1
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Duong VT, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Towards the development of subunit vaccines against tuberculosis: The key role of adjuvant. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 139:102307. [PMID: 36706503 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death triggered by a single infectious agent, worldwide. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the only currently licensed anti-TB vaccine. However, other strategies, including modification of recombinant BCG vaccine, attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) mutant constructs, DNA and protein subunit vaccines, are under extensive investigation. As whole pathogen vaccines can trigger serious adverse reactions, most current strategies are focused on the development of safe anti-TB subunit vaccines; this is especially important given the rising TB infection rate in immunocompromised HIV patients. The whole Mtb genome has been mapped and major antigens have been identified; however, optimal vaccine delivery mode is still to be established. Isolated protein antigens are typically poorly immunogenic so adjuvants are required to induce strong and long-lasting immune responses. This article aims to review the developmental status of anti-TB subunit vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet Tram Duong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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2
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Aradottir Pind AA, Thorsdottir S, Magnusdottir G, Meinke A, Del Giudice G, Jonsdottir I, Bjarnarson SP. A comparative study of adjuvants effects on neonatal plasma cell survival niche in bone marrow and persistence of humoral immune responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:904415. [PMID: 35990686 PMCID: PMC9381929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.904415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal immune system is distinct from the immune system of older individuals rendering neonates vulnerable to infections and poor responders to vaccination. Adjuvants can be used as tools to enhance immune responses to co-administered antigens. Antibody (Ab) persistence is mediated by long-lived plasma cells that reside in specialized survival niches in the bone marrow, and transient Ab responses in early life have been associated with decreased survival of plasma cells, possibly due to lack of survival factors. Various cells can secrete these factors and which cells are the main producers is still up for debate, especially in early life where this has not been fully addressed. The receptor BCMA and its ligand APRIL have been shown to be important in the maintenance of plasma cells and Abs. Herein, we assessed age-dependent maturation of a broad range of bone marrow accessory cells and their expression of the survival factors APRIL and IL-6. Furthermore, we performed a comparative analysis of the potential of 5 different adjuvants; LT-K63, mmCT, MF59, IC31 and alum, to enhance expression of survival factors and BCMA following immunization of neonatal mice with tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccine. We found that APRIL expression was reduced in the bone marrow of young mice whereas IL-6 expression was higher. Eosinophils, macrophages, megakaryocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes were important secretors of survival factors in early life but undefined cells also constituted a large fraction of secretors. Immunization and adjuvants enhanced APRIL expression but decreased IL-6 expression in bone marrow cells early after immunization. Furthermore, neonatal immunization with adjuvants enhanced the proportion of plasmablasts and plasma cells that expressed BCMA both in spleen and bone marrow. Enhanced BCMA expression correlated with enhanced vaccine-specific humoral responses, even though the effect of alum on BCMA was less pronounced than those of the other adjuvants at later time points. We propose that low APRIL expression in bone marrow as well as low BCMA expression of plasmablasts/plasma cells in early life together cause transient Ab responses and could represent targets to be triggered by vaccine adjuvants to induce persistent humoral immune responses in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audur Anna Aradottir Pind
- Department of Immunology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sigrun Thorsdottir
- Department of Immunology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gudbjorg Julia Magnusdottir
- Department of Immunology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Ingileif Jonsdottir
- Department of Immunology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Stefania P. Bjarnarson
- Department of Immunology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- *Correspondence: Stefania P. Bjarnarson,
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3
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van Haren SD, Pedersen GK, Kumar A, Ruckwardt TJ, Moin S, Moore IN, Minai M, Liu M, Pak J, Borriello F, Doss-Gollin S, Beijnen EMS, Ahmed S, Helmel M, Andersen P, Graham BS, Steen H, Christensen D, Levy O. CAF08 adjuvant enables single dose protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection in murine newborns. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4234. [PMID: 35918315 PMCID: PMC9346114 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children, due in part to their distinct immune system, characterized by impaired induction of Th 1 immunity. Here we show application of cationic adjuvant formulation CAF08, a liposomal vaccine formulation tailored to induce Th 1 immunity in early life via synergistic engagement of Toll-like Receptor 7/8 and the C-type lectin receptor Mincle. We apply quantitative phosphoproteomics to human dendritic cells and reveal a role for Protein Kinase C-δ for enhanced Th1 cytokine production in neonatal dendritic cells and identify signaling events resulting in antigen cross-presentation. In a murine in vivo model a single immunization at birth with CAF08-adjuvanted RSV pre-fusion antigen protects newborn mice from RSV infection by induction of antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells and Th1 cells. Overall, we describe a pediatric adjuvant formulation and characterize its mechanism of action providing a promising avenue for development of early life vaccines against RSV and other respiratory viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D van Haren
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Gabriel K Pedersen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Azad Kumar
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Syed Moin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ian N Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mahnaz Minai
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Liu
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jensen Pak
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesco Borriello
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Generate Biomedicines, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Simon Doss-Gollin
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elisabeth M S Beijnen
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saima Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michaela Helmel
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Andersen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hanno Steen
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Kim H, Shin SJ. Pathological and protective roles of dendritic cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: Interaction between host immune responses and pathogen evasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:891878. [PMID: 35967869 PMCID: PMC9366614 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.891878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are principal defense components that play multifactorial roles in translating innate immune responses to adaptive immunity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections. The heterogeneous nature of DC subsets follows their altered functions by interacting with other immune cells, Mtb, and its products, enhancing host defense mechanisms or facilitating pathogen evasion. Thus, a better understanding of the immune responses initiated, promoted, and amplified or inhibited by DCs in Mtb infection is an essential step in developing anti-tuberculosis (TB) control measures, such as host-directed adjunctive therapy and anti-TB vaccines. This review summarizes the recent advances in salient DC subsets, including their phenotypic classification, cytokine profiles, functional alterations according to disease stages and environments, and consequent TB outcomes. A comprehensive overview of the role of DCs from various perspectives enables a deeper understanding of TB pathogenesis and could be useful in developing DC-based vaccines and immunotherapies.
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5
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Larsen SE, Williams BD, Rais M, Coler RN, Baldwin SL. It Takes a Village: The Multifaceted Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Vaccine-Induced Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:840225. [PMID: 35359957 PMCID: PMC8960931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite co-evolving with humans for centuries and being intensely studied for decades, the immune correlates of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) have yet to be fully defined. This lapse in understanding is a major lag in the pipeline for evaluating and advancing efficacious vaccine candidates. While CD4+ T helper 1 (TH1) pro-inflammatory responses have a significant role in controlling Mtb infection, the historically narrow focus on this cell population may have eclipsed the characterization of other requisite arms of the immune system. Over the last decade, the tuberculosis (TB) research community has intentionally and intensely increased the breadth of investigation of other immune players. Here, we review mechanistic preclinical studies as well as clinical anecdotes that suggest the degree to which different cell types, such as NK cells, CD8+ T cells, γ δ T cells, and B cells, influence infection or disease prevention. Additionally, we categorically outline the observed role each major cell type plays in vaccine-induced immunity, including Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Novel vaccine candidates advancing through either the preclinical or clinical pipeline leverage different platforms (e.g., protein + adjuvant, vector-based, nucleic acid-based) to purposefully elicit complex immune responses, and we review those design rationales and results to date. The better we as a community understand the essential composition, magnitude, timing, and trafficking of immune responses against Mtb, the closer we are to reducing the severe disease burden and toll on human health inflicted by TB globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha E. Larsen
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Brittany D. Williams
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Maham Rais
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Susan L. Baldwin
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States,*Correspondence: Susan L. Baldwin,
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6
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity due to a single infectious agent. Aerosol infection with Mtb can result in a range of responses from elimination, active, incipient, subclinical, and latent Mtb infections (LTBI), depending on the host's immune response and the dose and nature of infecting bacilli. Currently, BCG is the only vaccine approved to prevent TB. Although BCG confers protection against severe forms of childhood TB, its use in adults and those with comorbid conditions, such as HIV infection, is questionable. Novel vaccines, including recombinant BCG (rBCG), were developed to improve BCG's efficacy and use as an alternative to BCG in a vulnerable population. The first-generation rBCG vaccines had different Mtb antigens and were tested as a prime, prime-boost, or immunotherapeutic intervention. The novel vaccines target one or more of the following requirements, namely prevention of infection (POI), prevention of disease (POD), prevention of recurrence (POR), and therapeutic vaccines to treat a TB disease. Several vaccine candidates currently in development are classified into four primary categories: live attenuated whole-cell vaccine, inactivated whole-cell vaccine, adjuvanted protein subunit vaccine, and viral-vectored vaccine. Each vaccine's immunogenicity, safety, and efficacy are tested in preclinical animal models and further validated through various phases of clinical trials. This chapter summarizes the various TB vaccine candidates under different clinical trial stages and promises better protection against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Gopalaswamy
- Department of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- The Public Health Research Institute Center at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.
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7
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Ramos L, Lunney JK, Gonzalez-Juarrero M. Neonatal and infant immunity for tuberculosis vaccine development: importance of age-matched animal models. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm045740. [PMID: 32988990 PMCID: PMC7520460 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.045740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal and infant immunity differs from that of adults in both the innate and adaptive arms, which are critical contributors to immune-mediated clearance of infection and memory responses elicited during vaccination. The tuberculosis (TB) research community has openly admitted to a vacuum of knowledge about neonatal and infant immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, especially in the functional and phenotypic attributes of memory T cell responses elicited by the only available vaccine for TB, the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Although BCG vaccination has variable efficacy in preventing pulmonary TB during adolescence and adulthood, 80% of endemic TB countries still administer BCG at birth because it has a good safety profile and protects children from severe forms of TB. As such, new vaccines must work in conjunction with BCG at birth and, thus, it is essential to understand how BCG shapes the immune system during the first months of life. However, many aspects of the neonatal and infant immune response elicited by vaccination with BCG remain unknown, as only a handful of studies have followed BCG responses in infants. Furthermore, most animal models currently used to study TB vaccine candidates rely on adult-aged animals. This presents unique challenges when transitioning to human trials in neonates or infants. In this Review, we focus on vaccine development in the field of TB and compare the relative utility of animal models used thus far to study neonatal and infant immunity. We encourage the development of neonatal animal models for TB, especially the use of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laylaa Ramos
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Microbiology Immunology and Pathology Department, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Joan K Lunney
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC, NEA, ARS, USDA Building 1040, Room 103, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Mercedes Gonzalez-Juarrero
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Microbiology Immunology and Pathology Department, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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8
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Aradottir Pind AA, Dubik M, Thorsdottir S, Meinke A, Harandi AM, Holmgren J, Del Giudice G, Jonsdottir I, Bjarnarson SP. Adjuvants Enhance the Induction of Germinal Center and Antibody Secreting Cells in Spleen and Their Persistence in Bone Marrow of Neonatal Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2214. [PMID: 31616417 PMCID: PMC6775194 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immaturity of the immune system contributes to poor vaccine responses in early life. Germinal center (GC) activation is limited due to poorly developed follicular dendritic cells (FDC), causing generation of few antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) with limited survival and transient antibody responses. Herein, we compared the potential of five adjuvants, namely LT-K63, mmCT, MF59, IC31, and alum to overcome limitations of the neonatal immune system and to enhance and prolong responses of neonatal mice to a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Pnc1-TT. The adjuvants LT-K63, mmCT, MF59, and IC31 significantly enhanced GC formation and FDC maturation in neonatal mice when co-administered with Pnc1-TT. This enhanced GC induction correlated with significantly enhanced vaccine-specific ASCs by LT-K63, mmCT, and MF59 in spleen 14 days after immunization. Furthermore, mmCT, MF59, and IC31 prolonged the induction of vaccine-specific ASCs in spleen and increased their persistence in bone marrow up to 9 weeks after immunization, as previously shown for LT-K63. Accordingly, serum Abs persisted above protective levels against pneumococcal bacteremia and pneumonia. In contrast, alum only enhanced the primary induction of vaccine-specific IgG Abs, which was transient. Our comparative study demonstrated that, in contrast to alum, LT-K63, mmCT, MF59, and IC31 can overcome limitations of the neonatal immune system and enhance both induction and persistence of protective immune response when administered with Pnc1-TT. These adjuvants are promising candidates for early life vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audur Anna Aradottir Pind
- Department of Immunology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Magdalena Dubik
- Department of Immunology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sigrun Thorsdottir
- Department of Immunology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Ali M Harandi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jan Holmgren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Ingileif Jonsdottir
- Department of Immunology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Stefania P Bjarnarson
- Department of Immunology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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9
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Wahid AA, Doekhie A, Sartbaeva A, van den Elsen JMH. Ensilication Improves the Thermal Stability of the Tuberculosis Antigen Ag85b and an Sbi-Ag85b Vaccine Conjugate. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11409. [PMID: 31391509 PMCID: PMC6685958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47657-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for the development of vaccine thermostabilisation methodologies as the maintenance of a continuous and reliable cold chain remains a major hurdle to the global distribution of safe and effective vaccines. Ensilication, a method that encases proteins in a resistant silica cage has been shown to physically prevent the thermal denaturation of a number of model proteins. In this study we investigate the utility of this promising approach in improving the thermal stability of antigens and vaccine conjugates highly relevant to the development of candidate tuberculosis vaccines, including antigen 85b conjugated with the Staphylococcus aureus-protein based adjuvant Sbi. Here we analyse the sensitivity of these constructs to thermal denaturation and demonstrate for the first time the benefits of ensilication in conferring these vaccine-relevant proteins with protection against temperature-induced loss of structure and function without the need for refrigeration. Our results reveal the potential of ensilication in facilitating the storage and transport of vaccines at ambient temperatures in the future and therefore in delivering life-saving vaccines globally, and in particular to remote areas of developing countries where disease rates are often highest.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Wahid
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - A Doekhie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - A Sartbaeva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
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10
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Sarmiento ME, Alvarez N, Chin KL, Bigi F, Tirado Y, García MA, Anis FZ, Norazmi MN, Acosta A. Tuberculosis vaccine candidates based on mycobacterial cell envelope components. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 115:26-41. [PMID: 30948174 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Even after decades searching for a new and more effective vaccine against tuberculosis, the scientific community is still pursuing this goal due to the complexity of its causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb is a microorganism with a robust variety of survival mechanisms that allow it to remain in the host for years. The structure and nature of the Mtb envelope play a leading role in its resistance and survival. Mtb has a perfect machinery that allows it to modulate the immune response in its favor and to adapt to the host's environmental conditions in order to remain alive until the moment to reactivate its normal growing state. Mtb cell envelope protein, carbohydrate and lipid components have been the subject of interest for developing new vaccines because most of them are responsible for the pathogenicity and virulence of the bacteria. Many indirect evidences, mainly derived from the use of monoclonal antibodies, support the potential protective role of Mtb envelope components. Subunit and DNA vaccines, lipid extracts, liposomes and membrane vesicle formulations are some examples of technologies used, with encouraging results, to evaluate the potential of these antigens in the protective response against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - N Alvarez
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Public Health Research Institute, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - K L Chin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FPSK), Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Sabah, Malaysia
| | - F Bigi
- Institute of Biotechnology, INTA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Y Tirado
- Finlay Institute of Vaccines, La Habana, Cuba
| | - M A García
- Finlay Institute of Vaccines, La Habana, Cuba
| | - F Z Anis
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - M N Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - A Acosta
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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11
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Soundarya JSV, Ranganathan UD, Tripathy SP. Current trends in tuberculosis vaccine. Med J Armed Forces India 2019; 75:18-24. [PMID: 30705473 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the global efforts made to control tuberculosis (TB) and the large number of available new anti-TB drugs, TB still affects one-third of the world population. The conventional vaccine bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) shows varying efficacy in different populations, and there are safety issues in immunocompromised patients. Hence, there is an urgent requirement for a new and better TB vaccine candidate than BCG. There are several alternate vaccines available for TB such as DNA, subunit, adjuvant, and live-attenuated vaccines. Use of auxotrophic vaccine is an emerging technology. Newer vaccine technologies include vaccine delivery methods such as adenovirus- and cytomegalovirus (CMV)-based vector delivery, chimeric monoclonal antibody, single-chain fragment variable, RNA-lipoplexes, and nanoparticle-based technology. Based on its application, TB vaccines are classified as conventional, prophylactic, booster, therapeutic, and reinfection preventive vaccines. Currently, there are 12 vaccine candidates in clinical trials. In this review, we have briefly discussed about each of these vaccines in different phases of clinical trials. These vaccines should be analyzed further for developing a safe and more efficacious vaccine for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S V Soundarya
- PhD Research Scholar, Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, India
| | - Uma Devi Ranganathan
- Scientist 'D', Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, India
| | - Srikanth P Tripathy
- Scientist 'G' & Director-in-charge, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, India
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12
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Khoshnood S, Heidary M, Haeili M, Drancourt M, Darban-Sarokhalil D, Nasiri MJ, Lohrasbi V. Novel vaccine candidates against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:180-188. [PMID: 30098365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is now among the top ten causes of mortality worldwide being resulted in 1.7 million deaths including 0.4 million among people with HIV in 2016. The Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the only available TB vaccine which fails to provide consistent protection against pulmonary TB in adults and adolescents despite being efficacious at protecting infants and young children from the most severe, often deadly forms of TB disease. To achieve the goal of global TB elimination by 2050 we will need new interventions including more improved vaccines that are effective in adult individuals who have not been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as latently infected or immunocompromised subjects. In recent decades, multiple new vaccine candidates including whole cell vaccines, adjuvanted proteins, and vectored subunit vaccines have entered into the clinical trials. These new TB vaccines are hoped to provide encouraging safety and immunogenicity under various conditions including prevention of TB disease in adolescents and adults, as BCG replacement/boosters, or as therapeutic vaccines to reduce the duration of TB therapy. In this review, we will discuss the status of novel TB vaccine candidates currently under development in preclinical or clinical phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Khoshnood
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehri Haeili
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Michel Drancourt
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, MEPHI, Institut Hospital-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Davood Darban-Sarokhalil
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Nasiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Lohrasbi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Cheminay C, Körner J, Bernig C, Brückel M, Feigl M, Schletz M, Suter M, Chaplin P, Volkmann A. A single vaccination with non-replicating MVA at birth induces both immediate and long-term protective immune responses. Vaccine 2018; 36:2427-2434. [PMID: 29599088 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Newborns are considered difficult to protect against infections shortly after birth, due to their ineffective immune system that shows quantitative and qualitative differences compared to adults. However, here we show that a single vaccination of mice at birth with a replication-deficient live vaccine Modified Vaccinia Ankara [MVA] efficiently induces antigen-specific B- and T-cells that fully protect against a lethal Ectromelia virus challenge. Protection was induced within 2 weeks and using genetically modified mice we show that this protection was mainly T-cell dependent. Persisting immunological T-cell memory and neutralizing antibodies were obtained with the single vaccination. Thus, MVA administered as early as at birth induced immediate and long-term protection against an otherwise fatal disease and appears attractive as a new generation smallpox vaccine that is effective also in children. Moreover, it may have the potential to serve as platform for childhood vaccines as indicated by measles specific T- and B-cell responses induced in newborn mice vaccinated with recombinant MVA expressing measles antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Cheminay
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jana Körner
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Constanze Bernig
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael Brückel
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Markus Feigl
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martin Schletz
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mark Suter
- University of Zürich, Dekanat Vetsuisse-Fakultät Immunology, Winterthurerstrasse 204, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Chaplin
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ariane Volkmann
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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14
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Vono M, Eberhardt CS, Mohr E, Auderset F, Christensen D, Schmolke M, Coler R, Meinke A, Andersen P, Lambert PH, Mastelic-Gavillet B, Siegrist CA. Overcoming the Neonatal Limitations of Inducing Germinal Centers through Liposome-Based Adjuvants Including C-Type Lectin Agonists Trehalose Dibehenate or Curdlan. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29541075 PMCID: PMC5835515 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonates and infants are more vulnerable to infections and show reduced responses to vaccination. Consequently, repeated immunizations are required to induce protection and early life vaccines against major pathogens such as influenza are yet unavailable. Formulating antigens with potent adjuvants, including immunostimulators and delivery systems, is a demonstrated approach to enhance vaccine efficacy. Yet, adjuvants effective in adults may not meet the specific requirements for activating the early life immune system. Here, we assessed the neonatal adjuvanticity of three novel adjuvants including TLR4 (glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant-squalene emulsion), TLR9 (IC31®), and Mincle (CAF01) agonists, which all induce germinal centers (GCs) and potent antibody responses to influenza hemagglutinin (HA) in adult mice. In neonates, a single dose of HA formulated into each adjuvant induced T follicular helper (TFH) cells. However, only HA/CAF01 elicited significantly higher and sustained antibody responses, engaging neonatal B cells to differentiate into GCs already after a single dose. Although antibody titers remained lower than in adults, HA-specific responses induced by a single neonatal dose of HA/CAF01 were sufficient to confer protection against influenza viral challenge. Postulating that the neonatal adjuvanticity of CAF01 may result from the functionality of the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) Mincle in early life we asked whether other C-type lectin agonists would show a similar neonatal adjuvanticity. Replacing the Mincle agonist trehalose 6,6′-dibehenate by Curdlan, which binds to Dectin-1, enhanced antibody responses through the induction of similar levels of TFH, GCs and bone marrow high-affinity plasma cells. Thus, specific requirements of early life B cells may already be met after a single vaccine dose using CLR-activating agonists, identified here as promising B cell immunostimulators for early life vaccines when included into cationic liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vono
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Sigrid Eberhardt
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elodie Mohr
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Floriane Auderset
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Vaccine Adjuvant Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mirco Schmolke
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rhea Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Peter Andersen
- Vaccine Adjuvant Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul-Henri Lambert
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beatris Mastelic-Gavillet
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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15
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Xu Z, Hu T, Xia A, Li X, Liu Z, Min J, He J, Meng C, Yin Y, Chen X, Jiao X. Generation of Monoclonal Antibodies against Ag85A Antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Application in a Competitive ELISA for Serodiagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:107. [PMID: 28713817 PMCID: PMC5492497 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ag85 complex functions as the main secretory protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) and BCG. This complex is composed of the proteins, Ag85A, Ag85B, and Ag85C, with Ag85A thought to play the largest role within the complex. However, the lack of commercially available monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Ag85A still hinders the biological and applicative research on this protein. In this study, we developed and identified anti-Ag85A mAbs, and five hybridoma cells were established. Using the indirect immunofluorescence test, we found that two anti-Ag85A mAbs did not cross-react with Ag85B and/or Ag85C. In addition, we showed that all of the mAbs tested in this study are able to react with endogenous Ag85A protein in BCG and rBCG:Ag85A using indirect ELISA and Western blot analyses. A competitive ELISA (cELISA) based on mAb 3B8 was developed, the analyses of clinic serum samples from cattle with bovine tuberculosis (TB) and healthy cattle demonstrated that the sensitivity of the cELISA was 54.2% (26/48) and the specificity was 83.5% (167/200). This study demonstrated that the mAbs against Ag85A will provide useful reagents for further investigation into the function of the Ag85 complex and can be used for serodiagnosis of bovine TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ting Hu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Aihong Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ze Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Min
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chuang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuelan Yin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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16
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Norrby M, Vesikari T, Lindqvist L, Maeurer M, Ahmed R, Mahdavifar S, Bennett S, McClain JB, Shepherd BM, Li D, Hokey DA, Kromann I, Hoff ST, Andersen P, de Visser AW, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff THM, Andersson J, Brighenti S. Safety and immunogenicity of the novel H4:IC31 tuberculosis vaccine candidate in BCG-vaccinated adults: Two phase I dose escalation trials. Vaccine 2017; 35:1652-1661. [PMID: 28216183 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel vaccine strategies are required to provide protective immunity in tuberculosis (TB) and prevent development of active disease. We investigated the safety and immunogenicity of a novel TB vaccine candidate, H4:IC31 (AERAS-404) that is composed of a fusion protein of M. tuberculosis antigens Ag85B and TB10.4 combined with an IC31® adjuvant. METHODS BCG-vaccinated healthy subjects were immunized with various antigen (5, 15, 50, 150μg) and adjuvant (0, 100, 500nmol) doses of the H4:IC31 vaccine (n=106) or placebo (n=18) in two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase I studies conducted in a low TB endemic setting in Sweden and Finland. The subjects were followed for adverse events and CD4+ T cell responses. RESULTS H4:IC31 vaccination was well tolerated with a safety profile consisting of mostly mild to moderate self-limited injection site pain, myalgia, arthralgia, fever and post-vaccination inflammatory reaction at the screening tuberculin skin test injection site. The H4:IC31 vaccine elicited antigen-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation and cytokine production that persisted 18weeks after the last vaccination. CD4+ T cell expansion, IFN-γ production and multifunctional CD4+ Th1 responses were most prominent after two doses of H4:IC31 containing 5, 15, or 50μg of H4 in combination with the 500nmol IC31 adjuvant dose. CONCLUSIONS The novel TB vaccine candidate, H4:IC31, demonstrated an acceptable safety profile and was immunogenic, capable of triggering multifunctional CD4+ T cell responses in previously BCG-vaccinated healthy individuals. These dose-escalation trials provided evidence that the optimal antigen-adjuvant dose combinations are 5, 15, or 50μg of H4 and 500nmol of IC31. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02066428 and NCT02074956.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Norrby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Timo Vesikari
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Lars Lindqvist
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Maeurer
- TIM, Department of Laboratory Medicine and CAST, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raija Ahmed
- TIM, Department of Laboratory Medicine and CAST, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shahnaz Mahdavifar
- TIM, Department of Laboratory Medicine and CAST, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adriëtte W de Visser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Andersson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Brighenti
- Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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Chikh G, Luu R, Patel S, Davis HL, Weeratna RD. Effects of KLK Peptide on Adjuvanticity of Different ODN Sequences. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4020014. [PMID: 27153098 PMCID: PMC4931631 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLR) such as TLR3, 7, 8 and 9 recognize pathogen associated nucleic acids. While DNA sequence does influence degree of binding to and activation of TLR9, it also appears to influence the ability of the ligand to reach the intracellular endosomal compartment. The KLK (KLKL5KLK) antimicrobial peptide, which is immunostimulatory itself, can translocate into cells without cell membrane permeabilization and thus can be used for endosomal delivery of TLR agonists, as has been shown with the IC31 formulation that contains an oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) TLR9 agonist. We evaluated the adjuvant activity of KLK combined with CpG or non-CpG (GpC) ODN synthesized with nuclease resistant phosphorothioate (S) or native phosphodiester (O) backbones with ovalbumin (OVA) antigen in mice. As single adjuvants, CpG(S) gave the strongest enhancement of OVA-specific immunity and the addition of KLK provided no benefit and was actually detrimental for some readouts. In contrast, KLK enhanced the adjuvant effects of CpG(O) and to a lesser extent of GpC (S), which on their own had little or no activity. Indeed while CD8 T cells, IFN-γ secretion and humoral response to vaccine antigen were enhanced when CpG(O) was combined with KLK, only IFN-γ secretion was enhanced when GpC (S) was combined to KLK. The synergistic adjuvant effects with KLK/ODN combinations were TLR9-mediated since they did not occur in TLR9 knock-out mice. We hypothesize that a nuclease resistant ODN with CpG motifs has its own mechanism for entering cells to reach the endosome. For ODN without CpG motifs, KLK appears to provide an alternate mechanism for accessing the endosome, where it can activate TLR9, albeit with lower potency than a CpG ODN. For nuclease sensitive (O) backbone ODN, KLK may also provide protection from nucleases in the tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghania Chikh
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, Ottawa, ON K2K 3A2, Canada.
| | - Rachel Luu
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, Ottawa, ON K2K 3A2, Canada.
| | - Shobhna Patel
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, Ottawa, ON K2K 3A2, Canada.
| | - Heather L Davis
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, Ottawa, ON K2K 3A2, Canada.
| | - Risini D Weeratna
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, Ottawa, ON K2K 3A2, Canada.
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18
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Aboutorabian S, Hakimi J, Boudet F, Montano S, Dookie A, Roque C, Ausar SF, Rahman N, Brookes RH. A high ratio of IC31(®) adjuvant to antigen is necessary for H4 TB vaccine immunomodulation. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1449-55. [PMID: 25997147 PMCID: PMC4514381 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1023970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A tuberculosis (TB) vaccine consisting of a recombinant fusion protein (H4) and a novel TLR9 adjuvant (IC31) is in clinical development. To better understand the H4-IC31 ratio, we measured the binding capacity of IC31 for H4 protein and immunized mice with formulations that contained limiting to excess ratios of IC31 to H4. An immunomodulated H4-specific IFNγ response was only observed when IC31 was present in excess of H4. Since TLR expression is species-specific and the vaccine is intended to boost BCG-primed immunity, we questioned whether data in mice would translate to humans. To address this question, we used the fresh human Whole Blood (hWB) recovered from BCG-vaccinated subjects to screen H4-IC31 formulations. We found IC31 modulation in hWB to be quite distinct from the TLR4-Adjuvant. Unlike TLR4-Adjuvant, IC31 formulations did not induce the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα, but modulated a robust H4-specific IFNγ response after 12 d of culture. We then re-stimulated the fresh hWB of 5 BCG-primed subjects with formulations that had excess or limiting IC31 binding for H4 protein and again found that an immunomodulated H4-specific IFNγ response needed an excess of IC31. Finally, we monitored the zeta (ζ) potential of H4-IC31 formulations and found that the overall charge of H4-IC31 particles changes from negative to positive once IC31 is in greater than 9-fold excess. Using two diverse yet mutually supportive approaches, we confirm the need for an excess of IC31 adjuvant in H4 TB vaccine formulations and suggest surface potential may be an important factor.
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Key Words
- BCG, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
- H4, TB, Antigen
- IC31 adjuvant modulation
- IC31®, Valneva Adjuvant consisting of KLK and ODN1a
- IFNγ, Interferon gamma
- KLK, Antimicrobial peptide H-KLKL5KLK-OH
- ODN1a, Oligodeoxynucleotide
- TB, Tuberculosis
- TLR, Toll-like Receptor
- TLR4, Toll-like Receptor 4
- TLR4-Adjuvant, TLR4A combined with an aluminum salt adjuvant
- TLR4A, TLR4 Agonist
- TLR9, Toll-like Receptor 9
- TNFα, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha
- WBA
- functionality
- hWB, Human Whole Blood
- tuberculosis
- vaccine
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Contrasting Adult and Infant Immune Responses to HIV Infection and Vaccination. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 23:84-94. [PMID: 26656117 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00565-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Extensive studies have demonstrated that infant immune responses are distinct from those of adults. Despite these differences, infant immunization can elicit protective immune responses at levels comparable to or, in some cases, higher than adult immune responses to many vaccines. To date, only a few HIV vaccine candidates have been tested in infant populations, and none of them evaluated vaccine efficacy. Recent exciting studies showing that HIV-infected infants can develop broad neutralizing antibody responses and that some HIV vaccine regimens can elicit high levels of potentially protective antibodies in infants provide support for the development and testing of HIV vaccines in pediatric populations. In this review, we discuss the differences in adult and infant immune responses in the setting of HIV infection and vaccination.
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20
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Choi SJ, Kim MH, Jeon J, Kim OY, Choi Y, Seo J, Hong SW, Lee WH, Jeon SG, Gho YS, Jee YK, Kim YK. Active Immunization with Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Staphylococcus aureus Effectively Protects against Staphylococcal Lung Infections, Mainly via Th1 Cell-Mediated Immunity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136021. [PMID: 26333035 PMCID: PMC4558092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogenic bacterium that causes various infectious diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from S. aureus contain bacterial proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. These EVs can induce immune responses leading to similar symptoms as during staphylococcal infection condition and have the potential as vaccination agent. Here, we show that active immunization (vaccination) with S. aureus-derived EVs induce adaptive immunity of antibody and T cell responses. In addition, these EVs have the vaccine adjuvant ability to induce protective immunity such as the up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules and the expression of T cell polarizing cytokines in antigen-presenting cells. Moreover, vaccination with S. aureus EVs conferred protection against lethality induced by airway challenge with lethal dose of S. aureus and also pneumonia induced by the administration of sub-lethal dose of S. aureus. These protective effects were also found in mice that were adoptively transferred with splenic T cells isolated from S. aureus EV-immunized mice, but not in serum transferred mice. Furthermore, this protective effect of S. aureus EVs was significantly reduced by the absence of interferon-gamma, but not by the absence of interleukin-17. Together, the study herein suggests that S. aureus EVs are a novel vaccine candidate against S. aureus infections, mainly via Th1 cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seng Jin Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hye Kim
- Department of Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine and Ewha Institute of Convergence Medicine, Ewha Womans Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseong Jeon
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Youn Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwoo Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Seo
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Wook Hong
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology (AIM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Hee Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Gyu Jeon
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YK); (SJ)
| | - Yong Song Gho
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Koo Jee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Keun Kim
- Department of Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine and Ewha Institute of Convergence Medicine, Ewha Womans Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YK); (SJ)
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21
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Jiang Y, Liu H, Li M, Li G, Pang H, Dou X, Zhao X, Wan K. Single nucleotide polymorphism in Ag85 genes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex: analysis of 178 clinical isolates from China and 13 BCG strains. Int J Med Sci 2015; 12:126-34. [PMID: 25589888 PMCID: PMC4293177 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.9951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Host immune pressure and associated immune evasion of pathogenic bacteria are key features of host-pathogen co-evolution. Human T-cell epitopes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) were evolutionarily hyperconserved and thus it was deduced that M. tuberculosis lacks antigenic variation and immune evasion. However, in our previous studies, proteins MPT64, PstS1, Rv0309 and Rv2945c all harbored higher numbers of amino acid substitutions in their T cell epitopes, which suggests their roles in ongoing immune evasion. Here, we used the same set of 180 clinical M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates from China, amplified the genes encoding Ag85 complex, and compared the sequences. The results showed that Ag85 were hyperconserved in T/B cell epitopes and the genes were more likely to be under purifying selection. The divergence of host immune selection on different proteins may result from different function of the proteins. In addition, A312G of Ag85A and T418C of Ag85B may represent special mutations in BCG strains, which may be used to differentiate M.bovis and BCG strains from MTB strains. Also, C714A in Ag85B seems to be a valuable phylogenetic marker for Beijing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China ; 2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Haican Liu
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China ; 2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Machao Li
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China ; 2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Guilian Li
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China ; 2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hui Pang
- 3. Immunology Department, Changzhi Medical College, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiangfeng Dou
- 4. Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhao
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China ; 2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Kanglin Wan
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China ; 2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Debock I, Flamand V. Unbalanced Neonatal CD4(+) T-Cell Immunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:393. [PMID: 25221551 PMCID: PMC4145351 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In comparison to adults, newborns display a heightened susceptibility to pathogens and a propensity to develop allergic diseases. Particular properties of the neonatal immune system can account for this sensitivity. Indeed, a defect in developing protective Th1-type responses and a skewing toward Th2 immunity characterize today the neonatal T-cell immunity. Recently, new findings concerning Th17, regulatory helper T-cell, and follicular helper T-cell subsets in newborns have emerged. In some circumstances, development of effector inflammatory Th17-type responses can be induced in neonates, while differentiation in regulatory T-cells appears to be a default program of neonatal CD4+ T-cells. Poor antibody production, affinity maturation, and germinal center reaction in vaccinated neonates are correlated with a limiting expansion of TFH lymphocytes. We review herein the factors accounting for and the implications of the unbalanced neonatal helper T-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Debock
- Institut d'Immunologie Médicale, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Gosselies , Belgium
| | - Véronique Flamand
- Institut d'Immunologie Médicale, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Gosselies , Belgium
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Yuk JM, Jo EK. Host immune responses to mycobacterial antigens and their implications for the development of a vaccine to control tuberculosis. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2014; 3:155-67. [PMID: 25003089 PMCID: PMC4083068 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2014.3.2.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a worldwide health problem, causing around 2 million deaths per year. Despite the bacillus Calmette Guérin vaccine being available for more than 80 years, it has limited effectiveness in preventing TB, with inconsistent results in trials. This highlights the urgent need to develop an improved TB vaccine, based on a better understanding of host-pathogen interactions and immune responses during mycobacterial infection. Recent studies have revealed a potential role for autophagy, an intracellular homeostatic process, in vaccine development against TB, through enhanced immune activation. This review attempts to understand the host innate immune responses induced by a variety of protein antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and to identify future vaccine candidates against TB. We focus on recent advances in vaccine development strategies, through identification of new TB antigens using a variety of innovative tools. A new understanding of the host-pathogen relationship, and the usefulness of mycobacterial antigens as novel vaccine candidates, will contribute to the design of the next generation of vaccines, and to improving the host protective immune responses while limiting immunopathology during M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Yuk
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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24
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Dowling DJ, Levy O. Ontogeny of early life immunity. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:299-310. [PMID: 24880460 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The human immune system comprises cellular and molecular components designed to coordinately prevent infection while avoiding potentially harmful inflammation and autoimmunity. Immunity varies with age, reflecting unique age-dependent challenges including fetal gestation, the neonatal phase, and infancy. Here, we review novel mechanistic insights into early life immunity, with an emphasis on emerging models of human immune ontogeny, which may inform age-specific translational development of novel anti-infectives, immunomodulators, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Dowling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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25
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Levast B, Awate S, Babiuk L, Mutwiri G, Gerdts V, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Vaccine Potentiation by Combination Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:297-322. [PMID: 26344621 PMCID: PMC4494260 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are crucial components of vaccines. They significantly improve vaccine efficacy by modulating, enhancing, or extending the immune response and at the same time reducing the amount of antigen needed. In contrast to previously licensed adjuvants, current successful adjuvant formulations often consist of several molecules, that when combined, act synergistically by activating a variety of immune mechanisms. These "combination adjuvants" are already registered with several vaccines, both in humans and animals, and novel combination adjuvants are in the pipeline. With improved knowledge of the type of immune responses needed to successfully induce disease protection by vaccination, combination adjuvants are particularly suited to not only enhance, but also direct the immune responses desired to be either Th1-, Th2- or Th17-biased. Indeed, in view of the variety of disease and population targets for vaccine development, a panel of adjuvants will be needed to address different disease targets and populations. Here, we will review well-known and new combination adjuvants already licensed or currently in development-including ISCOMs, liposomes, Adjuvant Systems Montanides, and triple adjuvant combinations-and summarize their performance in preclinical and clinical trials. Several of these combination adjuvants are promising having promoted improved and balanced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Levast
- VIDO-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Sunita Awate
- VIDO-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Lorne Babiuk
- University Hall, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J9, Canada.
| | - George Mutwiri
- VIDO-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada.
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Volker Gerdts
- VIDO-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada.
- Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - Sylvia van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk
- VIDO-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada.
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
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26
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Mutwiri G, Gerdts V, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Auray G, Eng N, Garlapati S, Babiuk LA, Potter A. Combination adjuvants: the next generation of adjuvants? Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 10:95-107. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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27
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A review of preclinical animal models utilised for TB vaccine evaluation in the context of recent human efficacy data. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2013; 94:105-10. [PMID: 24369986 PMCID: PMC3969587 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for an improved TB vaccine. Vaccine development is hindered by the lack of immune correlates and uncertain predictive value of preclinical animal models. As data become available from human efficacy trials, there is an opportunity to evaluate the predictive value of the criteria used to select candidate vaccines. Here we review the efficacy in animal models of the MVA85A candidate vaccine in light of recent human efficacy data and propose refinements to the preclinical models with the aim of increasing their predictive value for human efficacy.
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28
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Marongiu L, Donini M, Toffali L, Zenaro E, Dusi S. ESAT-6 and HspX improve the effectiveness of BCG to induce human dendritic cells-dependent Th1 and NK cells activation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75684. [PMID: 24130733 PMCID: PMC3794045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited efficacy of the BCG vaccine against tuberculosis is partly due to the missing expression of immunogenic proteins. We analyzed whether the addition to BCG of ESAT-6 and HspX, two Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens, could enhance its capacity to activate human dendritic cells (DCs). BCG showed a weak ability to induce DC maturation, cytokine release, and CD4(+) lymphocytes and NK cells activation. The addition of ESAT-6 or HspX alone to BCG-stimulated DC did not improve these processes, whereas their simultaneous addition enhanced BCG-dependent DC maturation and cytokine release, as well as the ability of BCG-treated DCs to stimulate IFN-γ release and CD69 expression by CD4(+) lymphocytes and NK cells. Addition of TLR2-blocking antibody decreased IL-12 release by BCG-stimulated DCs incubated with ESAT-6 and HspX, as well as IFN-γ secretion by CD4(+) lymphocytes co-cultured with these cells. Moreover, HspX and ESAT-6 improved the capacity of BCG-treated DCs to induce the expression of memory phenotype marker CD45RO in naïve CD4(+) T cells. Our results indicate that ESAT-6 and HspX cooperation enables BCG-treated human DCs to induce T lymphocyte and NK cell-mediated immune responses through TLR2-dependent IL-12 secretion. Therefore ESAT-6 and HspX represent good candidates for improving the effectiveness of BCG vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marongiu
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marta Donini
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lara Toffali
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Zenaro
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Dusi
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- * E-mail:
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29
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Animal models for neonatal diseases in humans. Vaccine 2013; 31:2489-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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30
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Szabo A, Gogolak P, Pazmandi K, Kis-Toth K, Riedl K, Wizel B, Lingnau K, Bacsi A, Rethi B, Rajnavolgyi E. The two-component adjuvant IC31® boosts type i interferon production of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells via ligation of endosomal TLRs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55264. [PMID: 23405128 PMCID: PMC3566214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize and identify the mode of action of IC31®, a two-component vaccine adjuvant. We found that IC31® was accumulated in human peripheral blood monocytes, MHC class II positive cells and monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) but not in plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). In the presence of IC31® the differentiation of inflammatory CD1a+ moDCs and the secretion of chemokines, TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines was inhibited but the production of IFNβ was increased. Sustained addition of IC31® to differentiating moDCs interfered with IκBα phosphorylation, while the level of phospho-IRF3 increased. We also showed that both IC31® and its KLK component exhibited a booster effect on type I IFN responses induced by the specific ligands of TLR3 or TLR7/8, whereas TLR9 ligand induces type I IFN production only in the presence of IC31® or ODN1. Furthermore, long term incubation of moDCs with IC31® caused significantly higher expression of IRF and IFN genes than a single 24 hr treatment. The adjuvant activity of IC31® on the IFN response was shown to be exerted through TLRs residing in the vesicular compartment of moDCs. Based on these results IC31® was identified as a moDC modulatory adjuvant that sets the balance of the NF-κB and IRF3 mediated signaling pathways to the production of IFNβ. Thus IC31® is emerging as a potent adjuvant to increase immune responses against intracellular pathogens and cancer in future vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Szabo
- Department of Immunology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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31
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Prachi P, Biagini M, Bagnoli F. Vaccinology Is Turning into an Omics-Based Science. Drug Dev Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Prachi
- Novartis Vaccines; Research Center; via Fiorentina 1; 53100; Siena; Italy
| | | | - Fabio Bagnoli
- Novartis Vaccines; Research Center; via Fiorentina 1; 53100; Siena; Italy
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32
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Nasal and skin delivery of IC31(®)-adjuvanted recombinant HSV-2 gD protein confers protection against genital herpes. Vaccine 2012; 30:4361-8. [PMID: 22682292 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Genital herpes caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) remains the leading cause of genital ulcers worldwide. Given the disappointing results of the recent genital herpes vaccine trials in humans, development of novel vaccine strategies capable of eliciting protective mucosal and systemic immune responses to HSV-2 is urgently required. Here we tested the ability of the adjuvant IC31(®) in combination with HSV-2 glycoprotein D (gD) used through intranasal (i.n.), intradermal (i.d.), or subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization routes for induction of protective immunity against genital herpes infection in C57BL/6 mice. Immunization with gD plus IC31(®) through all three routes of immunization developed elevated gD-specific serum antibody responses with HSV-2 neutralizing activity. Whereas the skin routes promoted the induction of a mixed IgG2c/IgG1 isotype profile, the i.n. route only elicited IgG1 antibodies. All immunization routes were able to induce gD-specific IgG antibody responses in the vaginas of mice immunized with IC31(®)-adjuvanted gD. Although specific lymphoproliferative responses were observed in splenocytes from mice of most groups vaccinated with IC31(®)-adjuvanted gD, only i.d. immunization resulted in a significant splenic IFN-γ response. Further, immunization with gD plus IC31(®) conferred 80-100% protection against an otherwise lethal vaginal HSV-2 challenge with amelioration of viral replication and disease severity in the vagina. These results warrant further exploration of IC31(®) for induction of protective immunity against genital herpes and other sexually transmitted infections.
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33
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Christensen D, Henriksen-Lacey M, Kamath AT, Lindenstrøm T, Korsholm KS, Christensen JP, Rochat AF, Lambert PH, Andersen P, Siegrist CA, Perrie Y, Agger EM. A cationic vaccine adjuvant based on a saturated quaternary ammonium lipid have different in vivo distribution kinetics and display a distinct CD4 T cell-inducing capacity compared to its unsaturated analog. J Control Release 2012; 160:468-76. [PMID: 22709414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants are often composed of different constituents that can be divided into two groups based on their primary activity: the delivery system which carries and presents the vaccine antigen to antigen-presenting cells, and the immunostimulator that activates and modulates the ensuing immune response. Herein, we have investigated the importance of the delivery system and in particular its physical characteristics by comparing the delivery properties of two lipids which differ only in the degree of saturation of the acyl chains, rendering the liposomes either rigid (DDA, dimethyldioctadecylammonium) or highly fluid (DODA, dimethyldioleoylammonium) at physiological temperature. We show that these delivery systems are remarkably different in their ability to prime a Th1-directed immune response with the rigid DDA-based liposomes inducing a response more than 100 times higher compared to that obtained with the fluid DODA-based liposomes. Upon injection with a vaccine antigen, DDA-based liposomes form a vaccine depot that results in a continuous attraction of antigen-presenting cells that engulf a high amount of adjuvant and are subsequently efficiently activated as measured by an elevated expression of the co-stimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86. In contrast, the fluid DODA-based liposomes are more rapidly removed from the site of injection resulting in a lower up-regulation of co-stimulatory CD40 and CD86 molecules on adjuvant-positive antigen-presenting cells. Additionally, the vaccine antigen is readily dissociated from the DODA-based liposomes leading to a population of antigen-presenting cells that are antigen-positive but adjuvant-negative and consequently are not activated. These studies demonstrate the importance of studying in vivo characteristics of the vaccine components and furthermore show that physicochemical properties of the delivery system have a major impact on the vaccine-induced immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Christensen
- Dept. Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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34
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Bagnoli F, Bertholet S, Grandi G. Inferring reasons for the failure of Staphylococcus aureus vaccines in clinical trials. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:16. [PMID: 22919608 PMCID: PMC3417391 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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35
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Amorij JP, Kersten GFA, Saluja V, Tonnis WF, Hinrichs WLJ, Slütter B, Bal SM, Bouwstra JA, Huckriede A, Jiskoot W. Towards tailored vaccine delivery: needs, challenges and perspectives. J Control Release 2012; 161:363-76. [PMID: 22245687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ideal vaccine is a simple and stable formulation which can be conveniently administered and provides life-long immunity against a given pathogen. The development of such a vaccine, which should trigger broad and strong B-cell and T-cell responses against antigens of the pathogen in question, is highly dependent on tailored vaccine delivery approaches. This review addresses vaccine delivery in its broadest scope. We discuss the needs and challenges in the area of vaccine delivery, including restrictions posed by specific target populations, potentials of dedicated stable formulations and devices, and the use of adjuvants. Moreover, we address the current status and perspectives of vaccine delivery via several routes of administration, including non- or minimally invasive routes. Finally we suggest possible directions for future vaccine delivery research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Amorij
- Vaccinology, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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36
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Levine MM. “IDEAL” vaccines for resource poor settings. Vaccine 2011; 29 Suppl 4:D116-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Effective prophylactic and/or therapeutic vaccination is a key strategy for controlling the global TB epidemic. The partial effectiveness of the existing TB vaccine, bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), suggests effective vaccination is possible and highlights the need for an improved vaccination strategy. Clinical trials are evaluating both modifications to the existing BCG immunization methods and also novel TB vaccines, designed to replace or boost BCG. Candidate vaccines in clinical development include live mycobacterial vaccines designed to replace BCG, subunit vaccines designed to boost BCG and therapeutic vaccines designed as an adjunct to chemotherapy. There is a great need for validated animal models, identification of immunological biomarkers of protection and field sites with the capacity for large-scale efficacy testing in order to develop and license a novel TB vaccine or regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Rowland
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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38
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Berrêdo-Pinho M, Kalume DE, Correa PR, Gomes LHF, Pereira MP, da Silva RF, Castello-Branco LRR, Degrave WM, Mendonça-Lima L. Proteomic profile of culture filtrate from the Brazilian vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis BCG Moreau compared to M. bovis BCG Pasteur. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:80. [PMID: 21507239 PMCID: PMC3094199 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is currently the only available vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) and comprises a heterogeneous family of sub-strains with genotypic and phenotypic differences. The World Health Organization (WHO) affirms that the characterization of BCG sub-strains, both on genomic and proteomic levels, is crucial for a better comprehension of the vaccine. In addition, these studies can contribute in the development of a more efficient vaccine against TB. Here, we combine two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) and mass spectrometry to analyse the proteomic profile of culture filtrate proteins (CFPs) from M. bovis BCG Moreau, the Brazilian vaccine strain, comparing it to that of BCG Pasteur. CFPs are considered of great importance given their dominant immunogenicity and role in pathogenesis, being available for interaction with host cells since early infection. Results The 2DE proteomic map of M. bovis BCG Moreau CFPs in the pH range 3 - 8 allowed the identification of 158 spots corresponding to 101 different proteins, identified by MS/MS. Comparison to BCG Pasteur highlights the great similarity between these BCG strains. However, quantitative analysis shows a higher expression of immunogenic proteins such as Rv1860 (BCG1896, Apa), Rv1926c (BCG1965c, Mpb63) and Rv1886c (BCG1923c, Ag85B) in BCG Moreau when compared to BCG Pasteur, while some heat shock proteins, such as Rv0440 (BCG0479, GroEL2) and Rv0350 (BCG0389, DnaK), show the opposite pattern. Conclusions Here we report the detailed 2DE profile of CFPs from M. bovis BCG Moreau and its comparison to BCG Pasteur, identifying differences that may provide relevant information on vaccine efficacy. These findings contribute to the detailed characterization of the Brazilian vaccine strain against TB, revealing aspects that may lead to a better understanding of the factors leading to BCG's variable protective efficacy against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Berrêdo-Pinho
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040 -900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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39
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Bernardo L, Pavón A, Hermida L, Gil L, Valdés I, Cabezas S, Linares R, Alvarez M, Silva R, Guillén G, Nagy E, Schlick P, Guzmán MG. The two component adjuvant IC31® potentiates the protective immunity induced by a dengue 2 recombinant fusion protein in mice. Vaccine 2011; 29:4256-63. [PMID: 21447316 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Here we evaluated the suitability of the synthetic adjuvant IC31® to potentiate the protective capacity of PD5 protein (domain III of the envelope protein of dengue 2 virus fused to the carrier protein P64k). Unlike Alum, PD5 mixed with IC31® induced complete protection against virus challenge in mice and increased IFN-γ secretion after in vitro re-stimulation. The induced antibody response was highly specific to the homologous serotype and showed both IgG1 and IgG2a subtypes. IC31® is a promising adjuvant for PD5 recombinant protein based vaccination against dengue. Future work should address the suitability of PD5/IC31® formulations in non-human primate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidice Bernardo
- Department of Virology, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for the Study of Dengue and its Vector, Pedro Kourí Tropical Medicine Institute, Autopista Novia del Mediodía, km 6 ½ P.O. Box 601 Marianao 13, Havana, Cuba
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Aichinger MC, Ginzler M, Weghuber J, Zimmermann L, Riedl K, Schütz G, Nagy E, von Gabain A, Schweyen R, Henics T. Adjuvating the adjuvant: facilitated delivery of an immunomodulatory oligonucleotide to TLR9 by a cationic antimicrobial peptide in dendritic cells. Vaccine 2010; 29:426-36. [PMID: 21093498 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
IC31(®) is a novel bi-component vaccine adjuvant consisting of the peptide KLKL(5)KLK (KLK) and the TLR9 agonist oligonucleotide d(IC)(13) (ODN1a). While membrane-interacting properties of KLK and immuno-modulating capabilities of ODN1a have been characterized in detail, little is known of how these two molecules function together and synergize in interacting with their primary target cells, dendritic cells (DCs). We have found that KLK-triggered aggregates entrapped ODN1a and these complexes readily associated with the DC cell surface. KLK stimulated the uptake and internalization of ODN1a via endocytosis, while the bulk of the peptide remained associated with the cell periphery. ODN1a co-localized with early and late endosomes as well as endoplasmic reticular structures. ODN1a co-localized with TLR9 positive compartments following KLK mediated uptake. These features did not depend on the expression of TLR-9. Our results reveal novel mechanisms that allow KLK to enhance the effects of the TLR-9 ligand ODN1a in immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Aichinger
- Department of Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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Tree JA, Patel J, Thom RE, Elmore MJ, Schäfer H, Williams A, Marsh PD. Temporal changes in the gene signatures of BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs in response to different mycobacterial antigens. Vaccine 2010; 28:7979-86. [PMID: 20920573 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis BCG-vaccination in the guinea pig model of tuberculosis (TB) is sufficiently protective that candidate TB vaccines are judged against this. Little is understood about how the BCG vaccine works and, in the absence of a definitive correlate of protection, it is difficult to interpret the significance of novel vaccine induced host responses. Here an extended custom-made microarray (86 guinea pig genes) was used to dissect temporal changes in BCG-vaccine induced gene signatures to different mycobacterial antigens. Initially at 4h, pro-inflammatory genes such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-8 and GRO were up-regulated (P<0.001) and these were then superseded by IFN-γ and GM-CSF (at 12 and 20h) post-stimulation, ex vivo with PPD. Similar genes were seen following stimulation with viable BCG but with the addition of IL-23 (P<0.01) after 8h. Our results suggest that temporal changes in the up- and down-regulation of a variety of genes are required to trigger a successful protective response to TB in guinea pigs. This provides base-line information against which new TB vaccines can be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Tree
- Health Protection Agency, Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 OJG, UK.
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Lorenzi JCC, Trombone APF, Rocha CD, Almeida LP, Lousada RL, Malardo T, Fontoura IC, Rossetti RAM, Gembre AF, Silva AM, Silva CL, Coelho-Castelo AAM. Intranasal vaccination with messenger RNA as a new approach in gene therapy: use against tuberculosis. BMC Biotechnol 2010; 10:77. [PMID: 20961459 PMCID: PMC2972232 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-10-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND mRNAs are highly versatile, non-toxic molecules that are easy to produce and store, which can allow transient protein expression in all cell types. The safety aspects of mRNA-based treatments in gene therapy make this molecule one of the most promising active components of therapeutic or prophylactic methods. The use of mRNA as strategy for the stimulation of the immune system has been used mainly in current strategies for the cancer treatment but until now no one tested this molecule as vaccine for infectious disease. RESULTS We produce messenger RNA of Hsp65 protein from Mycobacterium leprae and show that vaccination of mice with a single dose of 10 μg of naked mRNA-Hsp65 through intranasal route was able to induce protection against subsequent challenge with virulent strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Moreover it was shown that this immunization was associated with specific production of IL-10 and TNF-alpha in spleen. In order to determine if antigen presenting cells (APCs) present in the lung are capable of capture the mRNA, labeled mRNA-Hsp65 was administered by intranasal route and lung APCs were analyzed by flow cytometry. These experiments showed that after 30 minutes until 8 hours the populations of CD11c+, CD11b+ and CD19+ cells were able to capture the mRNA. We also demonstrated in vitro that mRNA-Hsp65 leads nitric oxide (NO) production through Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results showed a novel and efficient strategy to control experimental tuberculosis, besides opening novel perspectives for the use of mRNA in vaccines against infectious diseases and clarifying the mechanisms involved in the disease protection we noticed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C C Lorenzi
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Mastelic B, Ahmed S, Egan WM, Del Giudice G, Golding H, Gust I, Neels P, Reed SG, Sheets RL, Siegrist CA, Lambert PH. Mode of action of adjuvants: implications for vaccine safety and design. Biologicals 2010; 38:594-601. [PMID: 20659806 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, the search for new vaccine adjuvants has been largely empirical. A series of new adjuvants and related formulations are now emerging that are acting through identified immunological mechanisms. Understanding adjuvant mechanism of action is crucial for vaccine design, since this allows for directing immune responses towards efficacious disease-specific effector mechanisms and appropriate memory. It is also of great importance to build new paradigms for assessing adjuvant safety at development stages and at regulatory level. This report reflects the conclusions of a group of scientists from academia, regulatory agencies and industry who attended a conference, organized by the International Association for Biologicals (IABS), on the mode of action of adjuvants on 29-30 April 2010 in Bethesda, Maryland, USA, particularly focusing on how understanding adjuvants mode of action can impact on the assessment of vaccine safety and help to develop target-specific vaccines. More information on the conference output can be found on the IABS website, http://www.iabs.org/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatris Mastelic
- WHO-Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, CMU, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, 4, Switzerland
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Caccamo N, Guggino G, Joosten SA, Gelsomino G, Di Carlo P, Titone L, Galati D, Bocchino M, Matarese A, Salerno A, Sanduzzi A, Franken WPJ, Ottenhoff THM, Dieli F. Multifunctional CD4+ T cells correlate with active Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:2211-20. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Yersinia enterocolitica promotes robust mucosal inflammatory T-cell immunity in murine neonates. Infect Immun 2010; 78:3595-608. [PMID: 20515925 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01272-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal immunity to gastrointestinal pathogens in early life has been studied only slightly. Recently, we developed an infection model in murine neonates using the gastroenteric pathogen Yersinia enterocolitica. Here, we report that oral infection of neonatal mice with low doses of virulent Y. enterocolitica leads to vigorous intestinal and systemic adaptive immunity. Y. enterocolitica infection promoted the development of anti-LcrV memory serum IgG1 and IgG2a responses of comparable affinity and magnitude to adult responses. Strikingly, neonatal mesenteric lymph node CD4(+) T cells produced Yersinia-specific gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-17A (IL-17A), exceeding adult levels. The robust T- and B-cell responses elicited in neonates exposed to Y. enterocolitica were associated with long-term protection against mucosal challenge with this pathogen. Using genetically deficient mice, we found that IFN-gamma and CD4(+) cells, but not B cells, are critical for protection of neonates during primary Y. enterocolitica infection. In contrast, adults infected with low bacterial doses did not require either cell population for protection. CD4-deficient neonatal mice adoptively transferred with CD4(+) cells from wild-type, IFN-gamma-deficient, or IL-17AF-deficient mice were equally protected from infection. These data demonstrate that inflammatory CD4(+) T cells are required for protection of neonatal mice and that this protection may not require CD4-derived IFN-gamma, IL-17A, or IL-17F. Overall, these studies support the idea that Y. enterocolitica promotes the development of highly inflammatory mucosal responses in neonates and that intestinal T-cell function may be a key immune component in protection from gastrointestinal pathogens in early life.
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Novel tuberculosis vaccines on the horizon. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22:374-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Influence of maternal gestational treatment with mycobacterial antigens on postnatal immunity in an experimental murine model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9699. [PMID: 20300629 PMCID: PMC2837747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been proposed that the immune system could be primed as early as during the fetal life and this might have an impact on postnatal vaccination. Therefore, we addressed in murine models whether gestational treatment with mycobacterial antigens could induce better immune responses in the postnatal life. Methods/Findings BALB/c mice were treated subcutaneously (s.c.) at the second week of gestation with antigen (Ag)85A or heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) in the absence of adjuvant. Following birth, offspring mice were immunized intranasally (i.n.) with the same antigens formulated with the adjuvant cholera toxin (CT) at week 1 and week 4. One week after the last immunization, we assessed antigen-specific recall interferon gamma (IFN-γ) responses by in vitro restimulation of lung-derived lymphocytes. Protection against infection was assessed by challenge with high dose Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) given i.n. We found that recall IFN-γ responses were higher in the offspring born to the treated mother compared to the untreated-mother. More importantly, we observed that the offspring born to the treated mother controlled infection better than the offspring born to the untreated mother. Since the gestational treatment was done in absence of adjuvant, essentially there was no antibody production observed in the pregnant mice and therefore no influence of maternal antibodies was expected. We hypothesized that the effect of maternal treatment with antigen on the offspring occurred due to antigen transportation through placenta. To trace the antigens, we conjugated fluorescent nanocrystals with Ag85A (Qdot-ITK-Ag85A). After inoculation in the pregnant mice, Qdot-ITK-Ag85A conjugates were detected in the liver, spleen of pregnant females and in all the fetuses and placentas examined. Conclusion The fetal immune system could be primed in utero by mycobacterial antigens transported through the placenta.
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van Dissel JT, Arend SM, Prins C, Bang P, Tingskov PN, Lingnau K, Nouta J, Klein MR, Rosenkrands I, Ottenhoff THM, Kromann I, Doherty TM, Andersen P. Ag85B-ESAT-6 adjuvanted with IC31 promotes strong and long-lived Mycobacterium tuberculosis specific T cell responses in naïve human volunteers. Vaccine 2010; 28:3571-81. [PMID: 20226890 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Though widely used, the BCG vaccine has had little apparent effect on rates of adult pulmonary tuberculosis. Moreover, the risk of disseminated BCG disease in immunocompromised individuals means that improved TB vaccines ideally need to be able to efficiently prime mycobacterially-naïve individuals as well as boost individuals previously vaccinated with BCG. Protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is thought to depend on the generation of a Th1-type cellular immune response characterized by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production. In the present study, we monitored safety and IFN-gamma responses in healthy TB-naïve humans receiving an entirely novel vaccine, composed of the fusion protein Ag85B-ESAT-6, administered at 0 and 2 months either as recombinant protein alone or combined with two concentrations of the novel adjuvant IC31. Vaccination did not cause local or systemic adverse effects besides transient soreness at the injection site, but it elicited strong antigen-specific T cell responses against H1 and both the Ag85B and the ESAT-6 components. These strong responses persisted through 2.5 years of follow-up, indicating the induction of a substantial memory response in the vaccine recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap T van Dissel
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Moreno-Mendieta SA, Rocha-Zavaleta L, Rodriguez-Sanoja R. Adjuvants in tuberculosis vaccine development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 58:75-84. [PMID: 20002177 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2009.00629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem around the world. Because the Mycobacterium bovis Bacilli-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine fails to protect adults from pulmonary tuberculosis, there is an urgent need for improved vaccine formulations. Unlike BCG, recombinant vaccines purified from bacterial expression vectors, as well as naked DNA, require an additional adjuvant. Recent improvements in our understanding of disease immunopathology, together with advances in biochemical and molecular techniques, have permitted the successful development of promising tuberculosis vaccine delivery and adjuvant combinations for human use. Here, we summarize the current state of adjuvant development and its impact on tuberculosis vaccine progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A Moreno-Mendieta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, México D.F., Mexico
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A liposome-based mycobacterial vaccine induces potent adult and neonatal multifunctional T cells through the exquisite targeting of dendritic cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5771. [PMID: 19492047 PMCID: PMC2685976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the search for more potent and safer tuberculosis vaccines, CAF01 was identified as a remarkable formulation. Based on cationic liposomes and including a synthetic mycobacterial glycolipid as TLR-independent immunomodulator, it induces strong and protective T helper-1 and T helper-17 adult murine responses to Ag85B-ESAT-6, a major mycobacterial fusion protein. Here, we assessed whether these properties extend to early life and how CAF01 mediates its adjuvant properties in vivo. METHODS/FINDINGS Following adult or neonatal murine immunization, Ag85B-ESAT-6/CAF01 similarly reduced the post-challenge bacterial growth of M. bovis BCG, whereas no protection was observed using Alum as control. This protection was mediated by the induction of similarly strong Th1 and Th17 responses in both age groups. Multifunctional Th1 cells were already elicited after a single vaccine dose and persisted at high levels for at least 6 months even after neonatal priming. Unexpectedly, this potent adjuvanticity was not mediated by a massive targeting/activation of dendritic cells: in contrast, very few DCs in the draining lymph nodes were bearing the labeled antigen/adjuvant. The increased expression of the CD40 and CD86 activation markers was restricted to the minute portion of adjuvant-bearing DCs. However, vaccine-associated activated DCs were recovered several days after immunization. CONCLUSION The potent adult and neonatal adjuvanticity of CAF01 is associated in vivo with an exquisite but prolonged DC uptake and activation, fulfilling the preclinical requirements for novel tuberculosis vaccines to be used in early life.
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