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Campos Farias BJ, Makoto Kayano A, Barros Luiz M, Maciel DE Lima A, Suelen da Silva Morais M, Moreira Mendes L, Mota Santana H, Reis Prado ND, Andrade Roberto S, Martins Soares A, Pavan Zuliani J, Pereira SDS, Celedonio Fernandes CF. Expanding anti-venom strategies: Camelid polyclonal antibodies with high capacity to recognize snake venom. Toxicon 2024; 247:107837. [PMID: 38945216 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Camelid immunoglobulins represent a unique facet of antibody biology, challenging conventional understandings of antibody diversification. IgG2 and IgG3 in particular are composed solely of heavy chains and exhibit a reduced molecular weight (90 kDa); their elongated complementarity determining region (CDR) loops play a pivotal role in their functioning, delving deep into enzyme active sites with precision. Serum therapy stands as the primary venom-specific treatment for snakebite envenomation, harnessing purified antibodies available in diverse forms such as whole IgG, monovalent fragment antibody (Fab), or divalent fragment antibody F (ab')2. This investigation looks into the intricacies of IgGs derived from camelid serum previously immunized with crotamine and crotoxin, toxins predominantly in Crotalus durissus venom, exploring their recognition capacity, specificity, and cross-reactivity to snake venoms and its toxins. Initially, IgG purification employed affinity chromatography via protein A and G columns to segregate conventional antibodies (IgG1) from heavy chain antibodies (IgG2 and IgG3) of camelid isotypes sourced from Lama glama serum. Subsequent electrophoretic analysis (SDS-PAGE) revealed distinct bands corresponding to molecular weight profiles of IgG's fractions representing isotypes in Lama glama serum. ELISA cross-reactivity assays demonstrated all three IgG isotypes' ability to recognize the tested venoms. Notably, IgG1 exhibited the lowest interactivity in analyses involving bothropic and crotalic venoms. However, IgG2 and IgG3 displayed notable cross-reactivity, particularly with crotalic venoms and toxins, albeit with exceptions such as PLA2-CB, showing reduced reactivity, and C. atrox, where IgGs exhibited insignificant reactivity. In Western blot assays, IgG2 and IgG3 exhibited recognition of proteins within molecular weight (≈15 kDa) of C. d. collilineatus to C. d. terrificus, with some interaction observed even with bothropic proteins despite lower reactivity. These findings underscore the potential of camelid heavy-chain antibodies, suggesting Lama glama IgGs as prospective candidates for a novel class of serum therapies. However, further investigations are imperative to ascertain their suitability for serum therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braz Junior Campos Farias
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Anderson Makoto Kayano
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos Aplicados à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Marcos Barros Luiz
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Rondônia, IFRO, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Anderson Maciel DE Lima
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos Aplicados à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | | | - Laryssa Moreira Mendes
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Hallison Mota Santana
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Nidiane Dantas Reis Prado
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Sibele Andrade Roberto
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar Martins Soares
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos Aplicados à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pavan Zuliani
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Soraya Dos Santos Pereira
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Carla Freire Celedonio Fernandes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Fiocruz Ceará, Eusébio-CE, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil.
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Saladini LY, Magalhães-Junior MJ, da Silva CCF, Oliveira PGC, Kodama RT, Gomes L, Nishiyama-Jr MY, Spencer PJ, da Silva WD, Portaro FCV. Evaluation of the Inhibitory Potential of Synthetic Peptides Homologous to CDR3 Regions of a Monoclonal Antibody against Bothropic Venom Serine Proteases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5181. [PMID: 38791221 PMCID: PMC11121450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Snakebite accidents, neglected tropical diseases per the WHO, pose a significant public health threat due to their severity and frequency. Envenomation by Bothrops genus snakes leads to severe manifestations due to proteolytic enzymes. While the antibothropic serum produced by the Butantan Institute saves lives, its efficacy is limited as it fails to neutralize certain serine proteases. Hence, developing new-generation antivenoms, like monoclonal antibodies, is crucial. This study aimed to explore the inhibitory potential of synthetic peptides homologous to the CDR3 regions of a monoclonal antibody targeting a snake venom thrombin-like enzyme (SVTLE) from B. atrox venom. Five synthetic peptides were studied, all stable against hydrolysis by venoms and serine proteases. Impressively, four peptides demonstrated uncompetitive SVTLE inhibition, with Ki values ranging from 10-6 to 10-7 M. These findings underscore the potential of short peptides homologous to CDR3 regions in blocking snake venom toxins, suggesting their promise as the basis for new-generation antivenoms. Thus, this study offers potential advancements in combatting snakebites, addressing a critical public health challenge in tropical and subtropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Yuri Saladini
- Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biomolecules, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil (C.C.F.d.S.); (P.G.C.O.); (R.T.K.); (L.G.)
| | | | | | - Priscila Gonçalves Coutinho Oliveira
- Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biomolecules, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil (C.C.F.d.S.); (P.G.C.O.); (R.T.K.); (L.G.)
| | - Roberto Tadashi Kodama
- Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biomolecules, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil (C.C.F.d.S.); (P.G.C.O.); (R.T.K.); (L.G.)
| | - Lais Gomes
- Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biomolecules, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil (C.C.F.d.S.); (P.G.C.O.); (R.T.K.); (L.G.)
| | - Milton Yutaka Nishiyama-Jr
- Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
| | - Patrick Jack Spencer
- Biotechnology Center, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN/CNEN/SP), São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
| | | | - Fernanda Calheta Vieira Portaro
- Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biomolecules, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil (C.C.F.d.S.); (P.G.C.O.); (R.T.K.); (L.G.)
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3
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Galizio NC, Moraes-Santos LS, Yabunaka AC, Demico PJ, Torres-Bonilla KA, Varón JCG, Silva NJD, Tanaka-Azevedo AM, Rocha MMTD, Hyslop S, Floriano RS, Morais-Zani KD. Biochemical and toxicological profiles of venoms from an adult female South American bushmaster (Lachesis muta rhombeata) and her offspring. Toxicon 2024; 241:107680. [PMID: 38452976 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we compared the biochemical and toxicological profiles of venoms from an adult female specimen of Lachesis muta rhombeata (South American bushmaster) and her seven offspring born in captivity, based on SDS-PAGE, RP-HPLC, enzymatic, coagulant, and hemorrhagic assays. Although adult and juvenile venoms showed comparable SDS-PAGE profiles, juveniles lacked some chromatographic peaks compared with adult venom. Adult venom had higher proteolytic (caseinolytic) activity than juvenile venoms (p < 0.05), but there were no significant inter-venom variations in the esterase, PLA2, phosphodiesterase and L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) activities, although the latter activity was highly variable among the venoms. Juveniles displayed higher coagulant activity on human plasma, with a minimum coagulant dose ∼42% lower than the adult venom (p < 0.05), but there were no age-related differences in thrombin-like activity. Adult venom was more fibrinogenolytic (based on the rate of fibrinogen chain degradation) and hemorrhagic than juvenile venoms (p < 0.05). The effective dose of Bothrops/Lachesis antivenom (produced by the Instituto Butantan) needed to neutralize the coagulant activity was ∼57% greater for juvenile venoms (p < 0.05), whereas antivenom did not attenuate the thrombin-like activity of juvenile and adult venoms. Antivenom significantly reduced the hemorrhagic activity of adult venom (400 μg/kg, i. d.), but not that of juvenile venoms. Overall, these data indicate a compositional and functional ontogenetic shift in L. m. rhombeata venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália C Galizio
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, Butantan Institute and Technological Research Institute of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura S Moraes-Santos
- Laboratory of Toxinology and Cardiovascular Research, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana C Yabunaka
- Laboratory of Toxinology and Cardiovascular Research, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Poliana J Demico
- Laboratory of Toxinology and Cardiovascular Research, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Kristian A Torres-Bonilla
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Julian C G Varón
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Nelson J da Silva
- Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences and Health, School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás (PUC-GO), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Anita M Tanaka-Azevedo
- Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, Butantan Institute and Technological Research Institute of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marisa M Teixeira da Rocha
- Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, Butantan Institute and Technological Research Institute of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Stephen Hyslop
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Floriano
- Laboratory of Toxinology and Cardiovascular Research, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, Butantan Institute and Technological Research Institute of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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4
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Chuang PC, Chen JW, Chan YY, Tse TC, Chiang YW, Tsai TS. In vitro immunoreactivity and in vivo neutralization of Trimeresurus gracilis venom with antivenoms targeting four pit viper species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012070. [PMID: 38527073 PMCID: PMC10994551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation is a significant global health issue that requires specific antivenom treatments. In Taiwan, available antivenoms target a variety of snakes, but none specifically target Trimeresurus gracilis, an endemic and protected species found in the high mountain areas of Taiwan. This study evaluated the effectiveness of existing antivenoms against T. gracilis venom, focusing on a bivalent antivenom developed for Trimeresurus stejnegeri and Protobothrops mucrosquamatus (TsPmAV), as well as monovalent antivenoms for Deinagkistrodon acutus (DaAV) and Gloydius brevicaudus (GbAV). Our research involved in vivo toxicity testing in mice and in vitro immunobinding experiments using (chaotropic) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, comparing venoms from four pit viper species (T. gracilis, T. stejnegeri, P. mucrosquamatus, and D. acutus) with three types of antivenoms. These findings indicate that TsPmAV partially neutralized T. gracilis venom, marginally surpassing the efficacy of DaAV. In vitro tests revealed that GbAV displayed higher binding capacities toward T. gracilis venom than TsPmAV or DaAV. Comparisons of electrophoretic profiles also reveal that T. gracilis venom has fewer snake venom C-type lectin like proteins than D. acutus, and has more P-I snake venom metalloproteases or fewer phospholipase A2 than G. brevicaudus, T. stejnegeri, or P. mucrosquamatus. This study highlights the need for antivenoms that specifically target T. gracilis, as current treatments using TsPmAV show limited effectiveness in neutralizing local effects in patients. These findings provide crucial insights into clinical treatment protocols and contribute to the understanding of the evolutionary adaptation of snake venom, aiding in the development of more effective antivenoms for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chun Chuang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Wei Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Yuen-Ying Chan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Tsz-Chun Tse
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Chiang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Centre, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tein-Shun Tsai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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5
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Freitas-de-Sousa LA, Colombini M, Souza VC, Silva JPC, Mota-da-Silva A, Almeida MRN, Machado RA, Fonseca WL, Sartim MA, Sachett J, Serrano SMT, Junqueira-de-Azevedo ILM, Grazziotin FG, Monteiro WM, Bernarde PS, Moura-da-Silva AM. Venom Composition of Neglected Bothropoid Snakes from the Amazon Rainforest: Ecological and Toxinological Implications. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:83. [PMID: 38393161 PMCID: PMC10891915 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms have evolved in several families of Caenophidae, and their toxins have been assumed to be biochemical weapons with a role as a trophic adaptation. However, it remains unclear how venom contributes to the success of venomous species for adaptation to different environments. Here we compared the venoms from Bothrocophias hyoprora, Bothrops taeniatus, Bothrops bilineatus smaragdinus, Bothrops brazili, and Bothrops atrox collected in the Amazon Rainforest, aiming to understand the ecological and toxinological consequences of venom composition. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses indicated that the venoms presented the same toxin groups characteristic from bothropoids, but with distinct isoforms with variable qualitative and quantitative abundances, contributing to distinct enzymatic and toxic effects. Despite the particularities of each venom, commercial Bothrops antivenom recognized the venom components and neutralized the lethality of all species. No clear features could be observed between venoms from arboreal and terrestrial habitats, nor in the dispersion of the species throughout the Amazon habitats, supporting the notion that venom composition may not shape the ecological or toxinological characteristics of these snake species and that other factors influence their foraging or dispersal in different ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mônica Colombini
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (L.A.F.-d.-S.); (M.C.)
| | - Vinicius C. Souza
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (V.C.S.); (J.P.C.S.); (S.M.T.S.); (I.L.M.J.-d.-A.)
| | - Joanderson P. C. Silva
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (V.C.S.); (J.P.C.S.); (S.M.T.S.); (I.L.M.J.-d.-A.)
| | - Ageane Mota-da-Silva
- Instituto Federal do Acre, Campus de Cruzeiro do Sul, Cruzeiro do Sul 69980-000, AC, Brazil;
| | - Marllus R. N. Almeida
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus Floresta, Cruzeiro do Sul 69895-000, AC, Brazil; (M.R.N.A.); (R.A.M.); (W.L.F.); (P.S.B.)
| | - Reginaldo A. Machado
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus Floresta, Cruzeiro do Sul 69895-000, AC, Brazil; (M.R.N.A.); (R.A.M.); (W.L.F.); (P.S.B.)
| | - Wirven L. Fonseca
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus Floresta, Cruzeiro do Sul 69895-000, AC, Brazil; (M.R.N.A.); (R.A.M.); (W.L.F.); (P.S.B.)
| | - Marco A. Sartim
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil; (M.A.S.); (J.S.); (W.M.M.)
| | - Jacqueline Sachett
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil; (M.A.S.); (J.S.); (W.M.M.)
| | - Solange M. T. Serrano
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (V.C.S.); (J.P.C.S.); (S.M.T.S.); (I.L.M.J.-d.-A.)
| | - Inácio L. M. Junqueira-de-Azevedo
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (V.C.S.); (J.P.C.S.); (S.M.T.S.); (I.L.M.J.-d.-A.)
| | - Felipe G. Grazziotin
- Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Wuelton M. Monteiro
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil; (M.A.S.); (J.S.); (W.M.M.)
| | - Paulo S. Bernarde
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus Floresta, Cruzeiro do Sul 69895-000, AC, Brazil; (M.R.N.A.); (R.A.M.); (W.L.F.); (P.S.B.)
| | - Ana M. Moura-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (L.A.F.-d.-S.); (M.C.)
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Cavalcante JS, de Almeida DEG, Santos-Filho NA, Sartim MA, de Almeida Baldo A, Brasileiro L, Albuquerque PL, Oliveira SS, Sachett JAG, Monteiro WM, Ferreira RS. Crosstalk of Inflammation and Coagulation in Bothrops Snakebite Envenoming: Endogenous Signaling Pathways and Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11508. [PMID: 37511277 PMCID: PMC10380640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming represents a major health problem in tropical and subtropical countries. Considering the elevated number of accidents and high morbidity and mortality rates, the World Health Organization reclassified this disease to category A of neglected diseases. In Latin America, Bothrops genus snakes are mainly responsible for snakebites in humans, whose pathophysiology is characterized by local and systemic inflammatory and degradative processes, triggering prothrombotic and hemorrhagic events, which lead to various complications, organ damage, tissue loss, amputations, and death. The activation of the multicellular blood system, hemostatic alterations, and activation of the inflammatory response are all well-documented in Bothrops envenomings. However, the interface between inflammation and coagulation is still a neglected issue in the toxinology field. Thromboinflammatory pathways can play a significant role in some of the major complications of snakebite envenoming, such as stroke, venous thromboembolism, and acute kidney injury. In addition to exacerbating inflammation and cell interactions that trigger vaso-occlusion, ischemia-reperfusion processes, and, eventually, organic damage and necrosis. In this review, we discuss the role of inflammatory pathways in modulating coagulation and inducing platelet and leukocyte activation, as well as the inflammatory production mediators and induction of innate immune responses, among other mechanisms that are altered by Bothrops venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeliton S Cavalcante
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18618-687, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denis Emanuel Garcia de Almeida
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, Agronomic Sciences School, São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18618-687, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norival A Santos-Filho
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Araraquara 14800-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Sartim
- Laboratory of Bioprospection, University Nilton Lins, Manaus 69058-030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Research & Development Department, Nilton Lins Foundation, Manaus 69058-030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Department of Research at Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69850-000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Amanda de Almeida Baldo
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18618-687, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lisele Brasileiro
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Department of Research at Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69850-000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Polianna L Albuquerque
- Toxicological Information and Assistance Center, Instituto Doutor Jose Frota Hospital, Fortaleza 60025-061, Ceará, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza 60430-140, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Sâmella S Oliveira
- Research Management, Hospital Foundation of Hematology and Hemotherapy of Amazonas, Manaus 69050-001, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Almeida Gonçalves Sachett
- Research & Development Department, Nilton Lins Foundation, Manaus 69058-030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Department of Research at Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69850-000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Research & Development Department, Nilton Lins Foundation, Manaus 69058-030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Department of Research at Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69850-000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18618-687, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Translational Science and Development of Biopharmaceuticals FAPESP/CEVAP-UNESP, Botucatu 18610-307, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18610-307, São Paulo, Brazil
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Tse TC, Tsai IH, Chan YY, Tsai TS. Venom Proteomics of Trimeresurus gracilis, a Taiwan-Endemic Pitviper, and Comparison of Its Venom Proteome and VEGF and CRISP Sequences with Those of the Most Related Species. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:408. [PMID: 37505677 PMCID: PMC10467061 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimeresurus gracilis is an endemic alpine pitviper in Taiwan with controversial phylogeny, and its venom proteome remains unknown. In this study, we conducted a proteomic analysis of T. gracilis venom using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and identified 155 toxin proteoforms that belong to 13 viperid venom toxin families. By searching the sequences of trypsin-digested peptides of the separated HPLC fractions against the NCBI database, T. gracilis venom was found to contain 40.3% metalloproteases (SVMPs), 15.3% serine proteases, 6.6% phospholipases A2, 5.0% L-amino acid oxidase, 4.6% Cys-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs), 3.2% disintegrins, 2.9% vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), 1.9% C-type lectin-like proteins, and 20.2% of minor toxins, nontoxins, and unidentified peptides or compounds. Sixteen of these proteoforms matched the toxins whose full amino-acid sequences have been deduced from T. gracilis venom gland cDNA sequences. The hemorrhagic venom of T. gracilis appears to be especially rich in PI-class SVMPs and lacks basic phospholipase A2. We also cloned and sequenced the cDNAs encoding two CRISP and three VEGF variants from T. gracilis venom glands. Sequence alignments and comparison revealed that the PI-SVMP, kallikrein-like proteases, CRISPs, and VEGF-F of T. gracilis and Ovophis okinavensis are structurally most similar, consistent with their close phylogenetic relationship. However, the expression levels of some of their toxins were rather different, possibly due to their distinct ecological and prey conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz-Chun Tse
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan;
| | - Inn-Ho Tsai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan
| | - Yuen-Ying Chan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan;
| | - Tein-Shun Tsai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan;
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8
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Galan LEB, Silva VS, Silva VS, Monte RC, Jati SR, Oliveira IS, Cerni FA, Monteiro WM, Sachett J, Dantas DSM, Carbonell RCC, Pucca MB. Acute mesenteric ischemia following lancehead snakebite: an unusual case report in the Northernmost Brazilian Amazon. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1197446. [PMID: 37425310 PMCID: PMC10323676 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1197446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebites have a great impact in the Brazilian Amazon, being the lancehead Bothrops atrox the species responsible for most accidents, disabilities, and deaths. This study shows a case report of an indigenous patient from the Yanomami ethnicity, male, 33 years-old, envenomed by a B. atrox snake. Envenoming caused by B. atrox are characterized by local manifestations (e.g., pain and edema) and systemic manifestations, mainly coagulation disorders. The indigenous victim was admitted in the main hospital of Roraima and evolved with an unusual complication, an ischemia and necrosis of the proximal ileum, requiring segmental enterectomy with posterior side-to-side anastomosis. The victim was discharge after 27 days of hospitalization with no complaints. Snakebite envenomations may evolve with life-threatening complications, which can be treated by the antivenom following access to a healthcare unit, often late in indigenous population. This clinical case shows the need of strategies that aim improvement in the access to the healthcare by indigenous people, as well as demonstrates an unusual complication that may result from lancehead snakebites. The article also discusses the decentralization of snakebites clinical management to indigenous community healthcare centers to mitigate complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E. B. Galan
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rommel C. Monte
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil
| | - Sewbert R. Jati
- Post Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT) of the State University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Isadora S. Oliveira
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Felipe A. Cerni
- Post Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT) of the State University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M. Monteiro
- Post Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT) of the State University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Sachett
- Post Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT) of the State University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Domingos S. M. Dantas
- Programa Doutoral de Bioética da Faculdade de Medicina do Porto, Cidade do Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Manuela B. Pucca
- Post Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT) of the State University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Rodrigues PSDM, Cirqueira Martins H, Falcão MS, Trevisan M, Portaro FCV, da Silva LG, Sano-Martins IS, Gonçalves LRDC, Seibert CS. Effects of Mauritia flexuosa L. f. buriti oil on symptoms induced by Bothrops moojeni snake envenomation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 313:116612. [PMID: 37156448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Brazil, there are species of snakes that become involved in accidents and cause serious health problems to the inhabitants, highlighting the genus Bothrops for being responsible for approximately 90% of accidents reported annually. In the northern region of the country, this genus is responsible for the largest number of accidents, especially among rural dwellers. These populations invest in alternative treatments for with the purpose of improving the symptoms caused by snakebites. The species Mauritia flexuosa L. f., known as buriti, is traditionally used for the treatment of envenomation by snakes. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the antiophidic potential of the oil of Mauritia flexuosa L. f. for Bothrops moojeni H. venom, confronting cultural and scientific knowledge. MATERIALS AND METHODS The physicochemical properties were determined, and the components present in the oil, extracted from fruit pulp, were analyzed by Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry. The in vitro inhibitory capacity of the oil for phospholipase, metalloprotease and serine protease activities was investigated. In the in vivo studies, male Swiss mice were used to evaluate the effect of oil on lethality and toxicity, and hemorrhagic, myotoxic and edematogenic activities were assessed. RESULTS GC‒MS analysis identification of 90.95% of the constituents of the oil, with the main components being 9-eicosenoic acid, (Z)- (34.54%), n-hexadecanoic acid (25.55%) and (E)-9-octadecenoic acid ethyl ester (12.43%). For the substrates, the outcomes indicate that the oil inhibited the activity of the main classes of toxins present in Bothrops moojeni H. venom (VBm) at the highest dose tested (0.5 μL), with inhibition of 84% for the hydrolysis of the selective substrate for serine protease and inhibition of 60% for the hydrolysis of substrates for PLA2 and metalloproteases. The antiophidic activity in vivo was evaluated with two concentrations of the oil: 1.5 mg, the dosage the population, diluted in mineral oil to a volume of 1 tablespoon and 15 mg, administered by gavage 30 min before poisoning and at time zero (concomitant to poisoning), and both concentrations administered by gavage in combination with topical use at time zero. The bleeding time in the group treated with oil at a concentration of 15 mg administered at time zero was significantly lower than that in the control group (p < 0.05). However, a greater inhibition of bleeding time was observed when local application was combined with the gavage treatment at both concentrations tested at time zero (p < 0.05). In the myotoxicity test, oil was efficient in reducing the myotoxic effects induced by the venom at the two concentrations tested, with gavage administration at time zero and gavage plus topical administration at time zero (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The data obtained show that the oil is safe to use at the concentrations studied and contains fatty acids that may collaborate for cellular-level repair of the injuries caused by Bm poisoning. The in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that oil inhibits the main proteolytic enzymes present in the venom and that it has important activities to control the local effects caused by bothropic venom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hemilly Cirqueira Martins
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, PPGCiamb, Federal University of Tocantins, Palmas, TO, Brazil.
| | - Milena Santos Falcão
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, PPGCiamb, Federal University of Tocantins, Palmas, TO, Brazil.
| | - Márcio Trevisan
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, PPGCiamb, Federal University of Tocantins, Palmas, TO, Brazil.
| | | | - Lais Gomes da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ida Sigueko Sano-Martins
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Carla Simone Seibert
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, PPGCiamb, Federal University of Tocantins, Palmas, TO, Brazil.
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10
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Wachtel E, Bittenbinder MA, van de Velde B, Slagboom J, de Monts de Savasse A, Alonso LL, Casewell NR, Vonk FJ, Kool J. Application of an Extracellular Matrix-Mimicking Fluorescent Polymer for the Detection of Proteolytic Venom Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040294. [PMID: 37104232 PMCID: PMC10143632 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxicity caused by snake venoms is a serious medical problem that greatly contributes to the morbidity observed in snakebite patients. The cytotoxic components found in snake venoms belong to a variety of toxin classes and may cause cytotoxic effects by targeting a range of molecular structures, including cellular membranes, the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the cytoskeleton. Here, we present a high-throughput assay (384-well plate) that monitors ECM degradation by snake venom toxins via the application of fluorescent versions of model ECM substrates, specifically gelatin and collagen type I. Both crude venoms and fractionated toxins of a selection of medically relevant viperid and elapid species, separated via size-exclusion chromatography, were studied using the self-quenching, fluorescently labelled ECM-polymer substrates. The viperid venoms showed significantly higher proteolytic degradation when compared to elapid venoms, although the venoms with higher snake venom metalloproteinase content did not necessarily exhibit stronger substrate degradation than those with a lower one. Gelatin was generally more readily cleaved than collagen type I. In the viperid venoms, which were subjected to fractionation by SEC, two (B. jararaca and C. rhodostoma, respectively) or three (E. ocellatus) active proteases were identified. Therefore, the assay allows the study of proteolytic activity towards the ECM in vitro for crude and fractionated venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wachtel
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matyas A Bittenbinder
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bas van de Velde
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Slagboom
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Axel de Monts de Savasse
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luis L Alonso
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Freek J Vonk
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Use of adjuvant ISA VG 71 to produce neutralizing egg yolk antibodies against bothropic venom. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1947-1957. [PMID: 36723703 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of egg yolk antibodies-IgY technology-represents an alternative to the production of mammalian immunoglobulins and has several advantages regarding animal welfare and lower costs of production. The use of adjuvants to achieve the hyperimmunization of laying hens plays a key role in the success of the production of high levels of the antibodies. In the present work, two different adjuvant systems (Freund's adjuvants and MontanideTM ISA 71 VG) were compared to produce IgY anti-Bothrops alternatus. For the first immunization, formalin-inactivated Salmonella was added to MontanideTM ISA 71 VG to emulate Freund's complete adjuvant which includes a mycobacteria antigen. After eight immunizations, IgY produced by using either adjuvant was able to neutralize the lethal activity of the venom in a mouse model, but differences were found regarding the recognition of components of the venom between the two adjuvants tested. Overall, MontanideTM adjuvant used in this work could be a good alternative choice to produce antibodies capable of neutralizing the lethality of complex antigens. This adjuvant is commercially available and used in the formulation of several poultry vaccines and could be used for the IgY technology instead of traditional immunomodulators such as Freund's adjuvants. Key points • IgY extracts recognized major components of the venom.• Avidity indexes of the IgY extracts increased after the successive immunizations.• IgY obtained by two adjuvant systems neutralized the lethal activity of the venom.
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12
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Muniz EG, Sano-Martins IS, Saraiva MDGG, Monteiro WM, Magno ES, Oliveira SS. Biological characterization of the Bothrops brazili snake venom and its neutralization by Brazilian Bothrops antivenom produced by the Butantan Institute. Toxicon 2023; 223:107010. [PMID: 36586491 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.107010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the ability of the Bothrops antivenom produced by the Butantan Institute to neutralize the lethal, hemorrhagic, myotoxic and phospholipase A2 activities induced by B. brazili venom from Rondônia state, Brazil, and verified its cross-reactivity against this venom. This antivenom neutralized the cited biological activities. It also showed cross-reactivity with this venom, and preferentially recognized components with a relative mass above 66 kDa. Our results suggest that Brazilian Bothrops antivenom can be used in B. brazili envenomation in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiro G Muniz
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus, 69040-000, Brazil
| | - Ida S Sano-Martins
- Pathophysiology Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças G Saraiva
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus, 69040-000, Brazil; Research Department, Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus, 69040-000, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Teaching and Research Directorate, Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus, 69040-000, Brazil
| | - Evela S Magno
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus, 69040-000, Brazil
| | - Sâmella S Oliveira
- Research Management, Hospital Foundation of Hematology and Hemotherapy of Amazonas, Manaus, 69050-001, Brazil; Teaching and Research Center, Francisca Mendes Heart Hospital Foundation, Manaus, 69097-720, Brazil.
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13
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Morales BGDV, Dos Reis MC, Gomes TJDS, Zeferino NA, de Oliveira GA, Zanchi FB. A rational in silico approach to identify inhibitors of Batroxrhagin from Bothrops atrox. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:9620-9635. [PMID: 34060428 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1932597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops atrox venom comprises several types of bioactive molecules, enzymatic and non-enzymatic, among those, Batroxrhagin is the most predominant SVMP P-III enzyme, which are responsible for induction of local and systemic hemorrhage and muscle fibers damage, impairing regeneration. Due to great difficulties in establishing an antibothropic drug, new strategies must be addressed to achieve a more effective and efficient treatment. There are no studies of specific catalytic inhibitors of Batroxrhagin. However, there are in vitro studies that have described similar metalloprotease inhibitors. The inhibitor batimastat was used as a leading compound for the search and selection of similar candidates. This molecule is widely cited as a metalloprotease inhibitor and as an antimetastatic. In addition to batimastat-like molecules, four other reported metalloprotease inhibitors were included to compose the study's positive control group. Hence, 580 molecules were tested. The three-dimensional structure of B. atrox Batroxrhagin was predicted based on homologous structures using Modeller 9.20. Molecular docking calculation was performed using Autodock 4.2 and molecular surfaces and interactions were analyzed using Biovia/Discovery Studio 2017. Among 576 molecules, 42 similar to batismast resulted in a better energy of interaction than all positive controls, including batimastat itself. The batimastat-like molecules with lowest energy and positive controls were subjected to molecular dynamics for 30 ns in Gromacs 2019.4. This batimastat-like molecule produced better stability among all the Batroxrhagin-ligand complexes analyzed. Overall, the proposed compounds present justifiable evidence for future in vitro tests aiming to inhibit Batroxrhagin. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Gildo Dalla Vecchia Morales
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Química Medicinal, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho-RO, Brazil.,FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Marlon Chaves Dos Reis
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Química Medicinal, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil.,Faculdades Integradas Aparício Carvalho/FIMCA, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | | | - Nabia Azevedo Zeferino
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Química Medicinal, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil.,Faculdades Integradas Aparício Carvalho/FIMCA, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - George Azevedo de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Química Medicinal, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil.,Programa de Doutorado em Ciências - Cooperação IOC/Fiocruz Rondônia: Biologia Computacional e Sistemas (BCS), Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Fernando Berton Zanchi
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Química Medicinal, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho-RO, Brazil.,FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil.,Programa de Doutorado em Ciências - Cooperação IOC/Fiocruz Rondônia: Biologia Computacional e Sistemas (BCS), Porto Velho-RO, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental - EPIAMO, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
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14
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Romo E, Torres M, Martin-Solano S. Current situation of snakebites envenomation in the Neotropics: Biotechnology, a versatile tool in the production of antivenoms. BIONATURA 2022. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2022.07.04.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation is a neglected tropical disease that affects millions of people around the world with a great impact on health and the economy. Unfortunately, public health programs do not include this kind of disease as a priority in their social programs. Cases of snakebite envenomations in the Neotropics are inaccurate due to inadequate disease management from medical records to the choice of treatments. Victims of snakebite envenomation are primarily found in impoverished agricultural areas where remote conditions limit the availability of antivenom. Antivenom serum is the only Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment used up to date. However, it has several disadvantages in terms of safety and effectiveness. This review provides a comprehensive insight dealing with the current epidemiological status of snakebites in the Neotropics and technologies employed in antivenom production. Also, modern biotechnological tools such as transcriptomic, proteomic, immunogenic, high-density peptide microarray and epitope mapping are highlighted for producing new-generation antivenom sera. These results allow us to propose strategic solutions in the Public Health Sector for managing this disease.
Keywords: antivenom, biotechnology, neglected tropical disease, omics, recombinant antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Romo
- Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Marbel Torres
- Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Immunology and Virology Laboratory, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Sarah Martin-Solano
- Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Zoonosis y Salud Pública, Universidad Central del Ecuador
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15
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Gonçalves-Machado L, Verçoza BRF, Nogueira FCS, Melani RD, Domont GB, Rodrigues SP, Rodrigues JCF, Zingali RB. Extracellular Vesicles from Bothrops jararaca Venom Are Diverse in Structure and Protein Composition and Interact with Mammalian Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110806. [PMID: 36422980 PMCID: PMC9698812 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms are complex cocktails of non-toxic and toxic molecules that work synergistically for the envenoming outcome. Alongside the immediate consequences, chronic manifestations and long-term sequelae can occur. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) were found in snake venom. EVs mediate cellular communication through long distances, delivering proteins and nucleic acids that modulate the recipient cell's function. However, the biological roles of snake venom EVs, including possible cross-organism communication, are still unknown. This knowledge may expand the understanding of envenoming mechanisms. In the present study, we isolated and characterized the EVs from Bothrops jararaca venom (Bj-EVs), giving insights into their biological roles. Fresh venom was submitted to differential centrifugation, resulting in two EV populations with typical morphology and size range. Several conserved EV markers and a subset of venom related EV markers, represented mainly by processing enzymes, were identified by proteomic analysis. The most abundant protein family observed in Bj-EVs was 5'-nucleotidase, known to be immunosuppressive and a low abundant and ubiquitous toxin in snake venoms. Additionally, we demonstrated that mammalian cells efficiently internalize Bj-EVs. The commercial antibothropic antivenom partially recognizes Bj-EVs and inhibits cellular EV uptake. Based on the proteomic results and the in vitro interaction assays using macrophages and muscle cells, we propose that Bj-EVs may be involved not only in venom production and processing but also in host immune modulation and long-term effects of envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Gonçalves-Machado
- Laboratório de Hemostase e Venenos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (Inbeb), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Instituto Vital Brazil, Gerência de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Niterói 24230-410, Brazil
| | - Brunno Renato Farias Verçoza
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia (NUMPEX-Bio), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ Duque de Caxias, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro 25240-005, Brazil
| | - Fábio César Sousa Nogueira
- Laboratório de Química de Proteínas, Unidade Proteômica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Laboratório de Proteômica (LabProt)—LADETEC, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Rafael Donadélli Melani
- Laboratório de Química de Proteínas, Unidade Proteômica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Barbosa Domont
- Laboratório de Química de Proteínas, Unidade Proteômica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Silas Pessini Rodrigues
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia (NUMPEX-Bio), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ Duque de Caxias, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro 25240-005, Brazil
| | - Juliany Cola Fernandes Rodrigues
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia (NUMPEX-Bio), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ Duque de Caxias, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro 25240-005, Brazil
| | - Russolina Benedeta Zingali
- Laboratório de Hemostase e Venenos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (Inbeb), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-2139386782
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Dias da Silva W, De Andrade SA, Megale ÂAA, De Souza DA, Sant’Anna OA, Magnoli FC, Guidolin FR, Godoi KS, Saladini LY, Spencer PJ, Portaro FCV. Antibodies as Snakebite Antivenoms: Past and Future. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090606. [PMID: 36136544 PMCID: PMC9503307 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation is considered a neglected tropical disease, affecting tens of thousands of people each year. The recommended treatment is the use of antivenom, which is composed of immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin fragments obtained from the plasma of animals hyperimmunized with one (monospecific) or several (polyspecific) venoms. In this review, the efforts made in the improvement of the already available antivenoms and the development of new antivenoms, focusing on snakes of medical importance from sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, are described. Some antivenoms currently used are composed of whole IgGs, whereas others use F(ab’)2 fragments. The classic methods of attaining snake antivenoms are presented, in addition to new strategies to improve their effectiveness. Punctual changes in immunization protocols, in addition to the use of cross-reactivity between venoms from different snakes for the manufacture of more potent and widely used antivenoms, are presented. It is known that venoms are a complex mixture of components; however, advances in the field of antivenoms have shown that there are key toxins that, if effectively blocked, are capable of reversing the condition of in vivo envenomation. These studies provide an opportunity for the use of monoclonal antibodies in the development of new-generation antivenoms. Thus, monoclonal antibodies and their fragments are described as a possible alternative for the production of antivenoms, regardless of the venom. This review also highlights the challenges associated with their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilmar Dias da Silva
- Immuchemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (W.D.S.); (F.C.V.P.)
| | - Sonia A. De Andrade
- Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lucas Yuri Saladini
- Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biomolecules, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Calheta Vieira Portaro
- Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biomolecules, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (W.D.S.); (F.C.V.P.)
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Bibliometric Analysis of Literature in Snake Venom-Related Research Worldwide (1933–2022). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162058. [PMID: 36009648 PMCID: PMC9405337 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Around the world, snake envenomation poses a serious health risk. Proteins with pharmacological effects are present in snake venom. Recent studies elaborate snake venom and its potential application, including as a cancer drug and antibacterial substances. Our study aimed to analyze the global profile of the literature in snake venom research from documents indexed in the Scopus database between 1933 and 2022. In total, 2999 documents were published with Brazil showing the highest productivity. Antivenom, proteomics, and transcriptomics are emerging as hot topics on a global scale. The present study offers a distinctive overview of snake venom research conducted worldwide. Abstract Snake envenomation is a severe economic and health concern affecting countries worldwide. Snake venom carries a wide variety of small peptides and proteins with various immunological and pharmacological properties. A few key research areas related to snake venom, including its applications in treating cancer and eradicating antibiotic-resistant bacteria, have been gaining significant attention in recent years. The goal of the current study was to analyze the global profile of literature in snake venom research. This study presents a bibliometric review of snake venom-related research documents indexed in the Scopus database between 1933 and 2022. The overall number of documents published on a global scale was 2999, with an average annual production of 34 documents. Brazil produced the highest number of documents (n = 729), followed by the United States (n = 548), Australia (n = 240), and Costa Rica (n = 235). Since 1963, the number of publications has been steadily increasing globally. At a worldwide level, antivenom, proteomics, and transcriptomics are growing hot issues for research in this field. The current research provides a unique overview of snake venom research at global level from 1933 through 2022, and it may be beneficial in guiding future research.
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Diversity of Phospholipases A2 from Bothrops atrox Snake Venom: Adaptive Advantages for Snakes Compromising Treatments for Snakebite Patients. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080543. [PMID: 36006204 PMCID: PMC9414272 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of snake venoms resulted in multigene toxin families that code for structurally similar isoforms eventually harboring distinct functions. PLA2s are dominant toxins in viper venoms, and little is known about the impact of their diversity on human envenomings and neutralization by antivenoms. Here, we show the isolation of three distinct PLA2s from B. atrox venom. FA1 is a Lys-49 homologue, and FA3 and FA4 are catalytic Asp-49 PLA2s. FA1 and FA3 are basic myotoxic proteins, while FA4 is an acid non-myotoxic PLA2. FA3 was the most potent toxin, inducing higher levels of edema, inflammatory nociception, indirect hemolysis, and anticoagulant activity on human, rat, and chicken plasmas. FA4 presented lower anticoagulant activity, and FA1 had only a slight effect on human and rat plasmas. PLA2s presented differential reactivities with antivenoms, with an emphasis on FA3, which was not recognized or neutralized by the antivenoms used in this study. Our findings reveal the functional and antigenic diversity among PLA2s from B. atrox venom, highlighting the importance of assessing venom variability for understanding human envenomations and treatment with antivenoms, particularly evident here as the antivenom fails to recognize FA3, the most active multifunctional toxin described.
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19
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Production of a murine mAb against Bothrops alternatus and B. neuwiedi snake venoms and its use to isolate a thrombin-like serine protease fraction. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 214:530-541. [PMID: 35753516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Accidents with snakes from the genus Bothrops represent ~90 % of all snakebites in Brazil. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting venom components can be important assets for treating envenoming syndromes, for developing diagnostic tests and for research purposes. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to generate murine mAbs against the antigenic mixture of Bothropic venoms traditionally used as immunogen to produce Bothropic antivenoms in Brazil. ELISA showed that one of the produced mAbs recognizes B. alternatus and B. neuwiedi venoms (mAb anti-Ba/Bn) specifically and Western Blot revealed that this mAb binds to a single protein band of molecular mass of ≈50 kDa. MAb anti-Ba/Bn inhibited the coagulant activity but was unable to neutralize hemorrhagic and phospholipase A2 activities caused by the B. neuwiedi venom. MAb anti-Ba/Bn was immobilized to Sepharose beads and used for immunoaffinity chromatography of B. neuwiedi venom. Proteolytic activity assays indicated that the immunoaffinity-purified fraction (BnF-Bothrops neuwiedi fraction) has a serine protease thrombin-like profile, which was supported by coagulability assays in mice. Bottom-up proteomic analysis confirmed the prevalence of serine proteases in BnF using label-free quantification. In conclusion, this work characterized a mAb with neutralizing properties against B. neuwiedi coagulant activity and demonstrates that immunoaffinity chromatography using mAbs can be a useful technique for purification of bioactive toxic proteins from Bothrops spp. snake venoms.
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20
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Regner PI, Saggese MD, de Oliveira VC, Lanari LC, Desio MA, Quaglia AIE, Wiemeyer G, Capdevielle A, Zuñiga SN, de Roodt CJI, de Roodt AR. Neutralization of "Chaco eagle" (Buteogallus coronatus) serum on some activities of Bothrops spp. venoms. Toxicon 2022; 216:73-87. [PMID: 35714890 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Several species of reptiles and mammals have components in their sera that can neutralize toxic components present in snake venoms. In this manuscript, we studied the neutralizing capacity of Chaco eagle's (Buteogallus coronatus) serum. This South American bird of prey eats snakes as a regular part of its diet and has anatomical features that protect from snakes' bites. The neutralizing potency of the Chaco eagle's serum was tested on lethal, hemorrhagic, procoagulant, and phospholipase activities of the venom of "yarará grande" (Bothrops alternatus) and on phospholipase activity of "yarará ñata" (Bothrops ammodytoides) venom; both snakes are known to be the prey of Chaco eagle. Sera of crested caracara (Caracara plancus-a scavenger, omnivorous pan-American bird of prey), secretary bird (Saggitarius serpentarius-an omnivorous bird of prey from Africa that can include venomous snakes in its diet), common hen (Gallus gallus), rat (Rattus norvegicus), mouse (Mus musculus), horse (Equus caballus), and dog (Canis lupus familiaris) were also tested to compare the inhibitory capacity of neutralization. To test isologous and xenologous neutralization, sera from Bothrops alternatus and white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris), respectively, were used due to their known inhibitory activity on Bothrops venoms. As a control for the neutralization activity, antibothropic antivenom was used. Chaco eagle's serum neutralized hemorrhagic and phospholipasic activity and slightly neutralized the coagulation and the lethal activity of Bothrops spp. venom. The neutralizing capacity was present in the non-immunoglobulin fraction of the serum, which showed components of acidic characteristics and lower molecular weight than IgY, in correspondence with the characteristics of PLA2s and SVMPs inhibitors described in sera from some snakes and mammals. These studies showed that Chaco eagle's serum neutralizes all toxic activities tested at a higher level than sera from animal species in which inhibitors of snake venoms have not been described (p < 0.05), while it is lower or similar in neutralizing capacity to white-eared opossum and B. alternatus sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo I Regner
- Laboratorio de Toxinopatología, Centro de Patología Experimental y Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Caba, Argentina; Primera Cátedra de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Caba, Argentina; Cátedra de Medicina, Producción y Tecnologías de Fauna Acuática y Terrestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Caba, Argentina
| | - Miguel D Saggese
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Vanessa C de Oliveira
- Laboratorio de Toxinopatología, Centro de Patología Experimental y Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Caba, Argentina; Primera Cátedra de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Caba, Argentina
| | - Laura C Lanari
- Área Investigación y Desarrollo, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos - ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Caba, Argentina
| | - Marcela A Desio
- Área Investigación y Desarrollo, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos - ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Caba, Argentina
| | - Agustín I E Quaglia
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Wiemeyer
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Capdevielle
- Ecoparque Buenos Aires, Ministerio de Ambiente y Espacio Público, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Carolina J I de Roodt
- Área Investigación y Desarrollo, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos - ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Caba, Argentina
| | - Adolfo R de Roodt
- Laboratorio de Toxinopatología, Centro de Patología Experimental y Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Caba, Argentina; Primera Cátedra de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Caba, Argentina; Área Investigación y Desarrollo, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos - ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Caba, Argentina.
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21
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Bernarde PS, Pucca MB, Mota-da-Silva A, da Fonseca WL, de Almeida MRN, de Oliveira IS, Cerni FA, Gobbi Grazziotin F, Sartim MA, Sachett J, Wen FH, Moura-da-Silva AM, Monteiro WM. Bothrops bilineatus: An Arboreal Pitviper in the Amazon and Atlantic Forest. Front Immunol 2021; 12:778302. [PMID: 34975866 PMCID: PMC8714932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.778302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The two-striped forest-pitviper (Bothrops bilineatus) is an arboreal snake that is currently represented by two subspecies (B. b. bilineatus and B. b. smaragdinus) that comprise a species complex, and its distribution is in the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest. The rarity of encounters with this snake is reflected in the low occurrence of cases of snakebites throughout its geographic distribution and the resulting low number of published clinical reports. However, in some areas, B. bilineatus proves to be more frequent and causes envenomations in a greater proportion. Herein, we review the main aspects of the species complex B. bilineatus, including its biology, ecology, taxonomy, morphology, genetic and molecular studies, geographic distribution, conservation status, venom, pathophysiology and clinical aspects, and epidemiology. In addition, the different antivenoms available for the treatment of envenomations caused by B. bilineatus are presented along with suggestions for future studies that are needed for a better understanding of the snakebites caused by this snake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Sérgio Bernarde
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Universidade Federal do Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Paulo Sérgio Bernarde, ; Wuelton M. Monteiro,
| | - Manuela Berto Pucca
- Curso de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Boa Vista, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Isadora Sousa de Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Biomoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Felipe Augusto Cerni
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | | | - Marco A. Sartim
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Departamento de Pós-Graduação, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Sachett
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Alfredo da Matta, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Fan Hui Wen
- Núcleo Estratégico de Venenos e Antivenenos, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Moura-da-Silva
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M. Monteiro
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Paulo Sérgio Bernarde, ; Wuelton M. Monteiro,
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22
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Baudou FG, Rodriguez JP, Fusco L, de Roodt AR, De Marzi MC, Leiva L. South American snake venoms with abundant neurotoxic components. Composition and toxicological properties. A literature review. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106119. [PMID: 34481791 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In South America there are three snake genera with predominantly neurotoxic venoms: Crotalus, Micrurus and Hydrophis, which include nine species/subspecies, 97 species and a single marine species, respectively. Although accidents with neurotoxic venoms are less frequent than those with anticoagulant, cytotoxic or necrotic venoms (e.g. from Bothrops), they are of major public health importance. Venoms from genus Crotalus have been extensively studied, while data on the venoms from the other two genera are very limited, especially for Hydrophis. The venoms of North and South American Crotalus species show biochemical and physiopathological differences. The former species cause bothrops-like envenomation symptoms, while the latter mainly have neurotoxic and myotoxic effects, leading to respiratory paralysis and, occasionally, renal failure by myoglobinuria and death, often with no local lesions. Micrurus and Hydrophis also cause neurotoxic envenomations. Many studies have isolated, identified and characterized new enzymes and toxins, thus expanding the knowledge of snake venom composition. The present review summarizes the currently available information on neurotoxic venoms from South American snakes, with a focus on protein composition and toxicological properties. It also includes some comments concerning potential medical applications of elapid and crotalic toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico G Baudou
- Universidad Nacional de Luján (UNLu), Depto. de Ciencias Básicas, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES), UNLu-CONICET, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Juan P Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de la Facultad de Medicina (LIBIM), Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (IQUIBA-NEA), Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNNE-CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Luciano Fusco
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas (LabInPro), IQUIBA-NEA (UNNE, CONICET), FaCENA, (UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Adolfo R de Roodt
- Área Investigación y Desarrollo-Venenos, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Argentina; Primera Cátedra de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Toxinopatología, Centro de Patología Experimental y Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauricio C De Marzi
- Universidad Nacional de Luján (UNLu), Depto. de Ciencias Básicas, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES), UNLu-CONICET, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Leiva
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas (LabInPro), IQUIBA-NEA (UNNE, CONICET), FaCENA, (UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina
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23
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Individual Variability in Bothropsatrox Snakes Collected from Different Habitats in the Brazilian Amazon: New Findings on Venom Composition and Functionality. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110814. [PMID: 34822598 PMCID: PMC8618853 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Differences in snake venom composition occur across all taxonomic levels and it has been argued that this variation represents an adaptation that has evolved to facilitate the capture and digestion of prey and evasion of predators. Bothrops atrox is a terrestrial pitviper that is distributed across the Amazon region, where it occupies different habitats. Using statistical analyses and functional assays that incorporate individual variation, we analyzed the individual venom variability in B. atrox snakes from four different habitats (forest, pasture, degraded area, and floodplain) in and around the Amazon River in Brazil. We observed venom differentiation between spatially distinct B. atrox individuals from the different habitats, with venom variation due to both common (high abundance) and rare (low abundance) proteins. Moreover, differences in the composition of the venoms resulted in individual variability in functionality and heterogeneity in the lethality to mammals and birds, particularly among the floodplain snakes. Taken together, the data obtained from individual venoms of B. atrox snakes, captured in different habitats from the Brazilian Amazon, support the hypothesis that the differential distribution of protein isoforms results in functional distinctiveness and the ability of snakes with different venoms to have variable toxic effects on different prey.
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Gimenes SNC, Sachett JAG, Colombini M, Freitas-de-Sousa LA, Ibiapina HNS, Costa AG, Santana MF, Park JJ, Sherman NE, Ferreira LCL, Wen FH, Monteiro WM, Moura-da-Silva AM, Fox JW. Observation of Bothrops atrox Snake Envenoming Blister Formation from Five Patients: Pathophysiological Insights. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110800. [PMID: 34822585 PMCID: PMC8618272 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Brazilian Amazon, Bothrops atrox snakebites are frequent, and patients develop tissue damage with blisters sometimes observed in the proximity of the wound. Antivenoms do not seem to impact blister formation, raising questions regarding the mechanisms underlying blister formation. Here, we launched a clinical and laboratory-based study including five patients who followed and were treated by the standard clinical protocols. Blister fluids were collected for proteomic analyses and molecular assessment of the presence of venom and antivenom. Although this was a small patient sample, there appeared to be a correlation between the time of blister appearance (shorter) and the amount of venom present in the serum (higher). Of particular interest was the biochemical identification of both venom and antivenom in all blister fluids. From the proteomic analysis of the blister fluids, all were observed to be a rich source of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), immunomodulators, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), suggesting that the mechanisms by which blisters are formed includes the toxins very early in envenomation and continue even after antivenom treatment, due to the pro-inflammatory molecules generated by the toxins in the first moments after envenomings, indicating the need for local treatments with anti-inflammatory drugs plus toxin inhibitors to prevent the severity of the wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N. C. Gimenes
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (S.N.C.G.); (M.C.); (L.A.F.-d.-S.)
| | - Jacqueline A. G. Sachett
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69050-030, AM, Brazil; (J.A.G.S.); (H.N.S.I.); (A.G.C.); (M.F.S.); (W.M.M.)
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Dermatologia Alfredo da Matta, Manaus 69065-130, AM, Brazil
| | - Mônica Colombini
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (S.N.C.G.); (M.C.); (L.A.F.-d.-S.)
| | - Luciana A. Freitas-de-Sousa
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (S.N.C.G.); (M.C.); (L.A.F.-d.-S.)
| | - Hiochelson N. S. Ibiapina
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69050-030, AM, Brazil; (J.A.G.S.); (H.N.S.I.); (A.G.C.); (M.F.S.); (W.M.M.)
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil;
| | - Allyson G. Costa
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69050-030, AM, Brazil; (J.A.G.S.); (H.N.S.I.); (A.G.C.); (M.F.S.); (W.M.M.)
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Manaus 69040-010, AM, Brazil
| | - Monique F. Santana
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69050-030, AM, Brazil; (J.A.G.S.); (H.N.S.I.); (A.G.C.); (M.F.S.); (W.M.M.)
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil;
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Manaus 69040-010, AM, Brazil
| | - Jeong-Jin Park
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (J.-J.P.); (N.E.S.)
| | - Nicholas E. Sherman
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (J.-J.P.); (N.E.S.)
| | - Luiz C. L. Ferreira
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil;
| | - Fan H. Wen
- Núcleo de Produção de Soros, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Wuelton M. Monteiro
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69050-030, AM, Brazil; (J.A.G.S.); (H.N.S.I.); (A.G.C.); (M.F.S.); (W.M.M.)
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil;
| | - Ana M. Moura-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (S.N.C.G.); (M.C.); (L.A.F.-d.-S.)
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (A.M.M.-d.-S.); (J.W.F.)
| | - Jay W. Fox
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (J.-J.P.); (N.E.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.M.M.-d.-S.); (J.W.F.)
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Lee LP, Tan KY, Tan CH. Snake venom proteomics and antivenomics of two Sundaic lance-headed pit vipers: Trimeresurus wiroti (Malaysia) and Trimeresurus puniceus (Indonesia). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 40:100875. [PMID: 34311411 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Envenomation by two medically important Sundaic pit vipers, Trimeresurus wiroti (Malaysia) and Trimeresurus puniceus (Indonesia), causes hemotoxic syndrome with a potentially fatal outcome. Research on the compositions and antigenicity of these pit viper venoms is however lacking, limiting our understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of envenomation. This study investigated the venom proteomes of both species through a protein decomplexation strategy, applying C18 reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and protein identification through nano-electrospray ionization liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nano-ESI-LCMS/MS) of trypsin-digested peptides. The venom antigenicity was profiled against the Thai Green Pit Viper Antivenom (GPVAV, a hetero-specific antivenom), using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The venom proteomes of T. wiroti and T. puniceus consisted of 10 and 12 toxin families, respectively. The major proteins were of diverse snake venom serine proteases (19-30% of total venom proteins), snake venom metalloproteinases (17-26%), disintegrins (9-16%), phospholipases A2 (8-28%) and C-type lectins (~8%). These were putative snake toxins implicated in hemorrhage and coagulopathy, consistent with clinical hemotoxicity. GPVAV showed strong immunorecognition toward high and medium molecular weight proteins (e.g., SVMP and PLA2) in both venoms, while a lower binding activity was observed toward small proteins such as disintegrins. Conserved antigenicity in the major hemotoxins supported toxicity cross-neutralization by GPVAV and indicated that the immunorecognition of low molecular weight toxins may be optimized for improved binding efficacy. Taken together, the study provides insights into the pathophysiology and antivenom treatment of envenomation caused by T. wiroti and T. puniceus in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Pernee Lee
- Venom Research & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kae Yi Tan
- Protein and Interactomics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Choo Hock Tan
- Venom Research & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Use of freeze-dried trivalent antivenom to neutralize the toxic activities of Bothrops atrox snake venoms from the Amazon. Toxicon 2021; 200:19-22. [PMID: 34214579 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In Brazil, antivenom for snakebite is currently formulated in liquid form and requires storage at 4 °C. Here, a new freeze-dried trivalent antivenom, which would enable cold-chain free storage, was determined to have efficacy in neutralizing the biological activities of Bothrops atrox venoms from Manaus (Brazil) and Leticia (Colombia), exhibiting an efficacy similar to those of currently available liquid Bothrops antivenoms. These results indicate that freeze-dried trivalent antivenom may be beneficial for applications in the Brazilian and Colombian Amazon regions.
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Hatakeyama DM, Jorge Tasima L, da Costa Galizio N, Serino-Silva C, Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues C, Rodrigues Stuginski D, Stefanini Sant’Anna S, Fernandes Grego K, Tashima AK, Nishiduka ES, de Morais-Zani K, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. From birth to adulthood: An analysis of the Brazilian lancehead (Bothrops moojeni) venom at different life stages. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253050. [PMID: 34111213 PMCID: PMC8191990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Brazilian lancehead (Bothrops moojeni) has a wide distribution in Brazil and represents a serious public health hazard. Previous works reported that the symptoms of snakebites caused by B. moojeni juveniles’ bites were mainly related to coagulation, while those caused by adults’ bites had a more prominent local damage. In this work, we analyzed the venoms of B. moojeni at different life stages to better understand the ontogeny shift in this species. Snakes were grouped by age and sex, and venom pools were formed accordingly. Compositional analyses by one-dimensional electrophoresis (1-DE), chromatography, and mass spectrometry revealed that ontogenetic changes might be mostly related to phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and metalloproteases. Regarding the venoms functional aspect, proteolytic, L-amino acid oxidase, PLA2, and coagulant in vitro activities were assayed, but only the first and the last ones showed age-related changes, with the venom of snakes up to 1 year-old displaying lower proteolytic and higher coagulant activities, while those from 2 years-old onward presented the opposite relation. The venoms of 3 years-old snakes were exceptions to the compositional and functional pattern of adults as both venoms presented profiles similar to neonates. Sex-related differences were observed in specific groups and were not age-related. In vivo experiments (median lethal dose and hemorrhagic activity) were statistically similar between neonates and adults, however we verified that the adult venom killed mice faster comparing to the neonates. All venoms were mostly recognized by the antibothropic serum and displayed similar profiles to 1-DE in western blotting. In conclusion, the Brazilian lancehead venom showed ontogenetic shift in its composition and activities. Furthermore, this change occurred in snakes from 1 to 2 years-old, and interestingly the venom pools from 3 years-old snakes had particular characteristics, which highlights the importance of comprehensive studies to better understand venom variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Miki Hatakeyama
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lídia Jorge Tasima
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathália da Costa Galizio
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Serino-Silva
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anita Mitico Tanaka-Azevedo
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Chowdhury A, Zdenek CN, Lewin MR, Carter R, Jagar T, Ostanek E, Harjen H, Aldridge M, Soria R, Haw G, Fry BG. Venom-Induced Blood Disturbances by Palearctic Viperid Snakes, and Their Relative Neutralization by Antivenoms and Enzyme-Inhibitors. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688802. [PMID: 34177943 PMCID: PMC8222980 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Palearctic vipers are medically significant snakes in the genera Daboia, Macrovipera, Montivipera, and Vipera which occur throughout Europe, Central Asia, Near and Middle East. While the ancestral condition is that of a small-bodied, lowland species, extensive diversification has occurred in body size, and niche specialization. Using 27 venom samples and a panel of in vitro coagulation assays, we evaluated the relative coagulotoxic potency of Palearctic viper venoms and compared their neutralization by three antivenoms (Insoserp Europe, VIPERFAV and ViperaTAb) and two metalloprotease inhibitors (prinomastat and DMPS). We show that variation in morphology parallels variation in the Factor X activating procoagulant toxicity, with the three convergent evolutions of larger body sizes (Daboia genus, Macrovipera genus, and Vipera ammodytes uniquely within the Vipera genus) were each accompanied by a significant increase in procoagulant potency. In contrast, the two convergent evolutions of high altitude specialization (the Montivipera genus and Vipera latastei uniquely within the Vipera genus) were each accompanied by a shift away from procoagulant action, with the Montivipera species being particularly potently anticoagulant. Inoserp Europe and VIPERFAV antivenoms were both effective against a broad range of Vipera species, with Inoserp able to neutralize additional species relative to VIPERFAV, reflective of its more complex antivenom immunization mixture. In contrast, ViperaTAb was extremely potent in neutralizing V. berus but, reflective of this being a monovalent antivenom, it was not effective against other Vipera species. The enzyme inhibitor prinomastat efficiently neutralized the metalloprotease-driven Factor X activation of the procoagulant venoms. In contrast, DMPS (2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid), which as been suggested as another potential treatment option in the absence of antivenom, DMPS failed against all venoms tested. Overall, our results highlight the evolutionary variations within Palearctic vipers and help to inform clinical management of viper envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinandan Chowdhury
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Christina N. Zdenek
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew R. Lewin
- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Ophirex, Inc., Corte Madera, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Hannah Harjen
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | | | - Grace Haw
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Bryan G. Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Clinical implications of ontogenetic differences in the coagulotoxic activity of Bothrops jararacussu venoms. Toxicol Lett 2021; 348:59-72. [PMID: 34044056 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Is snake venom activity influenced by size? This is a long-standing question that can have important consequences for the treatment of snake envenomation. Ontogenetic shifts in venom composition are a well-documented characteristic of numerous snake species. Although snake venoms can cause a range of pathophysiological disturbances, establishing the coagulotoxic profiles related to such shifts is a justified approach because coagulotoxicity can be deadly, and its neutralisation is a challenge for current antivenom therapy. Thus, we aimed to assess the coagulotoxicity patterns on plasma and fibrinogen produced by B othrops jararacussu venoms from individuals of different sizes and sex, and the neutralisation potential of SAB (anti bothropic serum produced by Butantan Institute). The use of a metalloproteinase inhibitor (Prinomastat) and a serine proteinase inhibitor (AEBSF) enabled us to determine the toxin class responsible for the observed coagulopathy: activity on plasma was found to be metalloprotease driven, while the activity on fibrinogen is serine protease driven. To further explore differences in venom activity, the activation of Factor X and prothrombin as a function of snake size was also evaluated. All the venoms exhibited a potent procoagulant effect upon plasma and were less potent in their pseudo-procoagulant clotting effect upon fibrinogen. On human plasma, the venoms from smaller snakes produced more rapid clotting than the larger ones. In contrast, the venom activity on fibrinogen had no relation with size or sex. The difference in procoagulant potency was correlated with the bigger snakes being proportionally better neutralized by antivenom due to the lower levels of procoagulant toxins, than the smaller. Thus, while the antivenom ultimately neutralized the venoms, proportionally more would be needed for an equal mass of venom from a small snake than a large one. Similarly, the neutralisation by SAB of the pseudo-procoagulant clotting effects was also correlated with relative potency, with the smaller and bigger snakes being neutralized proportional to potency, but with no correlation to size. Thromboelastography (TEG) tests on human and toad plasma revealed that small snakes' venoms acted quicker than large snakes' venom on both plasmas, with the action upon amphibian plasma consistent with smaller snakes taking a larger proportion of anuran prey than adults. Altogether, the ontogenetic differences regarding coagulotoxic potency and corresponding impact upon relative antivenom neutralisation of snakes with different sizes were shown, underscoring the medical importance of investigating ontogenetic changes in order to provide data crucial for evidence-based design of clinical management strategies.
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Antivenomics and in vivo preclinical efficacy of six Latin American antivenoms towards south-western Colombian Bothrops asper lineage venoms. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009073. [PMID: 33524033 PMCID: PMC7877754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bothrops asper represents the clinically most important snake species in Central America and Northern South America, where it is responsible for an estimated 50–80% of snakebites. Compositional variability among the venom proteomes of B. asper lineages across its wide range mirrors clinical differences in their envenomings. Bothropic antivenoms generated in a number of Latin American countries commonly exhibit a certain degree of paraspecific effectiveness in the neutralization of congeneric venoms. Defining the phylogeographic boundaries of an antivenom's effectivity has implications for optimizing its clinical use. However, the molecular bases and impact of venom compositions on the immune recognition and neutralization of the toxic activities of across geographically disparate populations of B. asper lineages has not been comprehensively studied. Methodology/Principal findings Third-generation antivenomics was applied to quantify the cross-immunorecognizing capacity against the individual components of venoms of three B. asper lineages (B. asper (sensu stricto), B. ayerbei and B. rhombeatus) distributed in south-western (SW) Colombia, of six Latin American antivenoms, produced against homologous (Colombia, INS-COL and PROBIOL) and Costa Rica (ICP)), and heterologous (Argentina (BIOL), Perú (INS-PERU) and Venezuela (UCV)) bothropic venoms. In vivo neutralization assays of the lethal, hemorrhagic, coagulant, defibrinogenating, myotoxic, edematogenic, indirect hemolytic, and proteolytic activities of the three SW Colombian B. asper lineage venoms were carried to compare the preclinical efficacy of three (Colombian INS-COL and PROBIOL, and Costa Rican ICP) antivenoms frequently used in Colombia. Antivenomics showed that all the six antivenom affinity matrices efficiently immunoretained most of the B. asper lineages venom proteins and exhibited impaired binding towards the venoms' peptidomes. The neutralization profile of the INS-COL, PROBIOL and ICP antivenoms towards the biological activities of the venoms of SW Colombian B. asper (sensu stricto), B. ayerbei and B. rhombeatus lineages was coherent with the antivenomics outcome. In addition, the combination of in vitro (antivenomics) and in vivo neutralization results allowed us to determine their toxin-specific and venom neutralizing antibody content. Noteworthy, heterologous INS-PERU, BIOL, and UCV bothropic antivenoms had equal or higher binding capacity towards the venoms components of SW Colombian B. asper lineages that the homologous Colombian and Costa Rican antivenoms. Conclusions/Significance The combined in vitro and in vivo preclinical outcome showed that antivenoms manufactured in Colombia and Costa Rica effectively neutralize the major toxic activities of SW Colombian B. asper lineage venoms. The antivenomics profiles of the heterologous antivenoms manufactured in Argentina, Venezuela, and Perú strongly suggests their (pre)clinical adequacy for the treatment of B. asper lineage envenomings in SW Colombia. However, their recommendation in the clinical setting is pending on in vivo neutralization testing and clinical testing in humans. Bothrops asper is a highly adaptable snake species complex, which is considered the most dangerous snake throughout much of its distribution range from the Atlantic lowland of eastern México to northwestern Perú. Antivenoms are the only scientifically validated treatment of snakebite envenomings. Venom variation is particularly common in wide ranging species, such as B. asper, and may result in variable clinical presentations of envenomings, as is the case for the B. asper species complex, potentially undermining the efficacy of snakebite treatments depending on the immunization mixture used in the generation of the antivenom. Conversely, phylogenetic conservation of antigenic determinants confers an unpredictable degree of paraspecificity to homologous antivenoms produced for a geographic area, but also to heterologous congeneric antivenoms, towards the venom components of allopatric conspecific populations. This work aimed at comparing the preclinical profile of a panel of Latin American homologous and heterologous antivenoms against the venoms of B. asper lineages distributed in SW Colombia. The outcome of this study strongly suggests the suitability of considering the heterologous antivenoms BIOL (Argentina), UCV (Venezuela) and INS-PERU (Perú) as alternatives to homologous Colombian INS-COL and PROBIOL and Costa Rican ICP antivenoms for the treatment of envenomings by B. asper (sensu stricto) in W Colombia and Ecuador, B. ayerbei in Cauca and Nariño (Colombia), and B. rhombeatus in Cauca river valley, SW Colombia. Snakebite envenoming is an important occupational health problem, particularly in rural areas of developing countries. The timely administration of an effective antivenom remains the mainstay of snakebite management. However, the use of antivenoms is often limited by non-availability due to high cost or by lack of effectiveness. Antivenom shortage can be addressed through the generation of novel polyspecific antivenoms of wide clinical efficacy against the venoms of the medically-relevant snake species within the geographical range where these antivenoms are intended to be deployed, but also by optimizing the paraspecific use of current antivenoms. In Colombia, antivenoms are supplied by two manufacturers, one public, the Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), and one private, Laboratorios Probiol (PROBIOL). However, the antivenom supply in Colombia has traditionally been insufficient, a circumstance that has led the Colombian Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social to issue several resolutions and decrees to announce this health emergency in the country, and to import antivenoms produced in México and Costa Rica. Contrary to these countries, where B. asper represents the only species of the genus, in SW Colombia three close phylogenetically related B. asper lineages, B. asper (sensu stricto), B. rhombeatus, and B. ayerbei, are responsible for most severe cases of snakebite accidents and exhibit remarkable differences in the physiopathological profile of their envenomings. This work aimed to assess the immunorecognition characteristics of a panel of antivenoms manufactured in Colombia, Costa Rica, Argentina, Perú and Venezuela towards the venoms of the three SW Colombian B. asper lineages. Additionally, combined quantitative in vitro and in vivo data show that the homologous antivenoms produced in Colombia (INS-COL, PROBIOL) and Costa Rica (ICP) effectively neutralize the lethality and the major toxic activities tested of the three SW Colombian B. asper lineage venoms. Heterologous Argentinian (BIOL), Venezuelan (UCV) and Peruvian (INS-PERU) antivenoms also showed comparable, even higher, effective immunocapturing ability towards the venom proteomes of SW Colombian B. asper (sensu stricto), B. rhombeatus, and B. ayerbei, than the Colombian and Costa Rican antivenoms. These results are in line with previous studies highlighting the notable conservation of paraspecific antigenic determinants across the phylogeny of genus Bothrops, and advocate for considering the heterologous Argentinian, Venezuelan and Peruvian antivenoms as further therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of B. asper spp. snakebites in Colombia.
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Andrade-Silva D, Zelanis A, Travaglia-Cardoso SR, Nishiyama MY, Serrano SMT. Venom Profiling of the Insular Species Bothrops alcatraz: Characterization of Proteome, Glycoproteome, and N-Terminome Using Terminal Amine Isotopic Labeling of Substrates. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:1341-1358. [PMID: 33404253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops alcatraz, a species endemic to Alcatrazes Islands, is regarded as critically endangered due to its small area of occurrence and the declining quality of its habitat. We recently reported the identification of N-glycans attached to toxins of Bothrops species, showing similar compositions in venoms of the B. jararaca complex (B. jararaca, B. insularis, and B. alcatraz). Here, we characterized B. alcatraz venom using electrophoretic, proteomic, and glycoproteomic approaches. Electrophoresis showed that B. alcatraz venom differs from B. jararaca and B. insularis; however, N-glycan removal revealed similarities between them, indicating that the occupation of N-glycosylation sites contributes to interspecies variability in the B. jararaca complex. Metalloproteinase was the major toxin class identified in the B. alcatraz venom proteome followed by serine proteinase and C-type lectin, and overall, the adult B. alcatraz venom resembles that of B. jararaca juvenile specimens. The comparative glycoproteomic analysis of B. alcatraz venom with B. jararaca and B. insularis indicated that there may be differences in the utilization of N-glycosylation motifs among their different toxin classes. Furthermore, we prospected for the first time the N-terminome of a snake venom using the terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS) approach and report the presence of ∼30% of N-termini corresponding to truncated toxin forms and ∼37% N-terminal sequences blocked by pyroglutamic acid in B. alcatraz venom. These findings underscore a low correlation between venom gland transcriptomes and proteomes and support the view that post-translational processes play a major role in shaping venom phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Andrade-Silva
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - André Zelanis
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, (ICT-UNIFESP), São José dos Campos 12231-280, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Milton Y Nishiyama
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Solange M T Serrano
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
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Pucca MB, Franco MVS, Medeiros JM, Oliveira IS, Ahmadi S, Cerni FA, Zottich U, Bassoli BK, Monteiro WM, Laustsen AH. Chronic kidney failure following lancehead bite envenoming: a clinical report from the Amazon region. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20200083. [PMID: 33424950 PMCID: PMC7754649 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Snakebite envenoming can be a life-threatening condition, for which emergency
care is essential. The Bothrops (lancehead) genus is
responsible for most snakebite-related deaths and permanent loss of function
in human victims in Latin America. Bothrops spp. venom is a
complex mixture of different proteins that are known to cause local
necrosis, coagulopathy, and acute kidney injury. However, the long-term
effects of these viper envenomings have remained largely understudied. Case presentation: Here, we present a case report of a 46-years old female patient from Las
Claritas, Venezuela, who was envenomed by a snake from the
Bothrops genus. The patient was followed for a 10-year
period, during which she presented oliguric renal failure, culminating in
kidney failure 60 months after the envenoming. Conclusion: In Latin America, especially in Brazil, where there is a high prevalence of
Bothrops envenoming, it may be relevant to establish
long-term outpatient programs. This would reduce late adverse events, such
as chronic kidney disease, and optimize public financial resources by
avoiding hemodialysis and consequently kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela B Pucca
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Isadora S Oliveira
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Shirin Ahmadi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Felipe A Cerni
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Umberto Zottich
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil
| | - Bruna K Bassoli
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M Monteiro
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus, AM, Brazil.,Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Andreas H Laustsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Freitas-de-Sousa LA, Nachtigall PG, Portes-Junior JA, Holding ML, Nystrom GS, Ellsworth SA, Guimarães NC, Tioyama E, Ortiz F, Silva BR, Kunz TS, Junqueira-de-Azevedo ILM, Grazziotin FG, Rokyta DR, Moura-da-Silva AM. Size Matters: An Evaluation of the Molecular Basis of Ontogenetic Modifications in the Composition of Bothrops jararacussu Snake Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120791. [PMID: 33322460 PMCID: PMC7763748 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ontogenetic changes in venom composition have been described in Bothrops snakes, but only a few studies have attempted to identify the targeted paralogues or the molecular mechanisms involved in modifications of gene expression during ontogeny. In this study, we decoded B. jararacussu venom gland transcripts from six specimens of varying sizes and analyzed the variability in the composition of independent venom proteomes from 19 individuals. We identified 125 distinct putative toxin transcripts, and of these, 73 were detected in venom proteomes and only 10 were involved in the ontogenetic changes. Ontogenetic variability was linearly related to snake size and did not correspond to the maturation of the reproductive stage. Changes in the transcriptome were highly predictive of changes in the venom proteome. The basic myotoxic phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) were the most abundant components in larger snakes, while in venoms from smaller snakes, PIII-class SVMPs were the major components. The snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) identified corresponded to novel sequences and conferred higher pro-coagulant and hemorrhagic functions to the venom of small snakes. The mechanisms modulating venom variability are predominantly related to transcriptional events and may consist of an advantage of higher hematotoxicity and more efficient predatory function in the venom from small snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana A. Freitas-de-Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências-Toxinologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; (N.C.G.); (E.T.)
- Correspondence: (L.A.F.-d.-S.); (A.M.M.-d.-S.); Tel.: +55-11-2627-9779 (A.M.M.-d.-S.)
| | - Pedro G. Nachtigall
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; (P.G.N.); (I.L.M.J.-d.-A.)
| | - José A. Portes-Junior
- Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; (J.A.P.-J.); (F.O.); (B.R.S.); (T.S.K.); (F.G.G.)
| | - Matthew L. Holding
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (M.L.H.); (G.S.N.); (S.A.E.); (D.R.R.)
| | - Gunnar S. Nystrom
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (M.L.H.); (G.S.N.); (S.A.E.); (D.R.R.)
| | - Schyler A. Ellsworth
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (M.L.H.); (G.S.N.); (S.A.E.); (D.R.R.)
| | - Noranathan C. Guimarães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências-Toxinologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; (N.C.G.); (E.T.)
| | - Emilly Tioyama
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências-Toxinologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; (N.C.G.); (E.T.)
| | - Flora Ortiz
- Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; (J.A.P.-J.); (F.O.); (B.R.S.); (T.S.K.); (F.G.G.)
| | - Bruno R. Silva
- Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; (J.A.P.-J.); (F.O.); (B.R.S.); (T.S.K.); (F.G.G.)
| | - Tobias S. Kunz
- Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; (J.A.P.-J.); (F.O.); (B.R.S.); (T.S.K.); (F.G.G.)
| | | | - Felipe G. Grazziotin
- Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; (J.A.P.-J.); (F.O.); (B.R.S.); (T.S.K.); (F.G.G.)
| | - Darin R. Rokyta
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (M.L.H.); (G.S.N.); (S.A.E.); (D.R.R.)
| | - Ana M. Moura-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências-Toxinologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; (N.C.G.); (E.T.)
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, 69040-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Correspondence: (L.A.F.-d.-S.); (A.M.M.-d.-S.); Tel.: +55-11-2627-9779 (A.M.M.-d.-S.)
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Ontogenetic study of Bothrops jararacussu venom composition reveals distinct profiles. Toxicon 2020; 186:67-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Evaluation of the anti-snakebite, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of Philodendron megalophyllum Schott (Araceae), traditionally used in accidents caused by snakes in the western region of Pará, Brazil. Toxicon 2020; 184:99-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bleeding Disorders in Bothrops atrox Envenomations in the Brazilian Amazon: Participation of Hemostatic Factors and the Impact of Tissue Factor. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090554. [PMID: 32872404 PMCID: PMC7551922 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bleeding is a common hemostatic disorder that occurs in Bothrops envenomations. We evaluated the changes in coagulation, fibrinolysis components, and platelets in Bothrops atrox envenomations with bleeding. This is an observational study with B. atrox snakebite patients (n = 100) treated in Manaus, Brazilian Amazon. Bleeding was recorded on admission and during hospitalization. We found that the platelet count in our patients presented a weak correlation to tissue factor, factor II, and plasminogen. Tissue factor presented weak correlation to factor V, II, D-dimer, plasminogen, alpha 2-antiplasmin, and moderate correlation to fibrinogen and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation product (FDP). Patients with systemic bleeding (n = 20) presented low levels of factor V, II, fibrinogen, plasminogen, and alpha 2-antiplasmin, and high levels of tissue factor and FDP compared to those without bleeding. Patients with only local bleeding (n = 41) and without bleeding showed similar levels of hemostatic factors. Thrombocytopenia was observed mainly in patients with systemic bleeding and increased levels of serum venom. No association was found between venom levels and systemic bleeding, or between venom levels and clinical severity of envenomation. This is the first report that shows the participation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway in the consumption coagulopathy of B. atrox envenomations with systemic bleeding due to tissue factor release.
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Mamede CCN, de Sousa Simamoto BB, da Cunha Pereira DF, de Oliveira Costa J, Ribeiro MSM, de Oliveira F. Edema, hyperalgesia and myonecrosis induced by Brazilian bothropic venoms: overview of the last decade. Toxicon 2020; 187:10-18. [PMID: 32846146 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Snakebite accidents are considered serious public health problems. They are often neglected, and individuals who have received insufficient treatment are subjected to various disabling alterations. Snake venoms are secretions composed of biologically active molecules capable of triggering local and systemic effects in envenomation victims. Bothropic snakes are responsible for most of the ophidian accidents in Brazil; their venoms are mainly related to local manifestations, due to a composition that is especially rich in proteases and phospholipases A2. The most common local damages are inflammation, with consequent cellular activation and release of inflammatory mediators, hemorrhage, edema, pain and (myo)necrosis, which may lead to amputation of the affected areas. Antivenom therapy is the main treatment for snakebites. However, the efficiency is mainly due to the neutralization of the toxins responsible for the systemic alterations. Thus, the local damages can evolve to markedly compromise the tissue. The complexity of these local effects associated with the toxicity of the snake venom components of the genus Bothrops, arouse interest in the study of the biochemical and pathophysiological mechanisms involved with the actions caused by toxins of the venom. Therefore, this review aims to analyze the edematogenic, hyperalgesic and myotoxic effects caused by Brazilian bothropic venoms in order to contribute to the study and elucidation of the mechanisms of action of its components and, consequently, enable discoveries of more effective combined therapies in the treatment of local damages resulting from envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Júnia de Oliveira Costa
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Triângulo Mineiro (IFTM), Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Sousa LF, Bernardoni JL, Zdenek CN, Dobson J, Coimbra F, Gillett A, Lopes-Ferreira M, Moura-da-Silva AM, Fry BG. Differential coagulotoxicity of metalloprotease isoforms from Bothrops neuwiedi snake venom and consequent variations in antivenom efficacy. Toxicol Lett 2020; 333:211-221. [PMID: 32841740 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops (lance-head pit vipers) venoms are rich in weaponised metalloprotease enzymes (SVMP). These toxic enzymes are structurally diverse and functionally versatile. Potent coagulotoxicity is particularly important for prey capture (via stroke-induction) and relevant to human clinical cases (due to consumption of clotting factors including the critical depletion of fibrinogen). In this study, three distinct isoforms of P-III class SVMPs (IC, IIB and IIC), isolated from Bothrops neuwiedi venom, were evaluated for their differential capacities to affect hemostasis of prey and human plasma. Furthermore, we tested the relative antivenom neutralisation of effects upon human plasma. The toxic enzymes displayed differential procoagulant potency between plasma types, and clinically relevant antivenom efficacy variations were observed. Of particular importance was the confirmation the antivenom performed better against prothrombin activating toxins than Factor X activating toxins, which is likely due to the greater prevalence of the former in the immunising venoms used for antivenom production. This is clinically relevant as the enzymes displayed differential potency in this regard, with one (IC) in particular being extremely potent in activating Factor X and thus was correspondingly poorly neutralised. This study broadens the current understanding about the adaptive role of the SVMPs, as well as highlights how the functional diversity of SVMP isoforms can influence clinical outcomes. Key Contribution: Our findings shed light upon the hemorrhagic and coagulotoxic effects of three SVMPs of the P-III class, as well as the coagulotoxic effects of SVMPs on human, avian and amphibian plasmas. Antivenom neutralised prothrombin-activating isoforms better than Factor X activating isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leijiane F Sousa
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Toxin Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Santa Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Christina N Zdenek
- Toxin Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Santa Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - James Dobson
- Toxin Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Santa Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Francisco Coimbra
- Toxin Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Santa Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Amber Gillett
- Fauna Vet Wildlife Veterinary Consultancy, Beerwah, QLD, Australia
| | - Mônica Lopes-Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (Center of Toxins Immune-Response and Cell Signaling), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A M Moura-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Toxin Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Santa Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Cerebrovascular Accidents Related to Snakebites in the Amazon-Two Case Reports. Wilderness Environ Med 2020; 31:337-343. [PMID: 32830028 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this case series was to describe 2 patients presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage with hydrocephalus and hemoventricle after a snakebite caused by presumed Bothrops ssp. Both cases occurred in the municipality of Guajará (Amazonas state), Western Brazilian Amazon. Both cases featured delay in administration of serum therapy, which may have contributed to the emergence of complications such as stroke. Patient 1 was admitted to hospital 16 h after the snakebite occurred. Before receiving antivenom, testing showed the patient as having unclottable blood. She developed hemorrhagic stroke (a subarachnoid hemorrhage with hydrocephalus and hemoventricle). On the seventh day, she was discharged from hospital. Patient 2 arrived at the hospital 3 d after the snakebite occurred and presented with unclottable blood. He had a stroke (right frontoparietal hemorrhage, intraparenchymal hemorrhage already open to the ventricle) and died on the eighth day after the snakebite. Delay in seeking health care after snake envenomation can result in worse outcome.
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Ullah A, Masood R. The Sequence and Three-Dimensional Structure Characterization of Snake Venom Phospholipases B. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:175. [PMID: 32850964 PMCID: PMC7419708 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venom phospholipases B (SVPLBs) are the least studied enzymes. They constitute about 1% of Bothrops crude venoms, however, in other snake venoms, it is present in less than 1%. These enzymes are considered the most potent hemolytic agent in the venom. Currently, no structural information is available about these enzymes from snake venom. To better understand its three-dimensional structure and mechanisms of envenomation, the current work describes the first model-based structure report of this enzyme from Bothrops moojeni venom named as B. moojeni phospholipase B (PLB_Bm). The structure model of PLB_Bm was generated using model building software like I-TESSER, MODELLER 9v19, and Swiss-Model. The build PLB_Bm model was validated using validation tools (PROCHECK, ERRAT, and Verif3D). The analysis of the PLB_Bm modeled structure indicates that it contains 491 amino acid residues that form a well-defined four-layer αββα sandwich core and has a typical fold of the N-terminal nucleophile aminohydrolase (Ntn-hydrolase). The overall structure of PLB_Bm contains 18 β-strands and 17 α-helices with many connecting loops. The structure divides into two chains (A and B) after maturation. The A chain is smaller and contains 207 amino acid residues, whereas the B chain is larger and contains 266 amino acid residues. The sequence and structural comparison among homologous snake venom, bacterial, and mammals PLBs indicate that differences in the length and sequence composition may confer variable substrate specificity to these enzymes. Moreover, the surface charge distribution, average volume, and depth of the active site cavity also vary in these enzymes. The present work will provide more information about the structure-function relationship and mechanism of action of these enzymes in snakebite envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Ullah
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rehana Masood
- Department of Biochemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Babenko VV, Ziganshin RH, Weise C, Dyachenko I, Shaykhutdinova E, Murashev AN, Zhmak M, Starkov V, Hoang AN, Tsetlin V, Utkin Y. Novel Bradykinin-Potentiating Peptides and Three-Finger Toxins from Viper Venom: Combined NGS Venom Gland Transcriptomics and Quantitative Venom Proteomics of the Azemiops feae Viper. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080249. [PMID: 32731454 PMCID: PMC7460416 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Feae's viper Azemipos feae belongs to the Azemiopinae subfamily of the Viperidae family. The effects of Viperidae venoms are mostly coagulopathic with limited neurotoxicity manifested by phospholipases A2. From A. feae venom, we have earlier isolated azemiopsin, a novel neurotoxin inhibiting the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. To characterize other A. feae toxins, we applied label-free quantitative proteomics, which revealed 120 unique proteins, the most abundant being serine proteinases and phospholipases A2. In total, toxins representing 14 families were identified, among which bradykinin-potentiating peptides with unique amino acid sequences possessed biological activity in vivo. The proteomic analysis revealed also basal (commonly known as non-conventional) three-finger toxins belonging to the group of those possessing neurotoxic activity. This is the first indication of the presence of three-finger neurotoxins in viper venom. In parallel, the transcriptomic analysis of venom gland performed by Illumina next-generation sequencing further revealed 206 putative venom transcripts. Together, the study unveiled the venom proteome and venom gland transciptome of A. feae, which in general resemble those of other snakes from the Viperidae family. However, new toxins not found earlier in viper venom and including three-finger toxins and unusual bradykinin-potentiating peptides were discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav V. Babenko
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Rustam H. Ziganshin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (R.H.Z.); (M.Z.); (V.S.); (V.T.)
| | - Christoph Weise
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Igor Dyachenko
- Branch of the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia; (I.D.); (E.S.); (A.N.M.)
| | - Elvira Shaykhutdinova
- Branch of the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia; (I.D.); (E.S.); (A.N.M.)
| | - Arkady N. Murashev
- Branch of the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia; (I.D.); (E.S.); (A.N.M.)
| | - Maxim Zhmak
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (R.H.Z.); (M.Z.); (V.S.); (V.T.)
| | - Vladislav Starkov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (R.H.Z.); (M.Z.); (V.S.); (V.T.)
| | - Anh Ngoc Hoang
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Victor Tsetlin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (R.H.Z.); (M.Z.); (V.S.); (V.T.)
| | - Yuri Utkin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (R.H.Z.); (M.Z.); (V.S.); (V.T.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +7-495-336-6522
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Albuquerque PLMM, Paiva JHHGL, Martins AMC, Meneses GC, da Silva GB, Buckley N, Daher EDF. Clinical assessment and pathophysiology of Bothrops venom-related acute kidney injury: a scoping review. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20190076. [PMID: 32704246 PMCID: PMC7359628 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bothrops are one of the most common medically important snakes found in Latin America. Its venom is predominantly hemotoxic and proteolytic, which means that local lesion (edema and redness) and hemorrhagic symptoms are recurrent in envenoming by this snake. Although hemorrhage is usually the major cause of death, snakebite-related acute kidney injury is another potentially fatal clinical complication that may lead to chronic kidney disease. The present review highlights the main studies on Bothrops venom-related acute kidney injury, including observational, cross-sectional, case-control and cohort human studies available up to December 2019. The following descriptors were used according to Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): on Medline/Pubmed and Google Scholar "acute kidney injury" or "kidney disease" and "Bothrops"; on Lilacs and SciELO "kidney disease" or "acute kidney injury" and "Bothrops". Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale was used to appraise the quality of the cross-sectional and cohort studies included. The selection of more severe patients who looked for health care units and tertiary centers is a risk of bias. Due to the methodological heterogeneity of the studies, a critical analysis of the results was performed based on the hypothesis that the design of the included studies influences the incidence of acute kidney injury. Fifteen human studies (total participants 4624) were included according to stablished criteria. The coagulation abnormalities (hemorrhagic symptoms, abnormal fibrinogen and activated partial thromboplastin time) were associated with acute kidney injury in the most recent studies reported. The findings observed in this review provide up-to-date evidence about the acute kidney injury pathogenesis following Bothrops syndrome. Studies pointed out that coagulation abnormalities comprise the major pathway for acute kidney injury development. This review may improve patient management by primary healthcare providers, allowing earlier diagnosis and treatment of Bothrops venom-related acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polianna Lemos Moura Moreira Albuquerque
- University of Fortaleza (Unifor), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Toxicological Information and Assistance Center, Instituto Doutor Jose Frota Hospital, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Alice Maria Costa Martins
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Geraldo Bezerra da Silva
- Public Health and Medical Sciences Graduate Programs, School of Medicine, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Heckmann X, Lambert V, Mion G, Ehrhardt A, Marty C, Perotti F, Carod JF, Jolivet A, Boels D, Lehida Andi I, Larréché S. Failure of a Mexican antivenom on recovery from snakebite-related coagulopathy in French Guiana. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2020; 59:193-199. [PMID: 32609546 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1786108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In French Guiana, most snakebites are caused by crotalids, with the main signs being tissue damage and bleeding due to venom-induced coagulopathy. Since December 2014 the Western Guiana Hospital (WGH) has used Antivipmyn Tri TM, a Mexican polyvalent antivenom. The aim of the study was to assess its benefit on the correction of snakebite-related coagulopathy. METHODS This retrospective study included patients hospitalized at the WGH with snakebite and a coagulopathy defined by: a prothrombin rate (PR) lower than 45%, an activated partial thromboplastin time ratio (aPTTr) greater than 2 or a fibrinogen lower than 100 mg.dL-1. The antivenom group included patients receiving Antivipmyn Tri TM from December 2014 to September 2017. The control group included patients admitted between January 2013 and November 2014 (when antivenom was unavailable) or admitted between December 2014 and September 2017 during times of antivenom shortage. We graphically compared the time courses of PR, aPTTr and fibrinogen between groups. Other endpoints were the length of hospital stay and the need for surgery or dialysis. RESULTS 84 patients were included: 42 in the antivenom group, 42 in the control group. Both groups were similar for age, sex-ratio, proportion of bleedings, necrosis, and severity. Most patients in the antivenom group received 3 vials. There were no significant differences in recovery of PR, aPTTr and fibrinogen through the first 24 h. Fibrinogen declined again in the control group at 30 h and showed a slower rise to normal concentration. There were no significant differences in any secondary endpoint. CONCLUSION Antivipmyn Tri TM as currently used did not show any benefit in recovery from coagulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Heckmann
- Department of Emergency, Western Guiana Hospital, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana.,French Red Cross, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Véronique Lambert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Western Guiana Hospital, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana
| | - Georges Mion
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Frédérique Perotti
- Department of Pharmacy, Western Guiana Hospital, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana
| | - Jean-François Carod
- Department of Medical Biology, Western Guiana Hospital, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana
| | - Anne Jolivet
- Department of Public Health, Western Guiana Hospital, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana
| | - David Boels
- Poison Control Center, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Ibrahim Lehida Andi
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Western Guiana Hospital, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana
| | - Sébastien Larréché
- Department of Medical Biology, Bégin Military Teaching Hospital, Saint-Mandé, France
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Machado Braga JR, de Morais-Zani K, Pereira DDS, Sant'Anna SS, da Costa Galizio N, Tanaka-Azevedo AM, Gomes Vilarinho AR, Rodrigues JL, Teixeira da Rocha MM. Sexual and ontogenetic variation of Bothrops leucurus venom. Toxicon 2020; 184:127-135. [PMID: 32553734 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Various factors, such as geographical origin, climate, sex, age and diet can influence the composition and pathophysiological activities of snake venoms. In this study, we examined the sexual and ontogenetic variations in the venom of Bothrops leucurus, a pitviper responsible for more than 80% of the snakebites in the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazilian. The venoms of 31 snakes were pooled according to sex and age (young, adult and old) and screened by SDS-PAGE (in reducing and non-reducing conditions), reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), gelatin zymography, and immunoblotting with therapeutic bothropic antivenom (BAV) from the Instituto Butantan. The electrophoretic and chromatographic profiles showed intraspecific ontogenetic variation, whereas sexual variations were less evident. All venoms showed gelatinolytic activity associated with 50-75 kDa protein bands. In addition, all venoms, regardless of the snakes' sex and age, cross-reacted to similar extents with BAV. Our findings show that B. leucurus venom changes during ontogenetic development and demonstrate sexual differences in its composition, indicating differences in biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ramos Machado Braga
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas - Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Dos Santos Pereira
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas - Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Nathália da Costa Galizio
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anita Mitico Tanaka-Azevedo
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Lucca Rodrigues
- Toxinas de Interesse em Saúde, Casa Afrânio do Amaral, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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The relationship between clinics and the venom of the causative Amazon pit viper (Bothrops atrox). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008299. [PMID: 32511239 PMCID: PMC7302866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms are complex mixtures of proteins with toxic activities, with many distinct isoforms, affecting different physiological targets, comprised in a few protein families. It is currently accepted that this diversity in venom composition is an adaptive advantage for venom efficacy on a wide range of prey. However, on the other side, variability on isoforms expression has implications in the clinics of human victims of snakebites and in the efficacy of antivenoms. B. atrox snakes are responsible for most of the human accidents in Brazilian Amazon and the type and abundance of protein families on their venoms present individual variability. Thus, in this study we attempted to correlate the individual venom proteome of the snake brought to the hospital by the patient seeking for medical assistance with the clinical signs observed in the same patient. Individual variability was confirmed in venoms of the 14 snakes selected for the study. The abundance of each protein family was quite similar among the venom samples, while the isoforms composition was highly variable. Considering the protein families, the SVMP group presented the best correlation with bleeding disorders and edema. Considering individual isoforms, some isoforms of venom metalloproteinase (SVMP), C-type lectin-like toxins (CTL) and snake venom serine proteinases (SVSP) presented expression levels that with statistically significant positive correlation to signs and symptoms presented by the patients as bleeding disorders, edema, ecchymosis and blister formation. However, some unexpected data were also observed as the correlation between a CTL, CRISP or LAAO isoforms with blister formation, still to be confirmed with a larger number of samples. Although this is still a small number of patient samples, we were able to indicate that venom composition modulates clinical manifestations of snakebites, to confirm at the bedside the prominent role of SVMPs and to include new possible toxin candidates for the development of toxin inhibitors or to improve antivenom selectiveness, important actions for the next generation treatments of snakebites. Bothrops atrox is a snake of major medical importance in the Amazon. Its venom is specialized to kill preys in the nature, especially because of coagulotoxic and proteolytic activities. B. atrox envenomings cause local inflammation and, in a significant proportion, systemic manifestations, namely bleeding disorders. These signs and symptoms are caused by the various toxins present in the venom of this snake, which act in the organism by different mechanisms. It is not known to what extent the composition of the venom that was inoculated by the snake that caused the envenoming can influence the patient’s clinical condition. To study this subject, this work correlated the constituents of the venom with the clinical manifestations of hospitalized patients, taking advantage of the fact that many patients bring the snake responsible for the bite. The abundance of each toxin family was similar among the venom samples, but the variants composition of each toxin was highly variable. Considering the protein families, a group named metalloproteases (SVMP) presented the best correlation with bleeding disorders and edema. Some variants of venom SVMPs, and other toxin families, such as C-type lectin-like toxins (CTL) and snake venom serine proteinases (SVSP) presented correlation to signs and symptoms presented by the patients as bleeding disorders, edema, ecchymosis and blister formation. Our results show that venom composition modulates clinical manifestations of snakebites.
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Monteiro WM, Contreras-Bernal JC, Bisneto PF, Sachett J, Mendonça da Silva I, Lacerda M, Guimarães da Costa A, Val F, Brasileiro L, Sartim MA, Silva-de-Oliveira S, Bernarde PS, Kaefer IL, Grazziotin FG, Wen FH, Moura-da-Silva AM. Bothrops atrox, the most important snake involved in human envenomings in the amazon: How venomics contributes to the knowledge of snake biology and clinical toxinology. Toxicon X 2020; 6:100037. [PMID: 32550592 PMCID: PMC7285970 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bothrops atrox snakes are mostly endemic of the Amazon rainforest and is certainly the South American pit viper responsible for most of the snakebites in the region. The composition of B. atrox venom is significantly known and has been used to trace the relevance of the venom phenotype for snake biology and for the impacts in the clinics of human patients involved in accidents by B. atrox. However, in spite of the wide distribution and the great medical relevance of B. atrox snakes, B. atrox taxonomy is not fully resolved and the impacts of the lack of taxonomic resolution on the studies focused on venom or envenoming are currently unknown. B. atrox venom presents different degrees of compositional variability and is generally coagulotoxic, inducing systemic hematological disturbances and local tissue damage in snakebite patients. Antivenoms are the effective therapy for attenuating the clinical signs. This review brings a comprehensive discussion of the literature concerning B. atrox snakes encompassing from snake taxonomy, diet and venom composition, towards clinical aspects of snakebite patients and efficacy of the antivenoms. This discussion is highly supported by the contributions that venomics and antivenomics added for the advancement of knowledge of B. atrox snakes, their venoms and the treatment of accidents they evoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jorge Carlos Contreras-Bernal
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ferreira Bisneto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Sachett
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Alfredo da Matta, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Iran Mendonça da Silva
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marcus Lacerda
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Allyson Guimarães da Costa
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Fernando Val
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Lisele Brasileiro
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Sartim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Sâmella Silva-de-Oliveira
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Bernarde
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Centro Multidisciplinar, Campus Floresta, Universidade Federal do Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, AC, Brazil
| | - Igor L. Kaefer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Maria Moura-da-Silva
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sanz L, Pérez A, Quesada-Bernat S, Diniz-Sousa R, Calderón LA, Soares AM, Calvete JJ, Caldeira CAS. Venomics and antivenomics of the poorly studied Brazil's lancehead, Bothrops brazili (Hoge, 1954), from the Brazilian State of Pará. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20190103. [PMID: 32362928 PMCID: PMC7179968 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Brazil’s lancehead, Bothrops brazili, is a poorly
studied pit viper distributed in lowlands of the equatorial rainforests of
southern Colombia, northeastern Peru, eastern Ecuador, southern and
southeastern Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, and
northern Bolivia. Few studies have been reported on toxins isolated from
venom of Ecuadorian and Brazilian B. brazili. The aim of
the present study was to elucidate the qualitative and quantitative protein
composition of B. brazili venom from Pará (Brazil), and to
carry out a comparative antivenomics assessment of the immunoreactivity of
the Brazilian antibothropic pentavalent antivenom [soro
antibotrópico (SAB) in Portuguese] against the venoms of
B. brazili and reference species, B.
jararaca. Methods: We have applied a quantitative snake venomics approach, including
reverse-phase and two-dimensional electrophoretic decomplexation of the
venom toxin arsenal, LC-ESI-MS mass profiling and peptide-centric MS/MS
proteomic analysis, to unveil the overall protein composition of B.
brazili venom from Pará (Brazil). Using third-generation
antivenomics, the specific and paraspecific immunoreactivity of the
Brazilian SAB against homologous (B. jararaca) and
heterologous (B. brazili) venoms was investigated. Results: The venom proteome of the Brazil’s lancehead (Pará) is predominantly composed
of two major and three minor acidic (19%) and two major and five minor basic
(14%) phospholipase A2 molecules; 7-11 snake venom
metalloproteinases of classes PI (21%) and PIII (6%); 10-12 serine
proteinases (14%), and 1-2 L-amino acid oxidases (6%). Other toxins,
including two cysteine-rich secretory proteins, one C-type lectin-like
molecule, one nerve growth factor, one 5'-nucleotidase, one
phosphodiesterase, one phospholipase B, and one glutaminyl cyclase molecule,
represent together less than 2.7% of the venom proteome. Third generation
antivenomics profile of the Brazilian pentabothropic antivenom showed
paraspecific immunoreactivity against all the toxin classes of B.
brazili venom, with maximal binding capacity of
132.2 mg venom/g antivenom. This figure indicates that 19% of antivenom's
F(ab')2 antibodies bind B. brazili venom
toxins. Conclusion: The proteomics outcome contribute to a deeper insight into the spectrum of
toxins present in the venom of the Brazil’s lancehead, and rationalize the
pathophysiology underlying this snake bite envenomings. The comparative
qualitative and quantitative immunorecognition profile of the Brazilian
pentabothropic antivenom toward the venom toxins of B.
brazili and B. jararaca (the reference venom
for assessing the bothropic antivenom's potency in Brazil), provides clues
about the proper use of the Brazilian antibothropic polyvalent antivenom in
the treatment of bites by the Brazil’s lancehead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libia Sanz
- Evolutionary and Translational Venomics Laboratory, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Pérez
- Evolutionary and Translational Venomics Laboratory, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Sarai Quesada-Bernat
- Evolutionary and Translational Venomics Laboratory, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafaela Diniz-Sousa
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Health (CEBio), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Experimental Biology (PGBIOEXP), Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.,São Lucas University Center (UniSL), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Leonardo A Calderón
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Health (CEBio), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Experimental Biology (PGBIOEXP), Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology, BIONORTE Network, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.,Aparício Carvalho University Center (FIMCA), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Health (CEBio), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Experimental Biology (PGBIOEXP), Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.,São Lucas University Center (UniSL), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology, BIONORTE Network, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Epidemiology of the Western Amazônia, (INCT-EpiAmO), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Evolutionary and Translational Venomics Laboratory, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Cleópatra A S Caldeira
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Health (CEBio), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Experimental Biology (PGBIOEXP), Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology, BIONORTE Network, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
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48
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Souza JB, Cardoso R, Almeida-Souza HO, Carvalho CP, Correia LIV, Faria PCB, Araujo GR, Mendes MM, Rodrigues RS, Rodrigues VM, Dandekar AM, Goulart LR, Nascimento R. Generation and In-planta expression of a recombinant single chain antibody with broad neutralization activity on Bothrops pauloensis snake venom. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 149:1241-1251. [PMID: 32035152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The main systemic alterations present in bothropic envenomation are hemostasis disorders, for which the conventional treatment is based on animal-produced antiophidic sera. We have developed a neutralizing antibody against Bothrops pauloensis (B. pauloensis) venom, which is member of the genus most predominant in snakebite accidents in Brazil. Subsequently, we expressed this antibody in plants to evaluate its enzymatic and biological activities. The ability of single-chain variable fragment (scFv) molecules to inhibit fibrinogenolytic, azocaseinolytic, coagulant and hemorrhagic actions of snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) contained in B. pauloensis venom was verified through proteolytic assays. The antibody neutralized the toxic effects of envenomation, particularly those related to systemic processes, by interacting with one of the predominant classes of metalloproteinases. This novel molecule is a potential tool with great antivenom potential and provides a biotechnological antidote to snake venom due to its broad neutralizing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Souza
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rone Cardoso
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Hebréia O Almeida-Souza
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila P Carvalho
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Padua Dias 11, 13418-310 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Ian Veloso Correia
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Paula Cristina B Faria
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Galber R Araujo
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Mirian M Mendes
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Renata Santos Rodrigues
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Veridiana M Rodrigues
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Abhaya M Dandekar
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Nascimento
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
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49
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Photobiomodulation reduces cell death and cytokine production in C2C12 cells exposed to Bothrops venoms. Lasers Med Sci 2019; 35:1047-1054. [PMID: 31754908 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Snakebites caused by the genus Bothrops are often associated with severe and complex local manifestations such as edema, pain, hemorrhage, and myonecrosis. Conventional treatment minimizes the systemic effects of venom; however, their local action is not neutralized. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) on C2C12 muscle cells exposed to B. jararaca, B. jararacussu, and B. moojeni venoms on events involved in cell death and the release of inflammatory mediators. Cells were exposed to venoms and immediately irradiated with low-level laser (LLL) application in continuous wave at the wavelength of 660 nm, energy density of 4.4 J/cm2, power of 10 mW, area of 0.045 cm2, and time of 20 s. Cell integrity was analyzed by phase contrast microscope and cell death was performed by flow cytometry. In addition, interleukin IL1-β, IL-6, and IL-10 levels were measured in the supernatant. Our results showed that the application of PBM increases cell viability and decreases cell death by apoptosis and necrosis. Moreover, the release of pro-inflammatory interleukins was also reduced. The data reported here indicate that PBM resulted in cytoprotection on myoblast C2C12 cells after venom exposure. This protection involves the modulation of cell death mechanism and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine release.
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50
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Modahl CM, Brahma RK, Koh CY, Shioi N, Kini RM. Omics Technologies for Profiling Toxin Diversity and Evolution in Snake Venom: Impacts on the Discovery of Therapeutic and Diagnostic Agents. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2019; 8:91-116. [PMID: 31702940 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Snake venoms are primarily composed of proteins and peptides, and these toxins have developed high selectivity to their biological targets. This makes venoms interesting for exploration into protein evolution and structure-function relationships. A single venom protein superfamily can exhibit a variety of pharmacological effects; these variations in activity originate from differences in functional sites, domains, posttranslational modifications, and the formations of toxin complexes. In this review, we discuss examples of how the major venom protein superfamilies have diversified, as well as how newer technologies in the omics fields, such as genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, can be used to characterize both known and unknown toxins.Because toxins are bioactive molecules with a rich diversity of activities, they can be useful as therapeutic and diagnostic agents, and successful examples of toxin applications in these areas are also reviewed. With the current rapid pace of technology, snake venom research and its applications will only continue to expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Modahl
- Protein Science Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Singapore, Singapore 119077; , ,
| | - Rajeev Kungur Brahma
- Protein Science Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Singapore, Singapore 119077; , ,
| | - Cho Yeow Koh
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077;
| | - Narumi Shioi
- Protein Science Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Singapore, Singapore 119077; , , .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan;
| | - R Manjunatha Kini
- Protein Science Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Singapore, Singapore 119077; , ,
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