1
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The role of A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase (ADAM)-10 in T helper cell biology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119192. [PMID: 34982961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinases (ADAM)-10 is a member of a family of membrane-anchored proteinases that regulate a broad range of cellular functions with central roles within the immune system. This has spurred the interest to modulate ADAM activity therapeutically in immunological diseases. CD4 T helper (Th) cells are the key regulators of adaptive immune responses. Their development and function is strongly dependent on Notch, a key ADAM-10 substrate. However, Th cells rely on a variety of additional ADAM-10 substrates regulating their functional activity at multiple levels. The complexity of both, the ADAM substrate expression as well as the functional consequences of ADAM-mediated cleavage of the various substrates complicates the analysis of cell type specific effects. Here we provide an overview on the major ADAM-10 substrates relevant for CD4 T cell biology and discuss the potential effects of ADAM-mediated cleavage exemplified for a selection of important substrates.
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2
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Goruganthu MUL, Shanker A, Dikov MM, Carbone DP. Specific Targeting of Notch Ligand-Receptor Interactions to Modulate Immune Responses: A Review of Clinical and Preclinical Findings. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1958. [PMID: 32922403 PMCID: PMC7456812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and targeting Notch signaling effectively has long been valued in the field of cancer and other immune disorders. Here, we discuss key discoveries at the intersection of Notch signaling, cancer and immunology. While there is a plethora of Notch targeting agents tested in vitro, in vivo and in clinic, undesirable off-target effects and therapy-related toxicities have been significant obstacles. We make a case for the clinical application of ligand-derived and affinity modifying compounds as novel therapeutic agents and discuss major research findings with an emphasis on Notch ligand-specific modulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounika U. L. Goruganthu
- Department of Internal Medicine, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Anil Shanker
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Mikhail M. Dikov
- Department of Internal Medicine, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - David P. Carbone
- Department of Internal Medicine, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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3
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Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved Notch signalling pathway regulates the differentiation and function of mature T lymphocytes with major context-dependent consequences in host defence, autoimmunity and alloimmunity. The emerging effects of Notch signalling in T cell responses build upon a more established role for Notch in T cell development. Here, we provide a critical review of this burgeoning literature to make sense of what has been learned so far and highlight the experimental strategies that have been most useful in gleaning physiologically relevant information. We outline the functional consequences of Notch signalling in mature T cells in addition to key specific Notch ligand–receptor interactions and downstream molecular signalling pathways. Our goal is to help clarify future directions for this expanding body of work and the best approaches to answer important open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Brandstadter
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ivan Maillard
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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4
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Chung J, Radojcic V, Perkey E, Parnell TJ, Niknafs Y, Jin X, Friedman A, Labrecque N, Blazar BR, Brennan TV, Siebel CW, Maillard I. Early Notch Signals Induce a Pathogenic Molecular Signature during Priming of Alloantigen-Specific Conventional CD4 + T Cells in Graft-versus-Host Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:557-568. [PMID: 31182480 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the most serious complication of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Notch signals delivered during the first 48 h after transplantation drive proinflammatory cytokine production in conventional T cells (Tconv) and inhibit the expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Short-term Notch inhibition induces long-term GVHD protection. However, it remains unknown whether Notch blockade blunts GVHD through its effects on Tconv, Tregs, or both and what early Notch-regulated molecular events occur in alloantigen-specific T cells. To address these questions, we engineered T cell grafts to achieve selective Notch blockade in Tconv versus Tregs and evaluated their capacity to trigger GVHD in mice. Notch blockade in Tconv was essential for GVHD protection as GVHD severity was similar in the recipients of wild-type Tconv combined with Notch-deprived versus wild-type Tregs. To identify the impact of Notch signaling on the earliest steps of T cell activation in vivo, we established a new acute GVHD model mediated by clonal alloantigen-specific 4C CD4+ Tconv. Notch-deprived 4C T cells had preserved early steps of activation, IL-2 production, proliferation, and Th cell polarization. In contrast, Notch inhibition dampened IFN-γ and IL-17 production, diminished mTORC1 and ERK1/2 activation, and impaired transcription of a subset of Myc-regulated genes. The distinct Notch-regulated signature had minimal overlap with known Notch targets in T cell leukemia and developing T cells, highlighting the specific impact of Notch signaling in mature T cells. Our findings uncover a unique molecular program associated with the pathogenic effects of Notch in T cells at the earliest stages of GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooho Chung
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Vedran Radojcic
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Eric Perkey
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Timothy J Parnell
- Huntsman Cancer Institute Bioinformatic Analysis Shared Resource, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Yashar Niknafs
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Xi Jin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ann Friedman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Nathalie Labrecque
- Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T IJ4, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T IJ4, Canada
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Todd V Brennan
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | | | - Ivan Maillard
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; .,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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5
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St-Amour I, Bosoi CR, Paré I, Ignatius Arokia Doss PM, Rangachari M, Hébert SS, Bazin R, Calon F. Peripheral adaptive immunity of the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:3. [PMID: 30611289 PMCID: PMC6320637 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1380-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immunologic abnormalities have been described in peripheral blood and central nervous system of patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD), yet their role in the pathogenesis still remains poorly defined. Aim and methods We used the triple transgenic mouse model (3xTg-AD) to reproduce Aβ (amyloid plaques) and tau (neurofibrillary tangles) neuropathologies. We analyzed important features of the adaptive immune system in serum, primary (bone marrow) as well as secondary (spleen) lymphoid organs of 12-month-old 3xTg-AD mice using flow cytometry and ELISPOT. We further investigated serum cytokines of 9- and 13-month-old 3xTg-AD mice using multiplex ELISA. Results were compared to age-matched non-transgenic controls (NTg). Results In the bone marrow of 12-month-old 3xTg-AD mice, we detected decreased proportions of short-term reconstituting hematopoietic stem cells (0.58-fold, P = 0.0116), while lymphocyte, granulocyte, and monocyte populations remained unchanged. Our results also point to increased activation of both B and T lymphocytes. Indeed, we report elevated levels of plasma cells in bone marrow (1.3-fold, P = 0.0405) along with a 5.4-fold rise in serum IgG concentration (P < 0.0001) in 3xTg-AD animals. Furthermore, higher levels of interleukin (IL)-2 were detected in serum of 9- and 13-month-old 3xTg-AD mice (P = 0.0018). Along with increased concentrations of IL-17 (P = 0.0115) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (P = 0.0085), these data support helper T lymphocyte activation with Th17 polarization. Conclusion Collectively, these results suggest that the 3xTg-AD model mimics modifications of the adaptive immunity changes previously observed in human AD patients and underscore the activation of both valuable and harmful pathways of immunity in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle St-Amour
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada.,Département de psychiatrie et neurosciences, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Cristina R Bosoi
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche de l'IUCPQ-Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Paré
- Medical Affairs and Innovation, Héma-Québec, QC, Québec, Canada
| | - Prenitha Mercy Ignatius Arokia Doss
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada.,Département de psychiatrie et neurosciences, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Manu Rangachari
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada.,Département de psychiatrie et neurosciences, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien S Hébert
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada.,Département de psychiatrie et neurosciences, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Renée Bazin
- Medical Affairs and Innovation, Héma-Québec, QC, Québec, Canada.,Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada. .,Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada.
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6
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Cummings M, Arumanayagam ACS, Zhao P, Kannanganat S, Stuve O, Karandikar NJ, Eagar TN. Presenilin1 regulates Th1 and Th17 effector responses but is not required for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200752. [PMID: 30089166 PMCID: PMC6082653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) where pathology is thought to be regulated by autoreactive T cells of the Th1 and Th17 phenotype. In this study we sought to understand the functions of Presenilin 1 (PSEN1) in regulating T cell effector responses in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) murine model of MS. PSEN1 is the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase a multimolecular protease that mediates intramembranous proteolysis. γ-secretase is known to regulate several pathways of immune importance. Here we examine the effects of disrupting PSEN1 functions on EAE and T effector differentiation using small molecule inhibitors of γ-secretase (GSI) and T cell-specific conditional knockout mice (PSEN1 cKO). Surprisingly, blocking PSEN1 function by GSI treatment or PSEN1 cKO had little effect on the development or course of MOG35-55-induced EAE. In vivo GSI administration reduced the number of myelin antigen-specific T cells and suppressed Th1 and Th17 differentiation following immunization. In vitro, GSI treatment inhibited Th1 differentiation in neutral but not IL-12 polarizing conditions. Th17 differentiation was also suppressed by the presence of GSI in all conditions and GSI-treated Th17 T cells failed to induce EAE following adoptive transfer. PSEN cKO T cells showed reduced Th1 and Th17 differentiation. We conclude that γ-secretase and PSEN1-dependent signals are involved in T effector responses in vivo and potently regulate T effector differentiation in vitro, however, they are dispensable for EAE.
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MESH Headings
- Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dibenzazepines/pharmacology
- Dibenzazepines/therapeutic use
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Presenilin-1/deficiency
- Presenilin-1/genetics
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Cummings
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | | | - Picheng Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Sunil Kannanganat
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Olaf Stuve
- Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Nitin J. Karandikar
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Todd N. Eagar
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States of America
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7
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Notch signaling represents an important checkpoint between follicular T-helper and canonical T-helper 2 cell fate. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1079-1091. [PMID: 29467447 PMCID: PMC6030499 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Type-2 immunity is regulated by two distinct CD4+ T-cell subsets. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are required for humoral hallmarks of type-2 inflammation. T-helper type-2 (Th2) cells orchestrate type-2 inflammation in peripheral tissues, such as the lung and intestine. Given the importance of Notch signaling in the establishment of other CD4+ T-helper cell subsets, we investigated whether canonical Notch activation could differentially impact Tfh and Th2 cell fate during the induction of type-2 immunity. These studies show that Tfh cell, but not Th2 cell, generation and function is reliant on Notch signaling. While early Tfh cell specification is influenced by functional Notch ligands on classical dendritic cells, functional Notch ligands on cells other than dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, and follicular dendritic cells are sufficient to achieve full Tfh cell commitment. These findings identify Notch signaling as an early lineage-determining factor between Tfh and Th2 cell fate.
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8
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Ozay EI, Sherman HL, Mello V, Trombley G, Lerman A, Tew GN, Yadava N, Minter LM. Rotenone Treatment Reveals a Role for Electron Transport Complex I in the Subcellular Localization of Key Transcriptional Regulators During T Helper Cell Differentiation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1284. [PMID: 29930555 PMCID: PMC5999735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of tumor cell mitochondrial metabolism suggest it may be an attractive therapeutic target. Mitochondria are central hubs of metabolism that provide energy during the differentiation and maintenance of immune cell phenotypes. Mitochondrial membranes harbor several enzyme complexes that are involved in the process of oxidative phosphorylation, which takes place during energy production. Data suggest that, among these enzyme complexes, deficiencies in electron transport complex I may differentially affect immune responses and may contribute to the pathophysiology of several immunological conditions. Once activated by T cell receptor signaling, along with co-stimulation through CD28, CD4 T cells utilize mitochondrial energy to differentiate into distinct T helper (Th) subsets. T cell signaling activates Notch1, which is cleaved from the plasma membrane to generate its intracellular form (N1ICD). In the presence of specific cytokines, Notch1 regulates gene transcription related to cell fate to modulate CD4 Th type 1, Th2, Th17, and induced regulatory T cell (iTreg) differentiation. The process of differentiating into any of these subsets requires metabolic energy, provided by the mitochondria. We hypothesized that the requirement for mitochondrial metabolism varies between different Th subsets and may intersect with Notch1 signaling. We used the organic pesticide rotenone, a well-described complex I inhibitor, to assess how compromised mitochondrial integrity impacts CD4 T cell differentiation into Th1, Th2, Th17, and iTreg cells. We also investigated how Notch1 localization and downstream transcriptional capabilities regulation may be altered in each subset following rotenone treatment. Our data suggest that mitochondrial integrity impacts each of these Th subsets differently, through its influence on Notch1 subcellular localization. Our work further supports the notion that altered immune responses can result from complex I inhibition. Therefore, understanding how mitochondrial inhibitors affect immune responses may help to inform therapeutic approaches to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Ilker Ozay
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Heather L Sherman
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Victoria Mello
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Grace Trombley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Adam Lerman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Gregory N Tew
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States.,Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Nagendra Yadava
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States.,Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA, United States
| | - Lisa M Minter
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
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9
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Steinbuck MP, Winandy S. A Review of Notch Processing With New Insights Into Ligand-Independent Notch Signaling in T-Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1230. [PMID: 29910816 PMCID: PMC5992298 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch receptor is an evolutionarily highly conserved transmembrane protein essential to a wide spectrum of cellular systems, and its deregulation has been linked to a vast number of developmental disorders and malignancies. Regulated Notch function is critical for the generation of T-cells, in which abnormal Notch signaling results in leukemia. Notch activation through trans-activation of the receptor by one of its ligands expressed on adjacent cells has been well defined. In this canonical ligand-dependent pathway, Notch receptor undergoes conformational changes upon ligand engagement, stimulated by a pulling-force on the extracellular fragment of Notch that results from endocytosis of the receptor-bound ligand into the ligand-expressing cell. These conformational changes in the receptor allow for two consecutive proteolytic cleavage events to occur, which release the intracellular region of the receptor into the cytoplasm. It can then travel to the nucleus, where it induces gene transcription. However, there is accumulating evidence that other pathways may induce Notch signaling. A ligand-independent mechanism of Notch activation has been described in which receptor processing is initiated via cell-internal signals. These signals result in the internalization of Notch into endosomal compartments, where chemical changes existing in this microenvironment result in the conformational modifications required for receptor processing. This review will present mechanisms underlying both canonical ligand-dependent and non-canonical ligand-independent Notch activation pathways and discuss the latter in the context of Notch signaling in T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Peter Steinbuck
- Immunology Training Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Susan Winandy
- Immunology Training Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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10
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RNF4-Dependent Oncogene Activation by Protein Stabilization. Cell Rep 2018; 16:3388-3400. [PMID: 27653698 PMCID: PMC5125238 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitylation regulates signaling pathways critical for cancer development and, in many cases, targets proteins for degradation. Here, we report that ubiquitylation by RNF4 stabilizes otherwise short-lived oncogenic transcription factors, including β-catenin, Myc, c-Jun, and the Notch intracellular-domain (N-ICD) protein. RNF4 enhances the transcriptional activity of these factors, as well as Wnt- and Notch-dependent gene expression. While RNF4 is a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase, protein stabilization requires the substrate’s phosphorylation, rather than SUMOylation, and binding to RNF4’s arginine-rich motif domain. Stabilization also involves generation of unusual polyubiquitin chains and docking of RNF4 to chromatin. Biologically, RNF4 enhances the tumor phenotype and is essential for cancer cell survival. High levels of RNF4 mRNA correlate with poor survival of a subgroup of breast cancer patients, and RNF4 protein levels are elevated in 30% of human colon adenocarcinomas. Thus, RNF4-dependent ubiquitylation translates transient phosphorylation signal(s) into long-term protein stabilization, resulting in enhanced oncoprotein activation.
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11
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Li Q, Zhang H, Yu L, Wu C, Luo X, Sun H, Ding J. Down-regulation of Notch signaling pathway reverses the Th1/Th2 imbalance in tuberculosis patients. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 54:24-32. [PMID: 29100034 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Th1/Th2 imbalance to Th2 is of significance in the peripheral immune responses in Tuberculosis (TB) development. However, the mechanisms for Th1/Th2 imbalance are still not well determined. Notch signaling pathway is involved in the peripheral T cell activation and effector cell differentiation. However, whether it affects Th1/Th2 imbalance in TB patients is still not known. Here, we used γ-secretase inhibitor (DAPT) to treat the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy people or individuals with latent or active TB infection in vitro, respectively. Then, the Th1/Th2 ratios were determined by flow cytometry, and cytokines of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10 in the culture supernatant were measured by CBA method. The Notch signal pathway associated proteins Hes1, GATA3 and T-bet were quantitated by real-time PCR or immunoblotting. Our results showed that DAPT effectively inhibited the protein level of Hes1. In TB patients, the Th2 ratio increased in the PBMCs, alone with the high expression of GATA3 and IL-4, resulting in the high ratios of Th2/Th1 and GATA3/T-bet in TB patients. However, Th2 cells ratio decreased after blocking the Notch signaling pathway by DAPT and the Th2/Th1 ratio in TB patients were DAPT dose-dependent, accompanied by the decrease of IL-4 and GATA3. But, its influence on Th1 ratio and Th1 related T-bet and IFN-γ levels were not significant. In conclusion, our results suggest that blocking Notch signaling by DAPT could inhibit Th2 responses and restore Th1/Th2 imbalance in TB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, China; Xinjiang Institute of Pediatrics, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang, China
| | - Liang Yu
- Xinjiang Institute of Pediatrics, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xinhui Luo
- Xinjiang Institute of Pediatrics, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang, China
| | - He Sun
- Xinjiang Institute of Pediatrics, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Jianbing Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, China; Department of Immunology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China.
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12
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Sjöqvist M, Andersson ER. Do as I say, Not(ch) as I do: Lateral control of cell fate. Dev Biol 2017; 447:58-70. [PMID: 28969930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Breaking symmetry in populations of uniform cells, to induce adoption of an alternative cell fate, is an essential developmental mechanism. Similarly, domain and boundary establishment are crucial steps to forming organs during development. Notch signaling is a pathway ideally suited to mediating precise patterning cues, as both receptors and ligands are membrane-bound and can thus act as a precise switch to toggle cell fates on or off. Fine-tuning of signaling by positive or negative feedback mechanisms dictate whether signaling results in lateral induction or lateral inhibition, respectively, allowing Notch to either induce entire regions of cell specification, or dictate binary fate choices. Furthermore, pathway activity is modulated by Fringe modification of receptors or ligands, co-expression of receptors with ligands, mode of ligand presentation, and cell surface area in contact. In this review, we describe how Notch signaling is fine-tuned to mediate lateral induction or lateral inhibition cues, and discuss examples from C.elegans, D. melanogaster and M. musculus. Identifying the cellular machinery dictating the choice between lateral induction and lateral inhibition highlights the versatility of the Notch signaling pathway in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Sjöqvist
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Emma R Andersson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
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13
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Tindemans I, Peeters MJW, Hendriks RW. Notch Signaling in T Helper Cell Subsets: Instructor or Unbiased Amplifier? Front Immunol 2017; 8:419. [PMID: 28458667 PMCID: PMC5394483 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For protection against pathogens, it is essential that naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into specific effector T helper (Th) cell subsets following activation by antigen presented by dendritic cells (DCs). Next to T cell receptor and cytokine signals, membrane-bound Notch ligands have an important role in orchestrating Th cell differentiation. Several studies provided evidence that DC activation is accompanied by surface expression of Notch ligands. Intriguingly, DCs that express the delta-like or Jagged Notch ligands gain the capacity to instruct Th1 or Th2 cell polarization, respectively. However, in contrast to this model it has also been hypothesized that Notch signaling acts as a general amplifier of Th cell responses rather than an instructive director of specific T cell fates. In this alternative model, Notch enhances proliferation, cytokine production, and anti-apoptotic signals or promotes co-stimulatory signals in T cells. An instructive role for Notch ligand expressing DCs in the induction of Th cell differentiation is further challenged by evidence for the involvement of Notch signaling in differentiation of Th9, Th17, regulatory T cells, and follicular Th cells. In this review, we will discuss the two opposing models, referred to as the “instructive” and the “unbiased amplifier” model. We highlight both the function of different Notch receptors on CD4+ T cells and the impact of Notch ligands on antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Tindemans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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14
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Britton GJ, Ambler R, Clark DJ, Hill EV, Tunbridge HM, McNally KE, Burton BR, Butterweck P, Sabatos-Peyton C, Hampton-O’Neil LA, Verkade P, Wülfing C, Wraith DC. PKCθ links proximal T cell and Notch signaling through localized regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. eLife 2017; 6:e20003. [PMID: 28112644 PMCID: PMC5310840 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch is a critical regulator of T cell differentiation and is activated through proteolytic cleavage in response to ligand engagement. Using murine myelin-reactive CD4 T cells, we demonstrate that proximal T cell signaling modulates Notch activation by a spatiotemporally constrained mechanism. The protein kinase PKCθ is a critical mediator of signaling by the T cell antigen receptor and the principal costimulatory receptor CD28. PKCθ selectively inactivates the negative regulator of F-actin generation, Coronin 1A, at the center of the T cell interface with the antigen presenting cell (APC). This allows for effective generation of the large actin-based lamellum required for recruitment of the Notch-processing membrane metalloproteinase ADAM10. Such enhancement of Notch activation is critical for efficient T cell proliferation and Th17 differentiation. We reveal a novel mechanism that, through modulation of the cytoskeleton, controls Notch activation at the T cell:APC interface thereby linking T cell receptor and Notch signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Britton
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Ambler
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle J Clark
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine V Hill
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M Tunbridge
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kerrie E McNally
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Bronwen R Burton
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Philomena Butterweck
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lea A Hampton-O’Neil
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David Cameron Wraith
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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15
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Tindemans I, Lukkes M, de Bruijn MJW, Li BWS, van Nimwegen M, Amsen D, KleinJan A, Hendriks RW. Notch signaling in T cells is essential for allergic airway inflammation, but expression of the Notch ligands Jagged 1 and Jagged 2 on dendritic cells is dispensable. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1079-1089. [PMID: 28111308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic asthma is characterized by a TH2 response induced by dendritic cells (DCs) that present inhaled allergen. Although the mechanisms by which they instruct TH2 differentiation are still poorly understood, expression of the Notch ligand Jagged on DCs has been implicated in this process. OBJECTIVE We sought to establish whether Notch signaling induced by DCs is critical for house dust mite (HDM)-driven allergic airway inflammation (AAI) in vivo. METHODS The induction of Notch ligand expression on DC subsets by HDM was quantified by using quantitative real-time PCR. We used an HDM-driven asthma mouse model to compare the capacity of Jagged 1 and Jagged 2 single- and double-deficient DCs to induce AAI. In addition, we studied AAI in mice with a T cell-specific deletion of recombination signal-binding protein for immunoglobulin Jκ region (RBPJκ), a downstream effector of Notch signaling. RESULTS HDM exposure promoted expression of Jagged 1, but not Jagged 2, on DCs. In agreement with published findings, in vitro-differentiated and HDM-pulsed Jagged 1 and Jagged 2 double-deficient DCs lacked the capacity to induce AAI. However, after in vivo intranasal sensitization and challenge with HDM, DC-specific Jagged 1 or Jagged 2 single- or double-deficient mice had eosinophilic airway inflammation and a TH2 cell activation phenotype that was not different from that in control littermates. In contrast, RBPJκ-deficient mice did not experience AAI and airway hyperreactivity. CONCLUSION Our results show that the Notch signaling pathway in T cells is crucial for the induction of TH2-mediated AAI in an HDM-driven asthma model but that expression of Jagged 1 or Jagged 2 on DCs is not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Tindemans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Lukkes
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bobby W S Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Menno van Nimwegen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alex KleinJan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Notch regulates Th17 differentiation and controls trafficking of IL-17 and metabolic regulators within Th17 cells in a context-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39117. [PMID: 27974744 PMCID: PMC5156918 DOI: 10.1038/srep39117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells play critical roles in host defense and autoimmunity. Emerging data support a role for Notch signaling in Th17 cell differentiation but whether it is a positive or negative regulator remains unclear. We report here that T cell-specific deletion of Notch receptors enhances Th17 cell differentiation in the gut, with a corresponding increase in IL-17 secretion. An increase in Th17 cell frequency was similarly observed following immunization of T cell specific Notch mutant mice with OVA/CFA. However, in this setting, Th17 cytokine secretion was impaired, and increased intracellular retention of IL-17 was observed. Intracellular IL-17 co-localized with the CD71 iron transporter in the draining lymph node of both control and Notch-deficient Th17 cells. Immunization induced CD71 surface expression in control, but not in Notch-deficient Th17 cells, revealing defective CD71 intracellular transport in absence of Notch signaling. Moreover, Notch receptor deficient Th17 cells had impaired mTORC2 activity. These data reveal a context-dependent impact of Notch on vesicular transport during high metabolic demand suggesting a role for Notch signaling in the bridging of T cell metabolic demands and effector functions. Collectively, our findings indicate a prominent regulatory role for Notch signaling in the fine-tuning of Th17 cell differentiation and effector function.
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17
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Chung J, Riella LV, Maillard I. Targeting the Notch Pathway to Prevent Rejection. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:3079-3085. [PMID: 27037759 PMCID: PMC7017453 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Immune rejection is mediated by a complex interplay of cellular and humoral mechanisms. Current therapeutic strategies, which rely on global immunosuppression, can result in serious complications and are not completely effective. Notch signaling is a cell-to-cell communication pathway that plays an important role during T cell development and in the regulation of peripheral immune responses. Initial work, performed mainly through gain-of-function approaches, paradoxically identified Notch as an inducer of tolerance; however, recent studies using loss-of-function approaches in mouse models of transplant rejection and graft-versus-host disease have clarified an important role for Notch as a central mediator of T cell alloreactivity. Short-term inhibition of individual Notch ligands in the peritransplant period had long-lasting protective effects. In a vascularized heart allograft model, blockade of Delta-like Notch ligands dampened both cellular and humoral rejection. In this minireview, we summarize current knowledge about the role of Notch signaling during allograft rejection and provide an overarching mechanism through which Notch acts to promote T cell pathogenicity and allograft damage. We propose that targeting elements of the Notch pathway could provide a new therapeutic approach to prevent allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Chung
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - L. V. Riella
- Schuster Transplantation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - I. Maillard
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Corresponding author: Ivan Maillard,
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18
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Shang Y, Smith S, Hu X. Role of Notch signaling in regulating innate immunity and inflammation in health and disease. Protein Cell 2016; 7:159-74. [PMID: 26936847 PMCID: PMC4791423 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-016-0250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway is conserved from Drosophila to mammals and is critically involved in developmental processes. In the immune system, it has been established that Notch signaling regulates multiple steps of T and B cell development in both central and peripheral lymphoid organs. Relative to the well documented role of Notch signaling in lymphocyte development, less is known about its role in regulating myeloid lineage development and function, especially in the context of acute and chronic inflammation. In this review article, we will describe the evidence accumulated during the recent years to support a key regulatory role of the Notch pathway in innate immune and inflammatory responses and discuss the potential implications of such regulation for pathogenesis and therapy of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Shang
- School of Medicine and Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Sinead Smith
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- School of Medicine and Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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19
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Regulation of IL-4 Expression in Immunity and Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 941:31-77. [PMID: 27734408 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0921-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IL-4 was first identified as a T cell-derived growth factor for B cells. Studies over the past several decades have markedly expanded our understanding of its cellular sources and function. In addition to T cells, IL-4 is produced by innate lymphocytes, such as NTK cells, and myeloid cells, such as basophils and mast cells. It is a signature cytokine of type 2 immune response but also has a nonimmune function. Its expression is tightly regulated at several levels, including signaling pathways, transcription factors, epigenetic modifications, microRNA, and long noncoding RNA. This chapter will review in detail the molecular mechanism regulating the cell type-specific expression of IL-4 in physiological and pathological type 2 immune responses.
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20
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Amsen D, Helbig C, Backer RA. Notch in T Cell Differentiation: All Things Considered. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:802-814. [PMID: 26617322 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of naïve T cells into effector cells is required for optimal protection against different classes of microbial pathogen and for the development of immune memory. Recent findings have revealed important roles for the Notch signaling pathway in T cell differentiation into all known effector subsets, raising the question of how this pathway controls such diverse differentiation programs. Studies in preclinical models support the therapeutic potential of manipulating the Notch pathway to alleviate immune pathology, highlighting the importance of understanding the mechanisms through which Notch regulates T cell differentiation and function. We review these findings here, and outline both unifying principles involved in Notch-mediated T cell fate decisions and cell type- and context-specific differences that may present the most suitable points for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derk Amsen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin and Landsteiner Laboratory at the CLB, Plesmanlaan125, 1066CX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Christina Helbig
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin and Landsteiner Laboratory at the CLB, Plesmanlaan125, 1066CX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald A Backer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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21
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Notch signal strength controls cell fate in the haemogenic endothelium. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8510. [PMID: 26465397 PMCID: PMC4634136 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of the arterial and haemogenic endothelium fates concurrently occur in the aorta–gonad–mesonephros (AGM) region prior to haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) generation. The arterial programme depends on Dll4 and the haemogenic endothelium/HSC on Jag1-mediated Notch1 signalling. How Notch1 distinguishes and executes these different programmes in response to particular ligands is poorly understood. By using two Notch1 activation trap mouse models with different sensitivity, here we show that arterial endothelial cells and HSCs originate from distinct precursors, characterized by different Notch1 signal strengths. Microarray analysis on AGM subpopulations demonstrates that the Jag1 ligand stimulates low Notch strength, inhibits the endothelial programme and is permissive for HSC specification. In the absence of Jag1, endothelial cells experience high Dll4-induced Notch activity and select the endothelial programme, thus precluding HSC formation. Interference with the Dll4 signal by ligand-specific blocking antibodies is sufficient to inhibit the endothelial programme and favour specification of the haematopoietic lineage. It is unclear how Notch1 signals regulate both the maintenance of the endothelial fate and the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition in the embryonic aorta. Here the authors show that those cells in which Notch1 ligand Jag1 is out-competed by Dll4 remain endothelial, while higher Jag1 activity leads to generation of hematopoietic stem cells.
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22
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Bao K, Reinhardt RL. The differential expression of IL-4 and IL-13 and its impact on type-2 immunity. Cytokine 2015; 75:25-37. [PMID: 26073683 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Allergic disease represents a significant global health burden, and disease incidence continues to rise in urban areas of the world. As such, a better understanding of the basic immune mechanisms underlying disease pathology are key to developing therapeutic interventions to both prevent disease onset as well as to ameliorate disease morbidity in those individuals already suffering from a disorder linked to type-2 inflammation. Two factors central to type-2 immunity are interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, which have been linked to virtually all major hallmarks associated with type-2 inflammation. Therefore, IL-4 and IL-13 and their regulatory pathways represent ideal targets to suppress disease. Despite sharing many common regulatory pathways and receptors, these cytokines perform very distinct functions during a type-2 immune response. This review summarizes the literature surrounding the function and expression of IL-4 and IL-13 in CD4+ T cells and innate immune cells. It highlights recent findings in vivo regarding the differential expression and non-canonical regulation of IL-4 and IL-13 in various immune cells, which likely play important and underappreciated roles in type-2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Bao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - R Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
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23
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Laky K, Evans S, Perez-Diez A, Fowlkes BJ. Notch signaling regulates antigen sensitivity of naive CD4+ T cells by tuning co-stimulation. Immunity 2015; 42:80-94. [PMID: 25607460 PMCID: PMC4314725 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses begin when naive CD4(+) T cells engage peptide+major histocompatibility complex class II and co-stimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Notch signaling can influence effector functions in differentiated CD4(+) T helper and T regulatory cells. Whether and how ligand-induced Notch signaling influences the initial priming of CD4(+) T cells has not been addressed. We have found that Delta Like Ligand 4 (DLL4)-induced Notch signaling potentiates phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase (PI3K)-dependent signaling downstream of the T cell receptor+CD28, allowing naive CD4(+) T cells to respond to lower doses of antigen. In vitro, DLL4-deficient APCs were less efficient stimulators of CD4(+) T cell activation, metabolism, proliferation, and cytokine secretion. With deletion of DLL4 from CD11c(+) APCs in vivo, these deficits translated to an impaired ability to mount an effective CD4(+)-dependent anti-tumor response. These data implicate Notch signaling as an important regulator of adaptive immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- CD28 Antigens/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Carcinoma/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Receptor Cross-Talk
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Notch/genetics
- Receptors, Notch/immunology
- Receptors, Notch/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Tumor Burden/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Laky
- T Cell Development Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sharron Evans
- T Cell Development Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ainhoa Perez-Diez
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - B J Fowlkes
- T Cell Development Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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24
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Tindemans I, Serafini N, Di Santo JP, Hendriks RW. GATA-3 function in innate and adaptive immunity. Immunity 2014; 41:191-206. [PMID: 25148023 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The zinc-finger transcription factor GATA-3 has received much attention as a master regulator of T helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation, during which it controls interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13 expression. More recently, GATA-3 was shown to contribute to type 2 immunity through regulation of group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) development and function. Furthermore, during thymopoiesis, GATA-3 represses B cell potential in early T cell precursors, activates TCR signaling in pre-T cells, and promotes the CD4(+) T cell lineage after positive selection. GATA-3 also functions outside the thymus in hematopoietic stem cells, regulatory T cells, CD8(+) T cells, thymic natural killer cells, and ILC precursors. Here we discuss the varied functions of GATA-3 in innate and adaptive immune cells, with emphasis on its activity in T cells and ILCs, and examine the mechanistic basis for the dose-dependent, developmental-stage- and cell-lineage-specific activity of this transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Tindemans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Serafini
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U668, 75724 Paris, France
| | - James P Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U668, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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25
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Cheng YL, Choi Y, Sobey CG, Arumugam TV, Jo DG. Emerging roles of the γ-secretase-notch axis in inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 147:80-90. [PMID: 25448038 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a distinct proteolytic complex required for the activation of many transmembrane proteins. The cleavage of substrates by γ-secretase plays diverse biological roles in producing essential products for the organism. More than 90 transmembrane proteins have been reported to be substrates of γ-secretase. Two of the most widely known and studied of these substrates are the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the Notch receptor, which are precursors for the generation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and the Notch intracellular domain (NICD), respectively. The wide spectrum of γ-secretase substrates has made analyses of the pathology of γ-secretase-related diseases and underlying mechanisms challenging. Inflammation is an important aspect of disease pathology that requires an in-depth analysis. γ-Secretase may contribute to disease development or progression by directly increasing and regulating production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review summarizes recent evidence for a role of γ-secretase in inflammatory diseases, and discusses the potential use of γ-secretase inhibitors as an effective future treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yuri Choi
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Felices M, Ankarlo DEM, Lenvik TR, Nelson HH, Blazar BR, Verneris MR, Miller JS. Notch signaling at later stages of NK cell development enhances KIR expression and functional maturation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:3344-54. [PMID: 25172483 PMCID: PMC4170052 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway plays a substantial role in human NK cell development. However, the role of Notch on killer Ig-like receptor (KIR) upregulation and acquisition of effector function has not been explored. To evaluate how Notch influences terminal differentiation, cord blood-derived NK cells or sorted peripheral blood NK cells were cultured with IL-15 for 7 d with inhibitory or activating Notch signals. Inhibition of Notch signaling significantly decreased KIR expression, whereas activation enhanced it. Overexpression of activated Notch on cord blood-derived NK cells resulted in a 2-fold increase in KIR expression, indicating that Notch signaling plays a direct, cell-intrinsic role in KIR regulation. Moreover, Notch-mediated KIR expression on NK cells is regulated through cis inhibition by delta-like ligand 1. Notch signaling also enhances CD16 upregulation that precedes KIR expression. Concomitant with the upregulation of KIR and CD16, Notch signaling induces increased cytolytic effector capacity and cytokine secretion, even in posttransplant samples in which NK cell function is inherently defective. Given these attributes of Notch signaling, we propose that Notch agonists may enhance NK cell maturation and tumor killing in a posttransplant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Felices
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Dave E M Ankarlo
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Todd R Lenvik
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Heather H Nelson
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Michael R Verneris
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Jeffrey S Miller
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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27
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Dongre A, Surampudi L, Lawlor RG, Fauq AH, Miele L, Golde TE, Minter LM, Osborne BA. Non-Canonical Notch Signaling Drives Activation and Differentiation of Peripheral CD4(+) T Cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:54. [PMID: 24611064 PMCID: PMC3921607 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage of the Notch receptor via a γ-secretase, results in the release of the active intra-cellular domain of Notch that migrates to the nucleus and interacts with RBP-Jκ, resulting in the activation of downstream target genes. This canonical Notch signaling pathway has been documented to influence T cell development and function. However, the mechanistic details underlying this process remain obscure. In addition to RBP-Jκ, the intra-cellular domain of Notch also interacts with other proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus, giving rise to the possibility of an alternate, RBP-Jκ independent Notch pathway. However, the contribution of such RBP-Jκ independent, "non-canonical" Notch signaling in regulating peripheral T cell responses is unknown. In this report, we specifically demonstrate the requirement of Notch1 for regulating signal strength and signaling events distal to the T cell receptor in peripheral CD4(+) T cells. By using mice with a conditional deletion in Notch1 or RBP-Jκ, we show that Notch1 regulates activation and proliferation of CD4(+) T cells independently of RBP-Jκ. Furthermore, differentiation to TH1 and iTreg lineages although Notch dependent, is RBP-Jκ independent. Our striking observations demonstrate that many of the cell-intrinsic functions of Notch occur independently of RBP-Jκ. Such non-canonical regulation of these processes likely occurs through NF-κ B. This reveals a previously unknown, novel role of non-canonical Notch signaling in regulating peripheral T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Dongre
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, MA , USA ; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, MA , USA
| | - Lalitha Surampudi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, MA , USA
| | - Rebecca G Lawlor
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, MA , USA
| | - Abdul H Fauq
- PAR, Chemical Synthesis Core Facility, Mayo Clinic Florida , Jacksonville, FL , USA
| | - Lucio Miele
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, MS , USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Lisa M Minter
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, MA , USA ; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, MA , USA
| | - Barbara A Osborne
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, MA , USA ; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, MA , USA
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28
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Monitoring Notch activation in cultured mammalian cells: luciferase complementation imaging assays. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1187:155-68. [PMID: 25053488 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1139-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Notch activation and cleavage releases the Notch intracellular domain (NICD), which translocates to the nucleus, where it associates with its DNA-binding partner CSL to recruit the coactivator MAML and additional cofactors to ultimately activate target gene expression. Taking advantage of the specific interaction between NICD and these factors, we have developed a luciferase complementation imaging (LCI)-based reporter system to quantitatively monitor Notch activation in real time in live cells. In this chapter, we describe the use of Notch LCI reporters for measuring protein interactions and performing detailed kinetic analyses of receptor activation and its responses to various stimuli.
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29
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Ilagan MXG, Kopan R. Monitoring Notch activation in cultured mammalian cells: transcriptional reporter assays. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1187:143-154. [PMID: 25053487 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1139-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Upon ligand binding, Notch activation and cleavage culminates in the expression of its target genes. Hence, the use of Notch-responsive promoters to drive reporter gene expression provides a flexible and robust approach for monitoring signaling activity. In this chapter, we present an overview of Notch transcriptional reporter assays and discuss different methods for ligand-independent and ligand-dependent activation of Notch in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Xenia G Ilagan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA,
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30
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Mukherjee S, Rasky AJ, Lundy PA, Kittan NA, Kunkel SL, Maillard IP, Kowalski PE, Kousis PC, Guidos CJ, Lukacs NW. STAT5-induced lunatic fringe during Th2 development alters delta-like 4-mediated Th2 cytokine production in respiratory syncytial virus-exacerbated airway allergic disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:996-1003. [PMID: 24367028 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Notch activation plays an important role in T cell development and mature T cell differentiation. In this study, we investigated the role of Notch activation in a mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-exacerbated allergic airway disease. During RSV exacerbation, in vivo neutralization of a specific Notch ligand, Delta-like ligand (Dll)-4, significantly decreased airway hyperreactivity, mucus production, and Th2 cytokines. Lunatic Fringe (Lfng), a glycosyltransferase that enhances Notch activation by Dll4, was increased during RSV exacerbation. Lfng loss of function in Th2-skewed cells inhibited Dll4-Notch activation and subsequent IL-4 production. Further knockdown of Lfng in T cells in CD4Cre(+)Lfng(fl/fl) mice showed reduced Th2 response and disease pathology during RSV exacerbation. Finally, we identified STAT5-binding cis-acting regulatory element activation as a critical driver of Lfng transcriptional activation. These data demonstrate that STAT5-dependent amplification of Notch-modifying Lfng augments Th2 response via Dll4 and is critical for amplifying viral exacerbation during allergic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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31
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Zeng WP. 'All things considered': transcriptional regulation of T helper type 2 cell differentiation from precursor to effector activation. Immunology 2013; 140:31-8. [PMID: 23668241 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
T helper type 2 (Th2) cells are critical to host defence against helminth infection and the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. The differentiation of Th2 cells from naive CD4 T cells is controlled by intricate transcriptional mechanisms. At the precursor stage of naive CD4 T cells, transcriptional mechanisms maintain the potential and in the meantime prevent spontaneous differentiation to Th2 fate. In addition, intrachromosomal interactions important for co-ordinated expression of Th2 cytokines pre-exist in naive CD4 T cells. Upon T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement, naive CD4 T cells are induced by polarizing signals of the interleukin-4/Stat6 and Jagged/Notch pathways to up-regulate the expression of GATA-3. Once up-regulated, GATA-3 drives Th2 and suppresses Th1 differentiation in a cell autonomous fashion. In this stage of differentiation, the Th2 cytokine locus, as well as the interferon-γ locus, undergoes chromatin remodelling and epigenetic modifications that contribute to the somatic memory of Th2 cytokine gene expression pattern. Once differentiated, Th2 effector cells promptly produce Th2 cytokines upon TCR stimulation, which is regulated by concerted actions of GATA-3, TCR signalling, enhancers and the Th2 locus control region. This review provides a detailed account of the transcriptional regulatory events at these different stages of Th2 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-ping Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA.
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32
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Bailis W, Yashiro-Ohtani Y, Fang TC, Hatton RD, Weaver CT, Artis D, Pear WS. Notch simultaneously orchestrates multiple helper T cell programs independently of cytokine signals. Immunity 2013; 39:148-59. [PMID: 23890069 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Two models are proposed to explain Notch function during helper T (Th) cell differentiation. One argues that Notch instructs one Th cell fate over the other, whereas the other posits that Notch function is dictated by cytokines. Here we provide a detailed mechanistic study investigating the role of Notch in orchestrating Th cell differentiation. Notch neither instructed Th cell differentiation nor did cytokines direct Notch activity, but instead, Notch simultaneously regulated the Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell genetic programs independently of cytokine signals. In addition to regulating these programs in both polarized and nonpolarized Th cells, we identified Ifng as a direct Notch target. Notch bound the Ifng CNS-22 enhancer, where it synergized with Tbet at the promoter. Thus, Notch acts as an unbiased amplifier of Th cell differentiation. Our data provide a paradigm for Notch in hematopoiesis, with Notch simultaneously orchestrating multiple lineage programs, rather than restricting alternate outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Bailis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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33
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Yamane H, Paul WE. Early signaling events that underlie fate decisions of naive CD4(+) T cells toward distinct T-helper cell subsets. Immunol Rev 2013; 252:12-23. [PMID: 23405892 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T-helper (Th) cells are a major cell population that play an important role in governing acquired immune responses to a variety of foreign antigens as well as inducing some types of autoimmune diseases. There are at least four distinct Th cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, and inducible T-regulatory cells), each of which has specialized functions to control immune responses. Each of these cell types emerge from naive CD4(+) T cells after encounter with foreign antigens presented by dendritic cells (DCs). Each Th cell subset expresses a unique set of transcription factors and produces hallmark cytokines. Both T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated stimulation and the cytokine environment created by activated CD4(+) T cells themselves, by 'partner' DCs, and/or other cell types during the course of differentiation, play an important role in the fate decisions toward distinct Th subsets. Here, we review how TCR-mediated signals in collaboration with the cytokine environment influence the fate decisions of naive CD4(+) T cells toward distinct Th subsets at the early stages of activation. We also discuss the roles of TCR-proximal signaling intermediates and of the Notch pathway in regulating the differentiation to distinct Th phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Yamane
- Cytokine Biology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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34
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Sandy AR, Stoolman J, Malott K, Pongtornpipat P, Segal BM, Maillard I. Notch signaling regulates T cell accumulation and function in the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1606-13. [PMID: 23825310 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Systemic inhibition of Notch signaling was previously shown to attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a disease model of multiple sclerosis in mice. Different studies attributed these effects to decreased T-bet and IFN-γ expression, enhanced regulatory T cell function, reduced T cell chemotaxis to the CNS, or impaired Th9 cell differentiation. Interpretation of these heterogeneous findings is difficult because past experimental strategies did not ensure complete Notch inhibition in T cells and because many cell populations could be affected by systemic Notch blockade. To resolve the role of Notch in T cells during EAE, we used the pan-Notch inhibitor dominant-negative form of Mastermind-like 1 (DNMAML), as well as several complementary loss-of-function approaches specifically in myelin-reactive T cells. Notch inhibition in T cells profoundly decreased EAE incidence and severity. Notch-deprived myelin-reactive T cells had preserved activation and effector differentiation in secondary lymphoid tissues. However, Notch-deprived T cells failed to accumulate in the CNS after immunization. Parking wild-type and DNMAML T cells together in bone marrow chimeras increased accumulation of Notch-deprived T cells in the CNS after immunization but did not prevent EAE, indicating the absence of dominant suppression by DNMAML T cells. Analysis of CNS-infiltrating DNMAML T cells revealed markedly defective IL-17A and IFN-γ production, despite preserved T-bet expression. Collectively, our findings capture the profound overall effects of Notch signaling in myelin-reactive T cells and demonstrate that Notch controls the accumulation and pathogenic functions of CD4(+) T cells within their target organ but not in lymphoid tissues during EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Sandy
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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35
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Riella LV, Yang J, Chock S, Safa K, Magee CN, Vanguri V, Elyaman W, Lahoud Y, Yagita H, Abdi R, Najafian N, Medina-Pestana JO, Chandraker A. Jagged2-signaling promotes IL-6-dependent transplant rejection. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1449-58. [PMID: 23526606 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Notch pathway is an important intercellular signaling pathway that plays a major role in controlling cell fate. Accumulating evidence indicates that Notch and its ligands present on antigen-presenting cells might be important mediators of T helper cell differentiation. In this study, we investigated the role of Jagged2 in murine cardiac transplantation by using a signaling Jagged2 mAb (Jag2) that activates recombinant signal-binding protein-Jκ. While administration of Jag2 mAb had little effect on graft survival in the fully allogeneic mismatched model BALB/c→B6, it hastened rejection in CD28-deficient recipients. Similarly, Jag2 precipitated rejection in the bm12→B6 model. In this MHC class II-mismatched model, allografts spontaneously survive for >56 days due to the emergence of Treg cells that inhibit the expansion of alloreactive T cells. The accelerated rejection was associated with upregulation of Th2 cytokines and proinflammatory cytokine IL-6, despite expansion of Treg cells. Incubation of Treg cells with recombinant IL-6 abrogated their inhibitory effects in vitro. Furthermore, neutralization of IL-6 in vivo protected Jag2-treated recipients from rejection and Jagged2 signaling was unable to further accelerate rejection in the absence of Treg cells. Our findings therefore suggest that Jagged2 signaling can affect graft acceptance by upregulation of IL-6 and consequent resistance to Treg-cell suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo V Riella
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is initiated by the PML-RARA (PR) fusion oncogene and has a characteristic expression profile that includes high levels of the Notch ligand Jagged-1 (JAG1). In this study, we used a series of bioinformatic, in vitro, and in vivo assays to assess the role of Notch signaling in human APL samples, and in a PML-RARA knock-in mouse model of APL (Ctsg-PML-RARA). We identified a Notch expression signature in both human primary APL cells and in Kit+Lin-Sca1+ cells from pre-leukemic Ctsg-PML-RARA mice. Both genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of Notch signaling abrogated the enhanced self-renewal seen in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from pre-leukemic Ctsg-PML-RARA mice, but had no influence on cells from age-matched wild-type mice. In addition, six of nine murine APL tumors tested displayed diminished growth in vitro when Notch signaling was inhibited pharmacologically. Finally, we found that genetic inhibition of Notch signaling with a dominant-negative Mastermind-like protein reduced APL growth in vivo in a subset of tumors. These findings expand the role of Notch signaling in hematopoietic diseases, and further define the mechanistic events important for PML-RARA-mediated leukemogenesis.
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37
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Distinct TCR signaling pathways drive proliferation and cytokine production in T cells. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:262-70. [PMID: 23377202 PMCID: PMC3577985 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The physiological basis and mechanistic requirements for a large number of functional immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs; high ITAM multiplicity) in the complex of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and the invariant signaling protein CD3 remain obscure. Here we found that whereas a low multiplicity of TCR-CD3 ITAMs was sufficient to engage canonical TCR-induced signaling events that led to cytokine secretion, a high multiplicity of TCR-CD3 ITAMs was required for TCR-driven proliferation. This was dependent on the formation of compact immunological synapses, interaction of the adaptor Vav1 with phosphorylated CD3 ITAMs to mediate the recruitment and activation of the oncogenic transcription factor Notch1 and, ultimately, proliferation induced by the cell-cycle regulator c-Myc. Analogous mechanistic events were also needed to drive proliferation in response to weak peptide agonists. Thus, the TCR-driven pathways that initiate cytokine secretion and proliferation are separable and are coordinated by the multiplicity of phosphorylated ITAMs in TCR-CD3.
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38
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Yamane H, Paul WE. Cytokines of the γ(c) family control CD4+ T cell differentiation and function. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:1037-44. [PMID: 23080204 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Naive CD4(+) T cells undergo massive proliferation and differentiation into at least four distinct helper T cell subsets after recognition of foreign antigen-derived peptides presented by dendritic cells. Each helper T cell subset expresses a distinct set of genes that encode unique transcription factor(s), as well as hallmark cytokines. The cytokine environment created by activated CD4(+) T cells, dendritic cells and/or other cell types during the course of differentiation is a major determinant for the helper T cell fate. This Review focuses on the role of cytokines of the common γ-chain (γ(c)) family in the determination of the effector helper T cell phenotype that naive CD4(+) T cells adopt after being activated and in the function of these helper T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Yamane
- Cytokine Biology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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39
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Chakrabarty P, Tianbai L, Herring A, Ceballos-Diaz C, Das P, Golde TE. Hippocampal expression of murine IL-4 results in exacerbation of amyloid deposition. Mol Neurodegener 2012; 7:36. [PMID: 22838967 PMCID: PMC3441281 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-7-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pro-inflammatory stimuli, including cytokines like Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6 and Interferon-γ, in the brain have been proposed to exacerbate existing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neuropathology by increasing amyloidogenic processing of APP and promoting further Aβ accumulation in AD. On the other hand, anti-inflammatory cytokines have been suggested to be neuroprotective by reducing neuroinflammation and clearing Aβ. To test this hypothesis, we used adeno-associated virus serotype 1 (AAV2/1) to express an anti-inflammatory cytokine, murine Interleukin-4 (mIL-4), in the hippocampus of APP transgenic TgCRND8 mice with pre-existing plaques. Results mIL-4 expression resulted in establishment of an “M2-like” phenotype in the brain and was accompanied by exacerbated Aβ deposition in TgCRND8 mice brains. No change in holo APP or APP C terminal fragment or phosphorylated tau levels were detected in mIL-4 expressing CRND8 cohorts. Biochemical analysis shows increases in both SDS soluble and insoluble Aβ. mIL-4 treatment attenuates soluble Aβ40 uptake by microglia but does not affect aggregated Aβ42 internalization by microglia or soluble Aβ40 internalization by astrocytes. Conclusions Short term focal mIL-4 expression in the hippocampus leads to exacerbation of amyloid deposition in vivo, possibly mediated by acute suppression of glial clearance mechanisms. Given that recent preclinical data from independent groups indicate engagement of the innate immune system early on during disease pathogenesis may be beneficial, our present study strongly argues for a cautious re-examination of unwarranted side–effects of anti-inflammatory therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Chakrabarty
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, PO Box #100159, FL 32610, USA
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40
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Ito T, Connett JM, Kunkel SL, Matsukawa A. Notch system in the linkage of innate and adaptive immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:59-65. [PMID: 22459946 PMCID: PMC3382313 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1011529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The lung is one of the most immunologically challenged organs and can be affected by a number of pathogens, including bacteria, virus, fungi, and parasites. The development and chronicity of pulmonary infection are determined by the early innate response to the pathogenic stimuli and are regulated at multiple levels. Initial studies have indicated that the interaction of Notch and Notch ligands plays a critical role during development, and further, the Notch system is an important bridge between APCs and T cell communication circuits. APCs are essential regulators of the innate immune response. They can respond to PAMPs through PRRs, which function in the recognition of pathogenic components and play an important role in the innate and adaptive immune response. T cells are essential regulators of adaptive immune responses and infectious diseases. However, the role of the Notch system in the cross-talk between APC and T cells during pulmonary infection is still poorly understood. In the present review, we discuss recent findings that explore the mechanisms underlying the role of Notch signaling in the linkage of innate and adaptive immunity, including pulmonary infection though PPRs and Notch activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
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41
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Notch controls the magnitude of T helper cell responses by promoting cellular longevity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:9041-6. [PMID: 22615412 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206044109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of effective immune responses requires expansion of rare antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells. The magnitude of the responding population is ultimately determined by proliferation and survival. Both processes are tightly controlled to limit responses to innocuous antigens. Sustained expansion occurs only when innate immune sensors are activated by microbial stimuli or by adjuvants, which has important implications for vaccination. The molecular identity of the signals controlling sustained T-cell responses is not fully clear. Here, we describe a prominent role for the Notch pathway in this process. Coactivation of Notch allows accumulation of far greater numbers of activated CD4(+) T cells than stimulation via T-cell receptor and classic costimulation alone. Notch does not overtly affect cell cycle entry or progression of CD4(+) T cells. Instead, Notch protects activated CD4(+) T cells against apoptosis after an initial phase of clonal expansion. Notch induces a broad antiapoptotic gene expression program that protects against intrinsic, as well as extrinsic, apoptosis pathways. Both Notch1 and Notch2 receptors and the canonical effector RBPJ (recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J region) are involved in this process. Correspondingly, CD4(+) T-cell responses to immunization with protein antigen are strongly reduced in mice lacking these components of the Notch pathway. Our findings, therefore, show that Notch controls the magnitude of CD4(+) T-cell responses by promoting cellular longevity.
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43
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Jeong HW, Kim JH, Kim JY, Ha SJ, Kong YY. Mind bomb-1 in dendritic cells is specifically required for Notch-mediated T helper type 2 differentiation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36359. [PMID: 22558446 PMCID: PMC3338679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In dendritic cell (DC)-CD4(+) T cell interaction, Notch signaling has been implicated in the CD4(+) T cell activation, proliferation, and subset differentiation. However, there has been a lot of debate on the exact role of Notch signaling. Here, we observed that expression of Mind bomb-1 (Mib1), a critical regulator of Notch ligands for the activation of Notch signaling, increases gradually as precursor cells differentiate into DCs in mice. To clarify the role of Mib1 in DC-CD4(+) T cell interactions, we generated Mib1-null bone marrow-derived DCs. These cells readily expressed Notch ligands but failed to initiate Notch activation in the adjacent cells. Nevertheless, Mib1-null DCs were able to prime the activation and proliferation of CD4(+) T cells, suggesting that Notch activation in CD4(+) T cells is not required for these processes. Intriguingly, stimulation of CD4(+) T cells with Mib1-null DCs resulted in dramatically diminished Th2 cell populations, while preserving Th1 cell populations, both in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that Mib1 in DCs is critical for the activation of Notch signaling in CD4(+) T cells, and Notch signaling reinforces Th2 differentiation, but is not required for the activation or proliferation of the CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Woo Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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44
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Zhu Y, Obregon D, Hou H, Giunta B, Ehrhart J, Fernandez F, Mori T, Nikolic W, Zhao Y, Morgan D, Town T, Tan J. Mutant presenilin-1 deregulated peripheral immunity exacerbates Alzheimer-like pathology. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 15:327-38. [PMID: 19900216 PMCID: PMC2891003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the presenilin-1 (PS1) gene are independent causes of familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD patients have dysregulated immunity, and PS1 mutant mice exhibit abnormal systemic immune responses. To test whether immune function abnormality caused by a mutant human PS1 gene (mhPS1) could modify AD-like pathology, we reconstituted immune systems of AD model mice carrying a mutant human amyloid precursor protein gene (mhAPP; Tg2576 mice) or both mhAPP and mhPS1 genes (PSAPP mice) with allo-geneic bone marrow cells. Here, we report a marked reduction in amyloid-β (Aβ) levels, β-amyloid plaques and brain inflammatory responses in PSAPP mice following strain-matched wild-type PS1 bone marrow reconstitution. These effects occurred with immune switching from pro-inflammatory T helper (Th) 1 to anti-inflammatory Th2 immune responses in the periphery and in the brain, which likely instructed microglia to phagocytose and clear Aβ in an ex vivo assay. Conversely, Tg2576 mice displayed accelerated AD-like pathology when reconstituted with mhPS1 bone marrow. These data show that haematopoietic cells bearing the mhPS1 transgene exacerbate AD-like pathology, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy for AD based on targeting PS1 in peripheral immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Zhu
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
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45
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Redundant Notch1 and Notch2 signaling is necessary for IFNγ secretion by T helper 1 cells during infection with Leishmania major. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002560. [PMID: 22396647 PMCID: PMC3291656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective immune response to intracellular parasites involves in most cases the differentiation of IFNγ-secreting CD4+ T helper (Th) 1 cells. Notch receptors regulate cell differentiation during development but their implication in the polarization of peripheral CD4+ T helper 1 cells is not well understood. Of the four Notch receptors, only Notch1 (N1) and Notch2 (N2) are expressed on activated CD4+ T cells. To investigate the role of Notch in Th1 cell differentiation following parasite infection, mice with T cell-specific gene ablation of N1, N2 or both (N1N2ΔCD4Cre) were infected with the protozoan parasite Leishmania major. N1N2ΔCD4Cre mice, on the C57BL/6 L. major-resistant genetic background, developed unhealing lesions and uncontrolled parasitemia. Susceptibility correlated with impaired secretion of IFNγ by draining lymph node CD4+ T cells and increased secretion of the IL-5 and IL-13 Th2 cytokines. Mice with single inactivation of N1 or N2 in their T cells were resistant to infection and developed a protective Th1 immune response, showing that CD4+ T cell expression of N1 or N2 is redundant in driving Th1 differentiation. Furthermore, we show that Notch signaling is required for the secretion of IFNγ by Th1 cells. This effect is independent of CSL/RBP-Jκ, the major effector of Notch receptors, since L. major-infected mice with a RBP-Jκ deletion in their T cells were able to develop IFNγ-secreting Th1 cells, kill parasites and heal their lesions. Collectively, we demonstrate here a crucial role for RBP-Jκ-independent Notch signaling in the differentiation of a functional Th1 immune response following L. major infection. Infection with protozoan parasites of Leishmania species results in a spectrum of local or systemic diseases in humans and mammals. Overall, leishmaniasis afflicts around 12 million individuals in 88 countries worldwide. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most prevalent form of the disease. In order to better understand the complex molecular pathways leading to protection against the cutaneous form of the disease, we used the Leishmania major mouse model. Most mouse strains control L. major infection due to the development of a Th1 response, leading to secretion of IFNγ by T cells which promotes healing and resistance to reinfection. Notch signaling is a very conserved pathway in the regulation of cell differentiation and cell fate decision. However the contribution of Notch receptors in the response to parasite infection is not clear. In this study, we infected mice that do not express Notch1 and Notch2 receptors on the surface of their T cells. We show that these Notch receptors are key players in the development of a protective Th1 immune response against L. major. These results contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of a protective response against pathogens.
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Kool M, Hammad H, Lambrecht BN. Cellular networks controlling Th2 polarization in allergy and immunity. F1000 BIOLOGY REPORTS 2012; 4:6. [PMID: 22403589 PMCID: PMC3292286 DOI: 10.3410/b4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the development of Th1 (type 1 T helper cells), Th17 and Treg (regulatory T cells), little is known of the mechanisms governing Th2 development, which is important for immunity to helminths and for us to understand the pathogenesis of allergy. A picture is emerging in which mucosal epithelial cells instruct dendritic cells to promote Th2 responses in the absence of IL-12 (interleukin 12) production and provide instruction through thymic stromal lymphopoieitin (TSLP) or granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). At the same time, allergens, helminths and chemical adjuvants elicit the response of innate immune cells like basophils, which provide more polarizing cytokines and IL-4 and reinforce Th2 immunity. This unique communication between cells will only be fully appreciated if we study Th2 immunity in vivo and in a tissue-specific context, and can only be fully understood if we compare several models of Th2 immune response induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Kool
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, Department of Respiratory Diseases, University HospitalGhentBelgium
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, Department of Respiratory Diseases, University HospitalGhentBelgium
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, Flemish Institute of BiotechnologyVIB, GhentBelgium
| | - Bart N. Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, Department of Respiratory Diseases, University HospitalGhentBelgium
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, Flemish Institute of BiotechnologyVIB, GhentBelgium
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47
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Auderset F, Coutaz M, Tacchini-Cottier F. The role of Notch in the differentiation of CD4⁺ T helper cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 360:115-34. [PMID: 22653552 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CD4⁺ T helper cells are playing critical roles in host defense to pathogens and in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Naïve CD4⁺T cells, upon antigen-specific recognition, receive signals to differentiate into distinct effector T helper cell subsets characterized by their pattern of cytokine production and specific immune functions. A tight balance between these different subsets ensures proper control of the immune response. There is increasing evidence revealing an important role for Notch signaling in the regulation of CD4⁺T helper cell differentiation or function in the periphery. However, the exact mechanisms involved remain unclear and appear contradictory. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and discuss recent advances in the field to reconcile different views on the role of Notch signaling in the differentiation of functional T helper subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Auderset
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Chemin Des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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Zhang Q, Wang C, Liu Z, Liu X, Han C, Cao X, Li N. Notch signal suppresses Toll-like receptor-triggered inflammatory responses in macrophages by inhibiting extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2-mediated nuclear factor κB activation. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:6208-17. [PMID: 22205705 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.310375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple signaling pathways are involved in the tight regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, which is important for the tailoring of inflammatory response to pathogens in macrophages. It is widely accepted that TLR signaling can activate Notch pathway; however, whether full activation of Notch signaling can feedback modulate TLR signaling pathway so as to control inflammation response remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that stimulation with TLR ligands up-regulated Notch1 and Notch2 expression in macrophages. The expression of Notch target genes including Hes1 and Hes5 was also induced in macrophages by LPS, suggesting that TLR4 signaling enhances the activation of Notch pathway. Importantly, overexpression of constituted active form of Notch1 (NICD1) and Notch2 (NICD2) suppressed production of TLR4-triggered proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 but promoted production of antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10, which is dependent on the PEST domain of NICD. In addition, NICD1 and NICD2 suppressed TLR-triggered ERK phosphorylation, which is indispensable for Notch-mediated inhibition of TLR4-triggered proinflammatory cytokine production. Furthermore, activation of Notch signaling inhibited NF-κB transcription activity by MyD88/TRAF6 and TRIF pathways, which was dependent on ERK activity. Therefore, our results showed that Notch signaling negatively regulates TLR-triggered inflammation responses, revealing a new mechanism for negative regulation of TLR signaling via Notch pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Zhang
- From the National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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49
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Current understanding of Th2 cell differentiation and function. Protein Cell 2011; 2:604-11. [PMID: 21904976 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Helper T cell (Th) has been identified as a critical immune cell for regulating immune response since 1980s. The type 2 helper Tcell (Th2), characterized by the production of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13, plays a critical role in immune response against helminths invading cutaneous or mucosal sites. It also has a functional role in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases such as asthma and allergic diarrhea. Currently, most studies have shed light on Th2 cell function and behavior in specific diseases, such as asthma and helminthes inflammation, but not on Th2 cell itself and its differentiation. Based on different cytokines and specific behavior in recent research, Th2 cell is also regarded as new subtypes of T cell, such as IL-9 secreting T cell (Th9) and CXCR5(+) T follicular helper cells. Here, we will discuss the latest view of Th2 cell towards their function and the involvement of Th2 cell in diseases.
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Fakiola M, Miller EN, Fadl M, Mohamed HS, Jamieson SE, Francis RW, Cordell HJ, Peacock CS, Raju M, Khalil EA, Elhassan A, Musa AM, Silveira F, Shaw JJ, Sundar S, Jeronimo SMB, Ibrahim ME, Blackwell JM. Genetic and functional evidence implicating DLL1 as the gene that influences susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis at chromosome 6q27. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:467-77. [PMID: 21742847 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum chagasi. Genome-wide linkage studies from Sudan and Brazil identified a putative susceptibility locus on chromosome 6q27. METHODS Twenty-two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at genes PHF10, C6orf70, DLL1, FAM120B, PSMB1, and TBP were genotyped in 193 VL cases from 85 Sudanese families, and 8 SNPs at genes PHF10, C6orf70, DLL1, PSMB1, and TBP were genotyped in 194 VL cases from 80 Brazilian families. Family-based association, haplotype, and linkage disequilibrium analyses were performed. Multispecies comparative sequence analysis was used to identify conserved noncoding sequences carrying putative regulatory elements. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction measured expression of candidate genes in splenic aspirates from Indian patients with VL compared with that in the control spleen sample. RESULTS Positive associations were observed at PHF10, C6orf70, DLL1, PSMB1, and TBP in Sudan, but only at DLL1 in Brazil (combined P = 3 × 10(-4) at DLL1 across Sudan and Brazil). No functional coding region variants were observed in resequencing of 22 Sudanese VL cases. DLL1 expression was significantly (P = 2 × 10(-7)) reduced (mean fold change, 3.5 [SEM, 0.7]) in splenic aspirates from patients with VL, whereas other 6q27 genes showed higher levels (1.27 × 10(-6) < P < .01) than did the control spleen sample. A cluster of conserved noncoding sequences with putative regulatory variants was identified in the distal promoter of DLL1. CONCLUSIONS DLL1, which encodes Delta-like 1, the ligand for Notch3, is strongly implicated as the chromosome 6q27 VL susceptibility gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Fakiola
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK
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