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Maria DMS, Padhye N, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Grimes CZ, Nyamathi A, Lightfoot M, Quadri Y, Paul ME, Jones JT. COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake, Infection Rates, and Seropositivity Among Youth Experiencing Homelessness in the United States. Nurs Res 2024; 73:373-380. [PMID: 38809559 PMCID: PMC11344680 DOI: 10.1097/nnr.0000000000000747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People experiencing homelessness are at greater risk of exposure and poor health outcomes from COVID-19. However, little data exist on the prevalence and correlates of COVID-19 among homeless populations. To mitigate the spread and severity, uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine is needed. This can be challenging among youth experiencing homelessness who are more likely to be unvaccinated when compared to stably housed youth. OBJECTIVE We conducted this study to determine the prevalence and correlates of COVID-19 among youth experiencing homelessness. METHODS We examined experiences of COVID-19 symptoms, self-report of infection, and rates of COVID-19 antibodies and distinguished between natural and vaccinated immunity among youth experiencing homelessness ( N = 265) recruited in one large metropolitan area in the south. RESULTS Based on self-report, very few participants experienced any symptoms, and 80% had never been diagnosed with COVID-19. Of those with COVID-19 antibodies (68%), the proportion with antibodies resulting from natural infection was 44%. The vaccination rate was 42%. Younger and vaccinated participants and those in shelters were likelier to have COVID-19 antibodies. Black and Hispanic youth were more likely than White youth to have had COVID-19. Those who adopted only one or two prevention behaviors were more likely to acquire a natural infection than those who adopted three or more prevention behaviors. DISCUSSION Youth experiencing homelessness report low vaccination rates, disrupted access to healthcare and social supports, and underlying chronic conditions, which may explain why they face poorer outcomes when infected with COVID-19. Vaccination and risk mitigation strategies to combat the high prevalence of COVID-19 are especially needed for sheltered youth who are at high risk yet are often asymptomatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M. Santa Maria
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Cizik School of Nursing, Houston, TX
| | - Nikhil Padhye
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Cizik School of Nursing, Houston, TX
| | - Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Cizik School of Nursing, Houston, TX
| | - Carolyn Z. Grimes
- Laboratory of Mycology Research, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas, Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School
| | - Adeline Nyamathi
- University of California Irvine Sue & Bill Gross School of Nursing, Irvine, CA
| | - Marguerita Lightfoot
- Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health
| | | | - Mary E. Paul
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Jennifer Torres Jones
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Cizik School of Nursing, Houston, TX
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Liang Y, Sun Q, Liu Q, Pang Y, Tang S. SARS-CoV-2 incidence, seroprevalence, and COVID-19 vaccination coverage in the homeless population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1044788. [PMID: 37900041 PMCID: PMC10600393 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1044788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination of homeless people are a serious public health concern during COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to systematically assess SARS-CoV-2 incidence, seroprevalence, and COVID-19 vaccination coverage in homeless people, which are important to inform resource allocation and policy adjustment for the prevention and control of COVID-19. Methods We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and the World Health Organization COVID-19 database for the studies of SARS-CoV-2 incidence, seroprevalence, and COVID-19 vaccination coverage in the homeless population. Subgroup analyses were conducted to pool SARS-CoV-2 incidence and seroprevalence in sheltered homeless, unsheltered homeless, and mixed population, respectively. Potential sources of heterogeneity in the estimates were explored by meta-regression analysis. Results Forty-nine eligible studies with a total of 75,402 homeless individuals and 5,000 shelter staff were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 10% (95% CI: 7 to 12%) in the homeless population and 8% (5 to 12%) for shelter staff. In addition, the overall estimated SARS-CoV-2 specific seroprevalence was 19% (8 to 33%) for homeless populations and 22% (3 to 52%) for shelter staff, respectively. Moreover, for the homeless subjects, the pooled incidence was 10% (4 to 23%) for asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections, 6% (1 to 12%) for symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections, 3% (1 to 4%) for hospitalization for COVID-19, and 1% (0 to 2%) for severe COVID-19 cases, respectively while no COVID-19-related death was reported. Furthermore, the data derived from 12 included studies involving 225,448 homeless individuals revealed that the pooled proportion of one dose COVID-19 vaccination was 41% (35 to 47%), which was significantly lower than those in the general population. Conclusion Our study results indicate that the homeless people remain highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, but COVID-19 vaccination coverage was lower than the general population, underscoring the need for prioritizing vaccine deployment and implementing enhanced preventive measures targeting this vulnerable group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shixing Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Figueiredo GM, Tengan FM, Campos SR, Luna EJ. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2023; 78:100233. [PMID: 37348256 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2023.100233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarize the data on SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence surveys conducted in Brazil before the introduction of vaccines METHODS: The authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazil. The present review followed the PRISMA guidelines. The authors searched Medline, Embase, and LILACS databases for serologic surveys conducted in the Brazilian population, in the period from 01/10/2019 to 07/11/2021, without language restrictions. The authors included studies that presented data concerning SARS-CoV-2 antibodies seroprevalence in Brazil and had a sample size ≥50 individuals. Considering the expected heterogeneity between studies, all analyses were performed using the random effects model, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic RESULTS: Of 586 publications identified in the initial searches, 54 were included in the review and meta-analysis, which contained the results of 135 surveys, with 336,620 participants. The estimated seroprevalence was 11.0%, ranging from 1.0% to 83.0%, with a substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 99.55%). In subgroup analyses, the authors observed that the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 13.0% in blood donors, 9.0% in the population-based surveys, 13% in schoolchildren, and 11.0% in healthcare workers. CONCLUSIONS Seroprevalence increases over time. Large differences were observed among the regions of the country. It was higher in the Northern region, decreasing towards the South. The present results may contribute to the analysis of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Brazilian population before vaccination, one of the factors that may be influencing the clinical presentation of COVID-19 cases related to the new variants, as well as the effectiveness of the vaccination program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerusa Maria Figueiredo
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fátima Mitiko Tengan
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitarias da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sergio Roberto Campos
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Expedito José Luna
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Richard L, Nisenbaum R, Brown M, Liu M, Pedersen C, Jenkinson JIR, Mishra S, Baral S, Colwill K, Gingras AC, McGeer A, Hwang SW. Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among People Experiencing Homelessness in Toronto, Canada. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e232774. [PMID: 36912833 PMCID: PMC10011938 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.2774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE People experiencing homelessness are at high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Incident infection rates have yet to be established in these communities and are needed to inform infection prevention guidance and related interventions. OBJECTIVE To quantify the SARS-CoV-2 incident infection rate among people experiencing homelessness in Toronto, Canada, in 2021 and 2022 and to assess factors associated with incident infection. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This prospective cohort study was conducted among individuals aged 16 years and older who were randomly selected between June and September 2021 from 61 homeless shelters, temporary distancing hotels, and encampments in Toronto, Canada. EXPOSURES Self-reported housing characteristics, such as number sharing living space. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Prevalence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection in summer 2021, defined as self-reported or polymerase chain reaction (PCR)- or serology-confirmed evidence of infection at or before the baseline interview, and SARS-CoV-2 incident infection, defined as self-reported or PCR- or serology-confirmed infection among participants without history of infection at baseline. Factors associated with infection were assessed using modified Poisson regression with generalized estimating equations. RESULTS The 736 participants (415 of whom did not have SARS-CoV-2 infection at baseline and were included in the primary analysis) had a mean (SD) age of 46.1 (14.6) years; 486 (66.0%) self-identified as male. Of these, 224 (30.4% [95% CI, 27.4%-34.0%]) had a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection by summer 2021. Of the remaining 415 participants with follow-up, 124 experienced infection within 6 months, representing an incident infection rate of 29.9% (95% CI, 25.7%-34.4%), or 5.8% (95% CI, 4.8%-6.8%) per person-month. Report after onset of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant was associated with incident infection, with an adjusted rate ratio (aRR) of 6.28 (95% CI, 3.94-9.99). Other factors associated with incident infection included recent immigration to Canada (aRR, 2.74 [95% CI, 1.64-4.58]) and alcohol consumption over the past interval (aRR, 1.67 [95% CI, 1.12-2.48]). Self-reported housing characteristics were not significantly associated with incident infection. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this longitudinal study of people experiencing homelessness in Toronto, SARS-CoV-2 incident infection rates were high in 2021 and 2022, particularly once the Omicron variant became dominant in the region. Increased focus on homelessness prevention is needed to more effectively and equitably protect these communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Richard
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rosane Nisenbaum
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Brown
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Liu
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cheryl Pedersen
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jesse I. R. Jenkinson
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharmistha Mishra
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Epidemiology and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Baral
- Department of Epidemiology, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Karen Colwill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allison McGeer
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen W. Hwang
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Palasio RGS, Lorenz C, Lucas PCDC, Nielsen L, Masuda ET, Trevisan CM, Cortez AL, Monteiro PDCM, Simões CS, Ferreira PM, Pellini ACG, Yu ALF, Carvalhanas TRM. Spatial, spatio-temporal, and origin-destination flow analyses of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome hospitalized for COVID-19 in Southeastern Brazil, 2020-2021. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2023; 65:e6. [PMID: 36651467 PMCID: PMC9870244 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202365006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Brazil experienced one of the fastest increasing numbers of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases worldwide. The Sao Paulo State (SPS) reported a high incidence, particularly in Sao Paulo municipality. This study aimed to identify clusters of incidence and mortality of hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome for COVID-19 in the SPS, in 2020-2021, and describe the origin flow pattern of the cases. Cases and mortality risk area clusters were identified through different analyses (spatial clusters, spatio-temporal clusters, and spatial variation in temporal trends) by weighting areas. Ripley's K12-function verified the spatial dependence between the cases and infrastructure. There were 517,935 reported cases, with 152,128 cases resulting in death. Of the 470,441 patients hospitalized and residing in the SPS, 357,526 remained in the original municipality, while 112,915 did not. Cases and death clusters were identified in the Sao Paulo metropolitan region (SPMR) and Baixada Santista region in the first study period, and in the SPMR and the Campinas, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Barretos, and Sorocaba municipalities during the second period. We highlight the priority areas for control and surveillance actions for COVID-19, which could lead to better outcomes in future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Gardini Sanches Palasio
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica “Prof. Alexandre Vranjac”, Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Respiratória, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Lorenz
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica “Prof. Alexandre Vranjac”, Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Respiratória, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pamella Cristina de Carvalho Lucas
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica “Prof. Alexandre Vranjac”, Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Respiratória, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucca Nielsen
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica “Prof. Alexandre Vranjac”, Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Respiratória, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana Tiemi Masuda
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica “Prof. Alexandre Vranjac”, Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Respiratória, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Martins Trevisan
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica “Prof. Alexandre Vranjac”, Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Respiratória, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Lazzeri Cortez
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica “Prof. Alexandre Vranjac”, Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Respiratória, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro de Campos Mello Monteiro
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica “Prof. Alexandre Vranjac”, Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Respiratória, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Salomão Simões
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica “Prof. Alexandre Vranjac”, Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Respiratória, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Marques Ferreira
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica “Prof. Alexandre Vranjac”, Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Respiratória, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Cristina Guedes Pellini
- Universidade Nove de Julho, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cidades Inteligentes e Sustentáveis. São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Frugis Yu
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica “Prof. Alexandre Vranjac”, Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Respiratória, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Telma Regina Marques Carvalhanas
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica “Prof. Alexandre Vranjac”, Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Respiratória, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kmetiuk LB, Gonçalves G, Chechia Do Couto A, Biondo AW, Figueiredo FB. Serosurvey of Trypanosoma cruzi in persons experiencing homelessness and shelter workers of Brazil. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1125028. [PMID: 36935667 PMCID: PMC10022815 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1125028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, has been associated with social vulnerability worldwide, producing disability and mortality, no study to date has assessed this protozoal infection in persons experiencing homelessness. Accordingly, the present study aimed to assess anti-T. cruzi antibodies by Wiener Chagatest ELISA recombinant v.3.0 in serum samples of persons experiencing homelessness and related shelter workers in São Paulo, a city with reported vectors but no recent autochthonous case report. Overall, seropositivity to T. cruzi resulted in three of 203 (1.5%) persons experiencing homelessness and two of 87 (2.3%) shelter workers, with similar seroprevalence likely associated with their past social vulnerability. Although the seropositivity in persons experiencing homelessness and shelter workers was within 0 to 25.1% seroprevalence for chronic Chagas disease in the general Brazilian population, the disease has almost decreased 2-fold from the 1980s to 2000s, and such a wide range may not reflect the local disease status. In addition, the authors hypothesized that the similar seroprevalence and exposure between homeless persons and shelter workers herein may be more associated with shared past and present low-income social vulnerability than migratory movements, which may also include infection by sharing injecting drugs, vertical transmission, or blood transfusion. Thus, future studies are needed to confirm the active transmission of Chagas disease in São Paulo city. Moreover, Chagas disease should be considered as differential diagnosis in homeless persons and shelter workers, even in major disease-free Brazilian or other worldwide cities, mostly due to early exposure and vulnerable living conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Anahi Chechia Do Couto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Borges Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Fabiano Borges Figueiredo
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do Couto AC, Gravinatti ML, Pellizzaro M, Kmetiuk LB, Yamakawa AC, da Silva EC, Felipetto LG, Langoni H, de Souza Leandro A, de Santi CE, dos Santos AP, Biondo AW. One health approach on serosurvey of anti-Leptospira spp. in homeless persons and their dogs in South Brazil. One Health 2022; 15:100421. [PMID: 36277102 PMCID: PMC9582539 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Coelho LE, Luz PM, Pires DC, Jalil EM, Perazzo H, Torres TS, Cardoso SW, Peixoto EM, Nazer S, Massad E, Silveira MF, Barros FC, Vasconcelos AT, Costa CA, Amancio RT, Villela DA, Pereira T, Goedert GT, Santos CV, Rodrigues NC, Grinsztejn B, Veloso VG, Struchiner CJ. Prevalence and predictors of anti-SARS-CoV-2 serology in a highly vulnerable population of Rio de Janeiro: A population-based serosurvey. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH - AMERICAS 2022; 15:100338. [PMID: 35936224 PMCID: PMC9337985 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background COVID-19 serosurveys allow for the monitoring of the level of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and support data-driven decisions. We estimated the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a large favela complex in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Methods A population-based panel study was conducted in Complexo de Manguinhos (16 favelas) with a probabilistic sampling of participants aged ≥1 year who were randomly selected from a census of individuals registered in primary health care clinics that serve the area. Participants answered a structured interview and provided blood samples for serology. Multilevel regression models (with random intercepts to account for participants’ favela of residence) were used to assess factors associated with having anti-S IgG antibodies. Secondary analyses estimated seroprevalence using an additional anti-N IgG assay. Findings 4,033 participants were included (from Sep/2020 to Feb/2021, 22 epidemic weeks), the median age was 39·8 years (IQR:21·8-57·7), 61% were female, 41% were mixed-race (Pardo) and 23% Black. Overall prevalence was 49·0% (95%CI:46·8%-51·2%) which varied across favelas (from 68·3% to 31·4%). Lower prevalence estimates were found when using the anti-N IgG assay. Odds of having anti-S IgG antibodies were highest for young adults, and those reporting larger household size, poor adherence to social distancing and use of public transportation. Interpretation We found a significantly higher prevalence of anti-S IgG antibodies than initially anticipated. Disparities in estimates obtained using different serological assays highlight the need for cautious interpretation of serosurveys estimates given the heterogeneity of exposure in communities, loss of immunological biomarkers, serological antigen target, and variant-specific test affinity. Funding Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, Royal Society, Serrapilheira Institute, and FAPESP.
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Santarém VA, do Couto AC, Lescano SZ, Roldán WH, Delai RR, Giuffrida R, Kmetiuk LB, Biondo AW, Dangoudoubiyam S, Dos Santos AP. Serosurvey of anti-Toxocara canis antibodies in people experiencing homelessness and shelter workers from São Paulo, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:373. [PMID: 36253837 PMCID: PMC9574839 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite being one of the most prevalent helminth parasitic zoonoses worldwide and particularly in socioeconomically vulnerable populations, toxocariasis remains to be fully investigated in persons experiencing homelessness. Accordingly, the present study has aimed to assess the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Toxocara spp. exposure in persons experiencing homelessness and shelter workers from a day-shelter in São Paulo city, Brazil. METHODS Anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were performed to assess the risks for toxocariasis. RESULTS Overall, anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies were detected in 89/194 (45.9%, 95% CI: 39.0-52.9%) persons experiencing homelessness, twice as high (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.245-3.873; P = 0.0089) than the frequency of 22/79 (27.8%, 95% CI: 19.2-38.6) in shelter workers. College education was the only protective factor for Toxocara spp. exposure (OR: 0.23; P = 0.018) revealed by logistic regression. CONCLUSIONS Although indicating a multifactorial origin of toxocariasis, the present study has assessed a highly vulnerable population with high disease risks and premature death. Thus, the living conditions of the homeless population have influenced the high prevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies verified here compared with domiciled shelter workers. Despite being less exposed, shelter and other outdoor workers may present an occupational risk to toxocariasis. Future studies should establish whether such environmental exposure might occur in persons experiencing homelessness in other regions worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamilton Alvares Santarém
- Graduate College in Animal Sciences, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP, 19050-920, Brazil
| | - Anahi Chechia do Couto
- Graduate College of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, 81531-970, Brazil
| | - Susana Zevallos Lescano
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, Butantã, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - William Henry Roldán
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, Butantã, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Ruana Renostro Delai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Rogério Giuffrida
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Graduate College of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, 81531-970, Brazil. .,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, 80035-050, Brazil. .,Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Sriveny Dangoudoubiyam
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Andrea Pires Dos Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Schwalb A, Armyra E, Méndez-Aranda M, Ugarte-Gil C. COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean: Two years of the pandemic. J Intern Med 2022; 292:409-427. [PMID: 35411985 PMCID: PMC9115176 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, nations have struggled during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, Latin America and the Caribbean faced an unmatched catastrophic toll. As of March 2022, the region has reported approximately 15% of cases and 28% of deaths worldwide. Considering the relatively late arrival of SARS-CoV-2, several factors in the region were determinants of the humanitarian crisis that ensued. Pandemic unpreparedness, fragile healthcare systems, forthright inequalities, and poor governmental support facilitated the spread of the virus throughout the region. Moreover, reliance on repurposed and ineffective drugs such as hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin-to treat or prevent COVID-19-was publicised through misinformation and created a false sense of security and poor adherence to social distancing measures. While there were hopes that herd immunity could be achieved after the region's disastrous first peak, the emergence of the Gamma, Lambda, and Mu variants made this unattainable. This review explores how Latin America and the Caribbean fared during the first 2 years of the pandemic, and how, despite all the challenges, the region became a global leader in COVID-19 vaccination, with 63% of its population fully vaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Schwalb
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Eleonora Armyra
- Health Innovation Lab, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Melissa Méndez-Aranda
- Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - César Ugarte-Gil
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Ku-gaa-gii pimitizi-win, the COVID-19 cohort study of people experiencing homelessness in Toronto, Canada: a study protocol. BMJ Open 2022. [PMCID: PMC9361747 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionInitial reports suggest people experiencing homelessness (PEH) are at high risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated morbidity and mortality. However, there have been few longitudinal evaluations of the spread and impact of COVID-19 among PEH. This study will estimate the prevalence and incidence of COVID-19 infections in a cohort of PEH followed prospectively in Toronto, Canada. It will also examine associations between individual-level and shelter-level characteristics with COVID-19 infection, adverse health outcomes related to infection and vaccination. Finally, the data will be used to develop and parameterise a mathematical model to characterise SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics, and the transmission impact of interventions serving PEH.Design, methods and analysisKu-gaa-gii pimitizi-win will follow a random sample of PEH from across Toronto (Canada) for 12 months. 736 participants were enrolled between June and September 2021, and will be followed up at 3-month intervals. At each interval, specimens (saliva, capillary blood) will be collected to determine active SARS-CoV-2 infection and serologic evidence of past infection and/or vaccination, and a detailed survey will gather self-reported information, including a detailed housing history. To examine the association between individual-level and shelter-level characteristics on COVID-19-related infection, adverse outcomes, and vaccination, shelter and healthcare administrative data will be linked to participant study data. Healthcare administrative data will also be used to examine long-term (up to 5 years) COVID-19-related outcomes among participants.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was obtained from the Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto Health Sciences Research Ethics Boards (# 20-272). Ku-gaa-gii pimitizi-win was designed in collaboration with community and service provider partners and people having lived experience of homelessness. Findings will be reported to groups supporting Ku-gaa-gii pimitizi-win, Indigenous and other community partners and service providers, funding bodies, public health agencies and all levels of government to inform policy and public health programs.
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