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Angeles JMM, Paner JRO, Villacorte EA, Rivera PT, Kawazu SI. Seroprevalence of Schistosoma japonicum Infection Among Dogs and Water Buffaloes Using Recombinant Antigen ELISA in New Corella, Davao del Norte, Philippines. Acta Parasitol 2024:10.1007/s11686-024-00929-5. [PMID: 39333328 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00929-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Animal reservoirs are important targets for controlling and eliminating schistosomiasis. Prevalence studies showed that dogs (Canis familiaris) and water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) are important reservoirs of S. japonicum. Previous studies have validated the use of the recombinant proteins Sj1TR, Sj7TR, and SjTPx-1 in ELISA as diagnostics for dogs and water buffaloes from schistosomiasis-endemic areas. In this study, we aimed to determine the seroprevalence of S. japonicum among dogs and water buffaloes in New Corella, Davao del Norte, Philippines, using the recombinant proteins Sj1TR, Sj7TR, and SjTPx-1 in ELISA format. METHODS Fecal and serum samples were collected from dogs (n = 63) and water buffaloes (n = 57). Schistosome-positive samples were detected using formalin-ether concentration technique (FECT), stool polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using soluble egg antigen (SEA), rSj1TR, rSj7TR, and rSjTPx-1. Positivity rates, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, accuracy, and kappa values were calculated. RESULTS Mean positivity rates for schistosome infection were high for both dogs (x = 15.40%) and water buffaloes (x = 6.32%). On dogs, the sensitivity and specificity of the tests are as follows: 66.67% and 100% for rSj7TR-ELISA, while 100% and 93.33% for rSjTPx-1-ELISA, respectively. rSjTPx-1-ELISA showed the highest agreement with stool PCR among all diagnostic tests, with an overall kappa value of 0.824. On water buffaloes, the sensitivity and specificity of both rSj1TR-ELISA and rSjTPx-1-ELISA are 100.0% and 98.15%. Both tests also had an overall kappa value of 0.84. CONCLUSION To ensure elimination and prevention of schistosomiasis in humans, the use of validated serological diagnostics such as recombinant antigen ELISA is preferable for field detection in animals, especially in resource-limited areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ma M Angeles
- Department of Parasitology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.
| | | | - Elena A Villacorte
- Department of Parasitology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Pilarita T Rivera
- Department of Parasitology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kawazu
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
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Recopuerto-Medina LM, Gutierrez FCU, San Diego JAS, Alviar NAE, Santos JRM, Dagamac NHA. MaxEnt modeling of the potential risk of schistosomiasis in the Philippines using bioclimatic factors. Parasitol Int 2024; 98:102827. [PMID: 38030120 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection caused by Schistosoma japonicum. It remains a principal local health issue in the Philippines, demonstrating endemicity in 28 provinces and afflicting thousands of Filipino individuals annually. Despite this, no clear distribution maps for the disease have been comprehensively reported. Therefore, species distribution modeling (SDM) employing the MaxEnt algorithm and GIS application techniques was utilized to denote the potential risk of schistosomiasis in the country. With a high AUC score of 0.846, the SDM yielded a favorable and reliable correlative map illustrating a predicted schistosomal temporal distribution concentrated primarily on the country's eastern portion with a more pronounced wet than dry season. The precipitation of the driest quarter was determined to be the most significant contributing factor among the bioclimatic variables evaluated. This suggests a possible increase in adaptations concerning the rainfall and thermal tolerances of the parasites' vectors. Moreover, socioeconomic status between Philippine regions revealed an inverse proportion with the number of schistosomiasis cases. This study also discussed the potential role of climate change on the range shifts and the potential risk of parasite infection in the Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loida M Recopuerto-Medina
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Franchesca Chiny U Gutierrez
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Jose Antonio S San Diego
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Nickhole Andrei E Alviar
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Joseff Rayven M Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Nikki Heherson A Dagamac
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila 1008, Philippines; Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila 1008, Philippines; The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila 1008, Philippines.
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3
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Kuo YJ, Paras G, Tagami T, Yi C, Aquino LJC, Oh H, Rychtář J, Taylor D. A compartmental model for Schistosoma japonicum transmission dynamics in the Philippines. Acta Trop 2024; 249:107084. [PMID: 38029954 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a chronic and debilitating neglected tropical disease (NTD), second only to malaria as one of the most devastating parasitic diseases. Caused by a parasitic flatworm of the genus Schistosoma, infection occurs when skin comes in contact with contaminated freshwater that contains schistosome-hosting snails. The disease continues to be endemic in many regions of the Philippines, where it poses a significant public health challenge due to a lack of healthcare resources. In the Philippines, additional mammalian reservoirs for the S. japonicum parasite, especially bovines such as carabaos, also facilitate the spread of schistosomiasis. We extend existing compartment models to include human, snail, bovine, and free-living Schistosoma for a comprehensive look at the transmission dynamics of the disease. Sensitivity analysis of model parameters shows that the carabaos themselves can sustain the endemicity of schistosomiasis. Thus, we consider the control method of farming mechanization to avoid contaminated freshwater sources. We find that a reduction of contaminated water contacts by at least 77% will break the transmission cycle and eliminate the disease. However, reducing the contact by about 70% will still result in decrease of human schistosomiasis prevalence to under 1% in 15 years or less. Achieving such high reduction of contact rates could be a daunting task, especially in rural areas. Still, the potential to eliminate or at least reduce the schistosomiasis prevalence should be considered an additional benefit of mechanization efforts in the Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jen Kuo
- College of Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Gian Paras
- School of Engineering, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU, 96923, USA
| | | | - Claire Yi
- Harvest Christian Academy, Barrigada, GU 96921, USA
| | | | - Hyunju Oh
- Division of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96923, USA
| | - Jan Rychtář
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Dewey Taylor
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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Hoang Quang V, Levecke B, Do Trung D, Devleesschauwer B, Vu Thi Lam B, Goossens K, Polman K, Callens S, Dorny P, Dermauw V. Fasciola spp. in Southeast Asia: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011904. [PMID: 38232120 PMCID: PMC10843148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fasciolosis is an emerging public health threat in a number of regions worldwide. To date, we lack an overview of both its occurrence and distribution in Southeast Asia across all actors involved in the life cycle, which impedes the development of disease control measures. Therefore, our objective was to collect recent information on the distribution and the prevalence of Fasciola spp. and the associated risk factors for infection in humans, animals, snails and plant carriers in Southeast Asia. METHODOLOGY Bibliographic and grey literature databases as well as reference lists of important review articles were searched for relevant records published between January 1st, 2000, and June 30th, 2022. The systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for reporting systematic reviews. A total of 3,887 records were retrieved, of which 100 were included in the final analysis. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The studies focused mainly on one host species (96.0%), with Fasciola spp. infection in animals being the most studied (72.0%), followed by humans (21.0%). Based on the used inclusion and exclusion criteria, reports were retrieved describing the presence of Fasciola spp. infection in seven out of 11 countries in Southeast Asia. Depending on the diagnostic tool applied, the prevalence of Fasciola spp. infection ranged between 0.3% and 66.7% in humans, between 0% and 97.8% in animals, and between 0% and 66.2% in snails. There were no studies reporting the presence of metacercariae on plant carriers. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our study reconfirms that Fasciola spp. infections are widespread and highly prevalent in Southeast Asia, but it remains difficult to accurately assess the true occurrence of Fasciola spp. in absence of well-designed surveys covering all hosts. As next steps we propose to assess the occurrence of the infection across all actors involved in the transmission, to identify associated risk factors and to estimate the burden of the disease to support national and international decision makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Hoang Quang
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Levecke
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dung Do Trung
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Binh Vu Thi Lam
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Kathy Goossens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Katja Polman
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Callens
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Veronique Dermauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Suwancharoen C, Phuangsri C, Siriwechviriya P, Bunsong T, Japa O. Diversity of trematode cercariae among naturally infected lymnaeid snails from Phayao, Thailand. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2691-2708. [PMID: 37698606 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07971-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Lymnaeids are aquatic snails playing an important role in the transmission of many parasitic trematode species of veterinary and medical importance. In this study, we assessed the presence of cercarial flukes in naturally infected lymnaeid snails from Phayao province, Thailand, and determined the species diversity of both the intermediate snail hosts and parasite larvae. A total of 3,185 lymnaeid snails were collected from paddy fields at 31 sites in eight districts of Phayao province between October 2021 and December 2022. Larval fluke infection was assessed using the cercarial shedding method. The collected snails as well as emerging cercariae were identified at the species level via morphological and molecular methods. The sequences of snail internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) and cercarial 28S ribosomal RNA gene (28S rDNA) and cytochrome C oxidase1 (Cox1) were determined by PCR amplification and sequencing. Three species of lymnaeid snails were detected in this study, including Radix (Lymnaea) rubiginosa (Michelin, 1831), Radix (Lymnaea) swinhoei (Adams, 1866) and Austropeplea viridis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832), of which R. rubiginosa was the most abundant, followed by A. viridis and R. swinhoei. The overall rate of trematode cercarial infection in the lymnaeid snails was 2.8% (90/3,185); the cercarial infection rate in R. rubiginosa and A. viridis was 3.5% (60/1,735) and 3.1% (30/981), respectively. No larval fluke infection was observed in the studied R. swinhoei (0/469). Nine morphotypes of cercariae were detected at 15 sites from four districts. The emerging cercariae were molecularly identified as Clinostomum sp., Aporocotylidae sp., Apharyngostrigea sp., Trichobilharzia sp., Apatemon sp., Pegosomum sp., Petasiger sp., Echinostoma revolutum and Plagiorchis sp. These findings emphasize the occurrence and diversity of trematode cercariae among naturally infected lymnaeid snails in Phayao province and could contribute to broadening our understanding of the host-parasite relationships between trematodes and their first intermediate hosts as well as developing effective interventions to control trematode parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chittakun Suwancharoen
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Chorpaka Phuangsri
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Pannawich Siriwechviriya
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Thanakon Bunsong
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ornampai Japa
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand.
- Scientific Instrument and Product Standard Quality Inspection Center, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand.
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Martindah E, Sawitri DH, Wardhana AH, Ekawasti F. Prevalence of Amphistomes and Fasciola in large ruminants reared by smallholders in Lampung and Banten Provinces, Indonesia. Vet World 2023; 16:2104-2109. [PMID: 38023271 PMCID: PMC10668555 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2104-2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Parasitic diseases, including trematode invasions, result in losses to livestock in Indonesia, hindering the government's efforts to achieve meat self-sufficiency. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Amphistomes and Fasciola in large ruminants reared by smallholder farmers. Materials and Methods Fecal samples from 199 buffalo and cattle were collected from the districts of East Lampung (Lampung Province) and Lebak (Banten Province). Fecal samples were examined for the presence of trematode eggs using a sedimentation technique. Results Parasite invasion rate was 48.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 41.3%-55.2%). Rate of invasion was 63.3% (95% CI: 52.7%-73.9%) in Lampung and 38.3% (95% CI: 29.6%-47.0%) in Lebak-Banten. The prevalence of multiple invasions of both Amphistomes and Fasciola was 20% in buffalo and local cattle, whereas invasion rate was 12.8% in crossbred cattle. Invasion rate of Amphistomes alone was 27.1%, and that of Fasciola was 4.5%. A higher invasion rate of Amphistomes (29.8%) occurred in crossbred animals. There were no significant differences between age groups for trematode invasion. The Chi-square test showed that the prevalence of trematode invasion in females was significantly higher than in males (51.5% and 30.0%, respectively). Amphistomes more commonly infected females than males (29.0% and 16.7%, respectively). Conclusion All breeds were vulnerable to invasion by both trematode species and single invasions with different invasion rates. These findings contribute to determining the magnitude of the disease and provide a basis for studies on prevention and treatment of trematode invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eny Martindah
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
- Indonesia Research Center for Veterinary Science, the Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta
| | - Dyah Haryuningtyas Sawitri
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
- Indonesia Research Center for Veterinary Science, the Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta
| | - April Hari Wardhana
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
- Indonesia Research Center for Veterinary Science, the Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta
| | - Fitrine Ekawasti
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
- Indonesia Research Center for Veterinary Science, the Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta
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7
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Ross AG, Harn DA, Chy D, Inobaya M, Guevarra JR, Shollenberger L, Li Y, McManus DP, Gray DJ, Williams GM. First bovine vaccine to prevent human schistosomiasis - a cluster randomised Phase 3 clinical trial. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 129:110-117. [PMID: 36736992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical parasitic disease caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. Schistosoma japonicum is zoonotic in China, the Philippines, and Indonesia, with bovines acting as major reservoirs of human infection. The primary objective of the trial was to examine the impact of a combination of human mass chemotherapy, snail control through mollusciciding, and SjCTPI bovine vaccination on the rate of human infection. METHODS A 5-year phase IIIa cluster randomized control trial was conducted among 18 schistosomiasis-endemic villages comprising 18,221 residents in Northern Samar, The Philippines. RESULTS Overall, bovine vaccination resulted in a statistically significant decrease in human infection (relative risk [RR] = 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.69 to 0.82) across all trial follow-ups. The best outcome of the trial was when bovine vaccination was combined with snail mollusciciding. This combination resulted in a 31% reduction (RR = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.61 to 0.78) in human infection. CONCLUSION This is the first trial to demonstrate the effectiveness of a bovine vaccine for schistosomiasis in reducing human schistosome infection. The trial is registered with Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619001048178).
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen G Ross
- Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia.
| | - Donald A Harn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Delia Chy
- Municipal Officer of Health, Palapag, Northern Samar, The Philippines
| | | | | | - Lisa Shollenberger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Yuesheng Li
- Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Darren J Gray
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Gail M Williams
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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8
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Critical medical ecology and intersectionality perspectives in schistosomiasis prevention and control in selected communities in Mindanao, the Philippines. J Biosoc Sci 2023; 55:306-325. [PMID: 35022107 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932021000766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis japonica remains a public health concern in many areas of the Philippines. Periodic Mass Drug Administration (MDA) to at-risk populations is the main strategy for morbidity control of schistosomiasis. Attaining MDA coverage targets is important for the reduction of morbidity and prevention of complications due to the disease, and towards achieving Universal Health Care. The study employed a qualitative case study design. Key informant interviews and focus group discussions were conducted to provide in-depth and situated descriptions of the contexts surrounding the implementation of MDA in two selected villages in known schistosomiasis-endemic provinces in Mindanao in the Philippines. Data analysis was done using the Critical Ecology for Medical Anthropology (CEMA) model coupled with the intersectionality approach. It was found that within various areas in the CEMA model, enabling as well as constraining factors have been encountered in MDA in the study settings. The interplay of income class, geographical location, gender norms and faith-based beliefs may have led to key populations being missed during the conduct of MDA in the study sites. The constraints faced by the target beneficiaries of MDA, as well as programme implementers, must be addressed to enhance service delivery and to control morbidity due to schistosomiasis. Improving compliance with MDA also requires a holistic, integrated approach to addressing barriers to participation, which are shaped by wider socio-political and power structures.
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9
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Wanlop A, Angeles JMM, Macalanda AMC, Kirinoki M, Ohari Y, Yajima A, Yamagishi J, Ona KAL, Kawazu SI. Cloning, Expression and Evaluation of Thioredoxin Peroxidase-1 Antigen for the Serological Diagnosis of Schistosoma mekongi Human Infection. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12123077. [PMID: 36553084 PMCID: PMC9777376 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma mekongi, a blood fluke that causes Asian zoonotic schistosomiasis, is distributed in communities along the Mekong River in Cambodia and Lao People's Democratic Republic. Decades of employing numerous control measures including mass drug administration using praziquantel have resulted in a decline in the prevalence of schistosomiasis mekongi. This, however, led to a decrease in sensitivity of Kato-Katz stool microscopy considered as the gold standard in diagnosis. In order to develop a serological assay with high sensitivity and specificity which can replace Kato-Katz, recombinant S. mekongi thioredoxin peroxidase-1 protein (rSmekTPx-1) was expressed and produced. Diagnostic performance of the rSmekTPx-1 antigen through ELISA for detecting human schistosomiasis was compared with that of recombinant protein of S. japonicum TPx-1 (rSjTPx-1) using serum samples collected from endemic foci in Cambodia. The sensitivity and specificity of rSmekTPx-1 in ELISA were 89.3% and 93.3%, respectively, while those of rSjTPx-1 were 71.4% and 66.7%, respectively. In addition, a higher Kappa value of 0.82 calculated between rSmekTPx-1 antigen ELISA and Kato-Katz confirmed better agreement than between rSjTPx-1 antigen ELISA and Kato-Katz (Kappa value 0.38). These results suggest that ELISA with rSmekTPx-1 antigen can be a potential diagnostic method for detecting active human S. mekongi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atcharaphan Wanlop
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan
| | - Jose Ma. M. Angeles
- Department of Parasitology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Adrian Miki C. Macalanda
- Department of Immunopathology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, Indang 4122, Philippines
| | - Masashi Kirinoki
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Yuma Ohari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan
| | - Aya Yajima
- Would Health Organization Regional Office for Southeast Asia, New Delhi 110011, India
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Kevin Austin L. Ona
- College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Shin-ichiro Kawazu
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan
- Correspondence:
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10
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Kurnianto H, Ramanoon SZ, Aziz NAA, Indarjulianto S. Prevalence, risk factors, and infection intensity of fasciolosis in dairy cattle in Boyolali, Indonesia. Vet World 2022; 15:1438-1448. [PMID: 35993064 PMCID: PMC9375217 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1438-1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Fasciolosis is a significant problem in veterinary and public health, causing huge economic losses. Epidemiological studies of fasciolosis in dairy cattle in Indonesia are few and existing reports primarily focus on prevalence. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, risk factors, and infection intensity of fasciolosis in dairy cattle in Boyolali, Indonesia. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study included 400 dairy cattle from 72 household farms in eight subdistricts. Fecal samples (n=400) were examined using the Flukefinder® kit and the simple sedimentation technique was the gold standard for fasciolosis. In-person interviews using questionnaires collected data on farmers, farms, and animal characteristics. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associated risk factors for fasciolosis, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The overall prevalence of fasciolosis in dairy cattle in Boyolali, Indonesia, was 16.50% (95% confidence interval [CI] 12.85-20.15) at the animal level (n = 400), whereas 40.28% at household farms (n = 72) level (95% CI 18.67-51.88). The relative sensitivity and specificity of the Flukefinder® kit compared with those of the gold standard were 79.49% and 92.52%, respectively, with a moderate agreement (kappa=0.59; p < 0.001). Fasciolosis was more likely in cattle originating from the Mojosongo subdistrict than from other subdistricts (odds ratio (OR)=5.28, 95% CI 1.22-22.94); from farms that did not process manure versus from those that did (OR = 3.03, 95% CI 1.43-4.71); and with farmers that had never attended extension programs compared with those who had (OR = 4.72, 95% CI 1.99-11.19). Studied cattle were mostly affected by light Fasciola spp. infections (92.4%, 95% CI 77.8-100%) followed by moderate (6.1%, 95% CI 0-22.2%) and heavy (1.5%, 95% CI 0-5.6%) infections. Conclusion Fasciolosis is prevalent in dairy cattle in Boyolali, Indonesia. Control efforts should target the high-risk Mojosongo subdistrict, emphasize the importance of processing manure, and encourage farmers to attend extension programs. Flukefinder® is a practical on-site diagnostic kit for fasciolosis in Indonesian dairy farms. Parasite species identification and a malacological survey of intermediate hosts of Fasciola spp. in the farming environment are required for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heri Kurnianto
- Department of Farm and Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Agriculture Research and Development Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesia
| | - Siti Zubaidah Ramanoon
- Department of Farm and Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azlina Abdul Aziz
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Soedarmanto Indarjulianto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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11
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Molecular analyses confirm the coexistence of Fasciola gigantica and parthenogenetic Fasciola in the Philippines. Parasitol Int 2022; 88:102562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Liang S, Ponpetch K, Zhou YB, Guo J, Erko B, Stothard JR, Murad MH, Zhou XN, Satrija F, Webster JP, Remais JV, Utzinger J, Garba A. Diagnosis of Schistosoma infection in non-human animal hosts: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010389. [PMID: 35522699 PMCID: PMC9116658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reliable and field-applicable diagnosis of schistosome infections in non-human animals is important for surveillance, control, and verification of interruption of human schistosomiasis transmission. This study aimed to summarize uses of available diagnostic techniques through a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We systematically searched the literature and reports comparing two or more diagnostic tests in non-human animals for schistosome infection. Out of 4,909 articles and reports screened, 19 met our inclusion criteria, four of which were considered in the meta-analysis. A total of 14 techniques (parasitologic, immunologic, and molecular) and nine types of non-human animals were involved in the studies. Notably, four studies compared parasitologic tests (miracidium hatching test (MHT), Kato-Katz (KK), the Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory technique (DBL), and formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation-digestion (FEA-SD)) with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and sensitivity estimates (using qPCR as the reference) were extracted and included in the meta-analyses, showing significant heterogeneity across studies and animal hosts. The pooled estimate of sensitivity was 0.21 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03-0.48) with FEA-SD showing highest sensitivity (0.89, 95% CI: 0.65-1.00). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings suggest that the parasitologic technique FEA-SD and the molecular technique qPCR are the most promising techniques for schistosome diagnosis in non-human animal hosts. Future studies are needed for validation and standardization of the techniques for real-world field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Liang
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Keerati Ponpetch
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Sirindhorn College of Public Health Trang, Faculty of Public Health and Allied Health Sciences, Praboromarajchanok Institute, Trang, Thailand
| | - Yi-Biao Zhou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiagang Guo
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Berhanu Erko
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - J. Russell Stothard
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | - M. Hassan Murad
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fadjar Satrija
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Joanne P. Webster
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Justin V. Remais
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amadou Garba
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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13
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Molecular Techniques as Alternatives of Diagnostic Tools in China as Schistosomiasis Moving towards Elimination. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030287. [PMID: 35335611 PMCID: PMC8951378 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis japonica caused by the trematode flukes of Schistosoma japonicum was one of the most grievous infectious diseases in China in the mid-20th century, while its elimination has been placed on the agenda of the national strategic plan of healthy China 2030 after 70 years of continuous control campaigns. Diagnostic tools play a pivotal role in warfare against schistosomiasis but must adapt to the endemic status and objectives of activities. With the decrease of prevalence and infection intensity of schistosomiasis in human beings and livestock, optimal methodologies with high sensitivity and absolute specificity are needed for the detection of asymptomatic cases or light infections, as well as disease surveillance to verify elimination. In comparison with the parasitological methods with relatively low sensitivity and serological techniques lacking specificity, which both had been widely used in previous control stages, the molecular detection methods based on the amplification of promising genes of the schistosome genome may pick up the baton to assist the eventual aim of elimination. In this article, we reviewed the developed molecular methods for detecting S. japonicum infection and their application in schistosomiasis japonica diagnosis. Concurrently, we also analyzed the chances and challenges of molecular tools to the field application process in China.
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14
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Belizario VY,J, de Cadiz AE, Navarro RC, Flores MJC, Molina VB, Dalisay SNM, Medina JRC, Lumangaya CR. The status of schistosomiasis japonica control in the Philippines: The need for an integrated approach to address a multidimensional problem. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2022.8-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis japonica remains a public health concern in many areas of the Philippines. Adequate and updated information is essential to enhance policy and service delivery toward control and elimination. Despite the efforts on schistosomiasis control in the Philippines, some challenges remain in these dimensions. An integrated surveillance system is recommended to determine the prevalence of infection in humans, animal reservoirs, and snail intermediate hosts, allowing the identification of high-priority areas for targeted interventions. This will entail the enhancement of laboratory diagnosis capacity through the use of more sensitive techniques, complemented by capacity building of concerned human and animal health professionals. Given the zoonotic nature of schistosomiasis japonica, adopting the One Health approach is essential to influence policies and interventions that may accelerate control and elimination. This can be achieved through the attainment of mass drug administration coverage targets and intensified case finding and management, robust implementation and integration of veterinary public health activities, the conduct of snail control measures, provision of safe water, sanitation, and hygiene services, and health promotion and education into the national schistosomiasis control and elimination program. This review aimed to describe the status of schistosomiasis japonica control in the Philippines in the context of human health, animal health, vector ecology and management, environmental health, and sociocultural dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Y. , Jr. Belizario
- Department of Parasitology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Neglected Tropical Diseases Study Group, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Aleyla E. de Cadiz
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Studies, College of Science and Mathematics, University of the Philippines, Mindanao, Philippines
| | - Rohani C. Navarro
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Mary Jane C. Flores
- Department of Biology, College of Science, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
| | - Victorio B. Molina
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Soledad Natalia M. Dalisay
- Department of Anthropology, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Philippines
| | - John Robert C. Medina
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Carlo R. Lumangaya
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Study Group, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
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15
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Gordon CA, Williams GM, Gray DJ, Clements ACA, Zhou XN, Li Y, Utzinger J, Kurscheid J, Forsyth S, Addis Alene K, Zhou J, Li Z, Li G, Lin D, Lou Z, Li S, Ge J, Xu J, Yu X, Hu F, Xie S, Chen J, Shi T, Li C, Zheng H, McManus DP. Schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China - down but not out. Parasitology 2022; 149:218-233. [PMID: 35234601 PMCID: PMC11010531 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis has been subjected to extensive control efforts in the People's Republic of China (China) which aims to eliminate the disease by 2030. We describe baseline results of a longitudinal cohort study undertaken in the Dongting and Poyang lakes areas of central China designed to determine the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum in humans, animals (goats and bovines) and Oncomelania snails utilizing molecular diagnostics procedures. Data from the Chinese National Schistosomiasis Control Programme (CNSCP) were compared with the molecular results obtained.Sixteen villages from Hunan and Jiangxi provinces were surveyed; animals were only found in Hunan. The prevalence of schistosomiasis in humans was 1.8% in Jiangxi and 8.0% in Hunan determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), while 18.3% of animals were positive by digital droplet PCR. The CNSCP data indicated that all villages harboured S. japonicum-infected individuals, detected serologically by indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA), but very few, if any, of these were subsequently positive by Kato-Katz (KK).Based on the outcome of the IHA and KK results, the CNSCP incorporates targeted human praziquantel chemotherapy but this approach can miss some infections as evidenced by the results reported here. Sensitive molecular diagnostics can play a key role in the elimination of schistosomiasis in China and inform control measures allowing for a more systematic approach to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Gordon
- Department of Immunology, Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gail M. Williams
- School of Population Health, Discipline of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Darren J. Gray
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuesheng Li
- Department of Immunology, Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Hunan Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Yueyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Kurscheid
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Forsyth
- School of Population Health, Discipline of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Jie Zhou
- Hunan Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Yueyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojun Li
- Jiangxi Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangpin Li
- Hunan Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Yueyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Lin
- Jiangxi Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Lou
- Hunan Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Yueyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengming Li
- Hunan Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Yueyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ge
- Jiangxi Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinling Yu
- Hunan Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Yueyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Hu
- Jiangxi Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuying Xie
- Jiangxi Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- Chinese National Human Genome Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Shi
- Chinese National Human Genome Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Li
- Chinese National Human Genome Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huajun Zheng
- Chinese National Human Genome Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Donald P. McManus
- Department of Immunology, Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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16
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Jiz M, Mingala C, Fu ZQ, Adriatico M, Lu K, Jarilla B, Sagliba M, Moreno A, Park S, Lin JJ, Olveda R, Kurtis JD, Wu HW. High prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum by perfusion in naturally exposed water buffalo in a region of the Philippines endemic for human schistosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009796. [PMID: 34529663 PMCID: PMC8478178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, ecological surveys emphasized rats and dogs as the most significant animal reservoirs for Schistosoma japonicum (S.j) in the Philippines. However, recent studies demonstrated 51-91% prevalence of schistosomiasis among water buffalo using qPCR in the Sj endemic regions in the Philippines. In order to resolve the inconsistency of reported surveys regarding Sj endemicity among carabao, a domestic water buffalo that is the most important draught animal, we introduced 42 schistosome negative water buffalo to Macanip, Jaro municipality, Leyte, the Philippines, a subsistence rice-farming village that has been the focus of schistosomiasis japonica studies of our group for the past 20 years. We conducted perfusion to the remaining 34 buffalo that survived 10 months of nature exposure and Typhoon Haiyan. Thirty-three water buffalo were found to be positive with at least 1 pair of worms from the mesenteric vein. The infection rate is 97%, with the worm burden of 94 (95% confidence interval, 49-138 worms) worms. To our knowledge, this is the first report about S. japonicum worm burden in naturally infected water buffalo in the Philippines. The fact that with less than one-year of exposure, in this human schistosomiasis endemic area, only 1 out of 34 water buffalo was uninfected is striking. Urgent attention is needed for a cost-effective technique for monitoring Sj infection in animals and humans. Meanwhile, intervention implementation, including water buffalo treatment and vaccination, should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Jiz
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Claro Mingala
- Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Zhi-Qiang Fu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Melika Adriatico
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ke Lu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Blanca Jarilla
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Marianne Sagliba
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ammabelle Moreno
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Sangshin Park
- Graduate School of Urban Public Health & Department of Urban Big Data Convergence, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiao-Jiao Lin
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Remigio Olveda
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jonathan D. Kurtis
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Hannah W. Wu
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
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17
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Navarro RC, de Cadiz AE, Fronda JM, Ong LAD, Belizario Jr. VY. Prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infection in water buffaloes in selected areas in Davao del Norte and Davao de Oro, the Philippines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2021.12-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Schistosomiasis (SCH) japonica is a zoonotic disease that can infect several mammalian hosts. Bovines, particularly water buffaloes, are considered the most important reservoir hosts due to the high levels of schistosome eggs, they excrete into the environment. In the Philippines, the previous studies have revealed a high prevalence of SCH in bovines in selected provinces in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. However, there is a lack of studies on SCH in the Davao Region, Mindanao, where the infection remains a public health concern. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of SCH in water buffaloes in four barangays (villages) each in Braulio Dujali, Davao del Norte and Maragusan, Davao de Oro, Southeastern Mindanao, the Philippines.
Materials and Methods: Fecal samples from 91 water buffaloes were collected intrarectally, processed using the formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation technique, and examined microscopically to determine the prevalence of SCH.
Results: A total of three water buffaloes (8.6%) in Maragusan were determined to be positive for Schistosoma japonicum, while none in Braulio Dujali. The prevalence of other parasites (Fasciola spp. [53.8%], Paramphistome spp. [20.9%], Amphistome spp. [16.5%], Strongyle spp. [11.0%], Balantidium spp. [9.9%], Eurytrema spp. [2.2%], and Gongylonema pulchrum [1.1%]) was also observed.
Conclusion: The results of the study provide baseline data on the presence of S. japonicum in water buffaloes in the Davao Region, Mindanao. Strategies for controlling and eliminating SCH in animal reservoir hosts, especially in water buffaloes, are necessary for the long-term control and elimination of SCH in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohani C. Navarro
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Aleyla E. de Cadiz
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Studies, College of Science and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Mindanao, Davao City, Philippines
| | - Jordan M. Fronda
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Study Group, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Lynnell Alexie D. Ong
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Study Group, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Vicente Y. Belizario Jr.
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Study Group, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Parasitology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
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18
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King M, Carson J, Stewart MT, Gobert GN. Revisiting the Schistosoma japonicum life cycle transcriptome for new insights into lung schistosomula development. Exp Parasitol 2021; 223:108080. [PMID: 33548219 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Schistosome parasites are complex trematode blood flukes responsible for the disease schistosomiasis; a global health concern prevalent in many tropical and sub-tropical countries. While established transcriptomic databases are accessed ad hoc to facilitate studies characterising specific genes or gene families, a more comprehensive systematic updating of gene annotation and survey of the literature to aid in annotation and context is rarely addressed. We have reanalysed an online transcriptomic dataset originally published in 2009, where seven life cycle stages of Schistosoma japonicum were examined. Using the online pathway analysis tool Reactome, we have revisited key data from the original study. A key focus of this study was to improve the interpretation of the gene expression profile of the developmental lung-stage schistosomula, since it is one of the principle targets for worm elimination. Highly enriched transcripts, associated with lung schistosomula, were related to a number of important biological pathways including host immune evasion, energy metabolism and parasitic development. Revisiting large transcriptomic databases should be considered in the context of substantial new literature. This approach could aid in the improved understanding of the molecular basis of parasite biology. This may lead to the identification of new targets for diagnosis and therapies for schistosomes, and other helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meághan King
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Jack Carson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Michael T Stewart
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Geoffrey N Gobert
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK.
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Abstract
Hookworms are some of the most widespread of the soil-transmitted helminths (STH) with an estimated 438.9 million people infected. Until relatively recently Ancylostoma ceylanicum was regarded as a rare cause of hookworm infection in humans, with little public health relevance. However, recent advances in molecular diagnostics have revealed a much higher prevalence of this zoonotic hookworm than previously thought, particularly in Asia. This study examined the prevalence of STH and A. ceylanicum in the municipalities of Palapag and Laoang in the Philippines utilizing real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on stool samples previously collected as part of a cross-sectional survey of schistosomiasis japonica. Prevalence of hookworm in humans was high with 52.8% (n = 228/432) individuals positive for any hookworm, 34.5% (n = 149/432) infected with Necator americanus, and 29.6% (n = 128/432) with Ancylostoma spp; of these, 34 were PCR-positive for A. ceylanicum. Considering dogs, 12 (n = 33) were PCR-positive for A. ceylanicum. This is the first study to utilize molecular diagnostics to identify A. ceylanicum in the Philippines with both humans and dogs infected. Control and elimination of this zoonotic hookworm will require a multifaceted approach including chemotherapy of humans, identification of animal reservoirs, improvements in health infrastructure, and health education to help prevent infection.
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20
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Gordon CA, Krause L, McManus DP, Morrison M, Weerakoon KG, Connor MC, Olveda RM, Ross AG, Gobert GN. Helminths, polyparasitism, and the gut microbiome in the Philippines. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:217-225. [PMID: 32135180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyparasitism, involving soil-transmitted helminths. and Schistosoma blood flukes, is common in low to middle income countries. These helminths impact on the gut environment and can cause changes to the gut microbiome composition. Here we examined the gut microbiome in individuals with polyparasitism from two human cohorts in the Philippines utilising DNA sequencing-based profiling. Multiple helminth species infections were high with 70.3% of study participants harbouring at least two parasite species, and 16% harbouring at least five species. Increased numbers of helminth co-infections, in particular with the gut-resident soil-transmitted helminths, were significantly associated with increased bacterial diversity; however no significant parasite-gut microbiome associations were evident for individuals infected only with Schistosoma japonicum. In general, a healthy gut is associated with high bacterial diversity, which in these human cohorts may be the result of helminth-mediated immune modulation, or due to changes in the gut environment caused by these parasitic helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Immunology Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lutz Krause
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Immunology Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark Morrison
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kosala G Weerakoon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Immunology Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Mairead C Connor
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Remigio M Olveda
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manilla, Philippines
| | - Allen G Ross
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Geoffrey N Gobert
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.
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21
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Tenorio JCB, Molina EC. Schistosoma japonicum infections in cattle and water buffaloes of farming communities of Koronadal City, Philippines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2020.28-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Schistosomiasis is one of the seven neglected tropical diseases that are of public health concern in the Philippines. The disease is prevalent in few of the barangays (communities) in Koronadal City, Philippines. Status of the Schistosoma japonicum infections in domestic animal reservoir host has yet to be explored in these endemic communities. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and infection intensity of the disease in cattle and water buffaloes of endemic communities of Koronadal City.
Materials and Methods: Schistosomiasis was investigated in 70 cattle and 38 water buffaloes from three endemic communities in Koronadal City. The copro-parasitological technique used was the formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation method.
Results: S. japonicum infection was observed in 48.6% of cattle and 60.5% in water buffaloes. The bovine contamination index indicated that all infected animals released 3,505,500 eggs/day. On average, infected cattle released 1,674,500 eggs daily, while infected water buffaloes liberated 1,932,000 eggs in the environment daily.
Conclusion: Cattle and water buffaloes in these endemic areas are infected with S. japonicum. These animals release large numbers of eggs in the environment daily; hence, played an important role in disease transmission. Those living and working in endemic areas should be aware of the inherent dangers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Clyden B. Tenorio
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, College Of Veterinary Medicine, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato, Philippines
| | - Elizabeth C. Molina
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, College Of Veterinary Medicine, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato, Philippines; Cotabato Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development Consortium, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato, Philippines
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22
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Kron M, Gordon C, Bauers T, Lu Z, Mahatme S, Shah J, Saeian K, McManus DP. Persistence of Schistosoma japonicum DNA in a Kidney-Liver Transplant Recipient. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:584-587. [PMID: 30628570 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial genome analysis of Schistosoma japonicum suggests that diversity of intermediate host snails drove intra-species divergence during its expansion in Asia. We applied the knowledge of this genomic variation to study an unusual patient we recently diagnosed with schistosomiasis. The patient had not visited any schistosomiasis-endemic countries for more than 35 years and had no idea where she became infected. Unusual clinical features of this patient included the absence of egg granulomas in tissue and persistent noncalcified eggs despite multiple praziquantel (PZQ) treatments over 7 years. A digital droplet polymerase chair reaction (PCR) assay that specifically targets the schistosome 1,4 dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-1 (NADH1) dehydrogenase-1 mitochondrial gene successfully amplified parasite DNA extracted from colon biopsies. DNA sequence analysis of parasite DNA revealed that it was a Philippine strain of S. japonicum. Future molecular studies using stored DNA from patients such as this may provide new insight into why some persons do not respond well to PZQ treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kron
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Catherine Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Timothy Bauers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Zouyan Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Sheran Mahatme
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Janaki Shah
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Kia Saeian
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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23
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Betson M, Alonte AJI, Ancog RC, Aquino AMO, Belizario VY, Bordado AMD, Clark J, Corales MCG, Dacuma MG, Divina BP, Dixon MA, Gourley SA, Jimenez JRD, Jones BP, Manalo SMP, Prada JM, van Vliet AHM, Whatley KCL, Paller VGV. Zoonotic transmission of intestinal helminths in southeast Asia: Implications for control and elimination. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 108:47-131. [PMID: 32291086 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal helminths are extremely widespread and highly prevalent infections of humans, particularly in rural and poor urban areas of low and middle-income countries. These parasites have chronic and often insidious effects on human health and child development including abdominal problems, anaemia, stunting and wasting. Certain animals play a fundamental role in the transmission of many intestinal helminths to humans. However, the contribution of zoonotic transmission to the overall burden of human intestinal helminth infection and the relative importance of different animal reservoirs remains incomplete. Moreover, control programmes and transmission models for intestinal helminths often do not consider the role of zoonotic reservoirs of infection. Such reservoirs will become increasingly important as control is scaled up and there is a move towards interruption and even elimination of parasite transmission. With a focus on southeast Asia, and the Philippines in particular, this review summarises the major zoonotic intestinal helminths, risk factors for infection and highlights knowledge gaps related to their epidemiology and transmission. Various methodologies are discussed, including parasite genomics, mathematical modelling and socio-economic analysis, that could be employed to improve understanding of intestinal helminth spread, reservoir attribution and the burden associated with infection, as well as assess effectiveness of interventions. For sustainable control and ultimately elimination of intestinal helminths, there is a need to move beyond scheduled mass deworming and to consider animal and environmental reservoirs. A One Health approach to control of intestinal helminths is proposed, integrating interventions targeting humans, animals and the environment, including improved access to water, hygiene and sanitation. This will require coordination and collaboration across different sectors to achieve best health outcomes for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Betson
- University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Rico C Ancog
- University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | | | | | | | - Jessica Clark
- University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Billy P Divina
- University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | | | | | | | - Ben P Jones
- University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
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24
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Cercarial Fauna of Freshwater Snails in Selected Agricultural Areas in Laguna, Philippines. Helminthologia 2019; 56:81-86. [PMID: 31662677 PMCID: PMC6662028 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2018-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater snails serve as one of trematodes’ intermediate hosts. Previous studies on trematode larval stages in the Philippines have largely focused on species with public health importance. This study sought to investigate the prevalence of cercarial morphotypes in several freshwater snail species found in different habitat types (rice field, irrigation canals, and residential area) in selected agricultural areas in Los Baños and Bay in Laguna. Cercarial emergence was induced through exposure to artificial light. A total of 2,720 freshwater snails were collected and were represented by seven species, namely, Melanoides tuberculata Muller 1774 (n = 1229), Radix quadrasi von Moellendorf (n = 630), Tarebia granifera Lamarck, 1816 (n = 417), Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck 1819 (n = 257), Vivipara angularis philippinensis Nevill (n = 18), Stenomelania sp. (n = 104), Thiara scabra Muller 1774 (n = 65). A 2.57 % over-all prevalence was recorded; the infected snail species were M. tuberculata (2.21 %), R. quadrasi (0.21 %), T. granifera (0.11 %). Four cercarial morphotypes, namely, Parapleurolophocercous cercaria (1.80 %), Virgulate xiphidiocercaria (0.26 %), Megaluruous cercaria (0.29 %), and Echinostome cercaria (0.22 %) were recovered from the infected snail species. Prevalence of cercarial infection was significantly different (p < 0.05) among habitat types.
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25
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Budiono NG, Satrija F, Ridwan Y, Handharyani E, Murtini S. The contribution of domestic animals to the transmission of schistosomiasis japonica in the Lindu Subdistrict of the Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Vet World 2019; 12:1591-1598. [PMID: 31849421 PMCID: PMC6868259 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1591-1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Schistosomiasis is endemic in Indonesia and is found in three remote areas in Central Sulawesi Province. Non-human mammals serve as reservoir hosts, meaning the disease is zoonotic. The previous schistosomiasis studies in animals from the Lindu Subdistrict did not determine which domestic animal species can serve as the primary source of transmission. No animals have been treated in Indonesia to control the disease; therefore, the parasite’s life cycle is not blocked entirely. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and identify the risk factors associated with, Schistosoma japonicum infection in animals, and identify animals’ relative contributions to S. japonicum transmission in the Lindu Subdistrict. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey of S. japonicum infected animals was conducted in five villages of the Lindu Subdistrict. Fecal samples were collected from 134 selected animals (13 cattle, 26 buffaloes, 28 horses, 59 pigs, and 8 dogs). S. japonicum infection and infection intensity were determined using the Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory method. Environmental contamination with schistosome eggs was measured. The data were analyzed using a Chi-square test. Results: The overall prevalence of schistosomiasis was 32.9%, with the prevalence of infection in each species of animal at 61.5% in cattle, 42.3% in buffaloes, 25.0% in horses, 35.6% in pigs, and 12.5% in dogs. Free-range pigs were 8.667 times more likely to have S. japonicum infection than pigs kept in cages. Buffaloes, cattle, and horses were the primary sources of S. japonicum egg contamination, with relative transmission indices of 59.15%, 22.80%, and 10.61%, respectively. Conclusion: Bovines and horses are the main contributors to schistosomiasis transmission in the Lindu Subdistrict. In conjunction with other schistosomiasis control programs, the government should treat infected animals living within endemic areas where there are high infection rates of S. japonicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novericko Ginger Budiono
- Parasitology and Medical Entomology Study Program, Graduate School, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Fadjar Satrija
- Parasitology and Medical Entomology Study Program, Graduate School, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia.,Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Yusuf Ridwan
- Parasitology and Medical Entomology Study Program, Graduate School, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia.,Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Ekowati Handharyani
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, Reproduction, and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Sri Murtini
- Parasitology and Medical Entomology Study Program, Graduate School, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia.,Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
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Richards L, Erko B, Ponpetch K, Ryan SJ, Liang S. Assessing the nonhuman primate reservoir of Schistosoma mansoni in Africa: a systematic review. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:32. [PMID: 31077256 PMCID: PMC6509776 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports of natural infections of Schistosoma mansoni in a number of species of nonhuman primates (NHPs) in Africa, coupled with the substantial overlap of NHP habitats and human schistosomiasis endemic areas, has led to concerns about the role of NHPs in the transmission of human schistosomiasis. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to describe the current scope of knowledge for Africa, for the NHP species implicated, their geographical distribution, infection rates with S. mansoni, and to discuss the implications for public health and conservation. MAIN TEXT A systematic search of the literature was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, the World Health Organization (WHO) library database, World Cat, and ScienceDirect without any language restriction. Studies examining S. mansoni infection of any African NHP species were included. Study types, primate species, their geographical distribution, and parasite diagnostic techniques reported in the studies were qualitatively summarized. Data for species with sample sizes ≥10 were included in the meta-analysis. We assessed the reported infection rate, and used a random-effects model to estimate the summary infection rates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We assessed heterogeneity among studies using the I2 statistics. Twenty-nine publications, from 1960 to 2018, were identified and included in the review. The studies examined a total of 2962 primates belonging to 22 species in 11 genera across ten countries (Cameroon, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe), and S. mansoni infections were found in nine species of five genera in all countries. When we excluded studies with sample sizes < 10, data from 24 studies on 11 species of primates in three genera in ten countries remained in the meta-analysis. The overall pooled estimate of infection rate was 10% (95% CI: 6-16%) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 94.77%) across countries and species/genera. Among the three genera, Pan had the highest infection rate of 15% (95% CI: 0-55%), followed by Papio at 11% (95% CI: 6-18%), and Cercopithecus at 5% (95% CI: 0-14%). The association between NHP and human infections was positive, but not significant, due to low study sample matches and high variation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that S. mansoni infection rate is high in African NHPs, with substantial heterogeneities across species/genera and countries in Africa. Given the evidence for potential spillover and spillback of S. mansoni between African NHPs and humans, further research is urgently needed to understand ecology and mechanisms of transmission of the parasite between NHP and human hosts, in order to inform control strategies of this important neglected tropical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Richards
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
| | - Berhanu Erko
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Keerati Ponpetch
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
| | - Sadie J. Ryan
- Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 326102 USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
| | - Song Liang
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
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27
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Francisco I, Jiz M, Rosenbaum M, Baltazar P, Steele JA. Knowledge, attitudes and practices related to schistosomiasis transmission and control in Leyte, Philippines. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007358. [PMID: 31048882 PMCID: PMC6516667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a chronic but preventable disease that affects 260 million people worldwide. In the Philippines, 860,000 people are afflicted with Schistosoma japonicum annually, and another 6.7 million live in endemic areas. The disease’s complex epidemiology as well as the influence of poverty in endemic areas demand an integrated, multi-sectoral approach to disease control. Results from behavioral or sociocultural studies on schistosomiasis could improve the content and impact of schistosomiasis control in rural villages in the Philippines. We investigated knowledge, attitudes and practices related to schistosomiasis transmission and control in an endemic village in Leyte Province, Philippines. We administered a questionnaire to 219 participants covering 1) knowledge and attitudes related to schistosomiasis, its symptoms, and its transmission; 2) attitudes and practices in relation to schistosomiasis prevention; 3) willingness to comply with public health control programs; and 4) whether the respondent had previously contracted schistosomiasis. Responses revealed fairly high measures of schistosomiasis knowledge (mean 17.0 out of 23 questions, range 6–23), but also inconsistent disease prevention behavior. A high proportion of participants (72.6%, n = 159) reported previous disease. Participant belief in the preventability of schistosomiasis was revealed to be a key attitude, as carabao owners who believed in prevention were over five times more likely to be willing to vaccinate their carabaos (OR = 5.24, 95% CI 1.20–27.68, P = 0.04). Additionally, participants who did not believe in prevention were about twice as likely to report previous disease (OR = 2.31, 95% CI 1.02–5.63, P = 0.05). Our results suggest that future public health interventions should address barriers to disease-preventing behavior, as well as maintaining community belief in disease prevention. Comprehensive disease control programs should be supplemented by sociocultural and behavioral context in order to improve their impact in endemic communities. Schistosomiasis is a chronic tropical disease caused by parasitic worms of the genus Schistosoma. In the Philippines, Schistosoma japonicum afflicts over 800,000 people annually, and another 6.7 million live in endemic areas. The current national control program based on human mass treatment has been unable to eliminate schistosomiasis on its own. This is in part due to the poverty of endemic areas as well as the parasite’s complex life cycle, which includes transmission by freshwater snails and livestock. A more comprehensive disease control strategy would include periodic treatment and vaccination of the widely used domestic water buffalo or carabao. Sociocultural and behavioral research would also inform and improve the impact of future control programs. To this end, we investigated knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to schistosomiasis in an endemic village in Leyte, Philippines. We found high levels of disease knowledge and awareness, but also inconsistencies in disease prevention habits. Belief in whether schistosomiasis could be prevented was important in this community, associated with previous disease experience as well as receptivity to new strategies like livestock vaccination. This kind of social context is vital to future public health campaigns, and highlights the importance of cross-disciplinary work to achieve successful disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Francisco
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mario Jiz
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Marieke Rosenbaum
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Palmera Baltazar
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Jennifer A. Steele
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Olveda RM, Gray DJ. Schistosomiasis in the Philippines: Innovative Control Approach is Needed if Elimination is the Goal. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4020066. [PMID: 31013917 PMCID: PMC6631753 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1996, schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma japonicum was declared eradicated in Japan. In the People’s Republic of China, S. japonicum transmission has been interrupted in the major endemic areas in the coastal plains but the disease persists in the lake and marshland regions south of the Yangtze River. The disease remains a public health problem in endemic areas in the Philippines and in isolated areas in Indonesia. Comprehensive multidisciplinary campaigns had led to eradication of schistosomiasis in Japan and have been successful in the interruption of disease transmission in the major endemic regions of the People’s Republic of China. Unfortunately, the integrated measures cannot be duplicated in schistosomiasis endemic areas in the Philippines because of limited resources. The problem is also more complicated due to the topography in the Philippines and transmission is not seasonal as in China. An innovative approach is needed in the Philippines if schistosomiasis elimination is the goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remigio M Olveda
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Manila 1781, Philippines.
| | - Darren J Gray
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia.
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29
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Asian Schistosomiasis: Current Status and Prospects for Control Leading to Elimination. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4010040. [PMID: 30813615 PMCID: PMC6473711 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an infectious disease caused by helminth parasites of the genus Schistosoma. Worldwide, an estimated 250 million people are infected with these parasites with the majority of cases occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. Within Asia, three species of Schistosoma cause disease. Schistosoma japonicum is the most prevalent, followed by S. mekongi and S. malayensis. All three species are zoonotic, which causes concern for their control, as successful elimination not only requires management of the human definitive host, but also the animal reservoir hosts. With regard to Asian schistosomiasis, most of the published research has focused on S. japonicum with comparatively little attention paid to S. mekongi and even less focus on S. malayensis. In this review, we examine the three Asian schistosomes and their current status in their endemic countries: Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, and Thailand (S. mekongi); Malaysia (S. malayensis); and Indonesia, People's Republic of China, and the Philippines (S. japonicum). Prospects for control that could potentially lead to elimination are highlighted as these can inform researchers and disease control managers in other schistosomiasis-endemic areas, particularly in Africa and the Americas.
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30
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Mutombo PN, Man NWY, Nejsum P, Ricketson R, Gordon CA, Robertson G, Clements ACA, Chacón-Fonseca N, Nissapatorn V, Webster JP, McLaws ML. Diagnosis and drug resistance of human soil-transmitted helminth infections: A public health perspective. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 104:247-326. [PMID: 31030770 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections represent a major public health problem globally, particularly among socio-economically disadvantaged populations. Detection of STH infections is often challenging, requiring a combination of diagnostic techniques to achieve acceptable sensitivity and specificity, particularly in low infection-intensity situations. The microscopy-based Kato-Katz remains the most widely used method but has low sensitivity in the detection of, for instance, Strongyloides spp. infections, among others. Antigen/antibody assays can be more sensitive but are parasite species-specific. Highly sensitive PCR methods have been developed to be multiplexed to allow multi-species detection. Novel diagnostic tests for all STH species are needed for effective monitoring, evaluation of chemotherapy programmes, and to assess the potential emergence of parasite resistance. This review discusses available diagnostic methods for the different stages of STH control programmes, which vary in sensitivity and spectrum of detection requirements, and tools to evaluate drug efficacy and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polydor Ngoy Mutombo
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Nicola W Y Man
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert Ricketson
- Hale O'mana'o Biomedical Research, Division of Emerging Pathogens, Edmond, OK, United States
| | - Catherine A Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gemma Robertson
- Public and Environmental Health, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Nathalie Chacón-Fonseca
- Soil-Transmitted Helminths Section, Tropical Medicine Institute, Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand; Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Joanne P Webster
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary-Louise McLaws
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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31
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Portugaliza HP, Balaso IMC, Descallar JCB, Lañada EB. Prevalence, risk factors, and spatial distribution of Fasciola in carabao and intermediate host in Baybay, Leyte, Philippines. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2018; 15:100261. [PMID: 30929938 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fasciolosis remains an important parasitic disease of ruminants in Southeast Asia. We investigated the prevalence and spatial distribution of Fasciola spp. in carabao (Bubalus bubalis) and snail intermediate hosts (IHs) in Baybay, Leyte, Philippines. Using one-stage cluster sampling, we examined 335 fecal samples of carabaos from 138 herds for Fasciola spp. eggs, and in parallel collected IH snail data in the area. Risk factor analyses were performed and GIS maps were created for Fasciola spp. prevalence and IH snail distribution. The prevalence of Fasciola spp. in animal and herd level was 63.58% and 86.96%, respectively. Risk factor analyses showed that increasing age and drinking from irrigation water were highly associated with Fasciola infection in carabaos. Inversely, access to wallowing ponds seemed to be a significant protective factor. Lymnaeid snail presence was higher in areas with intensive networks of irrigated water system and rivers, land elevation above sea level, and moderate vegetation. Our epidemiologic data suggest a high endemicity of Fasciola spp. in Baybay, Leyte and present essential factors to consider in implementing control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvie P Portugaliza
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State University, Baybay, Leyte 6521-A, Philippines.
| | - Ivy Mae C Balaso
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State University, Baybay, Leyte 6521-A, Philippines
| | - June Clyde B Descallar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State University, Baybay, Leyte 6521-A, Philippines
| | - Eugene B Lañada
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State University, Baybay, Leyte 6521-A, Philippines
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Inobaya MT, Chau TN, Ng SK, MacDougall C, Olveda RM, Tallo VL, Landicho JM, Malacad CM, Aligato MF, Guevarra JB, Ross AG. Mass drug administration and the sustainable control of schistosomiasis: an evaluation of treatment compliance in the rural Philippines. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:441. [PMID: 30064469 PMCID: PMC6069569 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preventive chemotherapy is the current global control strategy for schistosomiasis. The WHO target coverage rate is at least 75% for school-aged children. In the Philippines, the reported national coverage rate (43.5%) is far below the WHO target. This study examined the factors associated with non-compliance to mass drug administration. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2015 among 2189 adults in the province of Northern Samar, the Philippines using a structured face-to-face survey questionnaire. Results The overall rate of non-compliance to mass drug administration (MDA) in the last treatment round was 27%. Females (aOR = 1.67, P = 0.033) were more likely to be non-compliant. Respondents who believed that schistosomiasis was acquired by open defecation and poor sanitation (aOR = 1.41, P = 0.015), and by drinking unclean water (aOR = 2.09, P = 0.001) were more likely to refuse treatment. Uncertainties on whether schistosomiasis can be treated (aOR = 2.39, P = 0.033), their fear of adverse reactions to praziquantel (aOR = 1.94, P = 0.021), misconceptions about alternative forms of treatment (aOR = 1.45, P = 0.037), and that praziquantel is used for purposes other than deworming (aOR = 2.15, P = 0.021) were all associated with a higher odd of non-compliance. In contrary, being a farmer (aOR = 0.62, P =0.038), participation in past MDA (aOR = 0.30, P < 0.001), informed about impending MDA (aOR = 0.08, P < 0.001), and having heard of schistosomiasis (aOR = 0.22, P = 0.045) were all significantly associated with reduced non-compliance. Conclusions To improve drug compliance for schistosomiasis there is an urgent need for intensive health education campaigns before conducting MDA that would not only provide disease specific information, but also deal with prevailing misconceptions about transmission, prevention, treatment, and drug side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianette T Inobaya
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Health, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Thao N Chau
- Discipline of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shu-Kay Ng
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Colin MacDougall
- Discipline of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Remigio M Olveda
- Department of Health, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Veronica L Tallo
- Department of Health, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Jhoys M Landicho
- Department of Health, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Carol M Malacad
- Department of Health, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Mila F Aligato
- Department of Health, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Jerric B Guevarra
- Department of Health, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Allen G Ross
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
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He P, Gordon CA, Williams GM, Li Y, Wang Y, Hu J, Gray DJ, Ross AG, Harn D, McManus DP. Real-time PCR diagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum in low transmission areas of China. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:8. [PMID: 29394958 PMCID: PMC5796516 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0390-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) can be traced back to antiquity. In the past 60 years, the Chinese government has made great efforts to control this persistent disease with elimination slated by 2020 through the implementation of a comprehensive control strategy. This strategy aims to reduce the role of bovines and humans as sources of infection as a pre-requisite for elimination through transmission interruption. The goal of elimination will be achievable only by the implementation of a sustainable surveillance and control system, with sensitive diagnosis a key feature so that the true disease burden is not underestimated. Currently used diagnostics lack the necessary sensitivity to accurately determine the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infection in areas with low infection intensities. It is of critical importance to find and treat people and to identify animals with low-level infections if the National Control Programme for China is to achieve schistosomiasis elimination. Methods We evaluated a real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay using 633 human stool samples collected from five villages in Hunan, Anhui, Hubei, and Jiangxi provinces, and 182 bovine (70 cattle and 112 buffalo) stool samples obtained from four villages in Hunan, Anhui, and Jiangxi provinces in the PRC. All stool samples were subjected to the miracidium hatching test (MHT, a diagnostic procedure used in the National Schistosomiasis Control Programme) and the qPCR assay. Samples positive by MHT were subjected to either the Kato-Katz technique for humans, or the formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation-digestion (FEA-SD) procedure for bovines, to determine infection intensities. Results The qPCR assay exhibited a high level of sensitivity in the detection of S. japonicum infections. With both the human and bovine samples, a significantly higher prevalence was determined using the qPCR assay (11.06% humans, 24.73% bovines) than with the MHT (0.93% humans, 7.69% bovines). The animal contamination index (calculated using data obtained with the qPCR technique) for all positive bovines was 27 618 000 eggs per day, indicating a considerable amount of environmental egg contamination that would be underestimated using less sensitive diagnostic procedures. Conclusions The qPCR assay we have evaluated will be applicable as a future field diagnostic and surveillance tool in low-transmission zones where schistosomiasis elimination is targeted and for monitoring post-intervention areas to verify that elimination has been maintained. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-018-0390-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei He
- Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yueyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Catherine A Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Gail M Williams
- Discipline of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yuesheng Li
- Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yueyang, People's Republic of China.,Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yueyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjian Hu
- Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yueyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Darren J Gray
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,Discipline of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Allen G Ross
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Donald Harn
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
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Mass drug administration and the global control of schistosomiasis: successes, limitations and clinical outcomes. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2018; 29:595-608. [PMID: 27584590 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Preventive chemotherapy is advocated for the global control and elimination of schistosomiasis. Despite the well known short-term benefits of treating patients for schistosomiasis, the impact of mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns to control the disease in the long term remains unresolved. RECENT FINDINGS Many studies have advocated the success of MDA programs in order to attract donor funds for elimination efforts but such successes are often short-lived given the drug does not alter the life cycle of the organism or prevent reinfection. Within a matter of months to years after halting treatment, the prevalence, intensity of infection and morbidity of disease return to baseline levels. Other mitigating factors contribute to the failings of MDA campaigns namely: poverty, poor drug coverage, poor drug compliance, and, in the case of Asiatic schistosomiasis, zoonotic transmission. Genetic and innate and acquired immunologic mechanisms complicate the epidemiologic picture of schistosomiasis globally, and may contribute indirectly to MDA shortcomings. The possibility of drug resistance is an ever present concern because of the sole reliance on one drug, praziquantel. SUMMARY Preventive chemotherapy is advocated for the global control and elimination of schistosomiasis. The short-term benefits of MDA campaigns are well documented but the long-term benefits are questionable.
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Weerakoon KG, Gordon CA, Williams GM, Cai P, Gobert GN, Olveda RM, Ross AG, Olveda DU, McManus DP. Droplet Digital PCR Diagnosis of Human Schistosomiasis: Parasite Cell-Free DNA Detection in Diverse Clinical Samples. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:1611-1622. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
Schistosomiasis in China has been substantially reduced due to an effective control programme employing various measures including bovine and human chemotherapy, and the removal of bovines from endemic areas. To fulfil elimination targets, it will be necessary to identify other possible reservoir hosts for Schistosoma japonicum and include them in future control efforts. This study determined the infection prevalence of S. japonicum in rodents (0-9·21%), dogs (0-18·37%) and goats (6·9-46·4%) from the Dongting Lake area of Hunan province, using a combination of traditional coproparasitological techniques (miracidial hatching technique and Kato-Katz thick smear technique) and molecular methods [quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR)]. We found a much higher prevalence in goats than previously recorded in this setting. Cattle and water buffalo were also examined using the same procedures and all were found to be infected, emphasising the occurrence of active transmission. qPCR and ddPCR were much more sensitive than the coproparasitological procedures with both KK and MHT considerably underestimating the true prevalence in all animals surveyed. The high level of S. japonicum prevalence in goats indicates that they are likely important reservoirs in schistosomiasis transmission, necessitating their inclusion as targets of control, if the goal of elimination is to be achieved in China.
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Jiz MA, Wu H, Olveda R, Jarilla B, Kurtis JD. Development of Paramyosin as a Vaccine Candidate for Schistosomiasis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:347. [PMID: 26257728 PMCID: PMC4508564 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, caused by three principal species of diecious trematodes (flatworms), currently afflicts over 250 million individuals, results in an estimated 2–15% chronic disability, and contributes to poor health and economic stagnation in endemic areas. Although schistosomiasis is effectively treated with praziquantel, rapid reinfection with rebound morbidity precludes effective control based on chemotherapy alone and justifies current efforts to develop vaccines for these parasites. Paramyosin (Pmy), an invertebrate muscle-associated protein, has emerged as a promising vaccine candidate for both Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum. Herein, we discuss the discovery of Pmy, its development as a vaccine candidate in rodents and bovines, as well as studies of naturally occurring immune responses to Pmy in prospective, observational human studies. We conclude with a proposed developmental plan to move Pmy toward Phase I clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Jiz
- Department of Health, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine , Manila , Philippines
| | - Haiwei Wu
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School , Providence, RI , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School , Providence, RI , USA
| | - Remigio Olveda
- Department of Health, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine , Manila , Philippines
| | - Blanca Jarilla
- Department of Health, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine , Manila , Philippines
| | - Jonathan D Kurtis
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School , Providence, RI , USA ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School , Providence, RI , USA
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Gordon CA, McManus DP, Acosta LP, Olveda RM, Williams GM, Ross AG, Gray DJ, Gobert GN. Multiplex real-time PCR monitoring of intestinal helminths in humans reveals widespread polyparasitism in Northern Samar, the Philippines. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:477-83. [PMID: 25858090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The global socioeconomic importance of helminth parasitic disease is underpinned by the considerable clinical impact on millions of people. While helminth polyparasitism is considered common in the Philippines, little has been done to survey its extent in endemic communities. High morphological similarity of eggs between related species complicates conventional microscopic diagnostic methods which are known to lack sensitivity, particularly in low intensity infections. Multiplex quantitative PCR diagnostic methods can provide rapid, simultaneous identification of multiple helminth species from a single stool sample. We describe a multiplex assay for the differentiation of Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus, Ancylostoma, Taenia saginata and Taenia solium, building on our previously published findings for Schistosoma japonicum. Of 545 human faecal samples examined, 46.6% were positive for at least three different parasite species. High prevalences of S. japonicum (90.64%), A. lumbricoides (58.17%), T. saginata (42.57%) and A. duodenale (48.07%) were recorded. Neither T. solium nor N. americanus were found to be present. The utility of molecular diagnostic methods for monitoring helminth parasite prevalence provides new information on the extent of polyparasitism in the Philippines municipality of Palapag. These methods and findings have potential global implications for the monitoring of neglected tropical diseases and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Discipline of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Luz P Acosta
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Remigio M Olveda
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Gail M Williams
- Discipline of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Allen G Ross
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Darren J Gray
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Discipline of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Geoffrey N Gobert
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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Gordon CA, Acosta LP, Gobert GN, Olveda RM, Ross AG, Williams GM, Gray DJ, Harn D, Li Y, McManus DP. Real-time PCR demonstrates high prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum in the Philippines: implications for surveillance and control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003483. [PMID: 25606851 PMCID: PMC4301913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Philippines has a population of approximately 103 million people, of which 6.7 million live in schistosomiasis-endemic areas with 1.8 million people being at risk of infection with Schistosoma japonicum. Although the country-wide prevalence of schistosomiasis japonica in the Philippines is relatively low, the prevalence of schistosomiasis can be high, approaching 65% in some endemic areas. Of the currently available microscopy-based diagnostic techniques for detecting schistosome infections in the Philippines and elsewhere, most exhibit varying diagnostic performances, with the Kato-Katz (KK) method having particularly poor sensitivity for detecting low intensity infections. This suggests that the actual prevalence of schistosomiasis japonica may be much higher than previous reports have indicated. Methodology/Principal Findings Six barangay (villages) were selected to determine the prevalence of S. japonicum in humans in the municipality of Palapag, Northern Samar. Fecal samples were collected from 560 humans and examined by the KK method and a validated real-time PCR (qPCR) assay. A high S. japonicum prevalence (90.2%) was revealed using qPCR whereas the KK method indicated a lower prevalence (22.9%). The geometric mean eggs per gram (GMEPG) determined by the qPCR was 36.5 and 11.5 by the KK. These results, particularly those obtained by the qPCR, indicate that the prevalence of schistosomiasis in this region of the Philippines is much higher than historically reported. Conclusions/Significance Despite being more expensive, qPCR can complement the KK procedure, particularly for surveillance and monitoring of areas where extensive schistosomiasis control has led to low prevalence and intensity infections and where schistosomiasis elimination is on the horizon, as for example in southern China. Schistosomiasis is caused by infection with trematode blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. Schistosoma japonicum is the causative agent of schistosomiasis in the Philippines, China and parts of Indonesia. In the Philippines, 6.7 million people live in endemic areas and 1.8 million are at risk of infection whereas concerted control efforts over the past 50 years in China have reduced the number of infected individuals considerably. Currently used microscopic techniques for diagnosis, notably the Kato-Katz (KK) technique, lack sensitivity in areas with low intensity schistosome infections. We have used a molecular diagnostic approach (qPCR), to assess the prevalence of S. japonicum in humans from six barangays in Northern Samar, the Philippines. The qPCR performed considerably better than the KK as a diagnostic procedure and could be an important tool in the future for surveillance and monitoring of areas where extensive schistosomiasis control has led to low prevalence and intensity infections and where schistosomiasis elimination is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine. A. Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Discipline of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail: (CAG); (DPM)
| | - Luz P. Acosta
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Geoffrey N. Gobert
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Remigio M. Olveda
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Allen G. Ross
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gail M. Williams
- Discipline of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Darren J. Gray
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Discipline of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Donald Harn
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yuesheng Li
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail: (CAG); (DPM)
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