1
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Jung JW, Li H, Lee JH, Hwang YJ, Dan K, Park MK, Han D, Suh MW. Dual viscosity mixture vehicle for intratympanic steroid treatment modifies the ROS and inflammation related proteomes. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1081724. [PMID: 36744248 PMCID: PMC9892634 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1081724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Until recently, the most standard treatment for sensorineural or sudden hearing loss, which is caused by inner ear damage or deterioration, has been systemic oral steroid administration. In recent, intratympanic steroid injections such as dexamethasone have been used for the treatment of sudden hearing loss as well. It is injected into the tympanic cavity through its membrane and is expected to diffuse over the round window located between the tympanic cavity and the inner ear. However, in clinical situations, the delivery time of steroids to the inner ear is shorter than 24 h, which does not allow for a sufficient therapeutic effect. Therefore, we applied a previously invented dual viscosity mixture vehicle (DVV) for intratympanic dexamethasone to a guinea pig model, which could reduce the side effects of systemic steroid administration with sufficient dwelling time for the treatment of hearing loss, and we investigated the physiological changes with a global proteomic approach. In this study, we extracted perilymph in three different conditions from guinea pigs treated with dexamethasone-embedded DVV, dexamethasone mixed in saline, and control groups to compare proteomic changes using tandem mass spectrometry analysis. After liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, we first identified 46 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) that were statistically significant after one-way ANOVA multiple-sample test. We also performed pairwise comparisons among each group to identify DEPs closely related to the treatment response of dexamethasone-embedded DVV. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that these DEPs were mostly related to inflammation, immune, actin remodeling, and antioxidant-related processes. As a result, the proteome changes in the DVV-treated groups revealed that most upregulated proteins activate the cell proliferation process, and downregulated proteins inhibit apoptosis and inflammatory reactions. Moreover, the reactive oxygen process was also regulated by DEPs after DVV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Jung
- Proteomics Core Facility, Transdisciplinary Research and Collaboration, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Hun Lee
- Proteomics Core Facility, Transdisciplinary Research and Collaboration, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jung Hwang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kisoon Dan
- Proteomics Core Facility, Transdisciplinary Research and Collaboration, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Moo Kyun Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dohyun Han
- Proteomics Core Facility, Transdisciplinary Research and Collaboration, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea,Transdisciplinary Department of Medicine and Advanced Technology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea,*Correspondence: Dohyun Han, ; Myung-Whan Suh,
| | - Myung-Whan Suh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea,*Correspondence: Dohyun Han, ; Myung-Whan Suh,
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2
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Rubin SA, Baron CS, Pessoa Rodrigues C, Duran M, Corbin AF, Yang SP, Trapnell C, Zon LI. Single-cell analyses reveal early thymic progenitors and pre-B cells in zebrafish. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20220038. [PMID: 35938989 PMCID: PMC9365674 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish has proven to be a valuable model organism for studying hematopoiesis, but relatively little is known about zebrafish immune cell development and functional diversity. Elucidating key aspects of zebrafish lymphocyte development and exploring the breadth of effector functions would provide valuable insight into the evolution of adaptive immunity. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing on ∼70,000 cells from the zebrafish marrow and thymus to establish a gene expression map of zebrafish immune cell development. We uncovered rich cellular diversity in the juvenile and adult zebrafish thymus, elucidated B- and T-cell developmental trajectories, and transcriptionally characterized subsets of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and early thymic progenitors. Our analysis permitted the identification of two dendritic-like cell populations and provided evidence in support of the existence of a pre-B cell state. Our results provide critical insights into the landscape of zebrafish immunology and offer a foundation for cellular and genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Rubin
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Chloé S. Baron
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Cecilia Pessoa Rodrigues
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Madeleine Duran
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Alexandra F. Corbin
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Song P. Yang
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Cole Trapnell
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Leonard I. Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
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3
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Heavener KS, Bradshaw EM. The aging immune system in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:649-657. [PMID: 35505128 PMCID: PMC9519729 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00944-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The neurodegenerative diseases Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) both have a myriad of risk factors including genetics, environmental exposures, and lifestyle. However, aging is the strongest risk factor for both diseases. Aging also profoundly influences the immune system, with immunosenescence perhaps the most prominent outcome. Through genetics, mouse models, and pathology, there is a growing appreciation of the role the immune system plays in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we explore the intersection of aging and the immune system in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey S Heavener
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Bradshaw
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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4
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Breda J, Banerjee A, Jayachandran R, Pieters J, Zavolan M. A novel approach to single-cell analysis reveals intrinsic differences in immune marker expression in unstimulated BALB/c and C57BL/6 macrophages. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2630-2643. [PMID: 36001069 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The origin of functional heterogeneity among macrophages, key innate immune system components, is still debated. While mouse strains differ in their immune responses, the range of gene expression variation among their pre-stimulation macrophages is unknown. With a novel approach to scRNA-seq analysis, we reveal the gene expression variation in unstimulated macrophage populations from BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. We show that intrinsic strain-to-strain differences are detectable before stimulation and we place the unstimulated single cells within the gene expression landscape of stimulated macrophages. C57BL/6 mice show stronger evidence of macrophage polarization than BALB/c mice, which may contribute to their relative resistance to pathogens. Our computational methods can be generally adopted to uncover biological variation between cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremie Breda
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arka Banerjee
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jean Pieters
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mihaela Zavolan
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Yang X, Ali S, Zhao M, Richter L, Schäfer V, Schliehe-Diecks J, Frank M, Qi J, Larsen PK, Skerra J, Islam H, Wachtmeister T, Alter C, Huang A, Bhatia S, Köhrer K, Kirschning C, Weighardt H, Kalinke U, Kalscheuer R, Uhrberg M, Scheu S. The Mycotoxin Beauvericin Exhibits Immunostimulatory Effects on Dendritic Cells via Activating the TLR4 Signaling Pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 13:856230. [PMID: 35464417 PMCID: PMC9024221 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Beauvericin (BEA), a mycotoxin of the enniatin family produced by various toxigenic fungi, has been attributed multiple biological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial functions. However, effects of BEA on dendritic cells remain unknown so far. Here, we identified effects of BEA on murine granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-cultured bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and the underlying molecular mechanisms. BEA potently activates BMDCs as signified by elevated IL-12 and CD86 expression. Multiplex immunoassays performed on myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) and toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain containing adaptor inducing interferon beta (TRIF) single or double deficient BMDCs indicate that BEA induces inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in a MyD88/TRIF dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that BEA was not able to induce IL-12 or IFNβ production in Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4)-deficient BMDCs, whereas induction of these cytokines was not compromised in Tlr3/7/9 deficient BMDCs. This suggests that TLR4 might be the functional target of BEA on BMDCs. Consistently, in luciferase reporter assays BEA stimulation significantly promotes NF-κB activation in mTLR4/CD14/MD2 overexpressing but not control HEK-293 cells. RNA-sequencing analyses further confirmed that BEA induces transcriptional changes associated with the TLR4 signaling pathway. Together, these results identify TLR4 as a cellular BEA sensor and define BEA as a potent activator of BMDCs, implying that this compound can be exploited as a promising candidate structure for vaccine adjuvants or cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manman Zhao
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisa Richter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vanessa Schäfer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julian Schliehe-Diecks
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marian Frank
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jing Qi
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pia-Katharina Larsen
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jennifer Skerra
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heba Islam
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wachtmeister
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Alter
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anfei Huang
- Institute for Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität of Würzburg (JMU), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sanil Bhatia
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Kirschning
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Heike Weighardt
- Immunology and Environment, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence - Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST, EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Uhrberg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Stefanie Scheu,
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6
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Ma K, Chen X, Liu W, Chen S, Yang C, Yang J. CTSB is a negative prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target associated with immune cells infiltration and immunosuppression in gliomas. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4295. [PMID: 35277559 PMCID: PMC8917123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous researches have demonstrated the meaning of CTSB for the progress of several tumors, whereas few clues about its immunological characteristic in gliomas. Here we systematically explored its biologic features and clinical significance for gliomas. 699 glioma cases of TCGA and 325 glioma cases of CGGA were respectively included as training and validating cohorts. R software was used for data analysis and mapping. We found that CTSB was remarkably highly-expressed for HGG, IDH wild type, 1p19q non-codeletion type, MGMT promoter unmethylation type and mesenchymal gliomas. CTSB could specifically and sensitively indicate mesenchymal glioma. Upregulated CTSB was an independent hazard correlated with poor survival. CTSB-related biological processes in gliomas chiefly concentrated on immunoreaction and inflammation response. Then we proved that CTSB positively related to most inflammatory metagenes except IgG, including HCK, LCK, MHC II, STAT1 and IFN. More importantly, the levels of glioma-infiltrating immune cells were positively associated with the expression of CTSB, especially for TAMs, MDSCs and Tregs. In conclusion, CTSB is closely related to the malignant pathological subtypes, worse prognosis, immune cells infiltration and immunosuppression of gliomas, which make it a promising biomarker and potential target in the diagnosis, treatment and prognostic assessment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiming Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.,Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.,Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weihai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.,Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Suhua Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.,Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chenlong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
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7
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Abstract
Immune principles formulated by Jenner, Pasteur, and early immunologists served as fundamental propositions for vaccine discovery against many dreadful pathogens. However, decisive success in the form of an efficacious vaccine still eludes for diseases such as tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis. Several antileishmanial vaccine trials have been undertaken in past decades incorporating live, attenuated, killed, or subunit vaccination, but the goal remains unmet. In light of the above facts, we have to reassess the principles of vaccination by dissecting factors associated with the hosts' immune response. This chapter discusses the pathogen-associated perturbations at various junctures during the generation of the immune response which inhibits antigenic processing, presentation, or remodels memory T cell repertoire. This can lead to ineffective priming or inappropriate activation of memory T cells during challenge infection. Thus, despite a protective primary response, vaccine failure can occur due to altered immune environments in the presence of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil Kumar
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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8
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He YD, Wohlford EM, Uhle F, Buturovic L, Liesenfeld O, Sweeney TE. The Optimization and Biological Significance of a 29-Host-Immune-mRNA Panel for the Diagnosis of Acute Infections and Sepsis. J Pers Med 2021; 11:735. [PMID: 34442377 PMCID: PMC8402342 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11080735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the unmet need for timely accurate diagnosis and prognosis of acute infections and sepsis, host-immune-response-based tests are being developed to help clinicians make more informed decisions including prescribing antimicrobials, ordering additional diagnostics, and assigning level of care. One such test (InSep™, Inflammatix, Inc.) uses a 29-mRNA panel to determine the likelihood of bacterial infection, the separate likelihood of viral infection, and the risk of physiologic decompensation (severity of illness). The test, being implemented in a rapid point-of-care platform with a turnaround time of 30 min, enables accurate and rapid diagnostic use at the point of impact. In this report, we provide details on how the 29-biomarker signature was chosen and optimized, together with its molecular, immunological, and medical significance to better understand the pathophysiological relevance of altered gene expression in disease. We synthesize key results obtained from gene-level functional annotations, geneset-level enrichment analysis, pathway-level analysis, and gene-network-level upstream regulator analysis. Emerging findings are summarized as hallmarks on immune cell interaction, inflammatory mediators, cellular metabolism and homeostasis, immune receptors, intracellular signaling and antiviral response; and converging themes on neutrophil degranulation and activation involved in immune response, interferon, and other signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Timothy E. Sweeney
- Inflammatix, Inc., 863 Mitten Rd, Suite 104, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA; (Y.D.H.); (E.M.W.); (F.U.); (L.B.); (O.L.)
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9
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Cosgrove J, Novkovic M, Albrecht S, Pikor NB, Zhou Z, Onder L, Mörbe U, Cupovic J, Miller H, Alden K, Thuery A, O'Toole P, Pinter R, Jarrett S, Taylor E, Venetz D, Heller M, Uguccioni M, Legler DF, Lacey CJ, Coatesworth A, Polak WG, Cupedo T, Manoury B, Thelen M, Stein JV, Wolf M, Leake MC, Timmis J, Ludewig B, Coles MC. B cell zone reticular cell microenvironments shape CXCL13 gradient formation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3677. [PMID: 32699279 PMCID: PMC7376062 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Through the formation of concentration gradients, morphogens drive graded responses to extracellular signals, thereby fine-tuning cell behaviors in complex tissues. Here we show that the chemokine CXCL13 forms both soluble and immobilized gradients. Specifically, CXCL13+ follicular reticular cells form a small-world network of guidance structures, with computer simulations and optimization analysis predicting that immobilized gradients created by this network promote B cell trafficking. Consistent with this prediction, imaging analysis show that CXCL13 binds to extracellular matrix components in situ, constraining its diffusion. CXCL13 solubilization requires the protease cathepsin B that cleaves CXCL13 into a stable product. Mice lacking cathepsin B display aberrant follicular architecture, a phenotype associated with effective B cell homing to but not within lymph nodes. Our data thus suggest that reticular cells of the B cell zone generate microenvironments that shape both immobilized and soluble CXCL13 gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Cosgrove
- York Computational Immunology Lab, University of York, York, UK
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, UK
| | - Mario Novkovic
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Albrecht
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Natalia B Pikor
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Zhaoukun Zhou
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
- Biological Physical Sciences Institute (BPSI), University of York, York, UK
- Department of Physics, University of York, York, UK
| | - Lucas Onder
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Urs Mörbe
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Jovana Cupovic
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Helen Miller
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
- Biological Physical Sciences Institute (BPSI), University of York, York, UK
- Department of Physics, University of York, York, UK
| | - Kieran Alden
- York Computational Immunology Lab, University of York, York, UK
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, UK
| | - Anne Thuery
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Rita Pinter
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Jarrett
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily Taylor
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Daniel Venetz
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Heller
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mariagrazia Uguccioni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Charles J Lacey
- York Computational Immunology Lab, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Wojciech G Polak
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom Cupedo
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bénedicte Manoury
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151- CNRS UMR 8253, 149 rue de Sèvres 75015 Paris, France Université René Descartes, 75005, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Jens V Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marlene Wolf
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mark C Leake
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.
- Biological Physical Sciences Institute (BPSI), University of York, York, UK.
- Department of Physics, University of York, York, UK.
| | - Jon Timmis
- York Computational Immunology Lab, University of York, York, UK.
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, UK.
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Mark C Coles
- York Computational Immunology Lab, University of York, York, UK.
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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10
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Roy G, Brar HK, Muthuswami R, Madhubala R. Epigenetic regulation of defense genes by histone deacetylase1 in human cell line-derived macrophages promotes intracellular survival of Leishmania donovani. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008167. [PMID: 32275661 PMCID: PMC7176143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani, an intracellular protozoan parasite upon infection, encounters a range of antimicrobial factors within the host cells. Consequently, the parasite has evolved mechanisms to evade this hostile defense system through inhibition of macrophage activation that, in turn, enables parasite replication and survival. There is growing evidence that epigenetic down-regulation of the host genome by intracellular pathogens leads to acute infection. Epigenetic modification is mediated by chromatin remodeling, histone modifications, or DNA methylation. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) removes acetyl groups from lysine residues on histones, thereby leading to chromatin remodeling and gene silencing. Here, using L. donovani infected macrophages differentiated from THP-1 human monocytic cells, we report a link between host chromatin modifications, transcription of defense genes and intracellular infection with L. donovani. Infection with L. donovani led to the silencing of host defense gene expression. Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) transcript levels, protein expression, and enzyme activity showed a significant increase upon infection. HDAC1 occupancy at the promoters of the defense genes significantly increased upon infection, which in turn resulted in decreased histone H3 acetylation in infected cells, resulting in the down-regulation of mRNA expression of host defense genes. Small molecule mediated inhibition and siRNA mediated down-regulation of HDAC1 increased the expression levels of host defense genes. Interestingly, in this study, we demonstrate that the silencing of HDAC1 by both siRNA and pharmacological inhibitors resulted in decreased intracellular parasite survival. The present data not only demonstrate that up-regulation of HDAC1 and epigenetic silencing of host cell defense genes is essential for L. donovani infection but also provides novel therapeutic strategies against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Roy
- MolecularParasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Harsimran Kaur Brar
- MolecularParasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohini Muthuswami
- Chromatin Remodeling Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (RMu); (RMa)
| | - Rentala Madhubala
- MolecularParasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (RMu); (RMa)
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11
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Hurdayal R, Nieuwenhuizen NE, Khutlang R, Brombacher F. Inflammatory Dendritic Cells, Regulated by IL-4 Receptor Alpha Signaling, Control Replication, and Dissemination of Leishmania major in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 9:479. [PMID: 32039054 PMCID: PMC6992597 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania parasites. Macrophages are considered the primary parasite host cell, but dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in initiating adaptive immunity and controlling Leishmania infection. Accordingly, our previous study in CD11ccreIL-4Rα−/lox mice, which have impaired IL-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα) expression on CD11c+ cells including DCs, confirmed a protective role for IL-4/IL-13-responsive DCs in replication and dissemination of parasites during cutaneous leishmaniasis. However, it was unclear which DC subset/s was executing this function. To investigate this, we infected CD11ccreIL-4Rα−/lox and control mice with L. major GFP+ parasites and identified subsets of infected DCs by flow cytometry. Three days after infection, CD11b+ DCs and CD103+ DCs were the main infected DC subsets in the footpad and draining lymph node, respectively and by 4 weeks post-infection, Ly6C+ and Ly6C− CD11b+ DCs were the main infected DC populations in both the lymph nodes and footpads. Interestingly, Ly6C+CD11b+ inflammatory monocyte-derived DCs but not Ly6C−CD11b+ DCs hosted parasites in the spleen. Importantly, intracellular parasitism was significantly higher in IL-4Rα-deficient DCs. In terms of DC effector function, we found no change in the expression of pattern-recognition receptors (TLR4 and TLR9) nor in expression of the co-stimulatory marker, CD80, but MHCII expression was lower in CD11ccreIL-4Rα−/lox mice at later time-points compared to the controls. Interestingly, in CD11ccreIL-4Rα−/lox mice, which have reduced Th1 responses, CD11b+ DCs had impaired iNOS production, suggesting that DC IL-4Rα expression and NO production is important for controlling parasite numbers and preventing dissemination. Expression of the alternative activation marker arginase was unchanged in CD11b+ DCs in CD11creIL-4Rα−/lox mice compared to littermate controls, but RELM-α was upregulated, suggesting IL-4Rα-independent alternative activation. In summary, L. major parasites may use Ly6C+CD11b+ inflammatory DCs derived from monocytes recruited to infection as “Trojan horses” to migrate to secondary lymphoid organs and peripheral sites, and DC IL-4Rα expression is important for controlling infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Hurdayal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council on Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Natalie Eva Nieuwenhuizen
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council on Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rethabile Khutlang
- Identity Authentication Research Group, Defence and Security, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council on Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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12
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Smirlis D, Dingli F, Pescher P, Prina E, Loew D, Rachidi N, Späth GF. SILAC-based quantitative proteomics reveals pleiotropic, phenotypic modulation in primary murine macrophages infected with the protozoan pathogen Leishmania donovani. J Proteomics 2019; 213:103617. [PMID: 31846769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are major vector-borne tropical diseases responsible for great human morbidity and mortality, caused by protozoan, trypanosomatid parasites of the genus Leishmania. In the mammalian host, parasites survive and multiply within mononuclear phagocytes, especially macrophages. However, the underlying mechanisms by which Leishmania spp. affect their host are not fully understood. Herein, proteomic alterations of primary, bone marrow-derived BALB/c macrophages are documented after 72 h of infection with Leishmania donovani insect-stage promastigotes, applying a SILAC-based, quantitative proteomics approach. The protocol was optimised by combining strong anion exchange and gel electrophoresis fractionation that displayed similar depth of analysis (combined total of 6189 mouse proteins). Our analyses revealed 86 differentially modulated proteins (35 showing increased and 51 decreased abundance) in response to Leishmania donovani infection. The proteomics results were validated by analysing the abundance of selected proteins. Intracellular Leishmania donovani infection led to changes in various host cell biological processes, including primary metabolism and catabolic process, with a significant enrichment in lysosomal organisation. Overall, our analysis establishes the first proteome of bona fide primary macrophages infected ex vivo with Leishmania donovani, revealing new mechanisms acting at the host/pathogen interface. SIGNIFICANCE: Little is known on proteome changes that occur in primary macrophages after Leishmania donovani infection. This study describes a SILAC-based quantitative proteomics approach to characterise changes of bone marrow-derived macrophages infected with L. donovani promastigotes for 72 h. With the application of SILAC and the use of SAX and GEL fractionation methods, we have tested new routes for proteome quantification of primary macrophages. The protocols developed here can be applicable to other diseases and pathologies. Moreover, this study sheds important new light on the "proteomic reprogramming" of infected macrophages in response to L. donovani promastigotes that affects primary metabolism, cellular catabolic processes, and lysosomal/vacuole organisation. Thus, our study reveals key molecules and processes that act at the host/pathogen interface that may inform on new immuno- or chemotherapeutic interventions to combat leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Smirlis
- Institut Pasteur and Institut National de Santé et Recherche Médicale INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France; Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Athens, Greece.
| | - Florent Dingli
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Université de recherche PSL, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Pescher
- Institut Pasteur and Institut National de Santé et Recherche Médicale INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France
| | - Eric Prina
- Institut Pasteur and Institut National de Santé et Recherche Médicale INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Université de recherche PSL, Paris, France
| | - Najma Rachidi
- Institut Pasteur and Institut National de Santé et Recherche Médicale INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France
| | - Gerald F Späth
- Institut Pasteur and Institut National de Santé et Recherche Médicale INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France.
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13
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Jakoš T, Pišlar A, Jewett A, Kos J. Cysteine Cathepsins in Tumor-Associated Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2037. [PMID: 31555270 PMCID: PMC6724555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are key regulators of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Their expression, activity, and subcellular localization are associated with the distinct development and differentiation stages of immune cells. They promote the activation of innate myeloid immune cells since they contribute to toll-like receptor signaling and to cytokine secretion. Furthermore, they control lysosomal biogenesis and autophagic flux, thus affecting innate immune cell survival and polarization. They also regulate bidirectional communication between the cell exterior and the cytoskeleton, thus influencing cell interactions, morphology, and motility. Importantly, cysteine cathepsins contribute to the priming of adaptive immune cells by controlling antigen presentation and are involved in cytotoxic granule mediated killing in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Cathepins'aberrant activity can be prevented by their endogenous inhibitors, cystatins. However, dysregulated proteolysis contributes significantly to tumor progression also by modulation of the antitumor immune response. Especially tumor-associated myeloid cells, such as tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, which are known for their tumor promoting and immunosuppressive functions, constitute the major source of excessive cysteine cathepsin activity in cancer. Since they are enriched in the tumor microenvironment, cysteine cathepsins represent exciting targets for development of new diagnostic and therapeutic moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Jakoš
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Pišlar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anahid Jewett
- UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Janko Kos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Ali A, Abd El Halim HM. Re-thinking adaptive immunity in the beetles: Evolutionary and functional trajectories of lncRNAs. Genomics 2019; 112:1425-1436. [PMID: 31442561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Unlike vertebrate animals, invertebrates lack lymphocytes and therefore have historically been believed not to develop immune memory. A few studies have reported evidence of immune priming in insects; however, these studies lack the molecular mechanism and proposed it might be different among taxa. Since lncRNAs are known to regulate the immune response, we identified 10,120 lncRNAs in Tribolium castaneum genome-wide followed by transcriptome analysis of primed and unprimed larvae of different infectious status. A shift in lncRNA expression between Btt primed larvae and other treatment groups provides evidence of immune memory response. A few "priming" lncRNAs (n = 9) were uniquely regulated in Btt primed larvae. Evidence suggests these lncRNAs are likely controlling immune priming in Tribolium by regulating expression of genes involved in proteasomal machinery, Notch system, zinc metabolism, and methyltransferase activity, which are necessary to modulate phagocytosis. Our results support a conserved immune priming mechanism in a macrophage-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ali
- Department of Biology and Molecular Biosciences Program, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, United States of America; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.
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15
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Bossowska-Nowicka M, Mielcarska MB, Struzik J, Jackowska-Tracz A, Tracz M, Gregorczyk-Zboroch KP, Gieryńska M, Toka FN, Szulc-Dąbrowska L. Deficiency of Selected Cathepsins Does Not Affect the Inhibitory Action of ECTV on Immune Properties of Dendritic Cells. Immunol Invest 2019; 49:232-248. [PMID: 31240969 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2019.1631843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ectromelia virus (ECTV), an orthopoxvirus, undergoes productive replication in conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), resulting in the inhibition of their innate and adaptive immune functions. ECTV replication rate in cDCs is increased due to downregulation of the expression of cathepsins - cystein proteases that orchestrate several steps during DC maturation. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine if downregulation of cathepsins, such as B, L or S, disrupts cDC capacity to induce activating signals in T cells or whether infection of cDCs with ECTV further weakens their functions as antigen-presenting cells. Our results showed that cDCs treated with siRNA against cathepsin B, L and S synthesize similar amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines and exhibit comparable ability to mature and stimulate alloreactive CD4+ T cells, as untreated wild type (WT) cells. Moreover, ECTV inhibitory effect on cDC innate and adaptive immune functions, observed especially after LPS treatment, was comparable in both cathepsin-silenced and WT cells. Taken together, the absence of cathepsins B, L and S has minimal, if any, impact on the inhibitory effect of ECTV on cDC immune functions. We assume that the virus-mediated inhibition of cathepsin expression in cDCs represents more a survival mechanism than an immune evasion strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bossowska-Nowicka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Matylda B Mielcarska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Struzik
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jackowska-Tracz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Tracz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina P Gregorczyk-Zboroch
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gieryńska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Felix N Toka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland.,Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts & Nevis, West Indies
| | - Lidia Szulc-Dąbrowska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Mouse Models for Resolution of Inflammation Versus Chronicity of Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1971:315-349. [PMID: 30980313 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9210-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis of mice is a valuable model to study the immune response to the protozoan pathogen Leishmania and to define mechanisms of parasite control and resolution of inflammation as well as of parasite evasion and chronicity of disease. In addition, over many years Leishmania-infected mice have been successfully used to analyze the function of newly discovered immune cell types, transcription factors, cytokines, and effector mechanisms in vivo. In this chapter we present detailed protocols for the culture, propagation, and inoculation of Leishmania promastigotes, the monitoring of the course of cutaneous infection, the determination of the tissue parasite burden and for the phenotyping of the ensuing immune response. The focus lies on the L. major mouse model, but an overview on other established models of murine cutaneous leishmaniasis is also provided.
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17
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Liu CL, Guo J, Zhang X, Sukhova GK, Libby P, Shi GP. Cysteine protease cathepsins in cardiovascular disease: from basic research to clinical trials. Nat Rev Cardiol 2018; 15:351-370. [DOI: 10.1038/s41569-018-0002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Shen L, Tenzer S, Hess M, Distler U, Tubbe I, Montermann E, Schimmer S, Dittmer U, Grabbe S, Bros M. Friend virus limits adaptive cellular immune responses by imprinting a maturation-resistant and T helper type 2-biased immunophenotype in dendritic cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192541. [PMID: 29425215 PMCID: PMC5806892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The murine Friend virus (FV) retrovirus model has been widely used to study anti-viral immune responses, and virus-induced cancer. Here we analyzed FV immune evasion mechanisms on the level of dendritic cells (DC) essential for the induction of primary adaptive immune responses. Comparative quantitative proteome analysis of FV-infected DC (FV-DC) of different genotypes (BALB/c, C57BL/6) and non-infected DC revealed numerous genotype-independently regulated proteins rergulating metabolic activity, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and antigen processing/presentation. These alterations may promote virion production in FV-DC. Stimulation of FV-DC with LPS resulted in strongly enhanced IL-10 production which was partially responsible for their attenuated T cell (CD4+, CD8+) stimulatory capacity. Stimulated FV-DC induced less IFN-γ production in T cells required for cellular anti-viral responses, but more T helper cell type 2 (Th2)-associated cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13). We conclude that FV reprograms DC to promote viral spreading and immune deviation by imprinting a largely maturation-resistant, Th2-biased immunophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Shen
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Moritz Hess
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ute Distler
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ingrid Tubbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Evelyn Montermann
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Simone Schimmer
- Institute for Virology of the University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology of the University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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19
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von Stebut E, Tenzer S. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: Distinct functions of dendritic cells and macrophages in the interaction of the host immune system with Leishmania major. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:206-214. [PMID: 29129568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is transmitted by sand flies leading to parasite inoculation into skin. In the mammalian host, the parasite primarily resides in skin macrophages (MΦ) and dendritic cells (DC). MΦ are silently invaded by the parasite eliciting a stress response, whereas DC become activated, release IL-12, and prime antigen-specific T cells. Here we review the basics of the immune response against this human pathogen and elucidate the role and function DC and MΦ for establishment of protective immunity against leishmaniasis. We focus on cell type-specific differences in parasite uptake, phagocyte activation and processing of parasite antigens to facilitate an understanding how their respective function may be modulated e.g. under therapeutic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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20
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Kramer L, Turk D, Turk B. The Future of Cysteine Cathepsins in Disease Management. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:873-898. [PMID: 28668224 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the key role of cathepsin K in bone resorption, cysteine cathepsins have been investigated by pharmaceutical companies as drug targets. The first clinical results from targeting cathepsins by activity-based probes and substrates are paving the way for the next generation of molecular diagnostic imaging, whereas the majority of antibody-drug conjugates currently in clinical trials depend on activation by cathepsins. Finally, cathepsins have emerged as suitable vehicles for targeted drug delivery. It is therefore timely to review the future of cathepsins in drug discovery. We focus here on inflammation-associated diseases because dysregulation of the immune system accompanied by elevated cathepsin activity is a common feature of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovro Kramer
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dušan Turk
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Center of Excellence CIPKEBIP, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Center of Excellence CIPKEBIP, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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21
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Hazra S, Ghosh S, Hazra B. Phytochemicals With Antileishmanial Activity. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63931-8.00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Rasid O, Mériaux V, Khan EM, Borde C, Ciulean IS, Fitting C, Manoury B, Cavaillon JM, Doyen N. Cathepsin B-Deficient Mice Resolve Leishmania major Inflammation Faster in a T Cell-Dependent Manner. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004716. [PMID: 27182703 PMCID: PMC4868322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical role for intracellular TLR9 has been described in recognition and host resistance to Leishmania parasites. As TLR9 requires endolysosomal proteolytic cleavage to achieve signaling functionality, we investigated the contribution of different proteases like asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) or cysteine protease cathepsins B (CatB), L (CatL) and S (CatS) to host resistance during Leishmania major (L. major) infection in C57BL/6 (WT) mice and whether they would impact on TLR9 signaling. Unlike TLR9-/-, which are more susceptible to infection, AEP-/-, CatL-/- and CatS-/- mice are as resistant to L. major infection as WT mice, suggesting that these proteases are not individually involved in TLR9 processing. Interestingly, we observed that CatB-/- mice resolve L. major lesions significantly faster than WT mice, however we did not find evidence for an involvement of CatB on either TLR9-dependent or independent cytokine responses of dendritic cells and macrophages or in the innate immune response to L. major infection. We also found no difference in antigen presenting capacity. We observed a more precocious development of T helper 1 responses accompanied by a faster decline of inflammation, resulting in resolution of footpad inflammation, reduced IFNγ levels and decreased parasite burden. Adoptive transfer experiments into alymphoid RAG2-/-γc-/- mice allowed us to identify CD3+ T cells as responsible for the immune advantage of CatB-/- mice towards L. major. In vitro data confirmed the T cell intrinsic differences between CatB-/- mice and WT. Our study brings forth a yet unappreciated role for CatB in regulating T cell responses during L. major infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Rasid
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (OR); (ND)
| | - Véronique Mériaux
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Erin M. Khan
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Borde
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Ioana S. Ciulean
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
- Cantacuzino National Research Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Catherine Fitting
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Manoury
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Cavaillon
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Noëlle Doyen
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (OR); (ND)
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23
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Zavašnik-Bergant T, Bergant Marušič M. Exogenous Thyropin from p41 Invariant Chain Diminishes Cysteine Protease Activity and Affects IL-12 Secretion during Maturation of Human Dendritic Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150815. [PMID: 26960148 PMCID: PMC4784741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play a pivotal role as antigen presenting cells (APC) and their maturation is crucial for effectively eliciting an antigen-specific immune response. The p41 splice variant of MHC class II-associated chaperone, called invariant chain p41 Ii, contains an amino acid sequence, the p41 fragment, which is a thyropin-type inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes. The effects of exogenous p41 fragment and related thyropin inhibitors acting on human immune cells have not been reported yet. In this study we demonstrate that exogenous p41 fragment can enter the endocytic pathway of targeted human immature DC. Internalized p41 fragment has contributed to the total amount of the immunogold labelled p41 Ii-specific epitope, as quantified by transmission electron microscopy, in particular in late endocytic compartments with multivesicular morphology where antigen processing and binding to MHC II take place. In cell lysates of treated immature DC, diminished enzymatic activity of cysteine proteases has been confirmed. Internalized exogenous p41 fragment did not affect the perinuclear clustering of acidic cathepsin S-positive vesicles typical of mature DC. p41 fragment is shown to interfere with the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit in LPS-stimulated DC. p41 fragment is also shown to reduce the secretion of interleukin-12 (IL-12/p70) during the subsequent maturation of treated DC. The inhibition of proteolytic activity of lysosomal cysteine proteases in immature DC and the diminished capability of DC to produce IL-12 upon their subsequent maturation support the immunomodulatory potential of the examined thyropin from p41 Ii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Zavašnik-Bergant
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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24
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Scala A, Micale N, Piperno A, Rescifina A, Schirmeister T, Kesselring J, Grassi G. Targeting of the Leishmania mexicana cysteine protease CPB2.8ΔCTE by decorated fused benzo[b]thiophene scaffold. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05557e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A potent and highly selective anhydride-based inhibitor ofLeishmania mexicanacysteine protease CPB2.8 (IC50= 3.7 μM) was investigated by inhibition assays, NMR biomimetic experiments and docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Scala
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Biologiche
- Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali
- Università di Messina
- 98166 Messina
| | - N. Micale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Biologiche
- Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali
- Università di Messina
- 98166 Messina
| | - A. Piperno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Biologiche
- Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali
- Università di Messina
- 98166 Messina
| | - A. Rescifina
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- Università degli Studi di Catania
- 95125 Catania
- Italy
| | - T. Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry
- University of Mainz
- D 55099 Mainz
- Germany
| | - J. Kesselring
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry
- University of Mainz
- D 55099 Mainz
- Germany
| | - G. Grassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Biologiche
- Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali
- Università di Messina
- 98166 Messina
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25
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Firdessa R, Good L, Amstalden MC, Chindera K, Kamaruzzaman NF, Schultheis M, Röger B, Hecht N, Oelschlaeger TA, Meinel L, Lühmann T, Moll H. Pathogen- and Host-Directed Antileishmanial Effects Mediated by Polyhexanide (PHMB). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004041. [PMID: 26431058 PMCID: PMC4592236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. CL causes enormous suffering in many countries worldwide. There is no licensed vaccine against CL, and the chemotherapy options show limited efficacy and high toxicity. Localization of the parasites inside host cells is a barrier to most standard chemo- and immune-based interventions. Hence, novel drugs, which are safe, effective and readily accessible to third-world countries and/or drug delivery technologies for effective CL treatments are desperately needed. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we evaluated the antileishmanial properties and delivery potential of polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB; polyhexanide), a widely used antimicrobial and wound antiseptic, in the Leishmania model. PHMB showed an inherent antileishmanial activity at submicromolar concentrations. Our data revealed that PHMB kills Leishmania major (L. major) via a dual mechanism involving disruption of membrane integrity and selective chromosome condensation and damage. PHMB's DNA binding and host cell entry properties were further exploited to improve the delivery and immunomodulatory activities of unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN). PHMB spontaneously bound CpG ODN, forming stable nanopolyplexes that enhanced uptake of CpG ODN, potentiated antimicrobial killing and reduced host cell toxicity of PHMB. CONCLUSIONS Given its low cost and long history of safe topical use, PHMB holds promise as a drug for CL therapy and delivery vehicle for nucleic acid immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebuma Firdessa
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Liam Good
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Martina Schultheis
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bianca Röger
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nina Hecht
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heidrun Moll
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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