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Rani P, George B, V S, Biswas S, V M, Pal A, Rajmani RS, Das S. MicroRNA-22-3p displaces critical host factors from the 5' UTR and inhibits the translation of Coxsackievirus B3 RNA. J Virol 2024; 98:e0150423. [PMID: 38289119 PMCID: PMC10883805 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01504-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is known to cause acute myocarditis and pancreatitis in humans. We investigated the microRNAs (miRNAs) that can potentially govern the viral life cycle by binding to the untranslated regions (UTRs) of CVB3 RNA. MicroRNA-22-3p was short-listed, as its potential binding site overlapped with the region crucial for recruiting internal ribosome entry site trans-acting factors (ITAFs) and ribosomes. We demonstrate that miR-22-3p binds CVB3 5' UTR, hinders recruitment of key ITAFs on viral mRNA, disrupts the spatial structure required for ribosome recruitment, and ultimately blocks translation. Likewise, cells lacking miR-22-3p exhibited heightened CVB3 infection compared to wild type, confirming its role in controlling infection. Interestingly, miR-22-3p level was found to be increased at 4 hours post-infection, potentially due to the accumulation of viral 2A protease in the early phase of infection. 2Apro enhances the miR-22-3p level to dislodge the ITAFs from the SD-like sequence, rendering the viral RNA accessible for binding of replication factors to switch to replication. Furthermore, one of the cellular targets of miR-22-3p, protocadherin-1 (PCDH1), was significantly downregulated during CVB3 infection. Partial silencing of PCDH1 reduced viral replication, demonstrating its proviral role. Interestingly, upon CVB3 infection in mice, miR-22-3p level was found to be downregulated only in the small intestine, the primary target organ, indicating its possible role in influencing tissue tropism. It appears miR-22-3p plays a dual role during infection by binding viral RNA to aid its life cycle as a viral strategy and by targeting a proviral protein to restrict viral replication as a host response.IMPORTANCECVB3 infection is associated with the development of end-stage heart diseases. Lack of effective anti-viral treatments and vaccines for CVB3 necessitates comprehensive understanding of the molecular players during CVB3 infection. miRNAs have emerged as promising targets for anti-viral strategies. Here, we demonstrate that miR-22-3p binds to 5' UTR and inhibits viral RNA translation at the later stage of infection to promote viral RNA replication. Conversely, as host response, it targets PCDH1, a proviral factor, to discourage viral propagation. miR-22-3p also influences CVB3 tissue tropism. Deciphering the multifaced role of miR-22-3p during CVB3 infection unravels the necessary molecular insights, which can be exploited for novel intervening strategies to curb infection and restrict viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Rani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Biju George
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sabarishree V
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Somarghya Biswas
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Madhurya V
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Apala Pal
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Raju S. Rajmani
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Saumitra Das
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
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2
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Gao Y, Yang L, Chen Y, Liu P, Zhou Y, Chen X, Gu J. Aal-circRNA-407 regulates ovarian development of Aedes albopictus, a major arbovirus vector, via the miR-9a-5p/Foxl axis. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011374. [PMID: 37146060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes albopictus shows a rapid global expansion and dramatic vectorial capacity for various arboviruses, thus posing a severe threat to global health. Although many noncoding RNAs have been confirmed to play functional roles in various biological processes in Ae. albopictus, the roles of circRNA remain a mystery. In the present study, we first performed high-throughput circRNA sequencing in Ae. albopictus. Then, we identified a cysteine desulfurase (CsdA) superfamily gene-originated circRNA, named aal-circRNA-407, which was the third most abundant circRNA in adult females and displayed a fat body highly expressed manifestation and blood feeding-dependent onset. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of circRNA-407 resulted in a decrease in the number of developing follicles and a reduction in follicle size post blood meal. Furthermore, we demonstrated that circRNA-407 can act as a sponge of aal-miR-9a-5p to promote the expression of its target gene Foxl and eventually regulate ovarian development. Our study is the first to report a functional circRNA in mosquitoes, expanding our current understanding of important biological roles in mosquitoes and providing an alternative genetic strategy for mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yulan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peiwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinbao Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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3
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Asad S, Mehdi AM, Pujhari S, Rückert C, Ebel GD, Rasgon JL. Identification of MicroRNAs in the West Nile Virus Vector Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:182-293. [PMID: 36477983 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression during important biological processes including development and pathogen defense in most living organisms. Presently, no miRNAs have been identified in the mosquito Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae), one of the most important vectors of West Nile virus (WNV) in North America. We used small RNA sequencing data and in vitro and in vivo experiments to identify and validate a repertoire of miRNAs in Cx. tarsalis mosquitoes. Using bioinformatic approaches we analyzed small RNA sequences from the Cx. tarsalis CT embryonic cell line to discover orthologs for 86 miRNAs. Consistent with other mosquitoes such as Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus, miR-184 was found to be the most abundant miRNA in Cx. tarsalis. We also identified 20 novel miRNAs from the recently sequenced Cx. tarsalis genome, for a total of 106 miRNAs identified in this study. The presence of selected miRNAs was biologically validated in both the CT cell line and in adult Cx. tarsalis mosquitoes using RT-qPCR and sequencing. These results will open new avenues of research into the role of miRNAs in Cx. tarsalis biology, including development, metabolism, immunity, and pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Asad
- Department of Entomology, The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ahmed M Mehdi
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sujit Pujhari
- Department of Entomology, The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Claudia Rückert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USAand
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USAand
| | - Jason L Rasgon
- Department of Entomology, The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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4
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Prosser O, Stonehouse NJ, Tuplin A. Inhibition of Chikungunya virus genome replication by targeting essential RNA structures within the virus genome. Antiviral Res 2023; 211:105523. [PMID: 36603772 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a pathogenic arbovirus spread by Aedes spp. mosquitos. CHIKV has a wide global prevalence and represents a significant health burden in affected populations. Symptoms of CHIKV infection include fever, rashes and debilitating joint and muscle pain, which can persist for several months to years in some patients. To date, there remains no vaccine or specific antiviral therapy against this important human pathogen. Based on our previously published structural and phenotypic analysis of the 5' region of the CHIKV genome, we designed a panel of locked nucleic acid oligonucleotides to bind structured RNA replication elements within the virus genome, which are essential for efficient CHIKV replication. Using electromobility shift assays, we confirmed the relative binding efficiencies of each LNA to target CHIKV genomic RNA. We then went on to demonstrate, using both sub-genomic replicon and infectious virus systems, that targeting individual RNA replication elements inhibits CHIKV genome replication and production of infectious virus. Time course assays demonstrated that LNAs can access the CHIKV replication complex and virus genome, during active virus replication. For the first time, these findings show that functional RNA elements can be specifically targeted during the CHIKV lifecycle and consequently represent potential novel antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Prosser
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nicola J Stonehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew Tuplin
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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5
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Behnia M, Bradfute SB. The Host Non-Coding RNA Response to Alphavirus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020562. [PMID: 36851776 PMCID: PMC9967650 DOI: 10.3390/v15020562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are important human and animal pathogens that can cause a range of debilitating symptoms and are found worldwide. These include arthralgic diseases caused by Old-World viruses and encephalitis induced by infection with New-World alphaviruses. Non-coding RNAs do not encode for proteins, but can modulate cellular response pathways in a myriad of ways. There are several classes of non-coding RNAs, some more well-studied than others. Much research has focused on the mRNA response to infection against alphaviruses, but analysis of non-coding RNA responses has been more limited until recently. This review covers what is known regarding host cell non-coding RNA responses in alphavirus infections and highlights gaps in the knowledge that future research should address.
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Bishop C, Hussain M, Hugo LE, Asgari S. Analysis of Aedes aegypti microRNAs in response to Wolbachia wAlbB infection and their potential role in mosquito longevity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15245. [PMID: 36085160 PMCID: PMC9463151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of a range of medically important viruses including dengue, Zika, West Nile, yellow fever, and chikungunya viruses. The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis wAlbB strain is a promising biocontrol agent for blocking viral transmission by Ae. aegypti. To predict the long-term efficacy of field applications, a thorough understanding of the interactions between symbiont, host, and pathogen is required. Wolbachia influences host physiology in a variety of ways including reproduction, immunity, metabolism, and longevity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression in eukaryotes and viruses. Several miRNAs are known to regulate biological processes in Drosophila and mosquitoes, including facilitating Wolbachia maintenance. We generated the first chromosomal map of Ae. aegypti miRNAs, and compared miRNA expression profiles between a wAlbB-transinfected Ae. aegypti mosquito line and a tetracycline cleared derivative, using deep small RNA-sequencing. We found limited modulation of miRNAs in response to wAlbB infection. Several miRNAs were modulated in response to age, some of which showed greater upregulation in wAlbB-infected mosquitoes than in tetracycline cleared ones. By selectively inhibiting some differentially expressed miRNAs, we identified miR-2946-3p and miR-317-3p as effecting mosquito longevity in Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Bishop
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mazhar Hussain
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Leon E Hugo
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, 4006, Australia
| | - Sassan Asgari
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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7
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Zhao W, Li Q, Sun M, Xiao Y, Cui F. Interaction between endogenous microRNAs and virus-derived small RNAs controls viral replication in insect vectors. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010709. [PMID: 35797383 PMCID: PMC9295959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in resisting virus infection in insects. Viruses are recognized by insect RNA interference systems, which generate virus-derived small RNAs (vsRNAs). To date, it is unclear whether viruses employ vsRNAs to regulate the expression of endogenous miRNAs. We previously found that miR-263a facilitated the proliferation of rice stripe virus (RSV) in the insect vector small brown planthopper. However, miR-263a was significantly downregulated by RSV. Here, we deciphered the regulatory mechanisms of RSV on miR-263a expression. The promoter region of miR-263a was characterized, and the transcription factor YY1 was found to negatively regulate the transcription of miR-263a. The nucleocapsid protein of RSV promoted the inhibitory effect of YY1 on miR-263a transcription by reducing the binding ability of RNA polymerase II to the promoter of miR-263a. Moreover, an RSV-derived small RNA, vsR-3397, downregulated miR-263a transcription by directly targeting the promoter region with partial sequence complementarity. The reduction in miR-263a suppressed RSV replication and was beneficial for maintaining a tolerable accumulation level of RSV in insect vectors. This dual regulation mechanism reflects an ingenious adaptation strategy of viruses to their insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Tng PYL, Carabajal Paladino LZ, Anderson MAE, Adelman ZN, Fragkoudis R, Noad R, Alphey L. Intron-derived small RNAs for silencing viral RNAs in mosquito cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010548. [PMID: 35737714 PMCID: PMC9258879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are the main vectors of mosquito-borne viruses of medical and veterinary significance. Many of these viruses have RNA genomes. Exogenously provided, e.g. transgene encoded, small RNAs could be used to inhibit virus replication, breaking the transmission cycle. We tested, in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus cell lines, reporter-based strategies for assessing the ability of two types of small RNAs to inhibit a chikungunya virus (CHIKV) derived target. Both types of small RNAs use a Drosophila melanogaster pre-miRNA-1 based hairpin for their expression, either with perfect base-pairing in the stem region (shRNA-like) or containing two mismatches (miRNA-like). The pre-miRNA-1 stem loop structure was encoded within an intron; this allows co-expression of one or more proteins, e.g. a fluorescent protein marker tracking the temporal and spatial expression of the small RNAs in vivo. Three reporter-based systems were used to assess the relative silencing efficiency of ten shRNA-like siRNAs and corresponding miRNA-like designs. Two systems used a luciferase reporter RNA with CHIKV RNA inserted either in the coding sequence or within the 3’ UTR. A third reporter used a CHIKV derived split replication system. All three reporters demonstrated that while silencing could be achieved with both miRNA-like and shRNA-like designs, the latter were substantially more effective. Dcr-2 was required for the shRNA-like siRNAs as demonstrated by loss of inhibition of the reporters in Dcr-2 deficient cell lines. These positive results in cell culture are encouraging for the potential use of this pre-miRNA-1-based system in transgenic mosquitoes. Mosquitoes are important globally, spreading viral diseases worldwide. Chikungunya virus causes epidemics of disease in people. Here we have investigated using two types of small RNAs and pathways inherent in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to target a piece of the chikungunya virus’s genome, potentially preventing viral replication. We express these small RNAs using a pre-miRNA-1 based system, inserted into the intron within a commonly used promoter. We have used reporter systems in cell lines which can give preliminary indications of how these systems might work in mosquitoes. Our results indicate that short-hairpin-like designs are more effective than micro-RNA-like designs at knocking down expression of their targets. This knock-down requires Dcr-2 indicating that the short-hairpin-like RNAs are likely using the endo-siRNA pathway to degrade mRNA which contains their complementary RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Y. L. Tng
- Arthropod Genetics Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Zach N. Adelman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rennos Fragkoudis
- Arbovirus Pathogenesis Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Noad
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Alphey
- Arthropod Genetics Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Antiviral RNAi Mechanisms to Arboviruses in Mosquitoes: microRNA Profile of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus from Grenada, West Indies. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol2020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne arboviruses, such as dengue virus, West Nile virus, Zika virus and yellow fever virus, impose a tremendous cost on the health of populations around the world. As a result, much effort has gone into the study of the impact of these viruses on human infections. Comparatively less effort, however, has been made to study the way these viruses interact with mosquitoes themselves. As ingested arboviruses infect their midgut and subsequently other tissue, the mosquito mounts a multifaceted innate immune response. RNA interference, the central intracellular antiviral defense mechanism in mosquitoes and other invertebrates can be induced and modulated through outside triggers (small RNAs) and treatments (transgenesis or viral-vector delivery). Accordingly, modulation of this facet of the mosquito’s immune system would thereby suggest a practical strategy for vector control. However, this requires a detailed understanding of mosquitoes’ endogenous small RNAs and their effects on the mosquito and viral proliferation. This paper provides an up-to-date overview of the mosquito’s immune system along with novel data describing miRNA profiles for Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasiatus in Grenada, West Indies.
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10
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Lei L, Cheng A, Wang M, Jia R. The Influence of Host miRNA Binding to RNA Within RNA Viruses on Virus Multiplication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:802149. [PMID: 35531344 PMCID: PMC9069554 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.802149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs), non-coding RNAs about 22 nt long, regulate the post-transcription expression of genes to influence many cellular processes. The expression of host miRNAs is affected by virus invasion, which also affects virus replication. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that miRNA influences RNA virus multiplication by binding directly to the RNA virus genome. Here, the knowledge relating to miRNAs’ relationships between host miRNAs and RNA viruses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lei
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Renyong Jia,
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11
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An E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Scaffolding Protein Is Proviral during Chikungunya Virus Infection in Aedes aegypti. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0059522. [PMID: 35435754 PMCID: PMC9241663 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00595-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a reemerging alphavirus causing chikungunya disease (CHIKD) and is transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes. The virus establishes an intricate balance of cellular interactions that ultimately helps in its replication and dodges cellular immune response. In an attempt to identify cellular host factors required during CHIKV replication in Aag2 cells, we performed global transcriptomics of CHIKV-infected Aag2 cells, and further, we compared this library with the Drosophila RNAi Screening Center (DRSC) database and identified transcripts that were regulated in Aedes aegypti during CHIKV infection. These analyses revealed specific pathways, such as ubiquitin-related pathways, proteolysis pathways, protein catabolic processes, protein modification, and cellular protein metabolic processes, involved during replication of the virus. Loss-of-function assays of selected candidates revealed their proviral or antiviral characteristics upon CHIKV infection in A. aegypti-derived Aag2 cells. Further validations identified that the ubiquitin proteasomal pathway is required for CHIKV infection in A. aegypti and that an important member of this family of proteins, namely, AeCullin-3 (Aedes ortholog of human cullin-3), is a proviral host factor of CHIKV replication in Aag2 cells. IMPORTANCE Arboviruses cause several diseases in humans and livestock. Vector control is the main strategy for controlling diseases transmitted by mosquitoes. In this context, it becomes paramount to understand how the viruses replicate in the vector for designing better transmission blocking strategies. We obtained the global transcriptome signature of A. aegypti cells during CHIKV infection, and in order to obtain the maximum information from these data sets, we further utilized the well-characterized Drosophila system and arrived upon a set of transcripts and their pathways that affect A. aegypti cells during CHIKV infection. These analyses and further validations reveal that important pathways related to protein degradation are actively involved during CHIKV infection in A. aegypti and are mainly proviral. Targeting these molecules may provide novel approaches for blocking CHIKV replication in A. aegypti.
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12
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Yang J, Xu X, Lin S, Chen S, Lin G, Song Q, Bai J, You M, Xie M. Profiling of MicroRNAs in Midguts of Plutella xylostella Provides Novel Insights Into the Bacillus thuringiensis Resistance. Front Genet 2021; 12:739849. [PMID: 34567090 PMCID: PMC8455949 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.739849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, one of the most destructive lepidopteran pests worldwide, has developed field resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins. Although miRNAs have been reported to be involved in insect resistance to multiple insecticides, our understanding of their roles in mediating Bt resistance is limited. In this study, we constructed small RNA libraries from midguts of the Cry1Ac-resistant (Cry1S1000) strain and the Cry1Ac-susceptible strain (G88) using a high-throughput sequencing analysis. A total of 437 (76 known and 361 novel miRNAs) were identified, among which 178 miRNAs were classified into 91 miRNA families. Transcripts per million analysis revealed 12 differentially expressed miRNAs between the Cry1S1000 and G88 strains. Specifically, nine miRNAs were down-regulated and three up-regulated in the Cry1S1000 strain compared to the G88 strain. Next, we predicted the potential target genes of these differentially expressed miRNAs and carried out GO and KEGG pathway analyses. We found that the cellular process, metabolism process, membrane and the catalytic activity were the most enriched GO terms and the Hippo, MAPK signaling pathway might be involved in Bt resistance of DBM. In addition, the expression patterns of these miRNAs and their target genes were determined by RT-qPCR, showing that partial miRNAs negatively while others positively correlate with their corresponding target genes. Subsequently, novel-miR-240, one of the differentially expressed miRNAs with inverse correlation with its target genes, was confirmed to interact with Px017590 and Px007885 using dual luciferase reporter assays. Our study highlights the characteristics of differentially expressed miRNAs in midguts of the Cry1S1000 and G88 strains, paving the way for further investigation of miRNA roles in mediating Bt resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuejiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sujie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shiyao Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guifang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jianlin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Miao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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13
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Reyes JIL, Suzuki Y, Carvajal T, Muñoz MNM, Watanabe K. Intracellular Interactions Between Arboviruses and Wolbachia in Aedes aegypti. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:690087. [PMID: 34249780 PMCID: PMC8261290 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.690087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is inherently susceptible to arboviruses. The geographical expansion of this vector host species has led to the persistence of Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya human infections. These viruses take advantage of the mosquito’s cell to create an environment conducive for their growth. Arboviral infection triggers transcriptomic and protein dysregulation in Ae. aegypti and in effect, host antiviral mechanisms are compromised. Currently, there are no existing vaccines able to protect human hosts from these infections and thus, vector control strategies such as Wolbachia mass release program is regarded as a viable option. Considerable evidence demonstrates how the presence of Wolbachia interferes with arboviruses by decreasing host cytoskeletal proteins and lipids essential for arboviral infection. Also, Wolbachia strengthens host immunity, cellular regeneration and causes the expression of microRNAs which could potentially be involved in virus inhibition. However, variation in the magnitude of Wolbachia’s pathogen blocking effect that is not due to the endosymbiont’s density has been recently reported. Furthermore, the cellular mechanisms involved in this phenotype differs depending on Wolbachia strain and host species. This prompts the need to explore the cellular interactions between Ae. aegypti-arboviruses-Wolbachia and how different Wolbachia strains overall affect the mosquito’s cell. Understanding what happens at the cellular and molecular level will provide evidence on the sustainability of Wolbachia vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerica Isabel L Reyes
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Yasutsugu Suzuki
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Thaddeus Carvajal
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.,Biological Control Research Unit, Center for Natural Sciences and Environmental Research (CENSER), De La Salle University, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Maria Nilda M Muñoz
- Biological Control Research Unit, Center for Natural Sciences and Environmental Research (CENSER), De La Salle University, Metro Manila, Philippines.,Research and Development Extension, Cagayan State University, Tuguegarao City, Philippines
| | - Kozo Watanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.,Biological Control Research Unit, Center for Natural Sciences and Environmental Research (CENSER), De La Salle University, Metro Manila, Philippines
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14
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Xu TL, Sun YW, Feng XY, Zhou XN, Zheng B. Development of miRNA-Based Approaches to Explore the Interruption of Mosquito-Borne Disease Transmission. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:665444. [PMID: 34235091 PMCID: PMC8256169 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.665444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA or miR)-based approaches to interrupt the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases have been explored since 2005. A review of these studies and areas in which to proceed is needed. In this review, significant progress is reviewed at the level of individual miRNAs, and miRNA diversification and relevant confounders are described in detail. Current miRNA studies in mosquitoes include four steps, namely, identifying miRNAs, validating miRNA-pathogen interactions, exploring action mechanisms, and performing preapplication investigations. Notably, regarding the Plasmodium parasite, mosquito miRNAs generally bind to mosquito immunity- or development-related mRNAs, indirectly regulating Plasmodium infection; However, regarding arboviruses, mosquito miRNAs can bind to the viral genome, directly modifying viral replication. Thus, during explorations of miRNA-based approaches, researchers need select an ideal miRNA for investigation based on the mosquito species, tissue, and mosquito-borne pathogen of interest. Additionally, strategies for miRNA-based approaches differ for arboviruses and protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie-Long Xu
- Evidence-Based Medicine Research Center, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Wen Sun
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Yu Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai, China.,School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai, China.,School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai, China.,School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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15
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Zhao W, Yu J, Jiang F, Wang W, Kang L, Cui F. Coordination between terminal variation of the viral genome and insect microRNAs regulates rice stripe virus replication in insect vectors. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009424. [PMID: 33690727 PMCID: PMC7984632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of a balance between the levels of viral replication and selective pressure from the immune systems of insect vectors is one of the prerequisites for efficient transmission of insect-borne propagative phytoviruses. The mechanism regulating the adaptation of RNA viruses to insect vectors by genomic variation remains unknown. Our previous study demonstrated an extension of the 3’-untranslated terminal region (UTR) of two genomic segments of rice stripe virus (RSV). In the present study, a reverse genetic system for RSV in human cells and an insect vector, the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus, was used to demonstrate that the 3’-terminal extensions suppressed viral replication in vector insects by inhibiting promoter activity due to structural interference with the panhandle structure formed by viral 3’- and 5’-UTRs. The extension sequence in the viral RNA1 segment was targeted by an endogenous insect microRNA, miR-263a, which decreased the inhibitory effect of the extension sequence on viral promoter activity. Surprisingly, the expression of miR-263a was negatively regulated by RSV infection. This elaborate coordination between terminal variation of the viral genome and endogenous insect microRNAs controls RSV replication in planthopper, thus reflecting a distinct strategy of adaptation of phytoviruses to insect vectors. Mutations frequently happen when insect-transmitted RNA viruses circulate between insect vectors and plant or mammalian hosts. However, the significance of these mutations for viral fitness in the two distinct organisms is poorly understood. We discovered that a high proportion of rice stripe virus (RSV) had terminally extended genomes when the virus infected insect vectors. In the present study, we found that the extension sequence suppressed viral replication in insect vectors by impairing a special structure formed by the two ends of the viral genomes. An endogenous insect small RNA was able to bind the extension sequence to relieve the inhibitory effect. However, the expression of this small RNA was reduced in the presence of RSV to ultimately maintain the inhibitory effect of the extension sequence. This elaborate coordination between virus and vector enables a limited level of RSV replication that does not produce serious damage to vectors, thus reflecting a distinct strategy of adaptation of insect-transmitted plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Farley EJ, Eggleston H, Riehle MM. Filtering the Junk: Assigning Function to the Mosquito Non-Coding Genome. INSECTS 2021; 12:186. [PMID: 33671692 PMCID: PMC7926655 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The portion of the mosquito genome that does not code for proteins contains regulatory elements that likely underlie variation for important phenotypes including resistance and susceptibility to infection with arboviruses and Apicomplexan parasites. Filtering the non-coding genome to uncover these functional elements is an expanding area of research, though identification of non-coding regulatory elements is challenging due to the lack of an amino acid-like code for the non-coding genome and a lack of sequence conservation across species. This review focuses on three types of non-coding regulatory elements: (1) microRNAs (miRNAs), (2) long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and (3) enhancers, and summarizes current advances in technical and analytical approaches for measurement of each of these elements on a genome-wide scale. The review also summarizes and highlights novel findings following application of these techniques in mosquito-borne disease research. Looking beyond the protein-coding genome is essential for understanding the complexities that underlie differential gene expression in response to arboviral or parasite infection in mosquito disease vectors. A comprehensive understanding of the regulation of gene and protein expression will inform transgenic and other vector control methods rooted in naturally segregating genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michelle M. Riehle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (E.J.F.); (H.E.)
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17
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Wu J, Wang L, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Ahmad S, Luo Y. Synthesis and Photoactivated Toxicity of 2-Thiophenylfuranocoumarin Induce Midgut Damage and Apoptosis in Aedes aegypti Larvae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1091-1106. [PMID: 33432806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Furanocoumarins are photoactive compounds derived from secondary plant metabolites. They possess many bioactivities, including antioxidative, anticancer, insecticidal, and bactericidal activities. Here, we designed a new scheme for synthesizing 2-arylfuranocoumarin derivatives by condensation, esterification, bromination, and Wittig reaction. We found that 2-thiophenylfuranocoumarin (Iy) had excellent photosensitive activity. Three Iy concentrations (LC25, LC50, and LC75) were used to treat the fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti (A. aegypti). The photoactivated toxicity, sublethal dose, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress level, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and apoptosis were studied. The results showed that Iy induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in midgut cells under ultraviolet light. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that mitochondria were damaged, and the activities of related enzymes were inhibited. Ultimately, Iy exposure led to excessive ROS production followed by the inhibition of antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR, which diminished ROS elimination and escalated oxidative stress in midgut cells, aggravating the degree of oxidative damage in these cells. Histopathological changes were observed in the midgut, which led to intestinal barrier dysfunction. When the elimination of ROS was blocked and it accumulated in cells, apoptosis-related genes, including AeDronc, AeCaspase7, and AeCaspase8, were induced and activated. In addition, Iy affected the growth and development of A. aegypti at sublethal concentrations, and there was an obvious post-lethal effect. Thus, we found that Iy caused midgut damage and apoptosis in A. aegypti larvae under ultraviolet light, which preliminarily revealed the mode of action of Iy in A. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiecheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, P.R. China
| | - Lanying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, P.R. China
| | - Shujing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, P.R. China
| | - Shakil Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, P.R. China
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18
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Roy E, Byrareddy SN, Reid SP. Role of MicroRNAs in Bone Pathology during Chikungunya Virus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:E1207. [PMID: 33114216 PMCID: PMC7690852 DOI: 10.3390/v12111207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus, transmitted by mosquitoes, which causes Chikungunya fever with symptoms of fever, rash, headache, and joint pain. In about 30%-40% of cases, the infection leads to polyarthritis and polyarthralgia. Presently, there are no treatment strategies or vaccine for Chikungunya fever. Moreover, the mechanism of CHIKV induced bone pathology is not fully understood. The modulation of host machinery is known to be essential in establishing viral pathogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate major cellular functions by modulating gene expression. Fascinatingly, recent reports have indicated the role of miRNAs in regulating bone homeostasis and altered expression of miRNAs in bone-related pathological diseases. In this review, we summarize the altered expression of miRNAs during CHIKV pathogenesis and the possible role of miRNAs during bone homeostasis in the context of CHIKV infection. A holistic understanding of the different signaling pathways targeted by miRNAs during bone remodeling and during CHIKV-induced bone pathology may lead to identification of useful biomarkers or therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enakshi Roy
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA;
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
| | - St Patrick Reid
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA;
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19
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Gamez S, Srivastav S, Akbari OS, Lau NC. Diverse Defenses: A Perspective Comparing Dipteran Piwi-piRNA Pathways. Cells 2020; 9:E2180. [PMID: 32992598 PMCID: PMC7601171 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals face the dual threat of virus infections hijacking cellular function and transposons proliferating in germline genomes. For insects, the deeply conserved RNA interference (RNAi) pathways and other chromatin regulators provide an important line of defense against both viruses and transposons. For example, this innate immune system displays adaptiveness to new invasions by generating cognate small RNAs for targeting gene silencing measures against the viral and genomic intruders. However, within the Dipteran clade of insects, Drosophilid fruit flies and Culicids mosquitoes have evolved several unique mechanistic aspects of their RNAi defenses to combat invading transposons and viruses, with the Piwi-piRNA arm of the RNAi pathways showing the greatest degree of novel evolution. Whereas central features of Piwi-piRNA pathways are conserved between Drosophilids and Culicids, multiple lineage-specific innovations have arisen that may reflect distinct genome composition differences and specific ecological and physiological features dividing these two branches of Dipterans. This perspective review focuses on the most recent findings illuminating the Piwi/piRNA pathway distinctions between fruit flies and mosquitoes, and raises open questions that need to be addressed in order to ameliorate human diseases caused by pathogenic viruses that mosquitoes transmit as vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gamez
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (S.G.); (O.S.A.)
| | - Satyam Srivastav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2703, USA;
| | - Omar S. Akbari
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (S.G.); (O.S.A.)
| | - Nelson C. Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Genome Science Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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20
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Wang M, Cheng A, Yang Q, Wu Y, Jia R, Liu M, Zhu D, Chen S, Zhang S, Zhao X, Huang J, Mao S, Ou X, Gao Q, Wang Y, Xu Z, Chen Z, Zhu L, Luo Q, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Tian B, Pan L, Chen X. Structures and Functions of the 3' Untranslated Regions of Positive-Sense Single-Stranded RNA Viruses Infecting Humans and Animals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:453. [PMID: 32974223 PMCID: PMC7481400 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of positive-sense single-stranded RNA [ssRNA(+)] viruses is highly structured. Multiple elements in the region interact with other nucleotides and proteins of viral and cellular origin to regulate various aspects of the virus life cycle such as replication, translation, and the host-cell response. This review attempts to summarize the primary and higher order structures identified in the 3′UTR of ssRNA(+) viruses and their functional roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - XinXin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qihui Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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21
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Ren T, Wang Y, Chen H, Wang K, Gao X, Liu L, Zhang Y, Sun Y. MicroRNA-4331-5p promotes FMDV replication through inhibiting interferon pathways in PK-15 cells. Virus Res 2020; 286:198064. [PMID: 32574680 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs play vital roles in regulating the battle between pathogens and host cells during viral challenging. MiR-4331 aggravates transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) -induced mitochondrial damage, also suppresses transcription of TGEV gene 7 via targeting cellular CDCA7. Otherwise, miR-4331-5p affects H1N1/2009 influenza A virus replication by targeting viral HA and NS. However, whether microRNA ssc-miR-4331-5p (miR-4331-5p) regulates foot and mouth virus (FMDV) replication remains unclear. To explore the role of miR-4331-5p in FMDV infection, we detected the expression level of miR-4331-5p in porcine kidney (PK-15) cells. The results showed that FMDV infection directly upregulates miR-4331-5p expression, while transfection of mimics or inhibitor of miR-4331-5p promotes or inhibits FMDV replication. Further investigation clearly showed that miR-4331-5p increases FMDV replication through inhibiting type I interferon pathways. These data demonstrate that miR-4331-5p plays an important role in regulating FMDV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Yanxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Haotai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Kailing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Xin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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22
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Updated Phylogeny of Chikungunya Virus Suggests Lineage-Specific RNA Architecture. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090798. [PMID: 31470643 PMCID: PMC6784101 DOI: 10.3390/v11090798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus of the family Togaviridae, has recently emerged in the Americas from lineages from two continents: Asia and Africa. Historically, CHIKV circulated as at least four lineages worldwide with both enzootic and epidemic transmission cycles. To understand the recent patterns of emergence and the current status of the CHIKV spread, updated analyses of the viral genetic data and metadata are needed. Here, we performed phylogenetic and comparative genomics screens of CHIKV genomes, taking advantage of the public availability of many recently sequenced isolates. Based on these new data and analyses, we derive a revised phylogeny from nucleotide sequences in coding regions. Using this phylogeny, we uncover the presence of several distinct lineages in Africa that were previously considered a single one. In parallel, we performed thermodynamic modeling of CHIKV untranslated regions (UTRs), which revealed evolutionarily conserved structured and unstructured RNA elements in the 3'UTR. We provide evidence for duplication events in recently emerged American isolates of the Asian CHIKV lineage and propose the existence of a flexible 3'UTR architecture among different CHIKV lineages.
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