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Rivero J, Cutillas C, Callejón R. New Insights on Tools for Detecting β-Tubulin Polymorphisms in Trichuris trichiura Using rhAmp TM SNP Genotyping. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1545. [PMID: 38891592 PMCID: PMC11171370 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections, commonly treated with benzimidazoles, are linked to resistance through single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at position 167, 198, or 200 in the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene. The aim of this study was to establish a novel genotyping assay characterized by its rapidity and specificity. This assay was designed to detect the presence of SNPs within the partial β-tubulin gene of Trichuris trichiura. This was achieved through the biallelic discrimination at codons 167, 198, and 200 by employing the competitive binding of two allele-specific forward primers. The specificity and reliability of this assay were subsequently confirmed using Trichuris samples isolated from captive primates. Furthermore, a molecular study was conducted to substantiate the utility of the β-tubulin gene as a molecular marker. The assays showed high sensitivity and specificity when applied to field samples. Nevertheless, none of the SNPs within the β-tubulin gene were detected in any of the adult worms or eggs from the analyzed populations. All specimens consistently displayed an SS genotype. The examination of the β-tubulin gene further validated the established close relationships between the T. trichiura clade and Trichuris suis clade. This reaffirms its utility as a marker for phylogenetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rocío Callejón
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.R.); (C.C.)
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2
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Rinaldi L, Krücken J, Martinez-Valladares M, Pepe P, Maurelli MP, de Queiroz C, Castilla Gómez de Agüero V, Wang T, Cringoli G, Charlier J, Gilleard JS, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Advances in diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock and companion animals. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2022; 118:85-176. [PMID: 36088084 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock and companion animals has been neglected for years and there has been an historical underinvestment in the development and improvement of diagnostic tools, undermining the undoubted utility of surveillance and control programmes. However, a new impetus by the scientific community and the quickening pace of technological innovations, are promoting a renaissance of interest in developing diagnostic capacity for nematode infections in veterinary parasitology. A cross-cutting priority for diagnostic tools is the development of pen-side tests and associated decision support tools that rapidly inform on the levels of infection and morbidity. This includes development of scalable, parasite detection using artificial intelligence for automated counting of parasitic elements and research towards establishing biomarkers using innovative molecular and proteomic methods. The aim of this review is to assess the state-of-the-art in the diagnosis of helminth infections in livestock and companion animals and presents the current advances of diagnostic methods for intestinal parasites harnessing (i) automated methods for copromicroscopy based on artificial intelligence, (ii) immunodiagnosis, and (iii) molecular- and proteome-based approaches. Regardless of the method used, multiple factors need to be considered before diagnostics test results can be interpreted in terms of control decisions. Guidelines on how to apply diagnostics and how to interpret test results in different animal species are increasingly requested and some were recently made available in veterinary parasitology for the different domestic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - J Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Martinez-Valladares
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - P Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - M P Maurelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - C de Queiroz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3331 Hospital Drive, Host-Parasite Interactions (HPI) Program University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, St Georges University, Grenada
| | - V Castilla Gómez de Agüero
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - T Wang
- Kreavet, Kruibeke, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - J S Gilleard
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3331 Hospital Drive, Host-Parasite Interactions (HPI) Program University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - G von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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The equine ascarids: resuscitating historic model organisms for modern purposes. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2775-2791. [PMID: 35986167 PMCID: PMC9391215 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07627-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The equine ascarids, Parascaris spp., are important nematode parasites of juvenile horses and were historically model organisms in the field of cell biology, leading to many important discoveries, and are used for the study of chromatin diminution. In veterinary parasitology, Parascaris spp. are important not only because they can cause clinical disease in young horses but also because they are the only ascarid parasites to have developed widespread anthelmintic resistance. Despite this, much of the general biology and mechanisms of anthelmintic resistance are poorly understood. This review condenses known basic biological information and knowledge on the mechanisms of anthelmintic resistance in Parascaris spp., highlighting the importance of foundational research programs. Although two variants of this parasite were recognized based on the number of chromosomes in the 1870s and suggested to be two species in 1890, one of these, P. univalens, appears to have been largely forgotten in the veterinary scientific literature over the past 100 years. We describe how this omission has had a century-long effect on nomenclature and data analysis in the field, highlighting the importance of proper specimen identification in public repositories. A summary of important basic biology, including life cycle, in vitro maintenance, and immunology, is given, and areas of future research for the improvement of knowledge and development of new systems are given. Finally, the limited knowledge regarding anthelmintic resistance in Parascaris spp. is summarized, along with caution regarding assumptions that resistance mechanisms can be applied across clades.
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Mendes de Oliveira VNG, Zuccherato LW, dos Santos TR, Rabelo ÉML, Furtado LFV. Detection of Benzimidazole Resistance-Associated Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Beta-Tubulin Gene in Trichuris trichiura from Brazilian Populations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:tpmd220157. [PMID: 35895340 PMCID: PMC9490667 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventive chemotherapy is recommended by the WHO as the main strategy for controlling infections caused by nematodes in humans, aiming to eliminate the morbidity associated with these infections. This strategy consists of routine periodic administration of benzimidazoles, among other drugs. Although these drugs decrease the intensity of infections, they have the potential to exert selection pressure for genotypes bearing mutations associated with drug resistance, which may result in the establishment of resistant worm populations. There is evidence in the literature of resistance to these drugs in nematodes that infect humans, including in the species Trichuris trichiura. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the beta-tubulin gene located at codons 167, 198, and 200 are associated with the mechanism of resistance to benzimidazoles in nematodes. Here, we standardized a molecular technique based on an amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) to analyze codons 167, 198, and 200 of T. trichiura. The ARMS-PCR methodology was successfully established to evaluate the codons of interest. A total of 420 samples of individual eggs were analyzed from populations obtained from five Brazilian states. A mutation in codon 198 was observed at a frequency of 4.8% (20/420), while for the other two codons, no polymorphism was observed. This is the first report of the presence of this mutation in populations of T. trichiura in Brazil. This fact and the emergence of the problem already observed in other species reinforces the need for regular monitoring of SNPs related to benzimidazole resistance using techniques that are highly sensitive and specific.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Werneck Zuccherato
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Talita Rodrigues dos Santos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Élida Mara Leite Rabelo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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5
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Doyle SR, Søe MJ, Nejsum P, Betson M, Cooper PJ, Peng L, Zhu XQ, Sanchez A, Matamoros G, Sandoval GAF, Cutillas C, Tchuenté LAT, Mekonnen Z, Ame SM, Namwanje H, Levecke B, Berriman M, Fredensborg BL, Kapel CMO. Population genomics of ancient and modern Trichuris trichiura. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3888. [PMID: 35794092 PMCID: PMC9259628 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neglected tropical disease trichuriasis is caused by the whipworm Trichuris trichiura, a soil-transmitted helminth that has infected humans for millennia. Today, T. trichiura infects as many as 500 million people, predominantly in communities with poor sanitary infrastructure enabling sustained faecal-oral transmission. Using whole-genome sequencing of geographically distributed worms collected from human and other primate hosts, together with ancient samples preserved in archaeologically-defined latrines and deposits dated up to one thousand years old, we present the first population genomics study of T. trichiura. We describe the continent-scale genetic structure between whipworms infecting humans and baboons relative to those infecting other primates. Admixture and population demographic analyses support a stepwise distribution of genetic variation that is highest in Uganda, consistent with an African origin and subsequent translocation with human migration. Finally, genome-wide analyses between human samples and between human and non-human primate samples reveal local regions of genetic differentiation between geographically distinct populations. These data provide insight into zoonotic reservoirs of human-infective T. trichiura and will support future efforts toward the implementation of genomic epidemiology of this globally important helminth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Jensen Søe
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Martha Betson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Philip J Cooper
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK
- School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lifei Peng
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ana Sanchez
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabriela Matamoros
- Microbiology Research Institute, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | | | - Cristina Cutillas
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Zeleke Mekonnen
- Institute of Health, School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Shaali M Ame
- Public Health Laboratory Ivo de Carneri, Pemba, Tanzania
| | | | - Bruno Levecke
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Brian Lund Fredensborg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Jones BP, van Vliet AHM, LaCourse EJ, Betson M. In Silico Docking of Nematode β-Tubulins With Benzimidazoles Points to Gene Expression and Orthologue Variation as Factors in Anthelmintic Resistance. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.898814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of benzimidazole anthelmintics can vary depending on the target parasite, with Ascaris nematodes being highly responsive, and whipworms being less responsive. Anthelmintic resistance has become widespread, particularly in strongyle nematodes such as Haemonchus contortus in ruminants, and resistance has recently been detected in hookworms of humans and dogs. Past work has shown that there are multiple β-tubulin isotypes in helminths, yet only a few of these contribute to benzimidazole interactions and resistance. The β-tubulin isotypes of ascarids and soil-transmitted helminths were identified by mining available genome data, and phylogenetic analysis showed that the ascarids share a similar repertoire of seven β-tubulin isotypes. Strongyles also have a consistent pattern of four β-tubulin isotypes. In contrast, the whipworms only have two isotypes, with one of these clustering more basally and distinct from any other group. Key β-tubulin isotypes selected based on previous studies were the focus of in silico molecular docking simulations to look at the interactions with benzimidazoles. These showed that all β-tubulins had similar interactions with benzimidazoles and maintained the key bond with residue E198 in all species, indicating similar mechanisms of action. However, the interaction was stronger and more consistent in the strongyles and whipworms than it was in the ascarids. Alteration of β-tubulin isotypes with the common resistance-associated mutations originally identified in H. contortus resulted in similar interaction modeling for all species. In conclusion, ascarids, strongyles, and whipworms all have their own unique repertoire of β-tubulins, which could explain why benzimidazole resistance and susceptibility varies between these groups of parasites. These data complement recent work that has highlighted the roles of essential residues in benzimidazole drug binding and shows that there is a separation between strongyle parasites that frequently develop resistance and ascarid parasites, which have been much less prone to developing resistance.
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Picot S, Beugnet F, Leboucher G, Bienvenu AL. Drug resistant parasites and fungi from a one-health perspective: A global concern that needs transdisciplinary stewardship programs. One Health 2021; 14:100368. [PMID: 34957316 PMCID: PMC8692089 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials including antibiotics, antiparasitic, and antifungals, are subjected to resistance. In this context, Public Health Organizations called for a One Health approach because antimicrobials used to treat different infectious diseases in animals and plants may be the same than those used in humans. Whereas mechanisms of resistance transmission from animals or environment to humans should be considered differently if related to prokaryotic or eukaryotic pathogens, their impact can be considered as a whole. In that respect, we discussed the use of anti-parasitic in animals including anticoccidials, anthelmintics, and insecticides-acaricides, and the use of azoles in the environment that may both favor the development of drug resistance in humans. In light of the current situation, there is an urgent need for a transdisciplinary approach through anti-parasitic and antifungal stewardship programs in humans, animals, and environment, especially in the era of COVID-19 pandemic that will probably aggravate antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Picot
- Univ Lyon, Malaria Research Unit, SMITh, ICBMS UMR 5246, Lyon, France.,Institut de Parasitologie et Mycologie Medicale, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Gilles Leboucher
- Service Pharmacie, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Lise Bienvenu
- Univ Lyon, Malaria Research Unit, SMITh, ICBMS UMR 5246, Lyon, France.,Service Pharmacie, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Characterization of the β-tubulin gene family in Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum and its implication for the molecular detection of benzimidazole resistance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009777. [PMID: 34570778 PMCID: PMC8496844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The treatment coverage of control programs providing benzimidazole (BZ) drugs to eliminate the morbidity caused by soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) is unprecedently high. This high drug pressure may result in the development of BZ resistance in STHs and so there is an urgent need for surveillance systems detecting molecular markers associated with BZ resistance. A critical prerequisite to develop such systems is an understanding of the gene family encoding β-tubulin proteins, the principal targets of BZ drugs. Methodology and principal findings First, the β-tubulin gene families of Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum were characterized through the analysis of published genomes. Second, RNA-seq and RT-PCR analyses on cDNA were applied to determine the transcription profiles of the different gene family members. The results revealed that Ascaris species have at least seven different β-tubulin genes of which two are highly expressed during the entire lifecycle. Third, deep amplicon sequencing was performed on these two genes in more than 200 adult A. lumbricoides (Ethiopia and Tanzania) and A. suum (Belgium) worms, to investigate the intra- and inter-species genetic diversity and the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with BZ resistance in other helminth species; F167Y (TTC>TAC or TTT>TAT), E198A (GAA>GCA or GAG>GCG), E198L (GAA>TTA) and F200Y (TTC>TAC or TTT>TAT). These particular SNPs were absent in the two investigated genes in all three Ascaris populations. Significance This study demonstrated the presence of at least seven β-tubulin genes in Ascaris worms. A new nomenclature was proposed and prioritization of genes for future BZ resistance research was discussed. This is the first comprehensive description of the β-tubulin gene family in Ascaris and provides a framework to investigate the prevalence and potential role of β-tubulin sequence polymorphisms in BZ resistance in a more systematic manner than previously possible. Benzimidazole (BZ) drugs remain the standard of treatment in large-scale deworming programs that aim to control the morbidity caused by intestinal worms. As these deworming programs are expanding world-wide, there is an increasing risk of worms becoming resistant to BZ drugs, highlighting the necessity for tools to detect gene mutations associated with drug resistance. However, the development of such tools is impeded by a lack of insights into the genes that are coding for β-tubulin proteins, which are the principal targets of BZ drugs. The aim of this study was to comprehensively characterize these genes in the worm species Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum. The findings highlight that these species have at least seven β-tubulin genes. Only two genes are highly expressed throughout the different life stages of the worm, and hence are more likely to be involved in the development of BZ resistance. No mutations that have previously been associated with BZ resistance in other intestinal worms were found. This study provides a baseline towards more efficient and accurate monitoring of drug resistance in large-scale deworming programs.
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Costa-Junior LM, Chaudhry UN, Skuce PJ, Stack S, Sargison ND. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay to identify isotype 1 β-tubulin locus SNPs in synthetic double-stranded Haemonchus contortus DNA. J Parasit Dis 2021; 46:47-55. [PMID: 35295940 PMCID: PMC8901900 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01414-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of sustainable gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) control strategies depends on the ability to identify the frequencies of drug-susceptible and resistant genotypes in GIN populations arising from management practices undertaken on individual farms. Resistance to BZ drugs in GINs has been shown to be conferred by the presence of defined SNPs in the isotype 1 β-tubulin locus. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays are amenable to use on a range of DNA templates and are potentially adaptable to use in practical, cost-effective, pen-side diagnostic platforms that are needed to detect anthelmintic resistance in the field. In this study, we designed primers and examined LAMP assays to detect each of the three major isotype 1 β-tubulin SNPs conferring genetic susceptibility to BZ drugs. We used artificial pools of synthetic DNA, containing different proportions of susceptible and resistant SNPs to determine reproducibility of the assays. We demonstrated the detection of each of the isotype 1 β-tubulin SNPs conferring susceptibility to BZ drugs using the optimal LAMP assay. Isotype 1 β-tubulin SNP typing was effective in detecting BZ susceptibility, but the accuracy was reduced in samples with less than 60 % susceptible DNA. Our results show the potential for LAMP SNP typing to detect genetic susceptibility or resistance to anthelmintic drugs in livestock GINs, and some of the limitations in our approach that will need to be overcome in order to evaluate this assay using field samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Umer N. Chaudhry
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Philip J. Skuce
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ Scotland, UK
| | - Seamus Stack
- Mast Group, Mast House, Derby Road, Bootle Merseyside, L20 1EA UK
| | - Neil D. Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
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Budiapsari PI, Swastika IK, Masyeni S. Prevalence of Soil-transmitted Helminths Infection in Students of Klungkung, Bali, after Mass Treatment with AlbendazolePrevalence of Soil-transmitted Helminths Infection in Students of Klungkung, Bali, after Mass Treatment with Albendazole. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of the anti-helminth mass treatment use Albendazole makes detection of soil transmitted helminth infections even more difficult to do microscopically. It is hoped that the molecular method was able to help increase the detectability of Soil Transmitted Helminth infection. The research aimed is to evaluate effectiveness of Albendazole administration in Bali, to identify the presence of β-tubulin gene as molecular diagnosis of STHs infection among children who treated by Albendazole. This study is a cross-sectional study that recruits elementary school children aged 6-12 years as subjects. Stool examination was carried out using the Kato-Katz technique, then followed by a molecular method using the B-tubulin gene as the target gene. The results showed that only 1 sample out of 140 examined using Kato-Katz was positive for Trichuris trichiura. 30 samples were then extracted from the faeces and performed Polymerase Chain Reaction. A total of 4 positive samples detected the B-tubulin Ascaris lumbricoides gene and 1 positive sample of the B-tubulin Trichuris trichiura gene. In conclusion, albendazole is still effective to treat STH infection, the molecular method has a higher detectability than the microscopic method.
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11
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Kotze AC, Gilleard JS, Doyle SR, Prichard RK. Challenges and opportunities for the adoption of molecular diagnostics for anthelmintic resistance. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2020; 14:264-273. [PMID: 33307336 PMCID: PMC7726450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance is a significant threat to livestock production systems worldwide and is emerging as an important issue in companion animal parasite management. It is also an emerging concern for the control of human soil-transmitted helminths and filaria. An important aspect of managing anthelmintic resistance is the ability to utilise diagnostic tests to detect its emergence at an early stage. In host-parasite systems where resistance is already widespread, diagnostics have a potentially important role in determining those drugs that remain the most effective. The development of molecular diagnostics for anthelmintic resistance is one focus of the Consortium for Anthelmintic Resistance and Susceptibility (CARS) group. The present paper reflects discussions of this issue that occurred at the most recent meeting of the group in Wisconsin, USA, in July 2019. We compare molecular resistance diagnostics with in vivo and in vitro phenotypic methods, and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each. We assess whether our knowledge on the identity of molecular markers for resistance towards the different drug classes is sufficient to provide some expectation that molecular tests for field use may be available in the short-to-medium term. We describe some practical aspects of such tests and how our current capabilities compare to the requirements of an 'ideal' test. Finally, we describe examples of drug class/parasite species interactions that provide the best opportunity for commercial use of molecular tests in the near future. We argue that while such prototype tests may not satisfy the requirements of an 'ideal' test, their potential to provide significant advances over currently-used phenotypic methods warrants their development as field diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Kotze
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St. Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia,Corresponding author. , CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St. Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.
| | - John S. Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Stephen R. Doyle
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Roger K. Prichard
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
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12
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Wang GA, Xie X, Mansour H, Chen F, Matamoros G, Sanchez AL, Fan C, Li F. Expanding detection windows for discriminating single nucleotide variants using rationally designed DNA equalizer probes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5473. [PMID: 33122648 PMCID: PMC7596233 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19269-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining experimental and simulation strategies to facilitate the design and operation of nucleic acid hybridization probes are highly important to both fundamental DNA nanotechnology and diverse biological/biomedical applications. Herein, we introduce a DNA equalizer gate (DEG) approach, a class of simulation-guided nucleic acid hybridization probes that drastically expand detection windows for discriminating single nucleotide variants in double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) via the user-definable transformation of the quantitative relationship between the detection signal and target concentrations. A thermodynamic-driven theoretical model was also developed, which quantitatively simulates and predicts the performance of DEG. The effectiveness of DEG for expanding detection windows and improving sequence selectivity was demonstrated both in silico and experimentally. As DEG acts directly on dsDNA, it is readily adaptable to nucleic acid amplification techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The practical usefulness of DEG was demonstrated through the simultaneous detection of infections and the screening of drug-resistance in clinical parasitic worm samples collected from rural areas of Honduras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan A Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Xiaoyu Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Hayam Mansour
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Gabriela Matamoros
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
- Microbiology Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Ana L Sanchez
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
- Microbiology Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 201240, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
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Dmitryjuk M, Szczotko M, Kubiak K, Trojanowicz R, Parashchyn Z, Khomitska H, Lubenets V. S-Methyl-(2-Methoxycarbonylamino-Benzimidazole-5) Thiosulfonate as a Potential Antiparasitic Agent-Its Action on the Development of Ascaris suum Eggs In Vitro. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110332. [PMID: 33113959 PMCID: PMC7690733 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascaris suum is a soil-transmitted parasite causing ascariasis in pigs, largely limiting livestock production globally. Searching for new drugs affecting all stages of nematode development is necessary and widely postulated. The in vitro activity of S-methyl-(2-methoxycarbonylamino-benzoimidasole-5) thiosulfonate on A. suum developing eggs was studied. Five concentrations of the drug were used—0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 mM during 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure. After drug treatment, the eggs were washed and cultured in 0.05 M HCl at 27 °C for 20 days. Both the concentration and duration of the drug exposure had an inhibitory impact on the percentage of L2 larvae developed. The best effect was obtained after 72 h of incubation in 5 mM drug solution, only 1.9 ± 3.3% of the larvae developed to the L2 stage. Moreover, no SNP was detected at codon 167, which is correlated with benzimidazole resistance, in the tested samples. For the first time, it has been demonstrated that S-M-(2-MKA-BZ-5)TS seems to be a potential ovicidal anti-helminthic agent. It may lead to the elimination of parasites and reduce environmental contamination from roundworm eggs. The ovicidal effects of the drug should be additionally confirmed by further infection studies using experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Dmitryjuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.S.); (R.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Magdalena Szczotko
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.S.); (R.T.)
| | - Katarzyna Kubiak
- Department of Medical Biology, Collegium Medicum, School of Public Health, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Zolnierska 14c, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Radosław Trojanowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.S.); (R.T.)
| | - Zhanna Parashchyn
- Department of Technology of Biological Active Substances, Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Bandera 12, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine; (Z.P.); (H.K.); (V.L.)
| | - Halyna Khomitska
- Department of Technology of Biological Active Substances, Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Bandera 12, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine; (Z.P.); (H.K.); (V.L.)
| | - Vira Lubenets
- Department of Technology of Biological Active Substances, Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Bandera 12, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine; (Z.P.); (H.K.); (V.L.)
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14
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Furtado LFV, Dos Santos TR, de Oliveira VNGM, Rabelo ÉML. Genotypic profile of benzimidazole resistance associated with SNP F167Y in the beta-tubulin gene of Necator americanus helminths obtained from Brazilian populations. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 86:104594. [PMID: 33080381 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Necator americanus is a worm that parasites the small intestine of humans and is highly prevalent in regions with poor sanitary conditions. The main strategy to control this helminth is by mass benzimidazole administration, however, periodic use of these drugs can select strains of parasites resistant to treatment. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the beta-tubulin isotype 1 gene located at codons 167, 198 and 200 have been associated with benzimidazole resistance in some nematodes. Previously, our group detected the presence of some of these SNPs in populations of soil-transmitted helminths collected in different locations in Brazil. Here, we evaluated the SNP at codon 167, which has recently been shown to be associated with failure of benzimidazoles to treat N. americanus. Our ARMS-PCR analyses were performed using 524 single N. americanus eggs from 48 patients' feces collected in six Brazilian states; however, we did not detect any mutated samples at codon 167. This study builds on previous work, helping us monitor the presence of resistance-related genotypes in Brazilian helminth populations. The data presented here can assist in the implementation of future control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Viana Furtado
- Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Avenida Juca Stockler, 1130, CEP 37900-106, Nossa Sra. das Graças, Passos, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Talita Rodrigues Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Departamento de Parasitologia, L4 237, Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valéria Nayara Gomes Mendes de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Departamento de Parasitologia, L4 237, Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Élida Mara Leite Rabelo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Departamento de Parasitologia, L4 237, Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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15
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Kamal MA, Al-Zahrani MH, Khan SH, Khan MH, Al-Subhi HA, Kuerban A, Aslam M, Al-Abbasi FA, Anwar F. Tubulin Proteins in Cancer Resistance: A Review. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:178-185. [DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200226123638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells are altered with cell cycle genes or they are mutated, leading to a high rate of proliferation
compared to normal cells. Alteration in these genes leads to mitosis dysregulation and becomes the basis of tumor
progression and resistance to many drugs. The drugs which act on the cell cycle fail to arrest the process, making
cancer cell non-responsive to apoptosis or cell death. Vinca alkaloids and taxanes fall in this category and are
referred to as antimitotic agents. Microtubule proteins play an important role in mitosis during cell division as a
target site for vinca alkaloids and taxanes. These proteins are dynamic in nature and are composed of α-β-tubulin
heterodimers. β-tubulin specially βΙΙΙ isotype is generally altered in expression within cancerous cells. Initially,
these drugs were very effective in the treatment of cancer but failed to show their desired action after initial
chemotherapy. The present review highlights some of the important targets and their mechanism of resistance
offered by cancer cells with new promising drugs from natural sources that can lead to the development of a new
approach to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Metabolomics and Enzymology Unit, Fundamental and Applied Biology Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Hassan Al-Zahrani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman Hasan Khan
- Department of Orthodontics, and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, TMU Dental College, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mateen Hasan Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Venkateshwara University, Gajraula, Amroha, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hani Awad Al-Subhi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abudukadeer Kuerban
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Statistics, Faculy of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Ahmed Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firoz Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Dong T, Mansour H, Hu H, Wang GA, Watson CJF, Yousef M, Matamoros G, Sanchez AL, MacNeil AJ, Wu P, Li F. Colorimetric Polymerase Chain Reaction Enabled by a Fast Light-Activated Substrate Chromogenic Detection Platform. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6456-6461. [PMID: 32259426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturization of nucleic acid tests (NATs) into portable, inexpensive detection platforms may aid disease diagnosis in point-of-care (POC) settings. Colorimetric signals are ideal readouts for portable NATs, and it remains of high demand to develop color readouts that are simple, quantitative, and versatile. Thus motivated, we report a fast light-activated substrate chromogenic polymerase chain reaction (FLASH PCR) that uses DNA intercalating dyes (DIDs) to enable colorimetric nucleic acid detection and quantification. The FLASH system is established on our finding that DID-DNA intercalation can promote the rapid photooxidation of chromogenic substrates through light-induced production of singlet oxygen. Using this principle, we have successfully converted DID-based fluorescent PCR assays into colorimetric FLASH PCR. To demonstrate the practical applicability of FLASH PCR to POC diagnosis, we also fabricated two readout platforms, including a portable electronic FLASH reader and a paper-based FLASH strip. Using the FLASH reader, we were able to detect as low as 60 copies of DNA standards, a limit of detection (LOD) comparable with commercial quantitative PCR. The FLASH strip further enables the reader-free detection of PCR amplicons by converting the colorimetric signal into the visual measurement of distance as a readout. Finally, the practical applicability of the FLASH PCR was demonstrated by the detection and/or quantification of nucleic acid markers in diverse clinical and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Analytical & Testing Centre, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China 610064.,Department of Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Hayam Mansour
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada.,Department of Cell Biology, National Research Center, Cairo Governorate 12622, Egypt
| | - Hao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Analytical & Testing Centre, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China 610064
| | - Guan A Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Colton J F Watson
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Michael Yousef
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Gabriela Matamoros
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Ana L Sanchez
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Adam J MacNeil
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Peng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Analytical & Testing Centre, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China 610064
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Analytical & Testing Centre, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China 610064.,Department of Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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17
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Role of DNA-detection-based tools for monitoring the soil-transmitted helminth treatment response in drug-efficacy trials. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007931. [PMID: 32027646 PMCID: PMC7004296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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18
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Furtado LFV, Medeiros CDS, Zuccherato LW, Alves WP, de Oliveira VNGM, da Silva VJ, Miranda GS, Fujiwara RT, Rabelo ÉML. First identification of the benzimidazole resistance-associated F200Y SNP in the beta-tubulin gene in Ascaris lumbricoides. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224108. [PMID: 31622428 PMCID: PMC6797262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The main control strategy for Ascaris lumbricoides is mass drug administration (especially with benzimidazoles), which can select strains of parasites resistant to treatment. Mutations in the beta-tubulin isotype-1 gene at codons 167, 198 and 200 have been linked to benzimidazole resistance in several nematodes. The mutation in codon 200 is the most frequent in different species of parasites, as previously observed in Necator americanus and Trichuris trichiura; however, this mutation has never been found in populations of A. lumbricoides. This study aimed to screen for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the beta-tubulin isotype-1 gene at codon 200 in A. lumbricoides. We developed a technique based on an amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS-PCR) for the analysis of 854 single A. lumbricoides eggs collected from 68 human stool samples from seven Brazilian states. We detected the mutation in codon 200 at a frequency of 0.5% (4/854). This is the first report of this mutation in A. lumbricoides. Although the observed frequency is low, its presence indicates that these parasite populations have the potential to develop high levels of resistance in the future. The methodology proposed here provides a powerful tool to screen for the emergence of anthelmintic resistance mutations in parasitic nematode populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celi da Silva Medeiros
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciana Werneck Zuccherato
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - William Pereira Alves
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Vivian Jordania da Silva
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Silva Miranda
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Élida Mara Leite Rabelo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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19
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Comprehensive evaluation of stool-based diagnostic methods and benzimidazole resistance markers to assess drug efficacy and detect the emergence of anthelmintic resistance: A Starworms study protocol. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006912. [PMID: 30388108 PMCID: PMC6235403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To work towards reaching the WHO goal of eliminating soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections as a public health problem, the total number of children receiving anthelmintic drugs has strongly increased over the past few years. However, as drug pressure levels rise, the development of anthelmintic drug resistance (AR) is more and more likely to appear. Currently, any global surveillance system to monitor drug efficacy and the emergence of possible AR is lacking. Consequently, it remains unclear to what extent the efficacy of drugs may have dropped and whether AR is already present. The overall aim of this study is to recommend the best diagnostic methods to monitor drug efficacy and molecular markers to assess the emergence of AR in STH control programs. Methods A series of drug efficacy trials will be performed in four STH endemic countries with varying drug pressure (Ethiopia and Brazil: low drug pressure, Lao PDR: moderate drug pressure and Tanzania: high drug pressure). These trials are designed to assess the efficacy of a single oral dose of 400 mg albendazole (ALB) against STH infections in school-aged children (SAC) by microscopic (duplicate Kato-Katz thick smear, Mini-FLOTAC and FECPAKG2) and molecular stool-based diagnostic methods (quantitative PCR (qPCR)). Data will be collected on the cost of the materials used, as well as the time required to prepare and examine stool samples for the different diagnostic methods. Following qPCR, DNA samples will also be submitted for pyrosequencing to assess the presence and prevalence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the β-tubulin gene. These SNPs are known to be linked to AR in animal STHs. Discussion The results obtained by these trials will provide robust evidence regarding the cost-efficiency and diagnostic performance of the different stool-based diagnostic methods for the assessment of drug efficacy in control programs. The assessment of associations between the frequency of SNPs in the β-tubulin gene and the history of drug pressure and drug efficacy will allow the validation of these SNPs as a marker for AR in human STHs. Trial registration The trial was retrospectively registered the 7th of March 2018 on Clinicaltrials.gov (ID: NCT03465488). Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) affect 1.4 billion people worldwide and cause significant morbidity when the intensity of infection is high. Currently, these infections are controlled in school-aged children by preventive chemotherapy with the benzimidazole drugs albendazole (ALB) or mebendazole (MEB). However, for the success of these control programs, it is essential to keep track of the efficacy of these drugs and to screen parasite populations for a possible rise of anthelmintic resistance (AR). In this light, a series of trials will be performed to assess the efficacy of ALB treatment against STH in four endemic countries with varying drug pressure. Both microscopic and molecular stool-based diagnostic methods will be used to evaluate drug efficacy. DNA samples will also be analysed for the presence and prevalence of mutations in a gene that was previously linked to AR in animal STHs. The results of these trials will provide evidence on the efficacy of ALB, help select the optimal diagnostic method to assess drug efficacy and provide information regarding the usefulness of genetic markers for AR detection in human STHs.
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20
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Rashwan N, Diawara A, Scott ME, Prichard RK. Isothermal diagnostic assays for the detection of soil-transmitted helminths based on the SmartAmp2 method. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:496. [PMID: 29047387 PMCID: PMC5648480 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) has traditionally relied on stool microscopy, which has a number of critical deficiencies. Molecular diagnostics are powerful tools to identify closely related species, but the requirement for costly equipment makes their implementation difficult in low-resource or field settings. Rapid, sensitive and cost-effective diagnostic tools are crucial for accurate estimation of STH infection intensity in MDA programmes in which the goal is to reduce morbidity following repeated rounds of chemotherapy. Results In this study, colourimetric isothermal assays were developed using SmartAmp2 primer sets and reagents in loop-mediated amplification (LAMP) assays. Species-specific primer sets, designed on a specific target sequence in the β-tubulin gene, were used to identify Necator americanus, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides. After initial optimization on control plasmids and genomic DNA from adult worms, assays were evaluated on field samples. Assays showed high sensitivity and demonstrated high tolerance to inhibitors in spiked faecal samples. Rapid and sensitive colourimetric assays were successfully developed to identify the STHs in field samples using hydroxy napthol blue (HNB) dye. Conclusions Rapid and simple colourimetric diagnostic assays, using the SmartAmp2 method, were developed, with the potential to be applied in the field for detection of STH infections and the estimation of response to treatment. However, further validation on large numbers of field samples is needed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2420-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Rashwan
- Institute of Parasitology and Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, Macdonald College, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada.,Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aïssatou Diawara
- Biology Program, Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Marilyn E Scott
- Institute of Parasitology and Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, Macdonald College, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Roger K Prichard
- Institute of Parasitology and Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, Macdonald College, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada.
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21
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Efficacy of single-dose 500 mg mebendazole in soil-transmitted helminth infections: a review. J Helminthol 2017; 92:269-278. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x17000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSoil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) is caused by Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm), Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), and Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (hookworms). Mebendazole is one of the recommended preventive chemotherapy agents for STH. This review summarizes the efficacy data from 29 studies with single-dose 500 mg mebendazole in STH treatment and compares the results with those of a recently conducted phase 3 study of a 500 mg mebendazole chewable tablet against A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infections. Studies that reported efficacy results against at least one STH infection were selected from the literature and efficacy data by each STH type were abstracted and pooled. Single-dose 500 mg mebendazole treatment resulted in a cure rate of 92.6% (range: 72.5–100%) for A. lumbricoides, 27.6% (range: 8.4–100%) for T. trichiura and 25.5% (range: 2.9–91.1%) for hookworms. Egg reduction rate for A. lumbricoides was 97.9% (range: 89.8–100%), for T. trichiura it was 72.9% (range: 31.6–93.0%) and for hookworms it was 72.0% (range: −6.5% (denoting an increase in egg count) to 98.3%). Similar results were observed in the studies that were placebo-controlled. In the phase 3 study, the cure rate and egg reduction rate reported was 83.7% and 97.9%, respectively, for A. lumbricoides and 33.9% and 59.7%, respectively, for T. trichiura. In conclusion, single-dose 500 mg mebendazole showed a high cure rate against A. lumbricoides and a substantial reduction in faecal egg count for all STH types. These results are consistent with the recently conducted phase 3 study of a new 500 mg chewable mebendazole tablet.
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22
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Krücken J, Fraundorfer K, Mugisha JC, Ramünke S, Sifft KC, Geus D, Habarugira F, Ndoli J, Sendegeya A, Mukampunga C, Bayingana C, Aebischer T, Demeler J, Gahutu JB, Mockenhaupt FP, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Reduced efficacy of albendazole against Ascaris lumbricoides in Rwandan schoolchildren. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2017; 7:262-271. [PMID: 28697451 PMCID: PMC5503839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Control of human soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) relies on preventive chemotherapy of schoolchildren applying the benzimidazoles (BZ) albendazole or mebendazole. Anthelmintic resistance (AR) is a common problem in nematodes of veterinary importance but for human STHs, information on drug efficacy is limited and routine monitoring is rarely implemented. Herein, the efficacy of single dose albendazole (400 mg) was evaluated in 12 schools in the Huye district of Rwanda where Ascaris is the predominant STH. Ascaris eggs were detected by wet mount microscopy and the Mini-FLOTAC method to assess cure rate (CR) and faecal egg count reduction (FECR). Blood and faecal samples were analysed for co-infections with Plasmodium sp. and Giardia duodenalis, respectively. Ascaris positive samples collected before and after treatment were analysed for putatively BZ-resistance associated β-tubulin gene single nucleotide polymorphisms. The overall CR was 69.9% by Mini-FLOTAC and 88.6% by wet mount microscopy. The FECR was 75.4% and the 95% calculated confidence intervals were 50.4–87.8% using sample variance, 55.4–88.8% by bootstrapping, and 75.0–75.7% applying a Markov Chain Monte Carlo Bayesian approach. FECR varied widely between 0 and 96.8% for individual schools. No putative BZ-resistance associated polymorphisms were found in the four Ascaris β-tubulin isotype genes examined. Since FECRs <95% indicate reduced efficacy, these findings raise the suspicion of BZ resistance. In the absence of respective molecular evidence, heritable AR in the local Ascaris populations cannot be formally proven. However, since FECRs <95% indicate reduced efficacy, BZ resistance may be suspected which would be alarming and calls for further analyses and routine monitoring in preventive chemotherapy programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kira Fraundorfer
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean Claude Mugisha
- University Teaching Hospital of Butare, University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda
| | - Sabrina Ramünke
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin C Sifft
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Geus
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Habarugira
- University Teaching Hospital of Butare, University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda
| | - Jules Ndoli
- University Teaching Hospital of Butare, University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda
| | - Augustin Sendegeya
- University Teaching Hospital of Butare, University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda
| | - Caritas Mukampunga
- University Teaching Hospital of Butare, University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda
| | - Claude Bayingana
- University Teaching Hospital of Butare, University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda
| | - Toni Aebischer
- Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janina Demeler
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean Bosco Gahutu
- University Teaching Hospital of Butare, University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda
| | - Frank P Mockenhaupt
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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