia to assess local perceptions and acceptance of two piloted intervention strategies: one targeting pigs only ('control' study arm), and one integrated human- and pig-based ('elimination') strategy. QS (n = 227) captured data regarding participation in project activities, knowledge and perceptions of T. solium and of the interventional drugs used in the study. FGDs (n = 18) discussed perceived advantages and disadvantages of the interventions and of the project's delivery and value. QS data revealed 67% of respondents participated in at least one educational activity, and 80% correctly identified at least one disease targeted by the education. All elimination study arm respondents (n = 113) had taken the human treatment, and 98% intended to do so next time. Most (70%) indicated willingness to pay for future treatments (median 0.20 USD per dose). Of pig-owning respondents, 11/12 (92%) had allowed their pigs to be treated/vaccinated and all intended to do so again next time. Four pig owners indicated willingness to pay 0.10-0.50 USD per dose of treatment or vaccine. FGD feedback revealed positive perceptions of interventions; people reported improved health in themselves and their pigs, and fewer cysticerci in pork. Latrine use, hand washing, meat inspection and proper cooking of pork had reportedly increased since the program's inception. Preliminary assessment indicates that the piloted intervention methods are generally acceptable to the communities. The reported willingness of many respondents to pay for the medications would contribute to the feasibility of long-term, government-led T. solium intervention programs in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Clare Hobbs
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary MedicineRoss University School of Veterinary MedicineSaint KittsWest Indies
- Institute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | | | - Andrew M. Phiri
- School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of ZambiaLusakaZambia
| | - Moses Mambwe
- Ministry of HealthGovernment of the Republic of ZambiaLusakaZambia
| | - Richard Mambo
- Ministry of HealthGovernment of the Republic of ZambiaLusakaZambia
| | | | - Gideon Zulu
- Ministry of HealthGovernment of the Republic of ZambiaLusakaZambia
| | | | | | - Inge Van Damme
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | | | | | - Jennifer Ketzis
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary MedicineRoss University School of Veterinary MedicineSaint KittsWest Indies
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Institute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Arve Lee Willingham
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary MedicineRoss University School of Veterinary MedicineSaint KittsWest Indies
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
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Effect of oxfendazole to control Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs in Punjab state of India. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:553-558. [PMID: 32801507 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium cysticercosis is a neglected zoonosis prevalent in developing countries including India. The disease has a substantial health impact in India. The control of this disease in pigs would benefit both veterinary and public health. In view of this, the current study was designed to know the effectiveness of oxfendazole against T. solium in pigs reared in Punjab, India. A randomized controlled trail was designed with two groups of treatment (T1 and T2) and a control group. Pigs from ten different litters were selected. Pigs (4 months of age) from the same litter were randomly assigned into these three groups. Treatment 1 (T1) group pigs received oxfendazole@30 mg/kg body weight at 4 months of age, treatment 2 (T2) received oxfendazole@30 mg/kg body weight treatment at 9 months of age and the control group (C) received placebo at 4 months of age. Blood samples were collected at three intervals at the age of 4, 9 and 12 months. Sandwich antigenic ELISA was performed to determine the serological status of disease in pigs. Three piglets in treatment 1 were found positive at 4 months but were recorded seronegative in subsequent samplings. One pig in the control group was positive at 9 and 12 months of age. Results showed promising effects of oxfendazole for the control of T. solium cysticercosis in pigs of Punjab, India.
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Assana E, Awah-Ndukum J, Djonmaïla JD, Djiatche HD, Awé C, Manchang TK, Zoli AP. A comparison of Taenia solium and Taenia hydatigena infection in pigs using serological diagnosis and post-mortem inspection methods in Benoué division, North Cameroon. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 17:100306. [PMID: 31303222 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The metacestodes of Taenia solium and Taenia hydatigena are the cause of cysticercosis in pigs. T. solium is also responsible of the taeniosis/neurocysticercosis complex in humans, constituting a main cause of epilepsy cases across endemic countries. T. hydatigena is non-zoonotic, but its occurrence in pigs contributes significantly to false positive reactions should genus-species serological methods be used for diagnosis of T. solium porcine cysticercosis. T. hydatigena is often considered not common in pigs in Africa compared to T. solium. On the basis of the evidence that these two cestodes coexist in Cameroon, we examined the viscera of 305 pigs for the identification of the metacestodes of T. hydatigena in Bénoué division, North Region of Cameroon. Tongue, masticatory muscles and heart were sliced for the identification of T. solium cysticerci (TMH dissection test). Twenty seven (8.85%) and 16 (5.24%) pigs were found infected with the metacestodes of T. solium and T. hydatigena, respectively. The difference between the two rates of infection was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Serum samples were also collected for the evaluation of an inhibition ELISA (i-ELISA) specific to antibodies anti- T. solium or anti-T. hydatigena cysticerci. After incubation of these sera with cyst fluid of T. solium, T. hydatigena, T. multiceps multiceps, T. multiceps gaigeri and T. saginata to eliminate cross-reactions among cestodes parasites, the i-ELISA indicated that 26.56% and 28.52% slaughtered pigs had predominant specific antibodies to cyst fluid of T. solium and T. hydatigena, respectively. Combination of TMH dissection test, i-ELISA and a standard indirect ELISA in a Bayesian simulation approach revealed a true prevalence of 19.27% (0.7-49.27, CI 95%) and 24.85% (5.17-48.34, CI 95%) of porcine cysticercosis due to T. solium and T. hydatigena, respectively. These results indicated that T. hydatigena is as prevalent as T. solium in pigs in the North of Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Assana
- University of Ngaoundéré, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon. e.assana@-ndere.cm
| | - Julius Awah-Ndukum
- University of Ngaoundéré, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Justin D Djonmaïla
- University of Ngaoundéré, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Hidrice D Djiatche
- University of Ngaoundéré, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Charles Awé
- University of Ngaoundéré, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - T K Manchang
- Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Veterinary Research Laboratory, Wakwa Regional Centre, P.O. Box 65, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - André P Zoli
- University of Ngaoundéré, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
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Assana E, Awah-Ndukum J, Djonmaïla JD, Zoli AP. Prevalence of porcine Taenia solium and Taenia hydatigena cysticercosis in Cameroon. Prev Vet Med 2019; 169:104690. [PMID: 31311631 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Taenia solium, a zoonotic tapeworm species of human and pigs, has been targeted by the World Health Organisation (WHO) for elimination in endemic areas of Africa, Latin America and some parts of Asia. Unfortunately, the assessment of control measures against T. solium is complicated by the lack of specificity of current immunodiagnostic techniques for diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis. Many authors have concluded that the prevalence of T. hydatigena in pigs in Africa is low and extensive epidemiological studies on T. solium cysticercosis in pigs have been carried out using serological tests that cannot differentiate the taeniid species. To estimate and compare the prevalence of T. solium and T. hydatigena in pigs in Cameroon, we examined 416 slaughtered pigs at a pig abattoir in Yaoundé city with the animals originating from several parts of the country. At post-mortem inspection, 35 pigs (8.4%; 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 5.9-11.5 %) were found infected exclusively with T. solium and 27 (6.5%; 95% CI, 4.3-9.3 %) infected exclusively with T. hydatigena metacestodes. One animal was infected with T. solium and T. hydatigena. A stochastic simulation model which took into account the sensitivity of dissection of the tongue, external masseters and heart for diagnosis of T. solium porcine cysticercosis (TMH dissection test) and examination of mesentery, surfaces of the intestines and liver to identify T. hydatigena cysticerci in slaughtered pigs was developed to estimate the prevalence of these taeniid species. The results revealed that the actual prevalence of T. solium and T. hydatigena in Cameroon were 24.8% (95% CI, 20.1-30.5%) and 19.2% (95% CI, 15.1-24.1%), respectively. This study reports the highest porcine T. hydatigena prevalence ever in Africa and adjusted the prevalence of porcine T. solium infection obtained with genus-specific Ag-ELISA (Dorny et al., 2000) in Cameroon due to the presence of T. hydatigena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Assana
- University of Ngaoundéré, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.
| | - Julius Awah-Ndukum
- University of Ngaoundéré, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon; University of Dschang, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Science, P.O. Box 222 Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Justin D Djonmaïla
- University of Ngaoundéré, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - André Pagnah Zoli
- University of Ngaoundéré, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
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Strategies for tackling Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis: A systematic review and comparison of transmission models, including an assessment of the wider Taeniidae family transmission models. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007301. [PMID: 30969966 PMCID: PMC6476523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cestode Taenia solium causes the neglected (zoonotic) tropical disease cysticercosis, a leading cause of preventable epilepsy in endemic low and middle-income countries. Transmission models can inform current scaling-up of control efforts by helping to identify, validate and optimise control and elimination strategies as proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Methodology/Principal findings A systematic literature search was conducted using the PRISMA approach to identify and compare existing T. solium transmission models, and related Taeniidae infection transmission models. In total, 28 modelling papers were identified, of which four modelled T. solium exclusively. Different modelling approaches for T. solium included deterministic, Reed-Frost, individual-based, decision-tree, and conceptual frameworks. Simulated interventions across models agreed on the importance of coverage for impactful effectiveness to be achieved. Other Taeniidae infection transmission models comprised force-of-infection (FoI), population-based (mainly Echinococcus granulosus) and individual-based (mainly E. multilocularis) modelling approaches. Spatial structure has also been incorporated (E. multilocularis and Taenia ovis) in recognition of spatial aggregation of parasite eggs in the environment and movement of wild animal host populations. Conclusions/Significance Gaps identified from examining the wider Taeniidae family models highlighted the potential role of FoI modelling to inform model parameterisation, as well as the need for spatial modelling and suitable structuring of interventions as key areas for future T. solium model development. We conclude that working with field partners to address data gaps and conducting cross-model validation with baseline and longitudinal data will be critical to building consensus-led and epidemiological setting-appropriate intervention strategies to help fulfil the WHO targets. Taenia solium infection in humans (taeniosis and neurocysticercosis) and pigs (cysticercosis) presents a significant global public health and economic challenge. The World Health Organization has called for validated strategies and wider consensus on which strategies are suitable for different epidemiological settings to support successful T. solium control and elimination efforts. Transmission models can be used to inform these strategies. Therefore, a modelling review was undertaken to assess the current state and gaps relating to T. solium epidemiological modelling. The literature surrounding models for other Taeniidae family infections was also considered, identifying approaches to aid further development of existing T. solium models. A variety of different modelling approaches have been used for T. solium including differences in structural and parametric assumptions associated with T. solium transmission biology. Despite these differences, all models agreed on the importance of coverage on intervention effectiveness. Other Taeniidae family models highlighted the need for incorporating spatial structure when necessary to capture aggregation of transmission stages in the environment and movement of animal hosts.
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Gonzalez AE, Codd EE, Horton J, Garcia HH, Gilman RH. Oxfendazole: a promising agent for the treatment and control of helminth infections in humans. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2018; 17:51-56. [PMID: 30501436 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2018.1555241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxfendazole (methyl [5-(phenylsulphinyl)-1H benzimidazole-2-yl] carbamate) has a particularly long metabolic half-life in ruminants, and its metabolite fenbendazole also has anthelminthic action. A very limited number of drugs are available for the treatment of some zoonotic helminth infections, such as neurocysticercosis and echinococcosis. More recent work has expanded oxfendazole's nonclinical safety profile and demonstrated its safety and bioavailability in healthy human volunteers, thus advancing the possibility of a new and greatly needed option for antiparasitic treatment of geohelminths and tissue parasites. Areas covered: The present article reviews evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of oxfendazole against both gut and tissue dwelling helminths in animals, as well as more recent safety and pharmacokinetic data supporting its potential for use in human parasitoses. Expert commentary: The pharmacokinetics, safety, and wide spectrum of efficacy of oxfendazole are consistently demonstrated in intestinal helminth infections of animals as well as in tissue dwelling larval cestode and trematode infections in diverse animal species. Now supported by first-in-human safety and pharmacokinetic data, oxfendazole becomes a promising alternative to the limited portfolio of antiparasitic drugs available to treat helminthic diseases of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando E Gonzalez
- a Center for Global Health , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru.,b School of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos , Lima , Peru
| | | | | | - Hector H Garcia
- a Center for Global Health , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru
| | - Robert H Gilman
- e Department of International Health , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
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José MV, Bobadilla JR, Sánchez-Torres NY, Laclette JP. Mathematical model of the life cycle of taenia-cysticercosis: transmission dynamics and chemotherapy (Part 1). Theor Biol Med Model 2018; 15:18. [PMID: 30449280 PMCID: PMC6241031 DOI: 10.1186/s12976-018-0090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taenia solium is the aetiological agent of human taeniasis, pig cysticercosis and human neurocysticercosis, which are serious public health problems, especially in developing countries. METHODS A mathematical model of the transmission dynamics of taeniasis-cysticercosis is formulated. The model consists of a coupled system of differential equations, which are density-dependent equations for describing the flow of the parasite through the life cycle. The model is hybrid since it comprises deterministic equations with stochastic elements which describe changes in the mean parasite burden and incorporates the overall pattern of the parasites' distribution. RESULTS Sensitivity and bifurcation analyses were carried out to determine the range of values of the model. The model can reproduce the observed epidemiological patterns of human taeniasis, pig and human cysticercosis. For example, for a wide range of parameter values, the mean intensity of adult worms tends to rapidly stabilize in one parasite per individual host. From this model, we also derived a Susceptible-Infected model to describe the prevalence of infection in humans and pigs. Chemotherapeutic interventions against pig cysticercosis or human taeniasis may reduce rapidly and effectively the mean intensity of human taeniasis, pig cysticercosis and human cysticercosis. This effect can be achieved even if the protective efficacy of the drug is of the order of 90% and the coverage rate is 90%. This means that health in humans infected either with adult worms or cysticerci may be achieved by the application of anthelmintic drugs against pig cysticercosis. However, treatment against human cysticercosis alone, does not influence neither human teniasis nor pig cysticercosis. This is because human cysticercosis infection does not influence the value of the basic reproductive number (Ro). CONCLUSIONS Even coverage of 100% in the administration of anthelmintics did not eliminate the infection. Then elimination of the infection in all hosts does not seem a feasible goal to achieve by administering only chemotherapeutic interventions. Throughout the manuscript a discussion of our model in the context of other models of taeniasis-cysticercosis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco V. José
- Theoretical Biology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 CDMX, Mexico
| | - Juan R. Bobadilla
- Theoretical Biology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 CDMX, Mexico
| | - Norma Y. Sánchez-Torres
- Theoretical Biology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 CDMX, Mexico
| | - Juan Pedro Laclette
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 CDMX, Mexico
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Okello WO, Okello AL, Inthavong P, Tiemann T, Phengsivalouk A, Devleesschauwer B, Shaw A, Allen J. Improved methods to capture the total societal benefits of zoonotic disease control: Demonstrating the cost-effectiveness of an integrated control programme for Taenia solium, soil transmitted helminths and classical swine fever in northern Lao PDR. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006782. [PMID: 30231029 PMCID: PMC6185856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Control and elimination of zoonotic diseases requires robust information about their effect on both human and livestock health in order to enable policy formulation and the allocation of resources. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of controlling Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in both humans and pigs, and soil-transmitted helminths (STH) in humans by integrating their control to on-going human and animal health control programmes in northern Lao People's Democratic Republic. METHOD A cross-sectional study was carried out in 49 households, focusing on the prevalence of T. solium taenias/cysticercosis and soil transmitted helminths before and after a twelve month intervention. The village data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire through a door-to-door survey. The village data was then projected to the wider northern Lao PDR population using stochastic modelling and cost-effectiveness ratio (after aggregating the net cost to capture both human and animal health parameters) and GDP per capita as a threshold, to determine the cost-effectiveness of the integrated control of T. solium taeniasis/ cysticercosis and STH, assuming linear scaling out of the intervention. The zoonotic DALY (zDALY) approach was also used as an alternative method of estimating the cost-effectiveness ratio of controlling T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in humans and pigs. FINDINGS Using cost-effectiveness analysis after aggregating the net cost and control of T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis alone as the base case, the study found that simultaneous control of T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in humans and pigs, STH in humans and Classical Swine Fever (CSF) in pigs was USD 14 per DALY averted and USD 234 per zDALY averted using zDALY method hence considered highly cost-effective whereas controlling T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis without incorporating STH and CSF was the least cost-effective (USD 3,672 per DALY averted). Additionally, the cost-effectiveness of controlling T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in people and pigs using zDALY as an alternative method was USD 3,662 per zDALY averted which was quite close to our findings using the aggregate net cost method. CONCLUSION The study showed that control of T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis alone in humans and pigs is not cost-effective in northern Lao PDR whereas control of STH is. Consequently, integrating T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis control with other cost-effective programmes such as STH and CSF markedly improved the cost-effectiveness of the intervention. This is especially important in low resource countries where control of zoonotic neglected tropical diseases could be integrated with the human and animal health sectors to optimize use of the limited resources. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) ACTRN12614001067662.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter O. Okello
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anna L. Okello
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL) Regional Program, CSIRO, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Phouth Inthavong
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, National Animal Health Laboratory (NAHL), Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Tassilo Tiemann
- Tropical Forages Program, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT in Asia), Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Ammaly Phengsivalouk
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, National Animal Health Laboratory (NAHL), Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Shaw
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- A P Consultants, Andover, United Kingdom
| | - John Allen
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL) Regional Program, CSIRO, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Effectiveness of an integrated intervention in the control of endo- and ectoparasites of pigs kept by smallholder farmers in Mbeya rural and Mbozi districts, Tanzania. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2018; 13:64-73. [PMID: 31014892 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate effectiveness of an integrated management intervention in the control of endo- and ectoparasites of pigs kept by smallholder farmers in Mbeya Rural and Mbozi districts of southern highlands of Tanzania. A repeated cross-sectional group randomization design was employed, with 10 villages in the intervention group and six villages in the control group. The intervention consisted of improving pig confinement, feeds and feeding practices, and strategic anthelmintic treatment of pigs with oxfendazole, to primarily control Taenia solium (porcine) cysticercosis and nematodes; and with ivermectin to control ectoparasites and nematodes. Blood and faecal samples, ectoparasite specimens and skin scrapings were collected at baseline and two follow-up rounds, at an interval of seven months. A total of 482, 460 and 421 pigs were sampled in 221, 196 and 139 households at baseline, first and second follow-up visits respectively. Sero-prevalence of PC, prevalence and burden of gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes and prevalence of ectoparasites were determined using Ag-ELISA, McMaster faecal egg counting technique and body searches/skin scrapings, respectively. Mann Whitney test was used to measure intervention effect by comparing changes from baseline values of prevalence and faecal egg counts between the two groups. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed between the two groups, in changes from baseline of sero-prevalence of PC. The intervention significantly reduced prevalence of Trichuris suis (p = 0.044) and mean faecal egg counts of Ascaris suum (p = 0.02) from baseline to first follow-up. The intervention showed a substantial effect on the prevalence of ectoparasites as it significantly reduced overall prevalence of ectoparasites (p = 0.026), lice (p = 0.045), ticks (p = 0.049) and mites (p = 0.013) from baseline to first follow-up, and prevalence of ectoparasites, lice and mites from baseline to second follow-up (p = 0.052, p = 0.03, p = 0.017 respectively). This study has demonstrated a moderate effect of the intervention on controlling GI nematodes and ectoparasites, but no effect on sero-prevalence of PC. The reported ineffectiveness of the intervention against PC is probably an underestimation because serology is not able to provide quantitative data. It may also be a result of reduced compliance as this was a field study. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to better understand transmission dynamics of PC and explore One Health approaches including treatment of the human population against taeniosis to better secure public health.
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Hobbs EC, Mwape KE, Van Damme I, Berkvens D, Zulu G, Mambwe M, Chembensofu M, Phiri IK, Masuku M, Bottieau E, Devleesschauwer B, Speybroeck N, Colston A, Dorny P, Willingham AL, Gabriël S. Preliminary assessment of the computer-based Taenia solium educational program 'The Vicious Worm' on knowledge uptake in primary school students in rural areas in eastern Zambia. Trop Med Int Health 2018; 23:306-314. [PMID: 29314480 PMCID: PMC5888122 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The zoonotic helminth Taenia solium is endemic in Zambia, causing human (taeniasis and (neuro)cysticercosis) and pig (porcine cysticercosis) diseases with high health, social and economic burdens. We aimed to evaluate the impact of a health educational program intended to lead to powerful and cumulative improvements in knowledge, attitudes and practices that decrease parasite transmission and disease occurrence. METHODS Half-day health education workshops were conducted in three primary schools in the highly endemic Eastern Province of Zambia, using the computer-based T. solium educational program 'The Vicious Worm'. Questionnaires were administered before and after the educational component to determine the program's impact on knowledge uptake in primary school students. RESULTS In total, 99 students participated: 38 males and 61 females, with a median age of 14 years (range 10-18 years). Baseline general knowledge of T. solium, including awareness of the different human and pig disease states, and disease diagnosis, treatment and prevention, was quite high (average score 62%) and consistent across all three study areas. Participants' knowledge had significantly increased after the educational component, particularly regarding parasite transmission and disease prevention. CONCLUSION Preliminary assessment of 'The Vicious Worm' indicates it is an effective tool for the short-term T. solium education of primary school students in Zambia. Follow-up studies are planned to assess the longer term impact of the program on knowledge uptake in the study neighbourhoods. Inclusion of tailored 'The Vicious Worm' educational workshops should be considered in integrated cysticercosis control programs in endemic areas of sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Hobbs
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary MedicineRoss University School of Veterinary MedicineBasseterreSt Kitts, West Indies
- Institute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | | | - Inge Van Damme
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | | | - Gideon Zulu
- Ministry of HealthGovernment of the Republic of ZambiaLusakaZambia
| | - Moses Mambwe
- Ministry of HealthGovernment of the Republic of ZambiaLusakaZambia
| | | | | | - Maxwell Masuku
- School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of ZambiaLusakaZambia
| | | | | | - Niko Speybroeck
- Institute of Health and SocietyUniversité Catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Angela Colston
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed)NairobiKenya
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Institute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Arve Lee Willingham
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary MedicineRoss University School of Veterinary MedicineBasseterreSt Kitts, West Indies
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
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Agustina KK, Swacita IBN, Oka IBM, Dwinata IM, Traub RJ, Cargill C, Damriyasa IM. Reducing zoonotic and internal parasite burdens in pigs using a pig confinement system. Vet World 2017; 10:1347-1352. [PMID: 29263598 PMCID: PMC5732342 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1347-1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study was designed to validate the effectiveness of the pig confinement system (PCS) in reducing the prevalence of zoonotic and internal parasite burdens in pigs. Materials and Methods Ten PCS households were selected together with 10 households practising traditional scavenging systems. Five pigs were monitored per household every 3 months for 15 months and blood and feces collected. Pigs received a single dose of oxfendazole at 30 mg/kg at baseline. Qualitative fecal examinations for intestinal parasite stages were performed, and serum was tested for antibodies to cysticercus of Taenia solium, Trichinella spp., and Toxoplasma gondii. Results Based on fecal examination, the prevalence of pigs positive for parasite eggs was reduced in PCS pigs over consecutive samplings (Ascaris suum [14.3% to 0%], Trichuris suis [46.9% to 8.3%], Strongyle-type eggs [81.6% to 8.3%], Physocephalus spp. [6.1% to 0%], and Metastrongylus apri [20.8% to 0%]) compared with increases in the number of pigs positive for parasite eggs in non-PCS pigs (T. suis [20-61.5%], Strongyle-type [60.4-80.8%], Physocephalus spp. [8.3-15.4%], and M. apri [20.8-34.6%]) and little change in pigs positive for A. suum (18.8-19.2%). While the prevalence of pigs with antibodies against to cysticerci of T. solium reduced in PCS pigs from 18% to 14%, the prevalence in non-PCS pigs increased from 42% to 52%. Antibodies to Trichinella were not detected, but the prevalence of T. gondii antibodies increased from 6% to 10% in PCS pigs and from 7% to 24% in non-PCS pigs. Conclusion These data demonstrate the potential of a PCS to reduce the prevalence of pigs infected with zoonotic and internal parasites and thus the risk to human and pig health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadek Karang Agustina
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, PB. Sudirman St. Campus, Denpasar, Bali 80223, Indonesia.,Department of Parasitology, Center Studies on Animal Diseases Udayana University, Markisa Alleyway of Sesetan St. No. 8 Denpasar, Bali 80223, Indonesia
| | - Ida Bagus Ngurah Swacita
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, PB. Sudirman St. Campus, Denpasar, Bali 80223, Indonesia
| | - Ida Bagus Made Oka
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, PB. Sudirman St. Campus, Denpasar, Bali 80223, Indonesia
| | - I Made Dwinata
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, PB. Sudirman St. Campus, Denpasar, Bali 80223, Indonesia
| | - Rebecca Justin Traub
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin Cargill
- Department of Livestock Production, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Hartley Grove, Urrbrae SA 5064, Australia
| | - I Made Damriyasa
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, PB. Sudirman St. Campus, Denpasar, Bali 80223, Indonesia.,Department of Parasitology, Center Studies on Animal Diseases Udayana University, Markisa Alleyway of Sesetan St. No. 8 Denpasar, Bali 80223, Indonesia
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Chilundo AG, Johansen MV, Pondja A, Miambo R, Afonso S, Mukaratirwa S. Piloting the effectiveness of pig health education in combination with oxfendazole treatment on prevention and/or control of porcine cysticercosis, gastrointestinal parasites, African swine fever and ectoparasites in Angónia District, Mozambique. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 50:589-601. [PMID: 29139069 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1474-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A community-based intervention combining health education (HE) and treatment of pigs for control of porcine cysticercosis (PC), gastrointestinal (GI) helminths, African swine fever (ASF) and external parasites was tested involving six villages of resource-poor smallholder pig farmers. Farmers and pigs of six rural villages were randomly allocated into group 1 (HE), which served as controls, and group 2 (HE + OFZ) pigs received a single oral dose of 30 mg/kg OFZ. Farmers were trained in pig health, housing and feeding. The proportion of farmers with confined pigs, the adoption rate of the introduced pig pen, the sero-prevalence of PC and ASF, the prevalence and intensity of GI nematodes and the prevalence of ectoparasites were measured at 9, 15 and 24 months after initiation and compared to a baseline survey to seek the effectiveness of the interventions. There was no clear effect of the intervention on the sero-prevalence of PC, but analysis of the rate of change in prevalence between the two groups showed significant effect with the rate of change to lower prevalence in the HE + OFZ group compared to the HE group. Although HE managed to improve the farmer's knowledge in the control and prevention of ASF and ectoparasites, there was no significant reduction in the sero-prevalence of ASF and the prevalence of ectoparasites throughout the two-year period. The reported ineffectiveness of the intervention in this study suggested that more research is needed to develop more effective methods for controlling PC, ASF and pig parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Chilundo
- Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique.
- School of Life Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa.
| | - M V Johansen
- Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - A Pondja
- Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - R Miambo
- Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - S Afonso
- Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - S Mukaratirwa
- School of Life Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
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Winskill P, Harrison WE, French MD, Dixon MA, Abela-Ridder B, Basáñez MG. Assessing the impact of intervention strategies against Taenia solium cysticercosis using the EPICYST transmission model. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:73. [PMID: 28183336 PMCID: PMC5301381 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-1988-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, and associated human infections, taeniasis, cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis, are serious public health problems, especially in developing countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set goals for having a validated strategy for control and elimination of T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis by 2015 and interventions scaled-up in selected countries by 2020. Timely achievement of these internationally-endorsed targets requires that the relative benefits and effectiveness of potential interventions be explored rigorously within a quantitative framework. METHODS A deterministic, compartmental transmission model (EPICYST) was developed to capture the dynamics of the taeniasis/cysticercosis disease system in the human and pig hosts. Cysticercosis prevalence in humans, an outcome of high epidemiological and clinical importance, was explicitly modelled. A next generation matrix approach was used to derive an expression for the basic reproduction number, R 0. A full sensitivity analysis was performed using a methodology based on Latin-hypercube sampling partial rank correlation coefficient index. RESULTS EPICYST outputs indicate that chemotherapeutic intervention targeted at humans or pigs would be highly effective at reducing taeniasis and cysticercosis prevalence when applied singly, with annual chemotherapy of humans and pigs resulting, respectively, in 94 and 74% of human cysticercosis cases averted. Improved sanitation, meat inspection and animal husbandry are less effective but are still able to reduce prevalence singly or in combination. The value of R 0 for taeniasis was estimated at 1.4 (95% Credible Interval: 0.5-3.6). CONCLUSIONS Human- and pig-targeted drug-focussed interventions appear to be the most efficacious approach from the options currently available. The model presented is a forward step towards developing an informed control and elimination strategy for cysticercosis. Together with its validation against field data, EPICYST will be a valuable tool to help reach the WHO goals and to conduct economic evaluations of interventions in varying epidemiological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Winskill
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, W2 1PG UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Wendy E. Harrison
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, W2 1PG UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Michael D. French
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, W2 1PG UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, W2 1PG UK
- Current address: Research Triangle Institute, 701 13st Street NW, Washington D.C., 20005 USA
| | - Matthew A. Dixon
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Bernadette Abela-Ridder
- Neglected Zoonotic Diseases Team, Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD), World Health Organization (WHO), 20 Avenue Appia, 1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - María-Gloria Basáñez
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, W2 1PG UK
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, W2 1PG UK
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Gabriël S, Dorny P, Mwape KE, Trevisan C, Braae UC, Magnussen P, Thys S, Bulaya C, Phiri IK, Sikasunge CS, Makungu C, Afonso S, Nicolau Q, Johansen MV. Control of Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis: The best way forward for sub-Saharan Africa? Acta Trop 2017; 165:252-260. [PMID: 27140860 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis is a neglected parasitic zoonosis with significant economic and public health impacts. Control measures can be broadly grouped into community health education, improvements in hygiene and sanitary conditions, proper meat handling at household and community level, improved standards of meat inspection, pig management, treatment of individual patients and possibly human populations, and treatment and/or vaccination of porcine populations. This manuscript looks critically into currently existing control options and provides suggestions on which (combination of) tools would be most effective in the control of T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in sub-Saharan Africa. Field data and disease transmission simulations suggest that implementation of a single intervention control strategy will not lead to a satisfactory reduction of disease morbidity or transmission. A feasible strategy to combat T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis would include a combination of approaches focussing on both human (health education and treatment) and animal host (management, treatment and vaccination), which can vary for different communities and different geographical locations. Selection of the specific strategy depends on cost-effectiveness analyses based on solid field data, currently unavailable, though urgently needed; as well as on health priorities and resources of the country. A One Health approach involving medical, veterinary, environmental and social sectors is essential for T. solium to be controlled and eventually eliminated. Finally the success of any intervention is largely dependent on the level of societal and political acceptance, commitment and engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gabriël
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - P Dorny
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K E Mwape
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - C Trevisan
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - U C Braae
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - P Magnussen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - S Thys
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - C Bulaya
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - I K Phiri
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - C S Sikasunge
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - C Makungu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - S Afonso
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Q Nicolau
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - M V Johansen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Braae UC, Devleesschauwer B, Gabriël S, Dorny P, Speybroeck N, Magnussen P, Torgerson P, Johansen MV. CystiSim - An Agent-Based Model for Taenia solium Transmission and Control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005184. [PMID: 27984581 PMCID: PMC5161321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis was declared eradicable by the International Task Force for Disease Eradication in 1993, but remains a neglected zoonosis. To assist in the attempt to regionally eliminate this parasite, we developed cystiSim, an agent-based model for T. solium transmission and control. The model was developed in R and available as an R package (http://cran.r-project.org/package=cystiSim). cystiSim was adapted to an observed setting using field data from Tanzania, but adaptable to other settings if necessary. The model description adheres to the Overview, Design concepts, and Details (ODD) protocol and consists of two entities—pigs and humans. Pigs acquire cysticercosis through the environment or by direct contact with a tapeworm carrier's faeces. Humans acquire taeniosis from slaughtered pigs proportional to their infection intensity. The model allows for evaluation of three interventions measures or combinations hereof: treatment of humans, treatment of pigs, and pig vaccination, and allows for customary coverage and efficacy settings. cystiSim is the first agent-based transmission model for T. solium and suggests that control using a strategy consisting of an intervention only targeting the porcine host is possible, but that coverage and efficacy must be high if elimination is the ultimate goal. Good coverage of the intervention is important, but can be compensated for by including an additional intervention targeting the human host. cystiSim shows that the scenarios combining interventions in both hosts, mass drug administration to humans, and vaccination and treatment of pigs, have a high probability of success if coverage of 75% can be maintained over at least a four year period. In comparison with an existing mathematical model for T. solium transmission, cystiSim also includes parasite maturation, host immunity, and environmental contamination. Adding these biological parameters to the model resulted in new insights in the potential effect of intervention measures. Taenia solium is the leading cause of preventable epilepsy and the highest ranking foodborne parasite in terms of disease burden worldwide. Currently there are no large scale control programmes implemented against T. solium, but efficacious intervention tools are there, making control programmes the next step forward. Because of the zoonotic properties of the parasite, existing in both humans and pigs, a combination of intervention tools is likely to be needed. cystiSim is an agent-based disease model that provides insight into which intervention tools, and the frequency of administration of these tools, are needed to yield an effect on disease prevalence. cystiSim is a valuable tool in designing future control programmes and will assist in the elimination of T. solium as a public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uffe Christian Braae
- Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Niko Speybroeck
- Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pascal Magnussen
- Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Vang Johansen
- Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Zhang S, Luo X, Guo A, Zhu X, Cai X. Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific for 18 kDa antigen from Taenia solium cysticerci. Exp Parasitol 2016; 166:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Braae UC, Harrison W, Lekule F, Magnussen P, Johansen MV. Feedstuff and poor latrines may put pigs at risk of cysticercosis — A case-control study. Vet Parasitol 2015; 214:187-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Fogang YF, Savadogo AA, Camara M, Toffa DH, Basse A, Sow AD, Ndiaye MM. Managing neurocysticercosis: challenges and solutions. Int J Gen Med 2015; 8:333-44. [PMID: 26527895 PMCID: PMC4621219 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s73249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a major cause of neurological morbidity in the world. Variability in the neuropathology and clinical presentation of NCC often make it difficult to diagnose and manage. Diagnosis of NCC can be challenging especially in endemic and resource-limited countries where laboratory and imaging techniques are often lacking. NCC management can also be challenging as current treatment options are limited and involve symptomatic agents, antiparasitic agents, or surgery. Although antiparasitic treatment probably reduces the number of active lesions and long-term seizure frequency, its efficacy is limited and strategies to improve treatment regimens are warranted. Treatment decisions should be individualized in relation to the type of NCC. Initial measures should focus on symptomatic management, with antiparasitic therapy only to be considered later on, when appropriate. Symptomatic treatment remains the cornerstone in NCC management which should not only focuses on epilepsy, but also on other manifestations that cause considerable burden (recurrent headaches, cognitive decline). Accurate patients’ categorization, better antiparasitic regimens, and definition of new clinical outcomes for trials on NCC could improve management quality and prognosis of NCC. Prevention strategies targeting tapeworm carriers and infected pigs are yielding good results in local models. If local elimination of transmission is confirmed and replicated, this will open the door to cysticercosis eradication efforts worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Fogoum Fogang
- Neurology Department, Fann Teaching Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Abdoul Aziz Savadogo
- Neurology Department, Fann Teaching Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Massaman Camara
- Neurology Department, Fann Teaching Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Anna Basse
- Neurology Department, Fann Teaching Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
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Braae UC, Saarnak CFL, Mukaratirwa S, Devleesschauwer B, Magnussen P, Johansen MV. Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis and the co-distribution with schistosomiasis in Africa. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:323. [PMID: 26065414 PMCID: PMC4465723 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0938-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to map the distribution of Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis and the co-distribution with schistosomiasis in Africa. These two major neglected tropical diseases are presumed to be widely distributed in Africa, but currently the level of co-distribution is unclear. Methods A literature search on T. solium taeniosis/cysticercosis was performed to compile all known studies on the presence of T. solium and apparent prevalence of taeniosis and porcine cysticercosis in Africa. Studies were geo-referenced using an online gazetteer. A Bayesian framework was used to combine the epidemiological data on the apparent prevalence with external information on test characteristics to estimate informed district-level prevalence of taeniosis and porcine cysticercosis. Districts with T. solium taeniosis/cysticercosis presence were cross-referenced with the Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Database for schistosomiasis presence. Results The search strategies identified 141 reports of T. solium in Africa from 1985 to 2014 from a total of 476 districts in 29 countries, 20 with porcine cysticercosis, 22 with human cysticercosis, and 16 with taeniosis, in addition to 2 countries identified from OIE reports. All 31 countries were considered, on national scale, to have co-distribution with schistosomiasis. Presence of both parasites was confirmed in 124 districts in 17 countries. The informed prevalence of taeniosis and porcine cysticercosis were estimated for 14 and 41 districts in 10 and 13 countries, respectively. Conclusions With the paucity of data, T. solium infection is grossly under-reported and expected to be more widespread than this study suggests. In areas where co-distribution occurs there is a need for increased emphasis on evaluation of integrated intervention approaches for these two helminth infections and allocation of resources for evaluating the extent of adverse effects caused by mass drug administration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0938-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uffe Christian Braae
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Christopher F L Saarnak
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Samson Mukaratirwa
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium. .,Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Pascal Magnussen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark. .,Centre for Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1353, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Maria Vang Johansen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Carabin H, Traoré AA. Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis control and elimination through community-based interventions. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2014; 1:181-193. [PMID: 25544938 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-014-0029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Taenia solium was declared potentially eradicable by the International Task Force for Disease Eradication in 1992. Yet, very few well-designed community-based randomized controlled trials have been conducted to measure the effectiveness of alternative control strategies. Most strategies have been tested in pre-post intervention designs in very few communities, often without a control group. The only two community-based randomized controlled trials suggest that an educational program alone or a combination of human and porcine mass treatment reduce porcine cysticercosis in the short term. A transmission dynamics model suggests that improved sanitation and pig management are more effective and sustainable than pig vaccination, human or porcine mass treatment. Current evidence does not support the eradication of Taenia solium in the foreseeable future. Investigators should follow international recommendations on the conduct of community-based randomized control trials to provide more valid estimates of the effect and cost-effectiveness of alternative control strategies for cysticercosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Carabin
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104
| | - Aminata A Traoré
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104. Tel: 405 271-2229.
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Komba EV, Kimbi EC, Ngowi HA, Kimera SI, Mlangwa JE, Lekule FP, Sikasunge CS, Willingham AL, Johansen MV, Thamsborg SM. Prevalence of porcine cysticercosis and associated risk factors in smallholder pig production systems in Mbeya region, southern highlands of Tanzania. Vet Parasitol 2013; 198:284-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rasamoelina-Andriamanivo H, Porphyre V, Jambou R. Control of cysticercosis in Madagascar: beware of the pitfalls. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:538-47. [PMID: 24145061 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Taenia solium cysticercosis is a zoonosis of public health importance in areas where the disease is endemic, with significant economic impacts on human health and the swine industry. Several gaps remain in the epidemiology of the parasite and the strategies of control in developing countries. We detail the key factors to consider in Madagascar in terms of the porcine husbandry system, Taenia transmission cycle, and diagnosis of cysticercosis in pigs, in order to better estimate the sanitary and economic impacts of this parasitic disease as well as to define an integrated control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harentsoaniaina Rasamoelina-Andriamanivo
- FOFIFA, Département de Recherches Zootechniques et Vétérinaires, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Département Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine, Antananarivo, Madagascar
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Mkupasi EM, Ngowi HA, Sikasunge CS, Leifsson PS, Johansen MV. Efficacy of ivermectin and oxfendazole against Taenia solium cysticercosis and other parasitoses in naturally infected pigs. Acta Trop 2013; 128:48-53. [PMID: 23806569 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Smallholder semi-confined pig production is a fast growing practice in sub-Saharan Africa with an unfortunate outcome of high prevalence of Taenia solium cysticercosis and other parasitoses. The widely used anthelmintic for control of endo and ecto-parasites in pigs in the area is ivermectin at a recommended dose of 0.3mg/kg. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety in pigs after subcutaneous injection of ivermectin (IVM, 0.3mg/kg) and orally administration of oxfendazole (OFZ, 30mg/kg) in treatment of porcine cysticercosis and other parasitoses in naturally infected pigs. A total of 61 pigs with T. solium cysticercosis (38 males and 23 females) as identified by tongue palpation with age ranging from 3 to 24 months were recruited. The pigs were stratified based on sex, age and number of cysts on the tongue and randomly allocated to IVM, OFZ and control groups. Three days before treatment and two weeks after treatment faecal samples and skin scrapings were taken to establish the burden of endo- and ectoparasites, respectively and the effect of the treatment. No adverse effect was observed in any of the treatment groups throughout the study period. Half of the pigs from each group were slaughtered at week four and the remaining half at week twelve post treatment. The IVM treatment group had no significant effect (p=0.224) on T. solium cysts viability in comparison to the control group. Significant effect on cysts viability was observed in the OFZ treated group (p<0.001) compared to IVM and control groups in all muscle tissues. Regarding to brain cysts, neither of the drugs was efficacious. Ivermectin and OFZ treatments significantly reduced (p<0.001) the faecal egg count of Ascaris suum, strongyles and Trichuris suis two weeks after treatment. At slaughter, Oesophagostomum dentatum, Ascarops strongylina and Physocephalus sexalatus were recovered from pigs in the IVM treated and in the control groups. Ivermectin was 100% effective in control of Sarcoptes scabiei. In conclusion, IVM at a single dose of 0.3mg/kg was efficacious against ectoparasites but did not effectively cure pigs from T. solium cysticercosis or nematodes. Oxfendazole, on the other hand, killed all nematodes and muscle cysts, but did not have any effect on ectoparasites. A combination of the two drugs would be a most useful treatment option for control of pig parasitoses in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernatus Martin Mkupasi
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Control of Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis: past practices and new possibilities. Parasitology 2013; 140:1566-77. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013001005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYNeurocysticercosis continues to be a major health burden on humans living in many regions of the world, despite the availability of highly effective taeniacides and identification of the cause, Taenia solium, as being potentially eradicable. Several T. solium control trials have been undertaken, generally achieving limited success and none that has been fully documented has achieved what was demonstrated to be a sustainable level of disease control. Pigs act as intermediate hosts for T. solium and two new control tools have become available for application in pigs – single-dose oxfendazole treatment of porcine cysticercosis and the TSOL18 vaccine. Three potential intervention scenarios for pigs are compared for control of cysticercosis, using either oxfendazole or vaccination. A control scenario involving vaccination plus oxfendazole treatment delivered at 4 monthly intervals was predicted to achieve the best outcome, with no pigs slaughtered at 12 months of age having viable T. solium cysticerci. Now that new control tools are available, there are opportunities to concentrate research attention on evaluation of novel control scenarios leading to the implementation of effective and sustainable control programmes and a reduction in the global burden of neurocysticercosis.
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Mkupasi EM, Sikasunge CS, Ngowi HA, Johansen MV. Efficacy and safety of anthelmintics tested against Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2200. [PMID: 23936558 PMCID: PMC3723597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine cysticercosis, an infection caused by Taenia solium metacestodes, is continuously being reported in low-income countries of Latin America, Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. The disease was declared eradicable by the International Task Force for Diseases Eradication (ITFDE) in 1993, and it is listed among the 17 WHO Neglected Tropical Diseases and Neglected Zoonoses that are potentially eradicable. In view of that, WHO has proposed a step-wise approach to its elimination, including chemotherapy of infected pigs. Different drugs have been tested on porcine cysticercosis with varying efficacies. These include flubendazole, fenbendazole, albendazole, albendazole sulphoxide, oxfendazole, praziquantel, and nitazoxanide. This review summarises available information on the efficacies and adverse effects shown by these drugs in pigs. Oxfendazole has shown to be effective for the control of porcine cysticercosis; however, it needs to be integrated with other control approaches. There is a need for standardised guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of anthelmintics against porcine cysticercosis, and more efficacy studies are needed since the conclusions so far are based on a limited number of studies using few infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernatus Martin Mkupasi
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Assana E, Lightowlers MW, Zoli AP, Geerts S. Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis in Africa: Risk factors, epidemiology and prospects for control using vaccination. Vet Parasitol 2013; 195:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gilman RH, Gonzalez AE, Llanos-Zavalaga F, Tsang VCW, Garcia HH. Prevention and control of Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in Peru. Pathog Glob Health 2013; 106:312-8. [PMID: 23265557 DOI: 10.1179/2047773212y.0000000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium is endemic in most of the world, causing seizures and other neurological symptoms. Transmission is mainly maintained in rural areas by a human to pig cycle. Despite claims on its eradicability, sustainable interruption of transmission has not yet been reported. This manuscript reviews the conceptual basis for control, available diagnostic and control tools, and recent experiences on control in the field performed in Peru along the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Gilman
- Department of Microbiology, and Center for Global Health-Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Devleesschauwer B, Aryal A, Tharmalingam J, Joshi DD, Rijal S, Speybroeck N, Gabriël S, Victor B, Dorny P. Complexities in using sentinel pigs to study Taenia solium transmission dynamics under field conditions. Vet Parasitol 2013; 193:172-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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