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Salle R, Del Giudice P, Skayem C, Hua C, Chosidow O. Secondary Bacterial Infections in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis or Other Common Dermatoses. Am J Clin Dermatol 2024; 25:623-637. [PMID: 38578398 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-024-00856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Secondary bacterial infections of common dermatoses such as atopic dermatitis, ectoparasitosis, and varicella zoster virus infections are frequent, with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes being the bacteria most involved. There are also Gram-negative infections secondary to common dermatoses such as foot dyshidrotic eczema and tinea pedis. Factors favoring secondary bacterial infections in atopic dermatitis, ectoparasitosis, and varicella zoster virus infections mainly include an epidermal barrier alteration as well as itch. Mite-bacteria interaction is also involved in scabies and some environmental factors can promote Gram-negative bacterial infections of the feet. Furthermore, the bacterial ecology of these superinfections may depend on the geographical origin of the patients, especially in ectoparasitosis. Bacterial superinfections can also have different clinical aspects depending on the underlying dermatoses. Subsequently, the choice of class, course, and duration of antibiotic treatment depends on the severity of the infection and the suspected bacteria, primarily targeting S. aureus. Prevention of these secondary bacterial infections depends first and foremost on the management of the underlying skin disorder. At the same time, educating the patient on maintaining good skin hygiene and reporting changes in the primary lesions is crucial. In the case of recurrent secondary infections, decolonization of S. aureus is deemed necessary, particularly in atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Salle
- Service de Dermatologie Générale et Oncologique, UVSQ, EA4340-BECCOH, AP-HP, Hôpital Ambroise-Paré, Université Paris-Saclay, 9 Avenue Charles de Gaulle, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Pascal Del Giudice
- Unité D'Infectiologie et Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Fréjus-Saint-Raphaël, Fréjus, France
| | - Charbel Skayem
- Service de Dermatologie Générale et Oncologique, UVSQ, EA4340-BECCOH, AP-HP, Hôpital Ambroise-Paré, Université Paris-Saclay, 9 Avenue Charles de Gaulle, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Camille Hua
- AP-HP, Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Olivier Chosidow
- Consultation Dermatoses Faciales, Service d'ORL, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- UPEC Créteil, Créteil, France
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Daştan AE, Vahabi A, Öztürk V, Özmen MA, Coşkunol E, Aktuğlu K. Scabies infestation might predispose surgical site infection: Case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2024; 119:109747. [PMID: 38723439 PMCID: PMC11101899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2024.109747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Human scabies is a contagious skin condition caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite, leading to skin damage and subsequent mechanical irritation from scratching. This impaired skin integrity predisposes individuals to skin infections. While the association between scabies and skin infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes is well-documented, there is limited literature on the risk of surgical site infections in such cases. CASE PRESENTATION This case report aims to explore this risk by presenting a case of surgical site infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes following surgery for a complex elbow injury in a patient with scabies infestation. DISCUSSION Scabies infestation leads to direct spread of bacteria and contributes to bacterial infection. Furthermore, complement inhibition and dysbiosis induced by the scabies may facilitate the occurrence of these bacterial infections. CONCLUSION Skin infections are frequently encountered in scabies infestations. Preferred incision should be evaluated meticulously before surgery. Further studies are needed to reach a definitive conclusion on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Engin Daştan
- Ege University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Turkey
| | - Arman Vahabi
- Ege University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Turkey.
| | - Volga Öztürk
- Turgutlu State Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Alp Özmen
- Ege University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Turkey
| | - Erhan Coşkunol
- Ege University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Turkey.
| | - Kemal Aktuğlu
- Ege University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Turkey
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Amoako YA, Laryea DO, Agbanyo A, Agbavor B, Oppong MN, Kyem G, Abass KM, van Bentum R, Phillips RO, Stienstra Y. Prevalence and determinants of impetigo in Ghana: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:349. [PMID: 38528449 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skin diseases such as impetigo pose a significant public health challenge in low resource settings. Despite this, there is a dearth of epidemiological data on the prevalence of this condition in Ghana. METHODS We conducted a cross sectional study in three settings in Ghana: community members in East Mamprusi district in the North East region, a secondary school in Sekyere East district, and inmates of the Kumasi central prisons both in the Ashanti region. Following a period of training, we performed a standardised skin examination on each participant to assess for scabies and impetigo. We calculated the prevalence of each skin condition and investigated determinants of impetigo. RESULTS/ FINDINGS Of the 1327 participants [males 64.1% and median age 22 (16-29) years], 746 (56.2%) had scabies and 186 (14%) had impetigo which was usually very mild or mild in severity. Most participants with impetigo also had scabies (161/186, 86.6%). Having an itch [RR 6.05 (95% CI 2.53-14.47)], presence of scabies burrows [RR 1.99 (95% CI 1.54-2.59)], clinical scabies [RR 3.15 (2.11-4.72)] or being in preschool [RR 4.56 (1.78-11.67)] increased the risk for impetigo. A combination of the presence of clinical scabies, age, sex and itch most accurately predicted the odds of having impetigo. CONCLUSIONS There is substantial burden of impetigo and scabies in Ghana. There is a need to institute measures to improve detection and control of these common dermatoses as part of Universal Health Coverage package to reduce the scourge of the diseases in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw Ampem Amoako
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research into Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | | | - Abigail Agbanyo
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research into Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Bernadette Agbavor
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research into Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Michael Ntiamoah Oppong
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research into Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Gloria Kyem
- Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Renee van Bentum
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Odame Phillips
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research into Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ymkje Stienstra
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Sant'Anna MRV, Pereira-Filho AA, Mendes-Sousa AF, Silva NCS, Gontijo NF, Pereira MH, Koerich LB, D'Avila Pessoa GC, Andersen J, Araujo RN. Inhibition of vertebrate complement system by hematophagous arthropods: inhibitory molecules, mechanisms, physiological roles, and applications. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38246860 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
In arthropods, hematophagy has arisen several times throughout evolution. This specialized feeding behavior offered a highly nutritious diet obtained during blood feeds. On the other hand, blood-sucking arthropods must overcome problems brought on by blood intake and digestion. Host blood complement acts on the bite site and is still active after ingestion, so complement activation is a potential threat to the host's skin feeding environment and to the arthropod gut enterocytes. During evolution, blood-sucking arthropods have selected, either in their saliva or gut, anticomplement molecules that inactivate host blood complement. This review presents an overview of the complement system and discusses the arthropod's salivary and gut anticomplement molecules studied to date, exploring their mechanism of action and other aspects related to the arthropod-host-pathogen interface. The possible therapeutic applications of arthropod's anticomplement molecules are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Roberto Vianna Sant'Anna
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Alves Pereira-Filho
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Naylene Carvalho Sales Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Nelder Figueiredo Gontijo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos Horácio Pereira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Barbosa Koerich
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Grasielle Caldas D'Avila Pessoa
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - John Andersen
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ricardo Nascimento Araujo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Wilkening RV, Langouët-Astrié C, Severn MM, Federle MJ, Horswill AR. Identifying genetic determinants of Streptococcus pyogenes-host interactions in a murine intact skin infection model. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113332. [PMID: 37889753 PMCID: PMC10841832 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is an obligate human pathobiont associated with many disease states. Here, we present a model of S. pyogenes infection using intact murine epithelium. We were able to perform RNA sequencing to evaluate genetic changes undertaken by both the bacterium and host at 5 and 24 h post-infection. Analysis of these genomic data demonstrate that S. pyogenes undergoes genetic adaptation to successfully infect the murine epithelium, including changes to metabolism and activation of the Rgg2/Rgg3 quorum-sensing (QS) system. Subsequent experiments demonstrate that an intact Rgg2/Rgg3 QS cascade is necessary to establish a stable superficial skin infection. QS cascade activation results in increased murine morbidity and bacterial burden on the skin. This phenotype is associated with gross changes to the murine skin and with evidence of inflammation. These experiments offer a method to investigate S. pyogenes-epithelial interactions and demonstrate that a well-studied QS pathway is critical to a persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid V Wilkening
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Christophe Langouët-Astrié
- Section of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Morgan M Severn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael J Federle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Skayem C, Majda A, Gary C, Hemery F, Mahé E, Caux F, Dupin N, Senet P, Greder-Belan A, Hillion B, Meni C, Saiag P, Bellaud G, Bleibtreu A, Lariven S, Bollens D, Descamps V, Molina JM, Bouchaud O, Vittecoq D, Do-Pham G, Foulet F, Botterel F, Chosidow O, Bernigaud C. Severe Scabies: A French Multi-centre Study Involving 95 Patients with Crusted and Profuse Disease and Review of the Literature. Acta Derm Venereol 2023; 103:adv00878. [PMID: 36861856 PMCID: PMC9993169 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v103.5351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this multi-centre French retrospective study was to identify severe, i.e. crusted and profuse, scabies patients. Records were retrieved from 22 Dermatology or Infectious Diseases departments in the Ile-de-France from January 2009 to January 2015 to characterize epidemiology, demography, diagnosis, contributing factors, treatment features, and outcomes in severe scabies. A total of 95 inpatients (57 crusted and 38 profuse) were included. A higher number of cases was observed among elderly patients (>75 years), mostly living in institutions. Thirteen patients (13.6%) reported a history of previously treated scabies. Sixty-three patients (66.3%) had been seen by a previous practitioner for the current episode (up to 8 previous visits). Initial misdiagnosis (e.g. eczema, prurigo, drug-related eruptions, psoriasis) was documented in 41 patients (43.1%). Fifty-eight patients (61%) had already received 1 or more previous treatments for their current episode. Forty percent received corticosteroids or acitretin for an initial diagnosis of eczema or psoriasis. Median time from the onset of symptoms to the diagnosis of severe scabies was 3 months (range 0.3-22). Itch was present in all patients at diagnosis. Most patients (n=84, 88.4%) had comorbidities. Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches varied. Complications occurred in 11.5% of cases. To date, there is no consensus for diagnosis and treatment, and future standardization of is required for optimal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel Skayem
- Dermatology Department, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France.
| | - Askour Majda
- Dermatology Department, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Charlotte Gary
- Dermatology Department, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Francois Hemery
- Service d'Information Médicale, DSIGHM, APHP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Emmanuel Mahé
- Dermatology Department, Centre Hospitalier Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil, France
| | - Frederic Caux
- Dermatology Department, APHP, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Nicolas Dupin
- Dermatology Department, APHP, Hôpital Cochin, Pavillon Tarnier, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Senet
- Dermatology Department, APHP, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alix Greder-Belan
- Service de Médecine Interne et Unité de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Hôpital Mignot, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Brigitte Hillion
- Dermatology Department, Centre Hospitalier Marne la Vallée, Jossigny, France
| | - Cecile Meni
- Dermatology Department, APHP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Saiag
- Dermatology Department, APHP, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Guillaume Bellaud
- Infectious Diseases Department, APHP, Hôpital Tenon, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Est, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Bleibtreu
- Infectious Diseases Department, APHP, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Lariven
- Infectious Diseases Department, APHP, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Diane Bollens
- Infectious Diseases Department, APHP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Descamps
- Dermatology Department, APHP, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Molina
- Infectious Diseases Department, APHP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Bouchaud
- Infectious Diseases Department, APHP, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Daniel Vittecoq
- Infectious Diseases Department, APHP, CHU Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Gia Do-Pham
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Francoise Foulet
- Research Group Dynamic, EA7380, Faculté de Santé de Créteil, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC ANSES, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Francoise Botterel
- Research Group Dynamic, EA7380, Faculté de Santé de Créteil, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC ANSES, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Olivier Chosidow
- Dermatology Department, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Charlotte Bernigaud
- Dermatology Department, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France.
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Increased Scabies Incidence at the Beginning of the 21st Century: What Do Reports from Europe and the World Show? LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12101598. [PMID: 36295033 PMCID: PMC9604680 DOI: 10.3390/life12101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Reports from various countries have described increasing numbers of scabies cases, especially in the past two decades. The epidemiological data for various world regions showed prevalence estimates ranging from 0.2% to 71%, with the highest prevalence in the Pacific region and Latin America. Therefore, geographically, scabies occurs more commonly in the developing world, tropical climates, and in areas with a lack of access to water. According to results from specific regions of the world, the greatest burdens from scabies were recorded for East Asia, Southeast Asia, Oceania, tropical Latin America, and South Asia. Among countries with the highest rates, the top 10 were Indonesia, China, Timor-Leste, Vanuatu, Fiji, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, and the Seychelles. From Europe, available data shows an increasing trend in scabies infestation, particularly evident among populations with associated contributing factors, such as those who travel frequently, refugees, asylum seekers, those who regularly lack drinking water and appropriate hygiene and are of a younger age, etc. This increase in observed cases in the last 10–20 years has been evidenced by research conducted in Germany, France, Norway, and Croatia, among other countries. In addition, increased scabies transmission was also recorded during the COVID-19 pandemic and may have been the result of increased sexual intercourse during that time. Despite all the available treatment options, scabies commonly goes unrecognized and is therefore not treated accordingly. This trend calls for a prompt and synergistic reaction from all healthcare professionals, governmental institutions, and non-governmental organizations, especially in settings where population migration is common and where living standards are low. Furthermore, the proper education of whole populations and accessible healthcare are cornerstones of outbreak prevention. Accurate national data and proper disease reporting should be a goal for every country worldwide when developing strategic plans for preventing and controlling the community spread of scabies.
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Campbell M, van der Linden N, Gardner K, Dickinson H, Agostino J, Dowden M, O’Meara I, Scolyer M, Woerle H, Viney R, van Gool K. Health care cost of crusted scabies in Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory, Australia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010288. [PMID: 35344551 PMCID: PMC8989313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Crusted scabies is a debilitating dermatological condition. Although still relatively rare in the urban areas of Australia, rates of crusted scabies in remote Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory (NT) are reported to be among the highest in the world. Objective To estimate the health system costs associated with diagnosing, treating and managing crusted scabies. Methods A disease pathway model was developed to identify the major phases of managing crusted scabies. In recognition of the higher resource use required to treat more severe cases, the pathway differentiates between crusted scabies severity grades. The disease pathway model was populated with data from a clinical audit of 42 crusted scabies patients diagnosed in the Top-End of Australia’s Northern Territory between July 1, 2016 and May 1, 2018. These data were combined with standard Australian unit costs to calculate the expected costs per patient over a 12-month period, as well as the overall population cost for treating crusted scabies. Findings The expected health care cost per patient diagnosed with crusted scabies is $35,418 Australian dollars (AUD) (95% CI: $27,000 to $43,800), resulting in an overall cost of $1,558,392AUD (95% CI: $1,188,000 to $1,927,200) for managing all patients diagnosed in the Northern Territory in a given year (2018). By far, the biggest component of the health care costs falls on the hospital system. Discussion This is the first cost-of-illness analysis for treating crusted scabies. Such analysis will be of value to policy makers and researchers by informing future evaluations of crusted scabies prevention programs and resource allocation decisions. Further research is needed on the wider costs of crusted scabies including non-financial impacts such as the loss in quality of life as well as the burden of care and loss of well-being for patients, families and communities. Crusted scabies is characterised by thick skin crusting and fissuring and can lead to serious secondary infections and death from complications. Rates of crusted scabies in remote Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory (NT) are among the highest in the world. Efforts are on the way in Australia to prevent, if not eliminate, crusted scabies. We use data from a clinical audit of 42 patients diagnosed with crusted scabies in the Top-End of the NT to estimate the health system costs associated with diagnosing, treating and managing crusted scabies for patients and their households. This cost of illness study can provide a valuable starting point for policy makers and evaluators in estimating the potential economic impact of crusted scabies prevention programs on health care service use and costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Campbell
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Naomi van der Linden
- Department of Health Technology and Services Research, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Karen Gardner
- Public Service Research Group, School of Business, UNSW Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Helen Dickinson
- Public Service Research Group, School of Business, UNSW Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jason Agostino
- Academic Unit of General Practice, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Rosalie Viney
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kees van Gool
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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9
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Gazi U, Taylan-Ozkan A, Mumcuoglu KY. Immune mechanisms in human Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae) infestations. Parasite Immunol 2021; 44:e12900. [PMID: 34923637 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Scabies is a parasitic infestation of human and animal skin caused by different strains of the itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared scabies in human as a neglected tropical disease, and today over 200 million people worldwide are affected. The two most commonly reported clinical manifestation of the condition are ordinary (OS) and crusted scabies (CS). CS, which can lead to fatal consequences due to secondary bacterial infections, is mostly observed in immunocompromised subjects but can also, although rarely, be detected in immunocompetent individuals. Innate and adaptive immune system components are involved in protection and pathogenesis of scabies, although with some differences between OS and CS. While the cutaneous immune response is dominated by CD4+ T-cells in OS, it is mainly mediated by CD8+ T-cells in CS. The two clinical conditions also differ in CD4+ T-cell-mediated immune responses with mixed TH 1/TH 2 (protective) and TH 2/TH 17 (non-protective) immunoprofiles in OS and CS, respectively. Moreover, the development of CS is associated with early immunosuppression that is followed by deleterious immune response to uncontrolled mite proliferation. However, the immune response to scabies still needs further attention due to inconsistent results in the literature. The aim of this study is to attract more attention to this area by summarizing the current literature on innate and adaptive immune responses triggered against S. scabiei mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Gazi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Aysegul Taylan-Ozkan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kosta Y Mumcuoglu
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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10
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Shehwana H, Ijaz S, Fatima A, Walton S, Sheikh ZI, Haider W, Naz S. Transcriptome Analysis of Host Inflammatory Responses to the Ectoparasitic Mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:778840. [PMID: 34925353 PMCID: PMC8671885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.778840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies, a human skin infestation caused by the ectoparasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, affects more than 200 million people globally. The prevailing knowledge of the disease process and host immune response mechanisms is limited. A better understanding of the host-parasite relationship is essential for the identification of novel vaccine and drug targets. Here we aimed to interrogate the transcriptomic profiles of mite-infested human skin biopsies with clinical manifestations of ordinary scabies subjects ("OS"; n = 05) and subjects naive to scabies ("control"; n = 03) using RNASeq data analysis. A combined clustering, network, and pathway mapping approach enabled us to identify key signaling events in the host immune and pro-inflammatory responses to S. scabiei infestation. The clustering patterns showed various differentially expressed genes including inflammatory responses and innate immunity genes (DEFB4A, IL-19, CXCL8, CSF3, SERPINB4, S100A7A, HRNR) and notably upregulation of the JAK-STAT pathway in scabies-infested samples. Mite-infested human skin biopsies (GSE178563) were compared with an ex-vivo porcine infested model (E-MTAB-6433) and human skin equivalents (GSE48459). Marked enrichment of immune response pathways (JAK-STAT signaling, IL-4 and IL-13 pathway, and Toll receptor cascade), chemokine ligands and receptors (CCL17, CCL18, CCL3L1, CCL3L3, CCR7), and cytokines (IL-13 and IL-20) were observed. Additionally, genes known for their role in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis were upregulated, e.g., IL-19. The detailed transcriptomic profile has provided an insight into molecular functions, biological processes, and immunological responses and increased our understanding about transcriptomic regulation of scabies in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Shehwana
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Ijaz
- Research Centre for Modelling & Simulation, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abeera Fatima
- Research Centre for Modelling & Simulation, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shelley Walton
- Inflammation and Healing Research Cluster, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Zafar Iqbal Sheikh
- Department of Dermatology, Pak-Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Haider
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shumaila Naz
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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11
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Sunderkötter C, Wohlrab J, Hamm H. Scabies: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 118:695-704. [PMID: 34615594 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scabies is a skin infestation whose incidence is apparently rising. METHODS This review is based on pertinent articles retrieved by a selective search of PubMed on diagnosis and treatment strategies. RESULTS Thread-like papules (burrows), new, intense pruritus, and dermatitis guide the suspected diagnosis which is confirmed by the microscopic or dermatoscopic demonstration of scabies mites. The first line therapy is topical application of permethrin, in accordance with the current recommendations for its use. Other treatment options include systemic ivermectin and topical crotamiton or benzyl benzoate. A combination of permethrin and ivermectin is used to treat otherwise intractable cases and is generally indicated for the treatment of crusted scabies. Known causes of treatment failure include improper application of the external agents, failure of repeated treatment with ivermectin, incomplete decontamination of furnishings and clothes, failure to simultaneously treat contact persons, absence of written documents explaining treatment modalities, and the patient's belonging to a risk group. Even though there has not yet been any direct proof of resistance of scabies mites to permethrin, there is a rising number of welldocumented cases of poor response to this agent. Moxidectin is a new substance now undergoing clinical testing. CONCLUSION Treatment of scabies according to the guidelines and the additional recommendations reported here should result in effective curing, even in cases that are thought to be intractable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cord Sunderkötter
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale); Institute of Applied Dermatopharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale); Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg
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12
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El-Moamly AA. Scabies as a part of the World Health Organization roadmap for neglected tropical diseases 2021-2030: what we know and what we need to do for global control. Trop Med Health 2021; 49:64. [PMID: 34399850 PMCID: PMC8366162 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-021-00348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Scabies is an under-recognized global health problem with an unacceptably high prevalence in many settings worldwide. Fortunately, the World Health Organization (WHO) has formally designated scabies as a neglected tropical disease in 2017, in the hope of increasing awareness and encouraging efforts to eradicate it. Also, scabies has recently been included as part of the WHO roadmap for neglected tropical diseases 2021–2030, aimed at ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals. Main abstract body This review article places scabies in focus. The literature was reviewed to explore discussions on controversial issues in scabies control, with the aim of clarifying whether global control of scabies is a feasible and worthwhile objective. The existing status of scabies and its burden are discussed along with future prospects for its global control. The article investigates the feasibility of scabies control and provides updates on the various impediments to this goal, such as challenges related to transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development. Also examined are relevant research needs, success factors, and reasons for failure. This article aims to increase the global awareness of scabies and promote discussion, enhance coordinated international efforts, and ultimately, enact change at the national and worldwide levels toward the control of this preventable disease of the poor. Conclusion Despite the current challenges, scabies control is now within reach. With sustained interventions, continuous resources, and sincere commitment and support, scabies global control appears to be a worthwhile, realistic goal that is potentially achievable in the not so distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A El-Moamly
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Round Road, Ismailia, Postal Code 41522, Egypt.
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13
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Talaga-Ćwiertnia K. Sarcoptes Infestation. What Is Already Known, and What Is New about Scabies at the Beginning of the Third Decade of the 21st Century? Pathogens 2021; 10:868. [PMID: 34358018 PMCID: PMC8308645 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are three known subtypes of scabies: ordinary, crusted, and bullous. The worldwide prevalence of scabies remains high in the 21st century. To decrease the social, economic, and psychological impact on the enormous population infected, a lot of important work has been completed over the last 20 years concerning the management of scabies. For example, a standardization of guidelines for the treatment of scabies has been completed and programs have been designed for the prevention and treatment in endemic populations, called mass drug administrations. Unfortunately, these only apply to the ordinary form of scabies. Moreover, resistance to the drugs currently used in treatment is growing, which imposes the need to search for new treatments. For this purpose, new acaricides are being developed to enhance the therapeutic options for the patients' benefit and effectively treat this disease. There is also the necessity for prevention before the development of scabies. An effective vaccine has the potential to protect people before this disease, especially in endemic areas. Unfortunately, there are no such vaccines against Sarcoptes yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Talaga-Ćwiertnia
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Department of Infection Control and Mycology, 31-008 Kraków, Poland
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14
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Kim HS, Hashimoto T, Fischer K, Bernigaud C, Chosidow O, Yosipovitch G. Scabies itch: an update on neuroimmune interactions and novel targets. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35:1765-1776. [PMID: 33960033 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Frequently described as 'the worst itch' one can ever experience scabies itch is the hallmark of Sarcoptes scabiei mite infestation. Notably, the itchiness often persists for weeks despite scabicides therapy. The mechanism of scabies itch is not yet fully understood, and effective treatment modalities are still missing which can severely affect the quality of life. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the scope of itch in scabies and highlight candidate mechanisms underlying this itch. We herein discuss scabies itch, with a focus on the nature, candidate underlying mechanisms and treatment options. We also synthesize this information with current understanding of the mechanisms contributing to non-histaminergic itch in other conditions. Itch is a major problem in scabies and can lead to grave consequences. We provide the latest insights on host-mite interaction, secondary microbial infection and neural sensitization with special emphasis on keratinocytes and mast cells to better understand the mechanism of itch in scabies. Also, the most relevant current modalities remaining under investigation that possess promising perspectives for scabies itch (i.e. protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) inhibitor, Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) antagonist) are discussed. Greater understanding of these diverse mechanisms may provide a rational basis for the development of improved and targeted approaches to control itch in individuals with scabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Kim
- Dr Philip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miami Itch Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - T Hashimoto
- Department of Dermatology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - K Fischer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - C Bernigaud
- Faculté de Santé de Créteil et Service de Dermatologie, APHP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France.,Research Group Dynamic, EA7380, Faculté de Santé de Créteil, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC ANSES, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - O Chosidow
- Faculté de Santé de Créteil et Service de Dermatologie, APHP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France.,Research Group Dynamic, EA7380, Faculté de Santé de Créteil, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC ANSES, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - G Yosipovitch
- Dr Philip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miami Itch Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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15
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First Description of the Composition and the Functional Capabilities of the Skin Microbial Community Accompanying Severe Scabies Infestation in Humans. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050907. [PMID: 33922793 PMCID: PMC8146700 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies link Sarcoptes scabiei infection and impetigo. Scabies mites can promote Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus) and Staphylococcus aureus infections by breaching the skin barrier and excreting molecules that inhibit host innate immune responses. However, little is known about the composition and the function of the scabies-associated microbiota. Here, high-throughput whole-metagenome sequencing was used to explore the scabies-associated microbiome. Scabies mites including their immediate microenvironments were isolated from two patients with severe scabies in Northern Australia. Two ~45–50 million paired-end reads Illumina libraries were generated of which ~2 (5.1%) and 0.7 million (1.3%) microbial reads were filtered out by mapping to human (hg19) and mite draft genomes. Taxonomic profiling revealed a microbial community dominated by the phylum Firmicutes (A: 79% and B: 59%) and genera that comprise Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, and Corynebacterium. Assembly of the metagenome reads resulted in genome bins representing reference genomes of Acinetobacter baumannii, Streptococcus dysgalactiae (Group C/G), Proteus mirablis and Staphylococcus aureus. The contigs contained genes relevant to pathogenicity and antibiotics resistance. Confocal microscopy of a patient skin sample confirmed A. baumannii, Streptococci and S. aureus in scabies mite gut and faeces and the surrounding skin. The study provides fundamental evidence for the association of opportunistic pathogens with scabies infection.
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16
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Thomas S, Bennett J, Jack S, Oliver J, Purdie G, Upton A, Baker MG. Descriptive analysis of group A Streptococcus in skin swabs and acute rheumatic fever, Auckland, New Zealand, 2010-2016. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-WESTERN PACIFIC 2021; 8:100101. [PMID: 34327427 PMCID: PMC8315459 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Group A Streptococcus (GAS) can trigger an immune-mediated response resulting in acute rheumatic fever (ARF). Historically, ARF has been considered a consequence of preceding GAS pharyngitis, but increasing evidence suggests that GAS skin infections may be a driver. Data on the primary care burden of GAS skin infection are limited. This paper aims to describe and compare the prevalence and distribution of GAS detection in skin swabs and ARF rates in the Auckland population. Methods This cross-sectional study used all laboratory skin swab data from people who had a skin swab taken as a result of a consultation with a health professional in the Auckland region (2010–2016). Initial primary hospitalisations for ARF were identified and all data were linked using unique patient identifiers to patient's age, prioritised ethnicity, sex, and socio-economic status. Findings 377,410 skin swabs from 239,494 individuals were included. 12·8% of swabs were GAS positive, an annual incidence of 4·8 per 1,000 person-years. Māori and Pacific Peoples under 20 years of age had markedly higher GAS detection in skin swabs (RR 4·0; 95% CI 3·9–4·2: RR 6·8; 95% CI 6·6–7·0) and significantly higher ARF rates (RR 30·3; 95% CI 19·5–46·9: RR 69·7 95% CI 45·8–106·1) compared with European/Other ethnicities. Interpretation The observation that GAS detection was markedly higher in Māori and Pacific Peoples provides a potential explanation for the marked ethnic differences in ARF. These findings support a greater focus on addressing the burden of skin infection in NZ, including as ARF prevention. Funding The first author received a training stipend from the New Zealand College of Public Health Medicine (NZCPHM) during her Masters of Public Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Thomas
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, 23a Mein Street, Newtown 6021, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Julie Bennett
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, 23a Mein Street, Newtown 6021, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Susan Jack
- Southern District Health Board, 201 Great Kind Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.,Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, 18 Frederick Street, North Dunedin, Dunedin 9016 New Zealand
| | - Jane Oliver
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Gordon Purdie
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, 23a Mein Street, Newtown 6021, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Arlo Upton
- Southern Community Laboratories, Plunket House, 472 George Street Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Michael G Baker
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, 23a Mein Street, Newtown 6021, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
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17
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Ständer S, Ständer S. Itch in Scabies-What Do We Know? Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:628392. [PMID: 33598472 PMCID: PMC7882483 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.628392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a common parasitic skin infestation characterized by severe itch and a heterogenous clinical presentation. Itch, as the cardinal symptom of scabies, is imposing a high burden on affected patients and is often difficult to manage. Decreased life quality and secondary complications, caused by an itch-related disruption of the epidermal barrier and subsequent superinfections, illustrate the need to treat scabies and to understand the underlying mechanisms of itch in respective patients. This review summarizes available data on itch in scabies with a special focus on the clinical aspects and its underlying pathomechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Ständer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sonja Ständer
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Chronic Pruritus, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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18
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A unique group of scabies mite pseudoproteases promotes cutaneous blood coagulation and delays plasmin-induced fibrinolysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008997. [PMID: 33406071 PMCID: PMC7815109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scabies, a highly contagious skin disease affecting more than 200 million people worldwide at any time, is caused by the parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei. In the absence of molecular markers, diagnosis requires experience making surveillance and control challenging. Superficial microthrombi in the absence of vasculitis in scabies-affected skin are a recognised, yet unexplained histopathological differential of scabies infection. This study demonstrates that a family of Scabies Mite Inactivated Cysteine Protease Paralogues (SMIPP-Cs) excreted by the mites plays a role in formation of scabies-induced superficial microthrombi. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A series of in vitro and ex vivo experiments involving two representative recombinant SMIPP-Cs was carried out. In the presence of SMIPP-Cs, the thrombin clotting time (TCT), fibrin formation and plasmin induced fibrinolysis were monitored in vitro. The ultrastructure of the SMIPP-C-modulated fibrin was analysed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Immuno-histological analyses were performed ex vivo, to localise the SMIPP-C proteins within scabies infected skin biopsies. SMIPP-Cs displayed pro-coagulant properties. They bound calcium ions, reduced the thrombin clotting time, enhanced the fibrin formation rate and delayed plasmin-induced fibrinolysis. The SMIPP-Cs associated with fibrin clots during fibrinogen polymerisation and did not bind to preformed fibrin. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the fibrin clots formed in the presence of SMIPP-Cs were aberrant and denser than normal fibrin clots. SMIPP-Cs were detected in microthrombi which are commonly seen in scabietic skin. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The SMIPP-Cs are the first scabies mite proteins found in sub-epidermal skin layers and their pro-coagulant properties promote superficial microthrombi formation in scabetic skin. Further research is needed to evaluate their potential as diagnostic or therapeutic target.
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19
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Fernando DD, Fischer K. Proteases and pseudoproteases in parasitic arthropods of clinical importance. FEBS J 2020; 287:4284-4299. [PMID: 32893448 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic arthropods feed on blood or skin tissue and share comparable repertoires of proteases involved in haematophagy, digestion, egg development and immunity. While proteolytically active proteases of multiple classes dominate, an increasing number of pseudoproteases have been discovered that have no proteolytic function but are pharmacologically active biomolecules, evolved to carry out alternative functions as regulatory, antihaemostatic, anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory compounds. In this review, we provide an overview of proteases and pseudoproteases from clinically important arthropod parasites. Many of these act in central biological pathways of parasite survival and host-parasite interaction and may be potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepani Darshika Fernando
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Infectious Diseases Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Katja Fischer
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Infectious Diseases Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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20
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Marks M, Toloka H, Baker C, Kositz C, Asugeni J, Puiahi E, Asugeni R, Azzopardi K, Diau J, Kaldor JM, Romani L, Redman-MacLaren M, MacLaren D, Solomon AW, Mabey DCW, Steer AC. Randomized Trial of Community Treatment With Azithromycin and Ivermectin Mass Drug Administration for Control of Scabies and Impetigo. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 68:927-933. [PMID: 29985978 PMCID: PMC6399435 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scabies is a public health problem in many countries, with impetigo and its complications important consequences. Ivermectin based mass drug administration (MDA) reduces the prevalence of scabies and, to a lesser extent, impetigo. We studied the impact of co-administering azithromycin on the prevalence of impetigo and antimicrobial resistance. Methods Six communities were randomized to receive either ivermectin-based MDA or ivermectin-based MDA co-administered with azithromycin. We measured scabies and impetigo prevalence at baseline and 12 months. We collected impetigo lesions swabs at baseline, 3 and 12 months to detect antimicrobial resistance. Results At baseline, scabies and impetigo prevalences were 11.8% and 10.1% in the ivermectin-only arm and 9.2% and 12.1% in the combined treatment arm. At 12 months, the prevalences had fallen to 1.0% and 2.5% in the ivermectin-only arm and 0.7% and 3.3% in the combined treatment arm. The proportion of impetigo lesions containing Staphylococcus aureus detected did not change (80% at baseline vs 86% at 12 months; no significant difference between arms) but the proportion containing pyogenic streptococci fell significantly (63% vs 23%, P < .01). At 3 months, 53% (8/15) of S. aureus isolates were macrolide-resistant in the combined treatment arm, but no resistant strains (0/13) were detected at 12 months. Conclusions Co-administration of azithromycin with ivermectin led to similar decreases in scabies and impetigo prevalence compared to ivermectin alone. The proportion of impetigo lesions containing pyogenic streptococci declined following MDA. There was a transient increase in the proportion of macrolide-resistant S. aureus strains following azithromycin MDA. Clinical Trials Registration clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02775617).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Marks
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Hilary Toloka
- Atoifi Adventist Hospital, Malaita Province, Solomon Islands
| | - Ciara Baker
- Group A Streptococcal Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christian Kositz
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - James Asugeni
- Atoifi Adventist Hospital, Malaita Province, Solomon Islands
| | - Elliot Puiahi
- National Referral Hospital, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Rowena Asugeni
- Atoifi Adventist Hospital, Malaita Province, Solomon Islands
| | - Kristy Azzopardi
- Group A Streptococcal Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Diau
- Atoifi Adventist Hospital, Malaita Province, Solomon Islands
| | - John M Kaldor
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney
| | - Lucia Romani
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney
| | | | - David MacLaren
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anthony W Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C Steer
- National Referral Hospital, Honiara, Solomon Islands.,Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Scabies crustosa in a recipient of an allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Infection 2020; 49:375-376. [PMID: 32270442 PMCID: PMC7990823 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Swe PM, Zakrzewski M, Waddell R, Sriprakash KS, Fischer K. High-throughput metagenome analysis of the Sarcoptes scabiei internal microbiota and in-situ identification of intestinal Streptomyces sp. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11744. [PMID: 31409870 PMCID: PMC6692375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple parasitic arthropods of medical importance depend on symbiotic bacteria. While the link between scabies and secondary bacterial infections causing post infective complications of Group A streptococcal and staphylococcal pyoderma is increasingly recognized, very little is known about the microbiota of Sarcoptes scabiei. Here we analyze adult female mite and egg metagenome datasets. The majority of adult mite bacterial reads matched with Enterobacteriaceae (phylum Proteobacteria), followed by Corynebacteriaceae (phylum Actinobacteria). Klebsiella was the most dominant genus (78%) and Corynebacterium constituted 9% of the assigned sequences. Scabies mite eggs had a more diverse microbial composition with sequences from Proteobacteria being the most dominant (75%), while Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes accounted for 23% of the egg microbiome sequences. DNA sequences of a potential endosymbiont, namely Streptomyces, were identified in the metagenome sequence data of both life stages. The presence of Streptomyces was confirmed by conventional PCR. Digital droplet PCR indicated higher Streptomyces numbers in adult mites compared to eggs. Streptomyces were localized histologically in the scabies mite gut and faecal pellets by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH). Streptomyces may have essential symbiotic roles in the scabies parasite intestinal system requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl M Swe
- Infectious Diseases Program, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Martha Zakrzewski
- Medical Genomics Program, Genetics & Computational Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rebecca Waddell
- Infectious Diseases Program, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kadaba S Sriprakash
- Infectious Diseases Program, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katja Fischer
- Infectious Diseases Program, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
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Thomas C, Coates SJ, Engelman D, Chosidow O, Chang AY. Ectoparasites: Scabies. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 82:533-548. [PMID: 31310840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.05.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Scabies is an ectoparasitic dermatosis caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis and is a public health issue in all countries regardless of socioeconomic status. In high-income countries, delays in diagnosis can lead to institutional outbreaks; in low- and middle-income countries, poor access to health care contributes to disease undertreatment and long-term systemic sequelae. With scabies now recognized as a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization, increased awareness and systematic efforts are addressing gaps in diagnosis and treatment that impede scabies control. This review summarizes the available data and provides an update on scabies epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and public health considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Thomas
- Departments of Dermatology and Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah J Coates
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel Engelman
- International Alliance for the Control of Scabies, Parkville, Australia; Tropical Diseases, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olivier Chosidow
- International Alliance for the Control of Scabies, Parkville, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Aileen Y Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; International Alliance for the Control of Scabies, Parkville, Australia.
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Control of scabies and secondary impetigo: optimising treatment effectiveness in endemic settings. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 19:454-456. [PMID: 30956112 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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van der Linden N, van Gool K, Gardner K, Dickinson H, Agostino J, Regan DG, Dowden M, Viney R. A systematic review of scabies transmission models and data to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of scabies interventions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007182. [PMID: 30849124 PMCID: PMC6426261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Scabies is a common dermatological condition, affecting more than 130 million people at any time. To evaluate and/or predict the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of scabies interventions, disease transmission modelling can be used. Objective To review published scabies models and data to inform the design of a comprehensive scabies transmission modelling framework to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of scabies interventions. Methods Systematic literature search in PubMed, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library identified scabies studies published since the year 2000. Selected papers included modelling studies and studies on the life cycle of scabies mites, patient quality of life and resource use. Reference lists of reviews were used to identify any papers missed through the search strategy. Strengths and limitations of identified scabies models were evaluated and used to design a modelling framework. Potential model inputs were identified and discussed. Findings Four scabies models were published: a Markov decision tree, two compartmental models, and an agent-based, network-dependent Monte Carlo model. None of the models specifically addressed crusted scabies, which is associated with high morbidity, mortality, and increased transmission. There is a lack of reliable, comprehensive information about scabies biology and the impact this disease has on patients and society. Discussion Clinicians and health economists working in the field of scabies are encouraged to use the current review to inform disease transmission modelling and economic evaluations on interventions against scabies. Scabies is a neglected tropical disease affecting more than 130 million people, with major costs on health care systems worldwide. While effective treatments exist, it is unknown which treatment strategies result in the best outcomes against the lowest costs, and to what extent this differs between communities. Health economic modelling can help answer these questions, but has rarely been used in this disease area. This review discusses all available scabies transmission models (n = 4), and uses them to create a new, comprehensive modelling framework. This framework can be used as aid for creating a scabies transmission model, the details of which will be determined by the context (population) and the question being addressed. The current paper also reviews the data that is needed to inform scabies modelling: on scabies biology, quality of life and resource use. Unfortunately, available data is limited and particularly data on crusted scabies (associated with high morbidity and mortality rates) is rare. With this review, we hope to assist researchers and policy makers to predict and/or evaluate the cost-effectiveness of interventions against scabies in their population(s) of interest. To tackle scabies, it is key to use effective treatment strategies in a cost-effective and sustainable way. The models and data described in this review, may help researchers, clinicians and funding bodies to facilitate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi van der Linden
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Kees van Gool
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karen Gardner
- Public Service Research Group, School of Business UNSW Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Helen Dickinson
- Public Service Research Group, School of Business UNSW Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jason Agostino
- Academic Unit of General Practice, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | | | - Rosalie Viney
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
The clinico-epidemiological features of diseases caused by group A streptococci (GAS) is presented through the lens of the ecology, population genetics, and evolution of the organism. The serological targets of three typing schemes (M, T, SOF) are themselves GAS cell surface proteins that have a myriad of virulence functions and a diverse array of structural forms. Horizontal gene transfer expands the GAS antigenic cell surface repertoire by generating numerous combinations of M, T, and SOF antigens. However, horizontal gene transfer of the serotype determinant genes is not unconstrained, and therein lies a genetic organization that may signify adaptations to a narrow ecological niche, such as the primary tissue reservoirs of the human host. Adaptations may be further shaped by selection pressures such as herd immunity. Understanding the molecular evolution of GAS on multiple levels-short, intermediate, and long term-sheds insight on mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions, the emergence and spread of new clones, rational vaccine design, and public health interventions.
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Chandler D, Fuller L. A Review of Scabies: An Infestation More than Skin Deep. Dermatology 2018; 235:79-90. [DOI: 10.1159/000495290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human scabies, a common infestation, has a worldwide distribution with a variable impact and presentation depending on the clinical situation. In developed, high-income settings, health institution and residential home outbreaks challenge health and social care services. In resource-poor settings, it is the downstream sequelae of staphylococcal and streptococcal bacteraemia, induced by scratching, which have a significant impact on the long-term health of communities. Over the past decade scabies has been recognised as a “neglected tropical disease” (NTD) by the World Health Organisation, has an accepted practical system of global diagnostic criteria and is being adopted into integrated programmes of mass drug administration for NTDs in field settings. This review seeks to summarise the recent advances in the understanding of scabies and highlight the advocacy and research headlines with their implication for diagnosis and management of outbreaks and individuals. In addition, it will indicate the priorities and questions that remain.
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Gopinath H, Aishwarya M, Karthikeyan K. Tackling scabies: novel agents for a neglected disease. Int J Dermatol 2018; 57:1293-1298. [PMID: 29663338 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The scabies mite, Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis, is an obligate ectoparasite of humans. It has been a source of distress for humanity since antiquity. The troublesome mite is emerging triumphant over current acaricidal agents with reports of emerging resistance and treatment failures. Scabies in endemic areas and crusted scabies offer additional management challenges. Exploration of indigenous plants and better understanding of mite biology and pathogenesis provide opportunities for the development of novel agents for this common pest. We review the recent diverse approaches to scabies, including the use of novel plant products with a better safety profile, translating the use of moxidectin from veterinary practice to human scabies, vaccination, immunotherapy, and development of drugs that directly target mite molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hima Gopinath
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Pondicherry, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - Manju Aishwarya
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Pondicherry, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - Kaliaperumal Karthikeyan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Pondicherry, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
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Esposito L, Veraldi S. Skin bacterial colonizations and superinfections in immunocompetent patients with scabies. Int J Dermatol 2018; 57:1218-1220. [PMID: 29974940 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin bacterial colonizations and superinfections are well-known complications of scabies, in particular, in tropical and subtropical countries. However, only very rare studies on skin bacterial colonizations and superinfections have been carried out in immunocompetent patients with scabies living in Western countries. METHODS Eighty-nine Caucasian adult immunocompetent patients with scabies living in Milan, Italy, were subjected to bacteriologic examinations of the skin. Clinical diagnosis of scabies was confirmed in all patients by means of microscopic examinations: they were considered positive when adults or eggs or feces of Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis were visible. In all patients, six skin swabs (three for aerobic and three for anaerobic bacteria) were taken in three different areas before the beginning of the treatment. RESULTS No clinical manifestations of pyoderma were observed. Bacteriologic examinations were positive in 5/89 patients (5.6%). Bacteriologic cultures were positive for Staphylococcus aureus in all five patients; in one patient, they were also positive for Escherichia coli. No growth of anaerobic bacteria was recorded. CONCLUSIONS According to the results of this study, skin bacterial colonizations and superinfections in immunocompetent adult patients with scabies living in Milan are uncommon. Bacteriologic examinations may therefore be considered as an unnecessary routine procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Esposito
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, I.R.C.C.S. Foundation, Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Veraldi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, I.R.C.C.S. Foundation, Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Fernando DD, Reynolds SL, Zakrzewski M, Mofiz E, Papenfuss AT, Holt D, Fischer K. Phylogenetic relationships, stage-specific expression and localisation of a unique family of inactive cysteine proteases in Sarcoptes scabiei. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:301. [PMID: 29769145 PMCID: PMC5956821 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scabies is worldwide one of the most common, yet neglected, parasitic skin infections, affecting a wide range of mammals including humans. Limited treatment options and evidence of emerging mite resistance against the currently used drugs drive our research to explore new therapeutic candidates. Previously, we discovered a multicopy family of genes encoding cysteine proteases with their catalytic sites inactivated by mutation (SMIPP-Cs). This protein family is unique in parasitic scabies mites and is absent in related non-burrowing mites. We postulated that the SMIPP-Cs have evolved as an adaptation to the parasitic lifestyle of the scabies mite. To formulate testable hypotheses for their functions and to propose possible strategies for translational research we investigated whether the SMIPP-Cs are common to all scabies mite varieties and where within the mite body as well as when throughout the parasitic life-cycle they are expressed. Results SMIPP-C sequences from human, pig and dog mites were analysed bioinformatically and the phylogenetic relationships between the SMIPP-C multi-copy gene families of human, pig and dog mites were established. Results suggest that amplification of the SMIPP-C genes occurred in a common ancestor and individual genes evolved independently in the different mite varieties. Recombinant human mite SMIPP-C proteins were produced and used for murine polyclonal antibody production. Immunohistology on skin sections from human patients localised the SMIPP-Cs in the mite gut and in mite faeces within in the epidermal skin burrows. SMIPP-C transcription into mRNA in different life stages was assessed in human and pig mites by reverse transcription followed by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). High transcription levels of SMIPP-C genes were detected in the adult female life stage in comparison to all other life stages. Conclusions The fact that the SMIPP-Cs are unique to three Sarcoptes varieties, present in all burrowing life stages and highly expressed in the digestive system of the infective adult female life stage may highlight an essential role in parasitism. As they are excreted from the gut in scybala they presumably are able to interact or interfere with host proteins present in the epidermis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2862-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepani D Fernando
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Program, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.,School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Simone L Reynolds
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Program, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Martha Zakrzewski
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Program, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Ehtesham Mofiz
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony T Papenfuss
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Deborah Holt
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Katja Fischer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Program, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.
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Scratching the itch: is scabies a truly neglected disease? THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 17:1220-1221. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shen N, He R, Liang Y, Xu J, He M, Ren Y, Gu X, Lai W, Xie Y, Peng X, Yang G. Expression and characterisation of a Sarcoptes scabiei protein tyrosine kinase as a potential antigen for scabies diagnosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9639. [PMID: 28852108 PMCID: PMC5575040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10326-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a disease that harms humans and other animals that is caused by the itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei burrowing into the stratum corneum of the skin. In the early stages of scabies, symptoms are often subclinical and there are no effective diagnostic methods. Herein, we cloned, expressed and characterised an S. scabiei protein tyrosine kinase (SsPTK) and evaluated its diagnostic value as a recombinant antigen in rabbit during the early stages of Sarcoptes infestation. The SsPTK protein is ~30 kDa, lacks a signal peptide, and shares high homology with a PTK from the rabbit ear mite Psoroptes ovis cuniculi. The protein was widely distributed at the front end of mites, particularly in the chewing mouthparts and legs. Indirect ELISA using recombinant SsPTK showed good diagnostic value, with 95.2% (40/42) sensitivity and 94.1% (48/51) specificity for detecting anti-PTK antibody in serum samples from naturally-infested rabbits. More importantly, PTK ELISA could diagnose infection in the early stages (infestation for 1 week) with an accuracy of 100% (24/24). SsPTK therefore shows potential as a sensitive antigen for the early diagnosis of parasitic mite infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengxing Shen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Yuqing Liang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Manli He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Yongjun Ren
- Sichuan Animal Sciences Academy, Sichuan Chengdu, 610066, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Weimin Lai
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China.
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