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Ekloh W, Asafu-Adjaye A, Tawiah-Mensah CNL, Ayivi-Tosuh SM, Quartey NKA, Aiduenu AF, Gayi BK, Koudonu JAM, Basing LA, Yamoah JAA, Dofuor AK, Osei JHN. A comprehensive exploration of schistosomiasis: Global impact, molecular characterization, drug discovery, artificial intelligence and future prospects. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33070. [PMID: 38988508 PMCID: PMC11234110 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, one of the neglected tropical diseases which affects both humans and animals, is caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma. The disease is caused by several species of Schistosoma which affect several organs such as urethra, liver, bladder, intestines, skin and bile ducts. The life cycle of the disease involves an intermediate host (snail) and a mammalian host. It affects people who are in close proximity to water bodies where the intermediate host is abundant. Common clinical manifestations of the disease at various stages include fever, chills, headache, cough, dysuria, hyperplasia and hydronephrosis. To date, most of the control strategies are dependent on effective diagnosis, chemotherapy and public health education on the biology of the vectors and parasites. Microscopy (Kato-Katz) is considered the golden standard for the detection of the parasite, while praziquantel is the drug of choice for the mass treatment of the disease since no vaccines have yet been developed. Most of the previous reviews on schistosomiasis have concentrated on epidemiology, life cycle, diagnosis, control and treatment. Thus, a comprehensive review that is in tune with modern developments is needed. Here, we extend this domain to cover historical perspectives, global impact, symptoms and detection, biochemical and molecular characterization, gene therapy, current drugs and vaccine status. We also discuss the prospects of using plants as potential and alternative sources of novel anti-schistosomal agents. Furthermore, we highlight advanced molecular techniques, imaging and artificial intelligence that may be useful in the future detection and treatment of the disease. Overall, the proper detection of schistosomiasis using state-of-the-art tools and techniques, as well as development of vaccines or new anti-schistosomal drugs may aid in the elimination of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ekloh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Andy Asafu-Adjaye
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christopher Nii Laryea Tawiah-Mensah
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Naa Kwarley-Aba Quartey
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Biosciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Albert Fynn Aiduenu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Blessing Kwabena Gayi
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Laud Anthony Basing
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Jennifer Afua Afrifa Yamoah
- Animal Health Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Animal Research Institute, Adenta-Frafraha, Accra, Ghana
| | - Aboagye Kwarteng Dofuor
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Carvalho RGD, Pinheiro MCC, Damasceno Morais FJ, Galvão RLDF, Barbosa L, Souza Sá SLC, Scherr TF, Bezerra FSDM. Immunochromatographic POC-CCA Test for the diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis in a high endemic region in Brazil: Differences in the interpretation of results. Acta Trop 2024; 254:107181. [PMID: 38503365 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The POC-CCA test is subject to variations in reading interpretations depending on the intensity of its results, and trace test reading have implications for determining prevalence. The aim of this study was to assess whether the readings obtained from the POC-CCA tests, conducted using a semi-quantitative scale (the G-score classification for test determination), exhibited concurrence with the direct visual interpretation (positive, negative, or trace) performed by two distinct analysts, using photographs from previously performed POC-CCA test carried out in the municipality of Maruim, in the state of Sergipe-Brazil, a region of high endemicity. The devices used to read the photographs were smartphones, so as to simulate field usage, and a desktop, a tool with higher image quality that would help the researchers in the evaluation and establishment of the final result at a later. In direct visual interpretation of the POC-CCA photographs, the most discordant results occurred in the identification of the trace response (T). The Kappa index established for the direct visual interpretation between the two analysts, in which T is considered as positive, in the desktop was κ=0.826 and in the smartphone, κ=0.950. When we use the G-score as a reading standardization technique and classify the results according to the manufacturer, with trace being evaluated as positive, the highest level of agreement was obtained. Some disagreement remains between the direct visual interpretation and the G-score when performed on the desktop, with more individuals being classified as negative in the direct visual interpretation, by both analysts. However, this result was not statistically significant. The use of the G-score scale proved to be an excellent tool for standardizing the readings and classifying the results according to the semi-quantitative scale showed greater concordance of results both among analysts and among the different devices used to view the photographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Gomes de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mollusc Biology, Department of Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Pastor Samuel Munguba 1210, Fortaleza, Ceará 60.430-272, Brazil
| | - Marta Cristhiany Cunha Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mollusc Biology, Department of Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Pastor Samuel Munguba 1210, Fortaleza, Ceará 60.430-272, Brazil
| | - Francisca Janaína Damasceno Morais
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mollusc Biology, Department of Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Pastor Samuel Munguba 1210, Fortaleza, Ceará 60.430-272, Brazil; Pathology Postgraduate Program, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Monsenhor Furtado s/n, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60.441-750, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Lima de Freitas Galvão
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mollusc Biology, Department of Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Pastor Samuel Munguba 1210, Fortaleza, Ceará 60.430-272, Brazil; Pathology Postgraduate Program, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Monsenhor Furtado s/n, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60.441-750, Brazil
| | - Luciene Barbosa
- Parasitology and Tropical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, Avenida Marechal Rondon Jardim s/n, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49.100-000, Brazil
| | - Sidney Lourdes Cesar Souza Sá
- Epidemiological Monitoring. State's Office for Health of Sergipe. Avenida Augusto Franco 3150, Aracaju, Sergipe 49097-670, Brazil
| | - Thomas Foster Scherr
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 1234 Stevenson Center Lane, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, USA
| | - Fernando Schemelzer de Moraes Bezerra
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mollusc Biology, Department of Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Pastor Samuel Munguba 1210, Fortaleza, Ceará 60.430-272, Brazil; Pathology Postgraduate Program, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Monsenhor Furtado s/n, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60.441-750, Brazil; Medical Sciences Postgraduate Program, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Monsenhor Furtado s/n Fortaleza, Ceará, 60.441-75, Brazil.
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Esteban JG, Muñoz-Antolí C, Toledo R, Ash LR. Diagnosis of Human Trematode Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1454:541-582. [PMID: 39008275 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60121-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Digenetic trematodes form a major group of human parasites, affecting a large number of humans, especially in endemic foci. Over 100 species have been reported infecting humans, including blood, lung, liver and intestinal parasites. Traditionally, trematode infections have been diagnosed by parasitological methods based on the detection and the identification of eggs in different clinical samples. However, this is complicated due to the morphological similarity between eggs of different trematode species and other factors such as lack of sensitivity or ectopic locations of the parasites. Moreover, the problem is currently aggravated by migratory flows, international travel, international trade of foods and changes in alimentary habits. Although efforts have been made for the development of immunological and molecular techniques, the detection of eggs through parasitological techniques remains as the gold standard for the diagnosis of trematodiases. In the present chapter, we review the current status of knowledge on diagnostic techniques used when examining feces, urine, and sputum and also analyze the most relevant characteristics used to identify eggs with a quick key for the identification of eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guillermo Esteban
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia, Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Carla Muñoz-Antolí
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia, Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Toledo
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia, Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lawrence R Ash
- Infectious & Tropical Diseases, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Cabello MKE, De Guzman JE. Utilization of accessible resources in the fabrication of an affordable, portable, high-resolution, 3D printed, digital microscope for Philippine diagnostic applications. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0002070. [PMID: 37988332 PMCID: PMC10662710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Philippine clinical laboratory licensing requirements mandate that diagnostic microscopy for Tuberculosis (TB) sputum microscopy, urinalysis, pap smears, wet smears, an option for complete blood count, stool exams, and malaria thick and thin smears should be accessible and available in health facilities including primary care centers. However, access to these essential diagnostics is hampered by the lack of trained personnel, relatively high costs for supplies and equipment especially in rural and underserved areas. This served as motivation for our team to utilize accessible resources in the form of affordable 3D printers, available CAD software, and components to build our low-cost Openflexure microscope (OFM) prototype. We successfully fabricated our prototype for a total of 310$ with a weight of 525g. We used pathology teaching slides from the Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health and examined the OFM prototype imaging capabilities. The calculated image resolution was 13% higher compared to an LED light microscope sample captured by a mobile phone at 40x and 15% for 100x. The sampled slide images had adequate clarity with some identifiable cellular features for Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD), Tuberculosis in soft tissue, and Ascariasis. We were able to correct the color aberrations of the OFM we built and was able to scan images up to 1000x magnification without using oil. Given the features and cost, the OFM prototype can be an attractive and affordable option as an alternative or augmentation to diagnostic microscopy in Philippine primary care. Moreover, it may enable telepathology to support diagnostic microscopy in frontline care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kristan Espejo Cabello
- Research Faculty, Ateneo de Manila University School of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Research and Innovation, Pasig City, National Capital Region, Philippines
| | - Jeremie E. De Guzman
- Research Faculty, Ateneo de Manila University School of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Research and Innovation, Pasig City, National Capital Region, Philippines
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5
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Makau-Barasa L, Assefa L, Aderogba M, Bell D, Solomon J, Urude RO, Nebe OJ, A-Enegela J, Damen JG, Popoola S, Diehl JC, Vdovine G, Agbana T. Performance evaluation of the AiDx multi-diagnostic automated microscope for the detection of schistosomiasis in Abuja, Nigeria. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14833. [PMID: 37684541 PMCID: PMC10491799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research, we report on the performance of automated optical digital detection and quantification of Schistosoma haematobium provided by AiDx NTDx multi-diagnostic Assist microscope. Our study was community-based, and a convenient sampling method was used in 17 communities in Abuja Nigeria, based on the disease prevalence information extracted from the baseline database on schistosomiasis, NTD Division, of the Federal Ministry of Health. At baseline, samples from 869 participants were evaluated of which 358 (34.1%) tested S. haematobium positive by the reference diagnostic standard. Registered images from the fully automated (autofocusing, scanning, image registration and processing, AI image analysis and automatic parasite count) AiDx assist microscope were analyzed. The Semi automated (autofocusing, scanning, image registration & processing and manual parasite count) and the fully automated AiDx Assist showed comparable sensitivities and specificities of [90.3%, 98%] and [89%, 99%] respectively. Overall, estimated egg counts of the semi-automated & fully automated AiDx Assist correlated significantly with the egg counts of conventional microscopy (r = 0.93, p ≤ 0.001 and r = 0.89, p ≤ 0.001 respectively). The AiDx Assist device performance is consistent with requirement of the World Health Organization diagnostic target product profile for monitoring, evaluation, and surveillance of Schistosomiasis elimination Programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liya Assefa
- The Ending Neglected Diseases (END) Fund, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Jacob Solomon
- NTD Division, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - James G Damen
- Medical Lab Department, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Gleb Vdovine
- Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Temitope Agbana
- AiDx Medical Bv, Pijnacker, The Netherlands.
- Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
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6
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Wang B, Li Y, Zhou M, Han Y, Zhang M, Gao Z, Liu Z, Chen P, Du W, Zhang X, Feng X, Liu BF. Smartphone-based platforms implementing microfluidic detection with image-based artificial intelligence. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1341. [PMID: 36906581 PMCID: PMC10007670 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequent outbreak of global infectious diseases has prompted the development of rapid and effective diagnostic tools for the early screening of potential patients in point-of-care testing scenarios. With advances in mobile computing power and microfluidic technology, the smartphone-based mobile health platform has drawn significant attention from researchers developing point-of-care testing devices that integrate microfluidic optical detection with artificial intelligence analysis. In this article, we summarize recent progress in these mobile health platforms, including the aspects of microfluidic chips, imaging modalities, supporting components, and the development of software algorithms. We document the application of mobile health platforms in terms of the detection objects, including molecules, viruses, cells, and parasites. Finally, we discuss the prospects for future development of mobile health platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangfeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yiwei Li
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Mengfan Zhou
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yulong Han
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhaolong Gao
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zetai Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Peng Chen
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wei Du
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Xiaojun Feng
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Bi-Feng Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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7
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A review on innovative optical devices for the diagnosis of human soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis: from research and development to commercialization. Parasitology 2023; 150:137-149. [PMID: 36683384 PMCID: PMC10090604 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022001664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) and schistosome infections relies largely on conventional microscopy which has limited sensitivity, requires highly trained personnel and is error-prone. Rapid advances in miniaturization of optical systems, sensors and processors have enhanced research and development of digital and automated microscopes suitable for the detection of these diseases in resource-limited settings. While some studies have reported proof-of-principle results, others have evaluated the performance of working prototypes in field settings. The extensive commercialization of these innovative devices has, however, not yet been achieved. This review provides an overview of recent publications (2010–2022) on innovative field applicable optical devices which can be used for the diagnosis of STH and schistosome infections. Using an adapted technology readiness level (TRL) scale taking into account the WHO target product profile (TPP) for these diseases, the developmental stages of the devices were ranked to determine the readiness for practical applications in field settings. From the reviewed 18 articles, 19 innovative optical devices were identified and ranked. Almost all of the devices (85%) were ranked with a TRL score below 8 indicating that, most of the devices are not ready for commercialization and field use. The potential limitations of these innovative devices were discussed. We believe that the outcome of this review can guide the end-to-end development of automated digital microscopes aligned with the WHO TPP for the diagnosis of STH and schistosome infections in resource-limited settings.
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Salido J, Bueno G, Ruiz‐Santaquiteria J, Cristobal G. A review on low-cost microscopes for Open Science. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:3270-3283. [PMID: 35879870 PMCID: PMC9796433 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a review after an exhaustive search that yielded 23 works carried out in the last decade for the availability of optical microscopes with open hardware as a low-cost alternative to commercial systems. These works were developed with the aim of covering needs within several areas such as: Bio Sciences research in institutions with limited resources, diagnosis of diseases and health screenings in large populations in developing countries, and training in educational contexts with a need for high availability of equipment and low replacement cost. The analysis of the selected works allows us to classify the analyzed solutions into two main categories, for which their essential characteristics are enumerated: portable field microscopes and multipurpose automated microscopes. Moreover, this work includes a discussion on the degree of maturity of the solutions in terms of the adoption of practices aligned with the development of Open Science. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Concise review on low-cost microscopes for developing Open Science, exposing the role of smartphone-based microscopy. The work classifies microscopes in two main categories: (1) portable field microscopes, and (2) multipurpose automated microscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Salido
- VISILAB GroupUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaCiudad RealSpain
| | - Gloria Bueno
- VISILAB GroupUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaCiudad RealSpain
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Ganesan M, Selvan Christyraj JRS, Venkatachalam S, Yesudhason BV, Chelladurai KS, Mohan M, Kalimuthu K, Narkhede YB, Christyraj JDS. Foldscope microscope, an inexpensive alternative tool to conventional microscopy-Applications in research and education: A review. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:3484-3494. [PMID: 35876424 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Microscope is a device used for the visualization of tiny objects which are not visible to the naked eye. Traditional microscopes have been crucial for the advancement of contemporary science and medicine. Recent advancements in the field of microscopy have fueled its exponential growth rate. However, due to their expensive cost and complicated structure, modern microscopes remain inaccessible to the majority of the public. Nonetheless, the foldscope paper microscope has made it possible for anyone to explore and understand the world of microbes and organisms. In this review, we have listed foldscope-based research projects in various domains, as well as their key properties when compared to traditional research microscopes. In addition, we have briefly explored the impact of a foldscope microscope on public health, clinical diagnostics, forensic science, agriculture, basic science, developmental biology, and education. Moreover, the major drawbacks of paper microscopes and the current steps being taken to upgrade foldscope and its features are discussed in this review. Finally, we have concluded with our perspective that the microscope may be updated to imitate the advancement of a conventional microscope. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The foldscope, a low-cost instrument for studying the microscopic world. Foldscope applications were compared to conventional microscopes in many sectors. The foldscope microscope's existing limitations and potential prospects are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijithra Ganesan
- Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Johnson Retnaraj Samuel Selvan Christyraj
- Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Saravanakumar Venkatachalam
- Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Beryl Vedha Yesudhason
- Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Karthikeyan Subbiahanadar Chelladurai
- Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Manikandan Mohan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,VAXIGEN International Research Center Private Limited, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Kalishwaralal Kalimuthu
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Yogesh B Narkhede
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame du Lac, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Jackson Durairaj Selvan Christyraj
- Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
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10
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Oyibo P, Jujjavarapu S, Meulah B, Agbana T, Braakman I, van Diepen A, Bengtson M, van Lieshout L, Oyibo W, Vdovine G, Diehl JC. Schistoscope: An Automated Microscope with Artificial Intelligence for Detection of Schistosoma haematobium Eggs in Resource-Limited Settings. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13050643. [PMID: 35630110 PMCID: PMC9146062 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
For many parasitic diseases, the microscopic examination of clinical samples such as urine and stool still serves as the diagnostic reference standard, primarily because microscopes are accessible and cost-effective. However, conventional microscopy is laborious, requires highly skilled personnel, and is highly subjective. Requirements for skilled operators, coupled with the cost and maintenance needs of the microscopes, which is hardly done in endemic countries, presents grossly limited access to the diagnosis of parasitic diseases in resource-limited settings. The urgent requirement for the management of tropical diseases such as schistosomiasis, which is now focused on elimination, has underscored the critical need for the creation of access to easy-to-use diagnosis for case detection, community mapping, and surveillance. In this paper, we present a low-cost automated digital microscope—the Schistoscope—which is capable of automatic focusing and scanning regions of interest in prepared microscope slides, and automatic detection of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in captured images. The device was developed using widely accessible distributed manufacturing methods and off-the-shelf components to enable local manufacturability and ease of maintenance. For proof of principle, we created a Schistosoma haematobium egg dataset of over 5000 images captured from spiked and clinical urine samples from field settings and demonstrated the automatic detection of Schistosoma haematobium eggs using a trained deep neural network model. The experiments and results presented in this paper collectively illustrate the robustness, stability, and optical performance of the device, making it suitable for use in the monitoring and evaluation of schistosomiasis control programs in endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosper Oyibo
- Delft Center for Systems and Control, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands; (P.O.); (T.A.); (G.V.)
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Malaria Diagnosis, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos 101017, Nigeria;
| | - Satyajith Jujjavarapu
- Department of Sustainable Design Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CE Delft, The Netherlands; (S.J.); (I.B.)
| | - Brice Meulah
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (B.M.); (A.v.D.); (M.B.); (L.v.L.)
- Centre de Recherches Medicales des Lambaréné, CERMEL, Lambarene BP 242, Gabon
| | - Tope Agbana
- Delft Center for Systems and Control, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands; (P.O.); (T.A.); (G.V.)
| | - Ingeborg Braakman
- Department of Sustainable Design Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CE Delft, The Netherlands; (S.J.); (I.B.)
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (B.M.); (A.v.D.); (M.B.); (L.v.L.)
| | - Michel Bengtson
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (B.M.); (A.v.D.); (M.B.); (L.v.L.)
| | - Lisette van Lieshout
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (B.M.); (A.v.D.); (M.B.); (L.v.L.)
| | - Wellington Oyibo
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Malaria Diagnosis, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos 101017, Nigeria;
| | - Gleb Vdovine
- Delft Center for Systems and Control, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands; (P.O.); (T.A.); (G.V.)
| | - Jan-Carel Diehl
- Department of Sustainable Design Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CE Delft, The Netherlands; (S.J.); (I.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-614-015-469
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Human–Device Interaction in the Life Science Laboratory. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 182:83-113. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2021_183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Santonicco N, Marletta S, Pantanowitz L, Fadda G, Troncone G, Brunelli M, Ghimenton C, Antonini P, Paolino G, Girolami I, Eccher A. Impact of mobile devices on cancer diagnosis in cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 2021; 50:34-45. [PMID: 34677909 DOI: 10.1002/dc.24890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digital pathology has widened pathologists' opportunities to examine both surgical and cytological samples. Recently, portable mobile devices like tablets and smartphones have been tested for application with digital technologies including static, dynamic, and more recently whole slide imaging. This study aimed to review the published literature on the impact of mobile devices on cancer diagnoses in cytology. This analysis focused on their diagnostic potential, technical details, critical issues and pitfalls, and economical aspects. METHODS A systematic search was carried out in the electronic databases Embase and PubMed. Studies dealing with the application of mobile devices for diagnosing cancer on cytological specimens were included. The quality of studies was assessed with the QUADAS-2 tool. The main themes addressed were the comparison of manual examination with light microscopy and the use of mobile tools for primary diagnosis. The technical features of different models of smartphones and tablets, software, and adapters were also studied in terms of feasibility and costs-analysis. RESULTS Of 2458 retrieved articles, 18 were included. Concordance with light microscopy was good and diagnostic performance comparable with an expert pathologist's diagnosis. The mobile devices studied differed, sometimes significantly, in terms of speed and cost. The utility was improved by employing specifically designed adapters. Image acquisition and transmission represent the main critical points in almost all studies. CONCLUSION The use of mobile devices demonstrated promising results regarding the digital evaluation of cytological samples. Widespread adoption even in underserved areas is anticipated following validation studies, technology improvements, and reduction in the costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Santonicco
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Marletta
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Liron Pantanowitz
- Department of Pathology & Clinical Labs, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Guido Fadda
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adulthood and of the Developing Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Messina, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Troncone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Brunelli
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Ghimenton
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Pietro Antonini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gaetano Paolino
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Girolami
- Division of Pathology, Central Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Albino Eccher
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Tsutsumi K, Goshtasbi K, Risbud A, Khosravi P, Pang JC, Lin HW, Djalilian HR, Abouzari M. A Web-Based Deep Learning Model for Automated Diagnosis of Otoscopic Images. Otol Neurotol 2021; 42:e1382-e1388. [PMID: 34191783 PMCID: PMC8448915 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000003210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a multiclass-classifier deep learning model and website for distinguishing tympanic membrane (TM) pathologies based on otoscopic images. METHODS An otoscopic image database developed by utilizing publicly available online images and open databases was assessed by convolutional neural network (CNN) models including ResNet-50, Inception-V3, Inception-Resnet-V2, and MobileNetV2. Training and testing were conducted with a 75:25 breakdown. Area under the curve of receiver operating characteristics (AUC-ROC), accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were used to compare different CNN models' performances in classifying TM images. RESULTS Our database included 400 images, organized into normal (n = 196) and abnormal classes (n = 204), including acute otitis media (n = 116), otitis externa (n = 44), chronic suppurative otitis media (n = 23), and cerumen impaction (n = 21). For binary classification between normal versus abnormal TM, the best performing model had average AUC-ROC of 0.902 (MobileNetV2), followed by 0.745 (Inception-Resnet-V2), 0.731 (ResNet-50), and 0.636 (Inception-V3). Accuracy ranged between 0.73-0.77, sensitivity 0.72-0.88, specificity 0.58-0.84, PPV 0.68-0.81, and NPV 0.73-0.83. Macro-AUC-ROC for MobileNetV2 based multiclass-classifier was 0.91, with accuracy of 66%. Binary and multiclass-classifier models based on MobileNetV2 were loaded onto a publicly accessible and user-friendly website (https://headneckml.com/tympanic). This allows the readership to upload TM images for real-time predictions using the developed algorithms. CONCLUSIONS Novel CNN algorithms were developed with high AUC-ROCs for differentiating between various TM pathologies. This was further deployed as a proof-of-concept publicly accessible website for real-time predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Tsutsumi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Khodayar Goshtasbi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Adwight Risbud
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Pooya Khosravi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Jonathan C. Pang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Harrison W. Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Hamid R. Djalilian
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Mehdi Abouzari
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, USA
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14
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Ruenchit P. State-of-the-Art Techniques for Diagnosis of Medical Parasites and Arthropods. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091545. [PMID: 34573887 PMCID: PMC8470585 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional methods such as microscopy have been used to diagnose parasitic diseases and medical conditions related to arthropods for many years. Some techniques are considered gold standard methods. However, their limited sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, and the need for costly reagents and high-skilled technicians are critical problems. New tools are therefore continually being developed to reduce pitfalls. Recently, three state-of-the-art techniques have emerged: DNA barcoding, geometric morphometrics, and artificial intelligence. Here, data related to the three approaches are reviewed. DNA barcoding involves an analysis of a barcode sequence. It was used to diagnose medical parasites and arthropods with 95.0% accuracy. However, this technique still requires costly reagents and equipment. Geometric morphometric analysis is the statistical analysis of the patterns of shape change of an anatomical structure. Its accuracy is approximately 94.0-100.0%, and unlike DNA barcoding, costly reagents and equipment are not required. Artificial intelligence technology involves the analysis of pictures using well-trained algorithms. It showed 98.8-99.0% precision. All three approaches use computer programs instead of human interpretation. They also have the potential to be high-throughput technologies since many samples can be analyzed at once. However, the limitation of using these techniques in real settings is species coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichet Ruenchit
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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15
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Imaging Africa: a strategic approach to optical microscopy training in Africa. Nat Methods 2021; 18:847-855. [PMID: 34354292 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01227-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Alseed MM, Syed H, Onbasli MC, Yetisen AK, Tasoglu S. Design and Adoption of Low-Cost Point-of-Care Diagnostic Devices: Syrian Case. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12080882. [PMID: 34442504 PMCID: PMC8401864 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Civil wars produce immense humanitarian crises, causing millions of individuals to seek refuge in other countries. The rate of disease prevalence has inclined among the refugees, increasing the cost of healthcare. Complex medical conditions and high numbers of patients at healthcare centers overwhelm the healthcare system and delay diagnosis and treatment. Point-of-care (PoC) testing can provide efficient solutions to high equipment cost, late diagnosis, and low accessibility of healthcare services. However, the development of PoC devices in developing countries is challenged by several barriers. Such PoC devices may not be adopted due to prejudices about new technologies and the need for special training to use some of these devices. Here, we investigated the concerns of end users regarding PoC devices by surveying healthcare workers and doctors. The tendency to adopt PoC device changes is based on demographic factors such as work sector, education, and technology experience. The most apparent concern about PoC devices was issues regarding low accuracy, according to the surveyed clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Munzer Alseed
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Çengelköy, Istanbul 34684, Turkey;
| | - Hamzah Syed
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
| | - Mehmet Cengiz Onbasli
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Ali K. Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Çengelköy, Istanbul 34684, Turkey;
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
- Koç University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Correspondence:
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17
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Osei E, Nkambule SJ, Vezi PN, Mashamba-Thompson TP. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Mobile-Linked Point-of-Care Diagnostics in Sub-Saharan Africa. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11061081. [PMID: 34204848 PMCID: PMC8231511 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11061081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile health devices are emerging applications that could help deliver point-of-care (POC) diagnosis, particularly in settings with limited laboratory infrastructure, such as Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The advent of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has resulted in an increased deployment and use of mHealth-linked POC diagnostics in SSA. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the accuracy of mobile-linked point-of-care diagnostics in SSA. Our systematic review and meta-analysis were guided by the Preferred Reporting Items requirements for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. We exhaustively searched PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, and CINAHL with full text via EBSCOhost databases, from mHealth inception to March 2021. The statistical analyses were conducted using OpenMeta-Analyst software. All 11 included studies were considered for the meta-analysis. The included studies focused on malaria infections, Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni, soil-transmitted helminths, and Trichuris trichiura. The pooled summary of sensitivity and specificity estimates were moderate compared to those of the reference representing the gold standard. The overall pooled estimates of sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic odds ratio of mobile-linked POC diagnostic devices were as follows: 0.499 (95% CI: 0.458–0.541), 0.535 (95% CI: 0.401–0.663), 0.952 (95% CI: 0.60–1.324), 1.381 (95% CI: 0.391–4.879), and 0.944 (95% CI: 0.579–1.538), respectively. Evidence shows that the diagnostic accuracy of mobile-linked POC diagnostics in detecting infections in SSA is presently moderate. Future research is recommended to evaluate mHealth devices’ diagnostic potential using devices with excellent sensitivities and specificities for diagnosing diseases in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Osei
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (S.J.N.); (P.N.V.); (T.P.M.-T.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +233-242-012-953
| | - Sphamandla Josias Nkambule
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (S.J.N.); (P.N.V.); (T.P.M.-T.)
| | - Portia Nelisiwe Vezi
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (S.J.N.); (P.N.V.); (T.P.M.-T.)
| | - Tivani P. Mashamba-Thompson
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (S.J.N.); (P.N.V.); (T.P.M.-T.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Prinshof Campus, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0084, South Africa
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Gupta S, Mathews BJ, Ghantaa SN, Amerneni KC, Karuna T, Pakhare A, Joshi D, Khadanga S. Foldscope: Diagnostic Accuracy and Feasibility of its Use in National Malaria Control Program. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2021; 10:114-117. [PMID: 36504592 PMCID: PMC9728086 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_103_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria has been an important public health all over the globe. Although conventional light microscopy is the gold standard of diagnosis, light microscopes are heavy, fragile, costly, and electricity dependent. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have become more popular but perform badly in temperate climate. This is because the RDT kits require maintenance of cold chain for its optimal use. In this regard, there is a recent interest in handheld malaria microscopy at the point of care in the field setting. Foldscopes are cheap, handy, nonfragile, and use mobile camera for illumination. The purpose of the study was to find whether foldscope can be used in the national vector borne disease control program (NVBDCP) in India. Methods Ten laboratory technicians were trained in identifying malaria parasites using foldscope and their mobiles. Later, they were provided with unassembled foldscope to document their test results for the preidentified malaria slides. The blood smears were stained as per the protocol of NVBDCP. The report of the index test (foldscope microscopy) was compared with the reference test (conventional microscopy). Results The sensitivity and specificity of the index test was found to be 13.3% (6.257-26.18), specificity of 97.78% (88.43-99.61), positive predictive value 85.71% (48.69-97.43), and negative predictive value 53.01% (42.38-63.38). The devise failure rate and test failure rate were 20% and 11.7%. The kappa agreement between the index and reference microscopy was only 11% and the McNemar P < 0.01. Conclusion The ×400 foldscope at its present magnification and illumination cannot be utilized in the field under NVBDCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, AIIMS, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | | | | | - T. Karuna
- Department of Microbiology, AIIMS, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | - Deepti Joshi
- Department of Pathology, AIIMS, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sagar Khadanga
- Department of Medicine, AIIMS, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Sagar Khadanga, Department of Medicine, AIIMS, Saket Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. E-mail:
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Evaluation of a real-time recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of Schistosoma haematobium infection in resource-limited setting. Acta Trop 2021; 216:105847. [PMID: 33497617 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis is vital for surveillance/control programs as well as achieving the WHO 2012-2020 road map for the total eradication of schistosomiasis. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) has emerged as a rapid and simple molecular tool adaptable for fewer resources with diagnostic accuracy similar to polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This rapid molecular assay employs the use of enzymes for the amplification of nucleic acid taget at a constant temperature. The aim of this study was to validate a real-time RPA assay targeting the Dra 1 repittitive sequence of Schistosoma (S.) haematobium and evaluate its use in urogenital schistosomiasis diagnosis. S. haematobium Dra 1 molecular DNA standard was applied to determine the assay's analytical sensitivity. DNA extracts of S. haematobium, other Schistosoma species, protozoa and bacteria species were used to determine the specificity of the RPA assay. Clinical performance of the assay was validated with a panel of 135 urine samples from volunteers of schistosomiasis endemic communities. The developed assay was evaluated with urine samples extracted by just boiling and with SpeedXtract® DNA extraction kit. A specific fragment of S. haematobium Dra 1 repetitive sequence was amplified within 15 minutes at a constant 42˚C using the developed S. haematobium RPA assay. The detection limit was 15 copies of Dra1 molecular DNA standard per reaction. There was no cross-reaction with other protozoan and bacterial species except Schistosoma species, S. mansoni and S. japonicum. Using 135 urine samples, Schistosoma RPA assay had a clinical sensitivity and specificity of 98.4% (95% CI, 91.6-100) and 100% (95% CI, 94.9-99) respectively when compared to S. haematobium Dra 1 qPCR assay. The diagnostic performance of S. haematobium real-time RPA assay was not affected by the use of crude DNA extracted samples. The S. haematobium RPA assay can serve as an alternative to PCR, especially in low resource settings.
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Osei E, Mashamba-Thompson TP. Mobile health applications for disease screening and treatment support in low-and middle-income countries: A narrative review. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06639. [PMID: 33869857 PMCID: PMC8035664 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The advances in mobile technologies and applications are driving the transformation in health services delivery globally. Mobile phone penetration is increasing exponentially in low-and middle-income countries, hence using mobile phones for healthcare services could reach more people in resource-limited settings than the traditional forms of healthcare provision. The review presents recent literature on facilitators and barriers of implementing mHealth for disease screening and treatment support in low-and middle-income countries. We searched for relevant literature from the following electronic databases: MEDLINE; CINAHL with full text via EBSCOhost; Science Direct; PubMed; Google Scholar and Web of Science using the keywords for relevant studies. We searched for published studies from 2015 to August 2020 with no language limitations. A total of 721 articles identified, 125 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis. The review demonstrates relevant facilitators for the implementation of mHealth, which includes knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of stakeholders on the use of mHealth and the performance of mHealth for disease diagnosis in low and-middle-income countries. Barriers and challenges hindering the implementation of mHealth applications were also identified. We proposed a framework for improving the implementation of mHealth for disease screening and treatment support in low-and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Osei
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tivani P. Mashamba-Thompson
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Prinshof Campus, Pretoria, South Africa
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21
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Cesaretti M, Gal J, Bouveyron C, Diaspro A, Fontas E, Antonini A, Anty R, Iannelli A, Patouraux S. Accurate assessment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease lesions in liver allograft biopsies by a smartphone platform: A proof of concept. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:1025-1031. [PMID: 32608555 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrovesicular steatosis (MS) is a major risk factor for liver graft failure after transplantation and pathological microscopic examination of a frozen tissue section remains the gold standard for its assessment. However, the latter requires an experienced in-house pathologist for correct and rapid diagnosis as well as specific equipment that is not always available. Smartphones, which are must-have tools for everyone, are very suitable for incorporation into promising technology to generate moveable diagnostic tools as for telepathology. The study aims to compare the microscopic assessment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) spectrum in liver allograft biopsies by a smartphone microscopy platform (DIPLE device) to standard light microscopy. Forty-two liver graft biopsies were evaluated in transmitted light, using an iPhone X and the microscopy platform. A significant correlation was reported between the two different approaches for graft MS assessment (Spearman's correlation coefficient: r = .93; p < .001) and for steatohepatitis feature (r = .56; p < .001; r = .45; p < .001). Based on these findings, a smartphone integrated with a cheap microscopy platform can achieve adequate accuracy in the assessment of NAFLD in liver graft and could be used as an alternative to standard light microscopy when the latter is unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cesaretti
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice - Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Archet Hospital, Nice, France.,Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jocelyn Gal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Charles Bouveyron
- Laboratoire Jean-Alexandre Dieudonné, UMR 7351, Université Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | | | - Eric Fontas
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France.,Laboratoire Jean-Alexandre Dieudonné, UMR 7351, Université Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Andrea Antonini
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.,SmartMicroOptics Srl, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rodolphe Anty
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice - Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Archet Hospital, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Inserm, U1065, Team 8 "Hepatic Complications of Obesity and Alcohol", Nice, France
| | - Antonio Iannelli
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice - Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Archet Hospital, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Inserm, U1065, Team 8 "Hepatic Complications of Obesity and Alcohol", Nice, France
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Wang W, Liu H, Yu Y, Cong F, Yu J. Rapid Yeast Cell Viability Analysis by Using a Portable Microscope Based on the Fiber Optic Array and Simple Image Processing. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20072092. [PMID: 32276368 PMCID: PMC7180804 DOI: 10.3390/s20072092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A fiber optic array (FOA) can be used as an alternative or a supplement to the lens in a microscope due to its large magnification, high coupling efficiency and extremely low distortion. Based on our previous research, this paper first demonstrated the resolution and field-of-view (FOV) of the microscope based on the FOA. To further validate the FOA microscope’s imaging capability, yeast activity and concentration were investigated by simple image processing. The results showed that the percentages of live and dead yeast cells correctly identified were 92.1% and 84.8%, except for the clusters, which agreed well with the manual counting methods. Then, the performances of the portable microscopes based on the FOA and lens were compared and the factors that affect the FOA microscope imaging performance were analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Wang
- Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116024, China; (W.W.); (H.L.); (Y.Y.); (F.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116024, China; (W.W.); (H.L.); (Y.Y.); (F.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116024, China; (W.W.); (H.L.); (Y.Y.); (F.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Fengyu Cong
- Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116024, China; (W.W.); (H.L.); (Y.Y.); (F.C.)
| | - Jun Yu
- Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116024, China; (W.W.); (H.L.); (Y.Y.); (F.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
- Correspondence:
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Vaisman A, Linder N, Lundin J, Orchanian-Cheff A, Coulibaly JT, Ephraim RK, Bogoch II. Artificial intelligence, diagnostic imaging and neglected tropical diseases: ethical implications. Bull World Health Organ 2020; 98:288-289. [PMID: 32284655 PMCID: PMC7133484 DOI: 10.2471/blt.19.237560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alon Vaisman
- Division Infectious Diseases, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, 14EN 209, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Nina Linder
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, International Maternal and Child health, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Johan Lundin
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jean T Coulibaly
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Richard Kd Ephraim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Isaac I Bogoch
- Division Infectious Diseases, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, 14EN 209, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
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Yang A, Bakhtari N, Langdon-Embry L, Redwood E, Grandjean Lapierre S, Rakotomanga P, Rafalimanantsoa A, De Dios Santos J, Vigan-Womas I, Knoblauch AM, Marcos LA. Kankanet: An artificial neural network-based object detection smartphone application and mobile microscope as a point-of-care diagnostic aid for soil-transmitted helminthiases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007577. [PMID: 31381573 PMCID: PMC6695198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endemic areas for soil-transmitted helminthiases often lack the tools and trained personnel necessary for point-of-care diagnosis. This study pilots the use of smartphone microscopy and an artificial neural network-based (ANN) object detection application named Kankanet to address those two needs. Methodology/Principal findings A smartphone was equipped with a USB Video Class (UVC) microscope attachment and Kankanet, which was trained to recognize eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm using a dataset of 2,078 images. It was evaluated for interpretive accuracy based on 185 new images. Fecal samples were processed using Kato-Katz (KK), spontaneous sedimentation technique in tube (SSTT), and Merthiolate-Iodine-Formaldehyde (MIF) techniques. UVC imaging and ANN interpretation of these slides was compared to parasitologist interpretation of standard microscopy.Relative to a gold standard defined as any positive result from parasitologist reading of KK, SSTT, and MIF preparations through standard microscopy, parasitologists reading UVC imaging of SSTT achieved a comparable sensitivity (82.9%) and specificity (97.1%) in A. lumbricoides to standard KK interpretation (97.0% sensitivity, 96.0% specificity). The UVC could not accurately image T. trichiura or hookworm. Though Kankanet interpretation was not quite as sensitive as parasitologist interpretation, it still achieved high sensitivity for A. lumbricoides and hookworm (69.6% and 71.4%, respectively). Kankanet showed high sensitivity for T. trichiura in microscope images (100.0%), but low in UVC images (50.0%). Conclusions/Significance The UVC achieved comparable sensitivity to standard microscopy with only A. lumbricoides. With further improvement of image resolution and magnification, UVC shows promise as a point-of-care imaging tool. In addition to smartphone microscopy, ANN-based object detection can be developed as a diagnostic aid. Though trained with a limited dataset, Kankanet accurately interprets both standard microscope and low-quality UVC images. Kankanet may achieve sensitivity comparable to parasitologists with continued expansion of the image database and improvement of machine learning technology. For rainforest-enshrouded rural villages of Madagascar, soil-transmitted helminthiases are more the rule than the exception. However, the microscopy equipment and lab technicians needed for diagnosis are a distance of several days’ hike away. We piloted a solution for these communities by leveraging resources the villages already had: a traveling team of local health care workers, and their personal Android smartphones. We demonstrated that an inexpensive, commercially available microscope attachment for smartphones could rival the sensitivity and specificity of a regular microscope using standard field fecal sample processing techniques. We also developed an artificial neural network-based object detection Android application, called Kankanet, based on open-source programming libraries. Kankanet was used to detect eggs of the three most common soil-transmitted helminths: Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm. We found Kankanet to be moderately sensitive and highly specific for both standard microscope images and low-quality smartphone microscope images. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the diagnostic capabilities of artificial neural network-based object detection systems. Since the programming frameworks used were all open-source and user-friendly even for computer science laymen, artificial neural network-based object detection shows strong potential for development of low-cost, high-impact diagnostic aids essential to health care and field research in resource-limited communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Yang
- School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Global Health Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nahid Bakhtari
- School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Global Health Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Liana Langdon-Embry
- School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Global Health Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Emile Redwood
- School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Global Health Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Simon Grandjean Lapierre
- Global Health Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Immunopathology axis, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | | | - Inès Vigan-Womas
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Astrid M. Knoblauch
- Global Health Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luis A. Marcos
- Global Health Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York, United States of America
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Damodaran K, Crestani M, Jokhun DS, Shivashankar GV. Nuclear morphometrics and chromatin condensation patterns as disease biomarkers using a mobile microscope. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218757. [PMID: 31314779 PMCID: PMC6636717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current cancer diagnosis involves the use of nuclear morphology and chromatin condensation signatures for accurate advanced stage classification. While such diagnostic approaches rely on high resolution imaging of the cell nucleus using expensive microscopy systems, developing portable mobile microscopes to visualize nuclear and chromatin condensation patterns is desirable at clinical settings with limited infrastructure. In this study, we develop a portable fluorescent mobile microscope capable of acquiring high resolution images of the nucleus and chromatin. Using this we extracted nuclear morphometric and chromatin texture based features and were able to discriminate between normal and cancer cells with similar accuracy as wide-field fluorescence microscopy. We were also able to detect subtle changes in nuclear and chromatin features in cells subjected to compressive forces, cytoskeletal perturbations and cytokine stimulation, thereby highlighting the sensitivity of the portable microscope. Taken together, we present a versatile platform to exploit nuclear morphometrics and chromatin condensation features as physical biomarkers for point-of-care diagnostic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Damodaran
- Mechanobiology Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michele Crestani
- Mechanobiology Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Doorgesh Sharma Jokhun
- Mechanobiology Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - G. V. Shivashankar
- Mechanobiology Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Italian Foundation for Cancer Research, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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26
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Crouch BT, Gallagher J, Wang R, Duer J, Hall A, Soo MS, Hughes P, Haystead T, Ramanujam N. Exploiting heat shock protein expression to develop a non-invasive diagnostic tool for breast cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3461. [PMID: 30837677 PMCID: PMC6400939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Leveraging the unique surface expression of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) in breast cancer provides an exciting opportunity to develop rapid diagnostic tests at the point-of-care setting. Hsp90 has previously been shown to have elevated expression levels across all breast cancer receptor subtypes. We have developed a non-destructive strategy using HS-27, a fluorescently-tethered Hsp90 inhibitor, to assay surface Hsp90 expression on intact tissue specimens and validated our approach in clinical samples from breast cancer patients across estrogen receptor positive, Her2-overexpressing, and triple negative receptor subtypes. Utilizing a pre-clinical biopsy model, we optimized three imaging parameters that may affect the specificity of HS-27 based diagnostics – time between tissue excision and staining, agent incubation time, and agent dose, and translated our strategy to clinical breast cancer samples. Findings indicated that HS-27 florescence was highest in tumor tissue, followed by benign tissue, and finally followed by mammoplasty negative control samples. Interestingly, fluorescence in tumor samples was highest in Her2+ and triple negative subtypes, and inversely correlated with the presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes indicating that HS-27 fluorescence increases in aggressive breast cancer phenotypes. Development of a Gaussian support vector machine classifier based on HS-27 fluorescence features resulted in a sensitivity and specificity of 82% and 100% respectively when classifying tumor and benign conditions, setting the stage for rapid and automated tissue diagnosis at the point-of-care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Crouch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | - Roujia Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joy Duer
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allison Hall
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mary Scott Soo
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Philip Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Timothy Haystead
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nirmala Ramanujam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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27
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Markwalter C, Kantor AG, Moore CP, Richardson KA, Wright DW. Inorganic Complexes and Metal-Based Nanomaterials for Infectious Disease Diagnostics. Chem Rev 2019; 119:1456-1518. [PMID: 30511833 PMCID: PMC6348445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases claim millions of lives each year. Robust and accurate diagnostics are essential tools for identifying those who are at risk and in need of treatment in low-resource settings. Inorganic complexes and metal-based nanomaterials continue to drive the development of diagnostic platforms and strategies that enable infectious disease detection in low-resource settings. In this review, we highlight works from the past 20 years in which inorganic chemistry and nanotechnology were implemented in each of the core components that make up a diagnostic test. First, we present how inorganic biomarkers and their properties are leveraged for infectious disease detection. In the following section, we detail metal-based technologies that have been employed for sample preparation and biomarker isolation from sample matrices. We then describe how inorganic- and nanomaterial-based probes have been utilized in point-of-care diagnostics for signal generation. The following section discusses instrumentation for signal readout in resource-limited settings. Next, we highlight the detection of nucleic acids at the point of care as an emerging application of inorganic chemistry. Lastly, we consider the challenges that remain for translation of the aforementioned diagnostic platforms to low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David W. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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28
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Pfeil J, Dangelat LN, Frohme M, Schulze K. Smartphone based mobile microscopy for diagnostics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/jcb-180010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Pfeil
- Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Germany
| | - Luise N. Dangelat
- Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Germany
| | - Marcus Frohme
- Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Germany
| | - Katja Schulze
- Oculyze GmbH, Mobile Microscopy and Computer Vision, Wildau, Germany
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Hernández-Neuta I, Neumann F, Brightmeyer J, Ba Tis T, Madaboosi N, Wei Q, Ozcan A, Nilsson M. Smartphone-based clinical diagnostics: towards democratization of evidence-based health care. J Intern Med 2019; 285:19-39. [PMID: 30079527 PMCID: PMC6334517 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in bioanalytical techniques have led to the development of novel and robust diagnostic approaches that hold promise for providing optimal patient treatment, guiding prevention programs and widening the scope of personalized medicine. However, these advanced diagnostic techniques are still complex, expensive and limited to centralized healthcare facilities or research laboratories. This significantly hinders the use of evidence-based diagnostics for resource-limited settings and the primary care, thus creating a gap between healthcare providers and patients, leaving these populations without access to precision and quality medicine. Smartphone-based imaging and sensing platforms are emerging as promising alternatives for bridging this gap and decentralizing diagnostic tests offering practical features such as portability, cost-effectiveness and connectivity. Moreover, towards simplifying and automating bioanalytical techniques, biosensors and lab-on-a-chip technologies have become essential to interface and integrate these assays, bringing together the high precision and sensitivity of diagnostic techniques with the connectivity and computational power of smartphones. Here, we provide an overview of the emerging field of clinical smartphone diagnostics and its contributing technologies, as well as their wide range of areas of application, which span from haematology to digital pathology and rapid infectious disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hernández-Neuta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, SE, Sweden
| | - F Neumann
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, SE, Sweden
| | - J Brightmeyer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - T Ba Tis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - N Madaboosi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, SE, Sweden
| | - Q Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - A Ozcan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M Nilsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, SE, Sweden
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Vasiman A, Stothard JR, Bogoch II. Mobile Phone Devices and Handheld Microscopes as Diagnostic Platforms for Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) in Low-Resource Settings: A Systematic Review, Historical Perspective and Future Outlook. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2018; 103:151-173. [PMID: 30878057 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The accurate, rapid, and cost-effective diagnosis of malaria and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in low-resource settings may benefit by significant technological advances in handheld and mobile phone microscopy. We systematically review the available literature in this field and discuss the future directions in which these technologies may be applied. English-language studies from the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Sciences were searched through April 2018 for observational and interventional studies reporting diagnostic characteristics of handheld and mobile phone microscopy devices as compared to field-established gold standard reference tests. Seventeen studies were included in the analysis. Findings included the high performance of the Newton Nm1 microscope in the diagnosis of Plasmodium species, Schistosoma mansoni, and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), exhibiting sensitivity and specificity values often greater than 90%. Similarly, the CellScope was shown to have excellent diagnostic characteristics in the detection of Loa loa and Schistosoma species. Fluorescent microscopy was found to have high specificity and sensitivity in the diagnosis of Plasmodium species. Mobile phone technologies and handheld microscopes hold significant promise in the rapid and effective diagnosis of malaria and NTDs in areas where accurate diagnosis is vital. Although many of these technologies have yet to be securely embedded within the health system and studied directly in this context, the foundations for significant healthcare advances and impact have already been laid by several studies conducted within the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Vasiman
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Russell Stothard
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac I Bogoch
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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"The Smartphone's Guide to the Galaxy": In Situ Analysis in Space. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2018; 8:bios8040096. [PMID: 30347742 PMCID: PMC6316803 DOI: 10.3390/bios8040096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A human mission to Mars can be viewed as the apex of human technological achievement. However, to make this dream a reality several obstacles need to be overcome. One is devising practical ways to safeguard the crew health during the mission through the development of easy operable and compact sensors. Lately, several smartphone-based sensing devices (SBDs) with the purpose to enable the immediate sensitive detection of chemicals, proteins or pathogens in remote settings have emerged. In this critical review, the potential to piggyback these systems for in situ analysis in space has been investigated on application of a systematic keyword search whereby the most relevant articles were examined comprehensively and existing SBDs were divided into 4 relevant groups for the monitoring of crew health during space missions. Recently developed recognition elements (REs), which could offer the enhanced ability to tolerate those harsh conditions in space, have been reviewed with recommendations offered. In addition, the potential use of cell free synthetic biology to obtain long-term shelf-stable reagents was reviewed. Finally, a synopsis of the possibilities of combining novel SBD, RE and nanomaterials to create a compact sensor-platform ensuring adequate crew health monitoring has been provided.
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Bhavana K, Ahmad M, Sharma P. Smartphone Otoscopy Sans Attachment: A Paradigm Shift in Diagnosing Ear Pathologies. OTO Open 2018; 2:2473974X18786496. [PMID: 31565683 PMCID: PMC6755863 DOI: 10.1177/2473974x18786496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the validity of smartphone otoscopy. Setting Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) outpatient clinic of a tertiary care hospital in eastern India. Study Design Experimental study design to compare the efficacy of smartphone otoscopy with otoendoscopes. Subjects and Methods One hundred tympanic membranes (TMs) of 50 patients were examined and photographed by third-year senior residents (6 years of ENT training) using a zero-degree otoendoscope. The same 100 ears were then examined using a smartphone. Assistive light of the phone was used to illuminate the ear canal. The camera of the phone was focused to visualize and photograph the TM. Results Compared with the gold-standard otoendoscopes, smartphones could correctly diagnose 75% of the cases. Sensitivity and specificity of smartphone otoscopy were 87.8% and 80%, respectively. Positive predictive value was 90.6%, whereas negative predictive value was 75%. Smartphone otoscopy could correctly diagnose 88.57% of normal TMs, 86.36% of retracted TMs, and 82.85% of perforated TMs. Conclusion This modality of "smart otoscopy" has no added cost and can be used by most doctors after minimal training. It is an excellent teaching tool and can be used universally even in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kranti Bhavana
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Majaz Ahmad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Piyush Sharma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, Patna, Bihar, India
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33
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Orth A, Wilson ER, Thompson JG, Gibson BC. A dual-mode mobile phone microscope using the onboard camera flash and ambient light. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3298. [PMID: 29459650 PMCID: PMC5818495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile phone microscopes are a natural platform for point-of-care imaging, but current solutions require an externally powered illumination source, thereby adding bulk and cost. We present a mobile phone microscope that uses the internal flash or sunlight as the illumination source, thereby reducing complexity whilst maintaining functionality and performance. The microscope is capable of both brightfield and darkfield imaging modes, enabling microscopic visualisation of samples ranging from plant to mammalian cells. We describe the microscope design principles, assembly process, and demonstrate its imaging capabilities through the visualisation of unlabelled cell nuclei to observing the motility of cattle sperm and zooplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Orth
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - E R Wilson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J G Thompson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - B C Gibson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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34
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Abstract
Accurate and rapid diagnosis is crucial in combating parasitic diseases that cause millions of deaths worldwide. However, the scarcity of specialized diagnostic equipment in low- and middle-income countries is one of the barriers to effective management of parasitic diseases and warrants the need for alternative, inexpensive, point-of-care diagnostic tools. Due to their multiple built-in sensors, smartphones offer cost-effective alternative to expensive diagnostic devices. However, the use of smartphones in parasitic diagnoses remains in its infancy. This minireview describes various smartphone-based devices applied specifically for the diagnosis of parasitic diseases and discusses challenges and potential implications for their use in future.
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36
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Austerjost J, Marquard D, Raddatz L, Geier D, Becker T, Scheper T, Lindner P, Beutel S. A smart device application for the automated determination of E. coli colonies on agar plates. Eng Life Sci 2017; 17:959-966. [PMID: 32624845 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201700056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The manual counting of colonies on agar plates to estimate the number of viable organisms (so-called colony-forming units-CFUs) in a defined sample is a commonly used method in microbiological laboratories. The automation of this arduous and time-consuming process through benchtop devices with integrated image processing capability addresses the need for faster and higher sample throughput and more accuracy. While benchtop colony counter solutions are often bulky and expensive, we investigated a cost-effective way to automate the colony counting process with smart devices using their inbuilt camera features and a server-based image processing algorithm. The performance of the developed solution is compared to a commercially available smartphone colony counter app and the manual counts of two scientists trained in biological experiments. The comparisons show a high accuracy of the presented system and demonstrate the potential of smart devices to displace well-established laboratory equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Austerjost
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany.,Institute of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Forschungszentrum Weihenstephan Technische Universität München Munich Germany
| | - Daniel Marquard
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Lukas Raddatz
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany.,Institute of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Forschungszentrum Weihenstephan Technische Universität München Munich Germany
| | - Dominik Geier
- Institute of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Forschungszentrum Weihenstephan Technische Universität München Munich Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Institute of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Forschungszentrum Weihenstephan Technische Universität München Munich Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Patrick Lindner
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Sascha Beutel
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
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Bogoch II, Koydemir HC, Tseng D, Ephraim RKD, Duah E, Tee J, Andrews JR, Ozcan A. Evaluation of a Mobile Phone-Based Microscope for Screening of Schistosoma haematobium Infection in Rural Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:1468-1471. [PMID: 28719262 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSchistosomiasis affects over 170 million people in Africa. Here we compare a novel, low-cost mobile phone microscope to a conventional light microscope for the label-free diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium infections in a rural Ghanaian school setting. We tested the performance of our handheld microscope using 60 slides that were randomly chosen from an ongoing epidemiologic study in school-aged children. The mobile phone microscope had a sensitivity of 72.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 56.1-84.2), specificity of 100% (95% CI: 75.9-100), positive predictive value of 100% (95% CI: 86.3-100), and a negative predictive value of 57.1% (95% CI: 37.4-75.0). With its modest sensitivity and high specificity, this handheld and cost-effective mobile phone-based microscope is a stepping-stone toward developing a powerful tool in clinical and public health settings where there is limited access to conventional laboratory diagnostic support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac I Bogoch
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hatice C Koydemir
- Electrical and Bioengineering Departments, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Derek Tseng
- Electrical and Bioengineering Departments, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Richard K D Ephraim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Evans Duah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | | | - Jason R Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical and Bioengineering Departments, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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38
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Chan HN, Tan MJA, Wu H. Point-of-care testing: applications of 3D printing. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2713-2739. [PMID: 28702608 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00397h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-care testing (POCT) devices fulfil a critical need in the modern healthcare ecosystem, enabling the decentralized delivery of imperative clinical strategies in both developed and developing worlds. To achieve diagnostic utility and clinical impact, POCT technologies are immensely dependent on effective translation from academic laboratories out to real-world deployment. However, the current research and development pipeline is highly bottlenecked owing to multiple restraints in material, cost, and complexity of conventionally available fabrication techniques. Recently, 3D printing technology has emerged as a revolutionary, industry-compatible method enabling cost-effective, facile, and rapid manufacturing of objects. This has allowed iterative design-build-test cycles of various things, from microfluidic chips to smartphone interfaces, that are geared towards point-of-care applications. In this review, we focus on highlighting recent works that exploit 3D printing in developing POCT devices, underscoring its utility in all analytical steps. Moreover, we also discuss key advantages of adopting 3D printing in the device development pipeline and identify promising opportunities in 3D printing technology that can benefit global health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Nam Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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39
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Bogoch II, Lundin J, Lo NC, Andrews JR. Mobile phone and handheld microscopes for public health applications. LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 2:e355. [PMID: 29253476 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac I Bogoch
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | - Johan Lundin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland-FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nathan C Lo
- Division of Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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40
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41
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Squire SA, Ryan U. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:195. [PMID: 28427454 PMCID: PMC5397716 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2111-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are important causes of diarrhoeal illness. Adequate knowledge of the molecular diversity and geographical distribution of these parasites and the environmental and climatic variables that influence their prevalence is important for effective control of infection in at-risk populations, yet relatively little is known about the epidemiology of these parasites in Africa. Cryptosporidium is associated with moderate to severe diarrhoea and increased mortality in African countries and both parasites negatively affect child growth and development. Malnutrition and HIV status are also important contributors to the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in African countries. Molecular typing of both parasites in humans, domestic animals and wildlife to date indicates a complex picture of both anthroponotic, zoonotic and spill-back transmission cycles that requires further investigation. For Cryptosporidium, the only available drug (nitazoxanide) is ineffective in HIV and malnourished individuals and therefore more effective drugs are a high priority. Several classes of drugs with good efficacy exist for Giardia, but dosing regimens are suboptimal and emerging resistance threatens clinical utility. Climate change and population growth are also predicted to increase both malnutrition and the prevalence of these parasites in water sources. Dedicated and co-ordinated commitments from African governments involving "One Health" initiatives with multidisciplinary teams of veterinarians, medical workers, relevant government authorities, and public health specialists working together are essential to control and prevent the burden of disease caused by these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Afriyie Squire
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Animal Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
| | - Una Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
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42
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Bissonnette L, Bergeron MG. Portable devices and mobile instruments for infectious diseases point-of-care testing. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2017; 17:471-494. [PMID: 28343420 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1310619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rapidity, simplicity, and portability are highly desirable characteristics of tests and devices designed for performing diagnostics at the point of care (POC), either near patients managed in healthcare facilities or to offer bioanalytical alternatives in external settings. By reducing the turnaround time of the diagnostic cycle, POC diagnostics can reduce the dissemination, morbidity, and mortality of infectious diseases and provide tools to control the global threat of antimicrobial resistance. Areas covered: A literature search of PubMed and Google Scholar, and extensive mining of specialized publications, Internet resources, and manufacturers' websites have been used to organize and write this overview of the challenges and requirements associated with the development of portable sample-to-answer diagnostics, and showcase relevant examples of handheld devices, portable instruments, and less mobile systems which may or could be operated at POC. Expert commentary: Rapid (<1 h) diagnostics can contribute to control infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistant pathogens. Portable devices or instruments enabling sample-to-answer bioanalysis can provide rapid, robust, and reproducible testing at the POC or close from it. Beyond testing, to realize some promises of personalized/precision medicine, it will be critical to connect instruments to healthcare data management systems, to efficiently link decentralized testing results to the electronic medical record of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bissonnette
- a Centre de recherche en infectiologie de l'Université Laval, Axe maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval , Québec City , Québec , Canada
| | - Michel G Bergeron
- a Centre de recherche en infectiologie de l'Université Laval, Axe maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval , Québec City , Québec , Canada.,b Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie , Faculté de médecine, Université Laval , Québec City , Québec , Canada
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Moshtaghi O, Sahyouni R, Haidar YM, Huang M, Moshtaghi A, Ghavami Y, Lin HW, Djalilian HR. Smartphone-Enabled Otoscopy in Neurotology/Otology. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 156:554-558. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599816687740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective A smartphone-enabled otoscope (SEO) can capture tympanic membrane (TM) images. We sought to compare a SEO to microscopic otoscopy in the detection and evaluation of TM pathology in an otology/neurotology practice. Study Design Prospective single-site study in adults presenting over a 3-month period. Setting Neurotology clinic within a tertiary care academic medical center. Subjects and Methods Following consent, 57 patients underwent a medical and microscopic ear examination. Afterward, clinicians photographed bilateral TMs using a SEO. A second “blinded” neurotologist received a SEO-acquired image of each TM and a brief patient history. Our primary end point was identification of TM pathology (or lack thereof) and the blinded neurotologists’ corresponding diagnosis. Secondary end points included patient-reported SEO comfort levels. Results A single SEO-acquired TM image and brief patient history resulted in correct diagnosis of 96% (23/24) of normal TMs and identification of 100% (33/33) of microscope-confirmed abnormal TMs. When pathology was identified by the “blinded” physician, the diagnosis was identical to that made by the primary treating physician 82% (27/33) of the time. On patient surveys, 93% (53/57) of patients felt “very comfortable” with SEO utilization, and 88% (50/57) reported viewing acquired images was “very useful” in understanding their condition. Conclusion A SEO is 96% specific in identifying normal TMs and 100% sensitive in identifying pathology. Its 97% positive predictive value and small false-positive rate makes it a useful screening tool. Furthermore, patients are receptive to this technology and felt comfortable with its utilization in a health care or possible telemedicine setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Moshtaghi
- Division of Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ronald Sahyouni
- Division of Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Yarah M. Haidar
- Division of Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Melissa Huang
- Division of Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Afsheen Moshtaghi
- Division of Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Yaser Ghavami
- Division of Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Harrison W. Lin
- Division of Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Hamid R. Djalilian
- Division of Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Division of Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Le L, Hsieh MH. Diagnosing Urogenital Schistosomiasis: Dealing with Diminishing Returns. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:378-387. [PMID: 28094201 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Urogenital schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma haematobium, is the most prevalent form of schistosomiasis affecting humans, and can result in severe bladder, kidney, ureteral, and genital pathologies. Chronic infection with S. haematobium has been linked with bladder cancer and increased risk for HIV infection. As mass drug administration with praziquantel increases in an attempt to transition from control to elimination of schistosomiasis, the need for updated, more sensitive diagnostic tools becomes more apparent, especially for use in areas of low infection intensity and for individuals with light infections. Here, we review established and investigational diagnostic tests utilized for urogenital schistosomiasis, highlighting new insights and recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loc Le
- Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
| | - Michael H Hsieh
- Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA; Division of Urology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA; The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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